DOCSLIB.ORG

An Evidence-Based Review on Medicinal Plants Used As Insecticide and Insect Repellent in Traditional Iranian Medicine

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
An Evidence-Based Review on Medicinal Plants Used As Insecticide and Insect Repellent in Traditional Iranian Medicine Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2016 February;18(2): e22361. doi: 10.5812/ircmj.22361 Review Article Published online 2016 February 13. An Evidence-Based Review on Medicinal Plants Used as Insecticide and Insect Repellent in Traditional Iranian Medicine 1,2 3 Mina Cheraghi Niroumand, Mohammad Hosein Farzaei, Elahe Elahe Karimpour-Raz- 2 1,4 1,2,4 2,4,5 kenari, Gholamreza Amin, Mahnaz Khanavi, Tahmineh Akbarzadeh, and Moham- 1,2,4,* mad Reza Shams-Ardekani 1Department of Traditional Pharmacy, Faculty of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran 2Persian Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran 3Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IR Iran 4Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran 5Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran *Corresponding Author : Mohammad Reza Shams-Ardekani, Persian Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel/Fax: +98-9123443344, E-mail: [email protected] Received ; Revised ; Accepted 2014 August 5 2014 September 2 2014 September 28. Abstract Context: Insects can be the cause of major ecological problems; they can transmit microbes and parasites that affect humans, and damage food crops, trees, and homes. The total economic cost of insect-related damage and disease is immeasurable. In traditional Iranian medicine (TIM), several medicinal plants have been identified as insecticides or insect repellents, but many of them are still unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to review the insecticidal or insect repellent activity of certain medicinal plants described in TIM. Evidence Acquisition: Information about medicinal plants proposed as insecticides and insect repellents in the TIM was collected from the TIM literature, and searched in modern medical databases to find studies that confirmed their efficacy. Results: Allium sativum Artemisia Modern investigations have supported the claims of the insecticidal activity of several plants, including , absinthium Citrullus colocynthis Laurus nobilis Mentha pulegium Myrtus communis Nerium oleander Ocimum basilicum Origanum , , , , , , , and majorana Iris florentina Malva sylvestris . However, in the cases of plants like and , there is not enough evidence in modern medicine to prove their effectiveness with regard to their insecticidal and insect repellent activities. Conclusions: This study confirmed the Iranian traditional medicine claims of the insecticidal and insect repellent activity of certain plants. Further pharmacological and clinical studies are recommended to evaluate the overall efficacy and possible mechanisms underlying these herbs. Keywords: Medicinal Plants, Insecticide, Insect Repellent, Traditional Medicine 1. Context Insects have evolved into over one-million named source for insecticides is botanical, which can provide a species that occupy fundamental places in the world’s simple and sustainable method of insect control (2). ecosystems. However, some insects carry parasites and Herbal medicines have been used for thousands of microbes that affect humans through various diseases, years as sources of bioactive and therapeutic substances including malaria, Chagas’ disease, Lyme disease, bubon- with industrial and agricultural purposes (3, 4). Medici- ic plague, and dengue fever. They can also affect animals nal plants, and their derivatives or extracts, have been and damage food crops (locusts), trees (gypsy moths), evaluated for different pest control strategies, assess- and homes (termites). The total economic cost of insect- ing their toxic, lethal, repellent, antifeedant, fumigant, caused damage and disease is immeasurable; therefore, growth regulation, and deterrent effects on oviposition some genetically altered insect-resistant crops and vari- (5). Moreover, despite conventional insecticides, which ous insecticides have been developed to manage insects are based on a single active ingredient, botanical insec- and insect-related damage and disease (1). However the ticides containing mixtures of chemical compounds use of a wide range of synthetic insecticides has been can affect both behavioral and physiological processes. restricted recently, due to the high cost, harmful envi- Thus, the chance of pests developing resistance to such ronmental effects, their non-biodegradable nature, and substances is very low. It seems that seeking bio-insecti- increasing insecticidal resistance. An efficient alternative cides which are efficient, as well as being suitable and Copyright © 2016, Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCom- mercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits copy and redistribute the material just in noncommercial us- ages, provided the original work is properly cited. Cheraghi Niroumand M et al. adaptive to ecological conditions, is essential in obtain- lated to the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of ing sufficient insect control (2). action of the plants are reviewed in Table 2. Overall, these Traditional Iranian medicine (TIM) is a reasonable scien- plants belong to 16 different families and, among them, tific resource, which encompasses unique information in Lamiaceae is represented by the greatest number of taxa order to prevent and treat diseases (6, 7). For this study, (4), followed by Apiaceae (2). the chapter entitled “Tard al Havam” in the Al Qanun Based on the traditional resources, insecticidal or insect Fil Tibb and the Alaghraz altabyh va almabahesololayee repellent plants have been used in various routes of ap- were completely reviewed, and all of the plants reported plication, including the crude plant, decoction, incense, as possessing insecticidal activity in the Makhzan Al Ad- powder, extract, embrocation, and local administration. vieh were studied (8-10). The TIM resources have divided the plants into two In the present research, those plants which showed in- groups: I) plants which exhibit a general anti-insect effect, secticidal and insect repellent activity in the TIM (8-10) and II) plants that act against a specific insect, like bees, were reviewed individually, and evidence of their pos- ants, mosquitoes, flies, moths, fleas, termites, and scorpi- sible efficacy in the literature was gathered. ons. According to the Iranian traditional texts, the plants had either insecticidal or insect repellent actions, whereas 2. Evidence Acquisition modern phytotherapy describes different mechanisms of action for these purposes. The biological mechanisms Several medicinal plants have been perceived to have of these plants were searched in the literature using the insecticidal and insect repellent properties in TIM. following terms: repellency, insecticidal, larvicidal, acari- Therefore the present review was conducted to verify cidal, ovicidal, adulticidal, oviposition, fumigant toxicity, the insecticidal activity of some of the medicinal plants arrestant, and antifeedant effects against insects. used frequently in TIM. The authors searched the TIM lit- Among the 20 studied plants, four of them showed erature for “medicinal plants,” “insecticide,” and “insect greater activity against insects, and the most active repellent.” Additionally, information from important plants are discussed below: TIM books was collected and added to scientific reports derived from modern medical databases like PubMed, 3.1. Allium sativum L. Scirus, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Scopus. All of A. sativum the retrieved articles were published between 1997 and has demonstrated numerous insecticidal ac- 2014, and any in vitro, in vivo, or clinical evidence for ef- tivities on a wide range of insect spices; for example, its Delia radicum ficacy and pharmacological mechanisms related to the juice had insecticidal activity against and Musca domestica insecticidal and insect repellent properties of plants (11). Garlic extract has shown larvicidal Anopheles stephensi Culex quinquefas- were considered for inclusion. Those studies chosen for effects against and ciatus inclusion in this review revealed either the apparent ben- mosquitoes (12), and acaricidal activity against Tetranychus cinnabarinus eficial function of these remedies or demonstrated their (13). In addition, the extract of effectiveness indirectly on the mechanisms involved in cloves has shown larvicidal activity against the eggs, lar- Callosobruchus maculatus insecticidal and insect repellent activity. Only published vae, and adults of (14). Essential Culex pipiens articles written in English were included in this review. oil bulbs exhibited larvicidal activity against Camptomyia corticalis The search terms included “insecticide” or “insect repel- (15), fumigant toxicity against (16), Lycoriella lent” in the title and abstract, and the name of each men- insecticidal and larvicidal potential against ingenue tioned plant in the whole text. The primary search results (17), and acaricidal properties against all stages Boophilus annulatus were evaluated by 2 independent investigators. Those of (18). Moreover, the leaf (ASAI) and A. sativum articles in languages other than English, review studies, bulb (ASAII) agglutinins from exhibited insec- Spodoptera papers that evaluated a mixture of the plant with
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 10 June 1954 CORRIGENDA to the CONSOLIDATED SCHEDULES 1. There Is Herewith Circulated to Each Contracting Party a Draft of the C
    10 June 1954 CORRIGENDA TO THE CONSOLIDATED SCHEDULES 1. There is herewith circulated to each contracting party a draft of the corrections to be made to the Consolidated Schedules in order to keep them abreast of the legal texts annexed to the General Agreement. 2. It has not been thought necessary to prepare a new page for every change. This procedure would have entailed the risk of introducing further errors. In the case of the Schedule of the Belgian Congo and Ruanda Urundi (Schedule II, Section B), however, where the whole Section has been modified, a new Section has been prepared to replace the original. 3. Accordingly, there has been prepared for each consolidated schedule which requires amendment - as listed overleaf - (i) the items which have been modified or which require substantial amendment and the new items which are to be inserted, (the texts reproduced are to replace the whole of the corresponding items or sub-items in the Consolidated Schedules, unless otherwise indicated), and (ii) a list of alterations, such as changes in punctuation marks or item numbers, deletions of items, changes of single words, etc., which can be made more quickly and conveniently by hand. 4. For changes which arise out of rectifications or modifications contained in protocols, documents, etc., the source can be conveniently traced through the "List of Changes effected by Protocols and Decisions of the CONTRACTING PARTIES" (G/75). 5. Contracting parties are requested to examine the draft and to report any additions, corrections, etc., by 10 July 1954. By that date all contracting parties should indicate the number of photo-offset copies re^ulred-.- M3T/11/54 TABLE OF CONTENTS iÈSS.
    [Show full text]
  • 21 CFR Ch. I (4–1–10 Edition) § 582.20
    § 582.20 21 CFR Ch. I (4–1–10 Edition) Common name Botanical name of plant source Marjoram, sweet .......................................................................... Majorana hortensis Moench. Mustard, black or brown .............................................................. Brassica nigra (L.) Koch. Mustard, brown ............................................................................ Brassica juncea (L.) Coss. Mustard, white or yellow .............................................................. Brassica hirta Moench. Nutmeg ........................................................................................ Myristica fragrans Houtt. Oregano (oreganum, Mexican oregano, Mexican sage, origan) Lippia spp. Paprika ......................................................................................... Capsicum annuum L. Parsley ......................................................................................... Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Mansf. Pepper, black ............................................................................... Piper nigrum L. Pepper, cayenne ......................................................................... Capsicum frutescens L. or Capsicum annuum L. Pepper, red .................................................................................. Do. Pepper, white ............................................................................... Piper nigrum L. Peppermint .................................................................................. Mentha piperita L. Poppy seed
    [Show full text]
  • Bay Leaves - Product Specification
    Bay Leaves - Product Specification PRODUCT INFORMATION Product Description The semi hand picked, dried, whole leaves of the tree Laurus nobilis L. Product Code 10BAY Ingredient Declaration Bay Leaves Flavour and Odour A delicate warm, aromatic aroma; herbal, slightly floral Appearance A light olive green oval leaf with sharp points Country of Origin Turkey PRODUCT PROFILE Particle Size 4 – 10cm Foreign Matter % <5 Moisture % <10 Total Ash % <5 Acid Insoluble Ash % <2 Volatile Oil % 1 min Pesticides & Heavy Metals Meets EU Regulations MICROBIOLOGICAL - MAXIMUM LEVELS ACCEPTED E Coli /g <100 Salmonella /25g Negative in 25g NUTRITIONAL INFORMATION / 100G Energy kcals 313 Energy kJ 1312 Protein (g) 7.61 Fat (g) 8.36 {saturates_label} 2.28 Carbohydrate (g) 74.94 Fibre (g) 26.3 Sodium (mg) 23 Salt (g) 0.0575 Version: 1 Date: 14/05/2018 www.justingredients.co.uk trade.justingredients.co.uk [email protected] [email protected] Page 1 of 5 Bay Leaves - Product Specification INTOLERANCE AND ALLERGEN INFORMATION Please ensure you have read our Allergen Policy statement available here. For further information about allergen handling by JustIngredients and its suppliers, please read our online guide here. Key: ✓ Indicates where a product is an allergen or where an allergen has intentionally been added to the final product. Cereal/Wheat products Nut and nut products Peanuts and products thereof Soybean and products thereof Sesame seed and products thereof Mustard and products thereof Milk and Dairy Products Products containing Sulphur
    [Show full text]
  • Cytotoxic Activity of Essential Oils from Labiatae and Lauraceae Families Against in Vitro Human Tumor Models
    ANTICANCER RESEARCH 27: 3293-3300 (2007) Cytotoxic Activity of Essential Oils from Labiatae and Lauraceae Families Against In Vitro Human Tumor Models MONICA ROSA LOIZZO1, ROSA TUNDIS1, FEDERICA MENICHINI1, ANTOINE MIKAEL SAAB2, GIANCARLO ANTONIO STATTI1 and FRANCESCO MENICHINI1 1Faculty of Pharmacy, Nutrition and Health Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Calabria, I-87036 Rende (CS), Italy; 2Faculty of Sciences II, Chemistry Department, Lebanese University, P.O. Box :90656 Fanar, Beirut, Lebanon Abstract. Background: The aim of this work was to study undertaken on the cytotoxic activity of essential oils from the cytotoxicity of essential oils and their identified Sideritis perfoliata, Satureia thymbra, Salvia officinalis, Laurus constituents from Sideritis perfoliata, Satureia thymbra, nobilis or Pistacia palestina. Salvia officinalis, Laurus nobilis and Pistacia palestina. The genus Sideritis (Labiatae) is of great botanical and Materials and Methods: Essential oils were obtained by pharmacological interest, in fact many species are reported hydrodistillation and were analysed by gas chromatography to have analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry (MS). The cytotoxic activity antirheumatic, anti-ulcer, digestive and vaso-protective was evaluated in amelanotic melanoma C32, renal cell properties and have been used in Mediterranean folk adenocarcinoma ACHN, hormone-dependent prostate medicine (11). No reports have been found concerning the carcinoma LNCaP, and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines by phytochemical composition or biological or cytotoxic activity the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. Results: L. nobilis fruit of S. perfoliata (12). S. thymbra (Labiatae) is the most oil exerted the highest activity with IC50 values on C32 and common Satureja specimen and is known as a herbal home ACHN of 75.45 and 78.24 Ìg/ml, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • 21 CFR Ch. I (4–1–17 Edition) § 182.20
    § 182.20 21 CFR Ch. I (4–1–17 Edition) Common name Botanical name of plant source Marigold, pot ........................................................... Calendula officinalis L. Marjoram, pot .......................................................... Majorana onites (L.) Benth. Marjoram, sweet ...................................................... Majorana hortensis Moench. Mustard, black or brown ......................................... Brassica nigra (L.) Koch. Mustard, brown ....................................................... Brassica juncea (L.) Coss. Mustard, white or yellow ......................................... Brassica hirta Moench. Nutmeg .................................................................... Myristica fragrans Houtt. Oregano (oreganum, Mexican oregano, Mexican Lippia spp. sage, origan). Paprika .................................................................... Capsicum annuum L. Parsley .................................................................... Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Mansf. Pepper, black .......................................................... Piper nigrum L. Pepper, cayenne ..................................................... Capsicum frutescens L. or Capsicum annuum L. Pepper, red ............................................................. Do. Pepper, white .......................................................... Piper nigrum L. Peppermint .............................................................. Mentha piperita L. Poppy seed ............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Iskogen #0 Yule
    i Skogen! - by Eleonora Matarrese © 2017 Eleonora Matarrese and respective authors All rights reserved Number 0 - Autumn - September 21st - December 21st, 2017 Cover photo: cover of The Old Willow Tree and other stories by Carl Ewald; illustration by Helen Mary Jacobs. First publication October 1921, London, UK i Skogen! is an electronic publication because we do not want to consume paper and want to preserve trees. If we decide for a printed version it will definitely be on recycled paper and environmentally friendly sources. i Skogen! is a homemade publication without advertising for choice. The companies and people mentioned have paid nothing to authors/publisher and are quoted only for their amazing work in Italy in the wild food field. i Skogen! is a non-party, non-political publication; a publication also for children to which illustrate botany and the secrets of Nature under the supervision of an adult . i Skogen! declines any responsibility for improper use of information provided, both for food and herbal remedies and for all botanical and illustrative information on wild herbs collection. Its texts are a research work and those in the health field do not replace the opinion of a professional herbalist and physician. i Skogen! wishes to spread a full-spectrum knowledge about plants and the balance of the human being in the world around us, even through a greater awareness of the living beings that are part of the flora of our planet. Eventually, i Skogen! wants to propagate a culture that is lost, at least in Italy, and to retrieve the agricultural traditions of our European ancestors, and not only this: for this reasons, sections dedicated to folklore embrace traditions that do not cover the dogma of monotheistic religions, and excavate backwards for a healthy philological and historical recovery.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Enzymatic, Ultrasound, and Reflux Extraction Pretreatments On
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE molecules Article Effect of Enzymatic, Ultrasound, and Reflux Extraction Pretreatments on the Chemical Composition of Essential Oils Andela¯ Miljanovi´c 1, Ana Bielen 1,*, Dorotea Grbin 1, Zvonimir Marijanovi´c 2 , Martina Andlar 1, TonˇciRezi´c 1 , SunˇcicaRoca 3 , Igor Jerkovi´c 2 , Dražen Viki´c-Topi´c 3,4 and Maja Dent 1,* 1 Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; [email protected] (A.M.); [email protected] (D.G.); [email protected] (M.A.); [email protected] (T.R.) 2 Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Rudera¯ Boškovi´ca35, 21 000 Split, Croatia; [email protected] (Z.M.); [email protected] (I.J.) 3 NMR Centre, Ruder¯ Boškovi´cInstitute, Bijeniˇckacesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; [email protected] (S.R.); [email protected] (D.V.-T.) 4 Department of Natural and Health Sciences, Juraj Dobrila University of Pula, Zagrebaˇcka 30, 52 100 Pula, Croatia * Correspondence: [email protected] (A.B.); [email protected] (M.D.); Tel.: +385-98-179-3307 (A.B.); +385-91-444-0555 (M.D.) Academic Editor: Petras Rimantas Venskutonis Received: 8 September 2020; Accepted: 19 October 2020; Published: 20 October 2020 Abstract: The effect of different hydrodistillation pretreatments, namely, reflux extraction, reflux extraction with the addition of cell wall-degrading enzymes, and ultrasound, on the yield and chemical composition of essential oils of sage, bay laurel, and rosemary was examined. All pretreatments improved essential oil yield compared to no-pretreatment control (40–64% yield increase), while the oil quality remained mostly unchanged (as shown by statistical analysis of GC-MS results).
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix 1 Vernacular Names
    Appendix 1 Vernacular Names The vernacular names listed below have been collected from the literature. Few have phonetic spellings. Spelling is not helped by the difficulties of transcribing unwritten languages into European syllables and Roman script. Some languages have several names for the same species. Further complications arise from the various dialects and corruptions within a language, and use of names borrowed from other languages. Where the people are bilingual the person recording the name may fail to check which language it comes from. For example, in northern Sahel where Arabic is the lingua franca, the recorded names, supposedly Arabic, include a number from local languages. Sometimes the same name may be used for several species. For example, kiri is the Susu name for both Adansonia digitata and Drypetes afzelii. There is nothing unusual about such complications. For example, Grigson (1955) cites 52 English synonyms for the common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) in the British Isles, and also mentions several examples of the same vernacular name applying to different species. Even Theophrastus in c. 300 BC complained that there were three plants called strykhnos, which were edible, soporific or hallucinogenic (Hort 1916). Languages and history are linked and it is hoped that understanding how lan- guages spread will lead to the discovery of the historical origins of some of the vernacular names for the baobab. The classification followed here is that of Gordon (2005) updated and edited by Blench (2005, personal communication). Alternative family names are shown in square brackets, dialects in parenthesis. Superscript Arabic numbers refer to references to the vernacular names; Roman numbers refer to further information in Section 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Hymenoptera Abundance on Candidate Plants for Conservation Biological Control
    Landscape Management for Functional Biodiversity IOBC/wprs Bulletin Vol. 75, 2012 pp. 13-16 Hymenoptera abundance on candidate plants for conservation biological control Judit Arnó, Rosa Gabarra, Òscar Alomar Entomology, IRTA, Ctra de Cabrils km 2, 08348 Cabrils, Barcelona, Spain. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: As part of the general goal of identifying plants useful for conservation biological control this study aimed to assess the role of different species as habitat for Hymenoptera. Twenty-four monospecific plots of selected plants were sampled during winter, early and late spring. Sinapis alba hosted the highest numbers of Hymenoptera throughout the sampling period, even when it was not blooming. Large numbers of Hymenoptera were also collected on Brassica nigra , much related to the flowering period, and on Medicago sativa , especially in late spring. Regarding woody plants, Viburnum tinus may be of some interest in spring. Key words : conservation biological control, Hymenoptera, habitat management Introduction Conservation biological control is increasingly being used in different agricultural production systems as a strategy to control crop pests. It aims to increase the impact of indigenous natural enemies by providing them with shelter, alternative hosts and prey and plant provided foods such as nectar and pollen by the creation of ecological infrastructures with selected plant species (Landis et al. 2000; Holland, this volume). The implementation of biological control on vegetables often benefits from the action of hymenopteran parasitoids. Such is the case of the control of whitefly, aphid, leaf-mining and lepidopteran pests (Albajes et al. 2003). As part of the general goal of identifying plants species useful for conservation biological control in vegetable crops (Alomar et al.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Care for a SWEET BAY (HERB) Tree Laurus Nobilis SELECT SITE
    How to Care for a SWEET BAY (HERB) Tree Laurus nobilis SELECT SITE: Light Requirements: Full Sun (more than 6 hrs/day) is ideal; Part Sun (4-6 hrs/day) is okay. A South facing window and/or location is best. Recommended use is as an attractive houseplant. This tree will grow larger, in its native Mediterranean habitat, it typically reaches 40’ or more. In pots, the tree can be easily trimmed to desired size because it is a very slow growing plant. Thrives in an organically rich, fast draining potting soil. Garden Uses: Culinary or potpourri houseplant. Ideal USDA Plant Hardiness Zones: 8,9,10,11 (must be used as a houseplant in every other Zone) PLANT PREP: Open box upon arrival, remove packing materials to let the plant “breathe”. Remove plastic bag, tape, and newspaper. Water well. There are drainage holes in the bottom of the pot so do this over a sink basin where the extra water will drain away. PLANTING/REPOTTING: Transplant the plant into a larger pot, upon arrival and in any future years, when the roots of the plant have become crowded but before becoming root bound. Choose a container that is 1-2” wider than the current pot, with a drainage hole in the bottom. Use an all-purpose potting mix (not garden soil) and begin by filling the new pot about ½ full of potting mix. Remove the plant from its pot and set the root ball on top of the mix. Adjust the height so that the top of the roots sit about 1” below the rim.
    [Show full text]
  • Protec Botanica Product List
    Botanica flo iva flo iva Botanically Inspired Solutions. Naturally. Essential Oils Botanical name Part of plant used Country of origin Floviva Almond Oil Bitter Prunus amygdalus dulcis Kernel USA Floviva Amyris Oil Amyris balsamifera L. Wood Haiti Floviva Angelica Oil Angelica archangelica L. Root / Seed France / Hungary Floviva Aniseed Oil Pimpinella anisum L. Seed Spain / India Floviva Anthopogon Oil Rhododendron anthopogon Leaf & twig Nepal Floviva Basil Oil Ocimum basilicum L. Aerial part Madagascar / Egypt / Vietnam / S. Asia Floviva Bay Laurel Oil Laurus nobilis L. Leaf Albania / Bosnia Herzegovina / C. Europe Floviva Bay Oil WI Pimenta recemosa Leaf Dominica / Jamaica Floviva Benzoin Resinoid Styrax tonkinensis Resin Laos / Thailand Floviva Bergamot Oil Citrus aurantium L. bergamia Peel Calabria, Italy Floviva Bergamot Oil FCF Citrus aurantium L. bergamia Peel Calabria, Italy Floviva Birch Oil Sweet Betula lenta Bark USA Floviva Black Pepper Oil Piper nigrum L. Seed India / Madagascar Floviva Black Spruce Oil Picea mariana Needle Canada Floviva Blue Tansy Oil Tanacetum annuum L. Flower Morocco Floviva Cabreuva Oil Myrocarpus fastigiatus Bark Brazil / Paraguay Floviva Cade Oil Juniperus oxycedrus Wood France / Spain Floviva Cajeput Oil Melaleuca leucadendron L. Leaf & twig Vietnam / Indonesia Floviva Camphor Oil Cinnamomum camphora L. Wood China Floviva Caraway Oil Carum carvi L. Seed Hungary / Russia Floviva Cardamon Oil Elettaria cardamomum L. Seed Guatemala / Sri Lanka / PNG Floviva Carrot Seed Oil Daucus carota L. Seed France Floviva Cassia Oil Cinnamomum cassia L. Bark / Leaf China Floviva Catnip Oil Nepeta cataria Leaf and flower France / USA Floviva Cedarwood Oil Cedrus atlantica Wood Morocco / USA / China Floviva Celery Oil Apium graveolens L.
    [Show full text]
  • Quality Oriented Drying of Lemon Balm (Melissa Officinalis L.)
    FORSCHUNGSBERICHT AGRARTECHNIK des Fachausschusses Forschung und Lehre der Max-Eyth-Gesellschaft Agrartechnik im VDI (VDI-MEG) 498 Sandra Patricia Cuervo-Andrade Quality oriented drying of Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis L.) Dissertation Witzenhausen 2011 ISSN 0931-6264 Universität Kassel Fachbereich Ökologische Agrarwissenschaften Fachgebiet Agrartechnik Prof. Dr. Oliver Hensel Quality oriented drying of Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis L.) Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades einer Doktorin der Agrarwissenschaften (Dr. agr.) von Dipl.-Ing. Sandra Patricia Cuervo-Andrade aus Bogotá, Kolumbien 2011 Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde vom Fachbereich Ökologische Agrarwissenschaften der Universität Kassel als Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades „Doktorin der Agrarwissenschaften“ angenommen. Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 21.03.2011 Erster Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Oliver Hensel Zweiter Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Werner Hofacker Mündliche Prüfer: PD Dr. Jens Gebauer PD Dr. Johannes Kahl Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Die Verwendung von Texten und Bildern, auch auszugsweise, ist ohne Zustimmung des Autors urheberrechtswidrig und strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigung, Übersetzung, Mikroverfilmung sowie die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen. © 2011. Im Selbstverlag: Sandra Patricia Cuervo Andrade Bezugsquelle: Universität Kassel, FB Ökologische Agrarwissenschaften Fachgebiet Agrartechnik Nordbahnhofstr. 1a 37213 Witzenhausen Acknowledgements This work was developed in the department of agricultural engineering at the University of Kassel in Witzenhausen led by Prof.Dr.Oliver Hensel. I particularly want to thank to Prof.Dr. Oliver Hensel for his continued support in carrying out the work. His technical suggestions were crucial to the successful conclusion of the work. His good sense of humor always kept me motivated to continue and overcome the difficulties inherent in the research. I also want to thank to Prof.Dr.
    [Show full text]