Global Survey for Comprehensive Measurement of Energy Access Using Multi-tier Approaches WHAT is Multi-tier Measurement?
Definition Of Energy Access - Current vs New CURRENT DEFINITION
‘Having electricity or not having electricity’ ‘Cooking with non-solid fuels or cooking with solid fuels’
NEW DEFINITION Access to energy is the ability to avail energy that is Adequate, Available when needed, Reliable, of good Quality, Convenient, Affordable, Legal, Healthy & Safe, for all required energy services across Household, Productive and Community uses
2 2/19/2014 Why the new definition of Energy Access?
Shortfalls of Binary Approaches Remedies using Multi-tier Framework • Equal weightage to all sources of • Technology neutral approach electricity – grid and off-grid • Weighted assimilation of various • Quality of supply issues not reflected supply solutions based on attributes • Energy for productive and community • Quality of supply issues are reflected uses not reflected • Energy for productive and community • Illegal connections not reflected uses also reflected • No weightage for use of improved • Improved cook-stoves can be reflected cook-stoves • Fuel/cook-stove stacking is properly • Fuel / cook-stove stacking not reflected reflected • Linkages established with socio- • Linkages with socio-economic economic development through use of development not evident energy • No insights about ways of augmenting • Gap analysis provides insights about energy access ways of augmenting energy access • Only select interventions are related to • Most energy sector interventions can expansion of energy access be linked to expansion of access • Country-wise targets difficult to define • Countries can set own targets Access To Household Electricity Supply
Tier-0 Tier-1 Tier-2 Tier-3 Tier-4 Tier-5 V. Low Power Low Power Medium Power High Power 1. Peak Power No Min 1 W Min 50 W Min 200 W Min 2 kW capacity Electricity Daily capacity Min 4 Wh Min 200 Wh Min 1.6 KWh Min 4 KWh Hours per day < 4 hrs Min 4 hrs Min 8 hrs Min 16 hrs Min 23 hrs 2. Duration Hours per evening < 2 hrs Min 2 hrs Min 2 hrs Min 4 hrs Min 4 hrs Max 3 Max 7 Max 3 disruptions disruptions disruptions
per day per week per week 3. Reliability of total duration < 2 hours Attributes Voltage problems do not prevent the use of 4. Quality desired appliances Cost of a standard consumption package of 365 kWh per 5. Affordability annum is less than 10% of household income Bill is paid to the utility / pre-paid card 6. Legality seller / authorized representative Absence of past accidents and perception 7. Health and Safety of high risk in the future Tier-rating for the household is calculated by applying the lowest of the tier-ratings across all attributes.
Index of Access to Electricity = ∑(Pi x K) th Pi = Proportion of households at the k tier K = Tier number {0,1,2,3,4,5} The Index can be aggregated across geographies. 4 It can be compared across geographies and over time Access To Household Cooking Solutions
Level 0 1 2 3 4 5 3 1. PM2.5 (µg/m ) < 400 (???) < 275 (???) < 125 (???) < 35 < 10 Health CO (mg/m3) < 70 (???) < 50 (???) < 20 (???) < 7 < 7 (Indoor Or, Primary Three-stone Tested primary Tested Tested Tested primary Tested Air Cookstove fire, home- solution that is primary primary solution that is primary Quality Performance made stove, visually identifiable solution that solution that visually solution that is in Mud/earthen for meeting Agreed is visually is visually identifiable for visually Kitchen) ring Cookstove identifiable identifiable meeting Agreed identifiable for Performance for meeting for meeting Cookstove meeting Standard Agreed Agreed Performance Agreed corresponding to IAQ Cookstove Cookstove Standard Cookstove Level-1 Performance Performanc corresponding Performance OR Standard e Standard to IAQ Level-4 Standard Potentially improved correspondin correspondi OR Biogas, corresponding cookstoves that are g to IAQ ng to IAQ LPG, Natural to IAQ Level-5 either untested or Level-2 Level-3 Gas, Ethanol OR cannot be visually used. Electric, identified Solar Stove AND, For both tested and untested primary stoves, any inferior Only BLEENS secondary solutions used for less than 20% of the time. Else shift one used. Level below.
5 Access To Household Cooking Solutions
Level 0 1 2 3 4 5 2. Convenience • Fuel Collection (hrs/wk) <10.5 <3.5 <1.5 <0.5 • Stove Prepn (min/meal) <15 <10 <10 <5 3. Safety IWA Safety IWA Tier-1 IWA Tier-2 IWA Tier-3 IWA Tier-4 of Primary Tiers Solution Or, Past No accidents in last one year that Accidents required professional medical attention 4. Efficiency of Primary IWA Efficiency IWA IWA IWA Efficiency Solution Tier-1 Efficiency Efficiency Tier-4 Tier-2 Tier-3 5. Affordability Levelized cost of cooking solutions <10% of HH Income 6. Quality of Primary Fuel No major affect of fuel quality on ease of cooking 7. Availability of Primary Primary Primary Fuel is readily available Fuel Fuel throughout the year available for 75% time Tier-rating for the household is calculated by applying the lowest of the tier-ratings across all attributes.
6 Access To Energy For Productive Uses
Tier-0 Tier-1 Tier-2 Tier-3 Tier-4 Tier-5 1. Capacity Electricity (Watts) <1W 1-50W 50-200W 200W-2kW 2-10kW >10kW (Wh) <2Wh 2-200Wh 200-1.2kWh >1.2kWh - - RM&T (% of <25% 25%-75% 75%-100% 100% needs) 2. Duration (% of needs) <25% 25%-50% 50%-75% 75%-100% 100%+ 3. Reliability Reliability issues with No issue or Reliability issues with severe impact moderate impact no impact 4. Quality Quality issues with No issue or Quality issues with severe impact moderate impact no impact
Attributes5. Affordability > 2 times grid tariff ≤ 2 times grid tariff ≤ grid tariff 6. Legality /Formality No Yes 7. Convenience No Yes 8. Health & Safety Non-BLEN without smoke Non-BLEN with smoke BLEN solutions extraction extraction or outside use Not likely to cause Likely to cause severe Likely to cause moderate significant damage/injury health damage/injury damage/injury Tier-rating for the productive use is calculated by calculating Tier-ratings for all relevant applications and applying the lowest.
7 2/19/2014 Access To Energy For Community Uses Health Facilities; Education Facilities; Public & Community Buildings
Tier-0 Tier-1 Tier-2 Tier-3 Tier-4 Tier-5 1. Capacity Very Low Medium Electricity No Electricity Low Power High Power Power Power Capacity Heating No heating Capacity partially covers Capacity largely covers needs totally (if needed) (0%) needs (1%-49%) (50%-99%) covers needs 2. Duration Electricity No electricity/ Less than ¼ of Less than ½ More than ½ More than ¾ All the time Heating heating the time of the time of the time of the time (100%) (if needed) (0%) (1-24%) (25%-49%) (50%-74%) (75%-99%) 3. Reliability Electricity No significant unscheduled Significant unscheduled interruptions Heating interruptions Attributes (if needed) 4. Quality Electricity Heating Quality is not satisfactory Quality is satisfactory (if needed) 5. Health & Safety Electricity Heating Health & Safety is not satisfactory Health & Safety is satisfactory (if needed)
Tier-rating for the household’s access to energy at each community institution is calculated by applying the lowest of the tier-ratings across all attributes.
8 How Is Energy Access Measured – Index of Energy Access
Index of Access to Energy 30% = ∑(Pi x K) 20% 20%
10% 10% 10% th Pi = Proportion of households at the k tier K = Tier number {0,1,2,3,4,5} 0 2 1 3 4 5
Can be aggregated across geographies - village, district, province, country, region or the whole world.
Can be tracked over time. 2.2
9 2/19/2014 How Is Energy Access Measured – Indices By Dimensions Of Energy Use
Overall Access to Energy:
Index of Access to Access to Energy Access to Energy Energy in for Community for Households: Productive Institutions: Enterprises
Index of household Index of Access to Access to Energy in Health Index of Access to Electricity: Clinics Energy for Farmers
Index of Household Index of Access to Index of Access to Access to Cooking Energy in Schools Energy for Small Solutions Shop Owners
Index of Access to Index of Access to Energy in Local Energy for micro Space Heating Govt. Offices and small enterprises Index of Access to Energy in Index of Access to Community Halls Energy for medium enterprises
Index of Access to Energy for Street Lighting 10 HOW do energy interventions enhance access?
How Energy Interventions Influence Energy Access - All Energy Interventions Can Improve Energy Access Peak Grid Duration Evening Quality Reliability Project Type Legality Capacity Affordability Connections (Hrs) Supply (Voltage) (Outages) (W) Grid Electrification Mini-Grid Electrification
Off-Grid & Typical Energy Energy Typical Access Projects Projects Access Solar Lanterns Generation & X-Border T/M Transmission & Distribution Rural Feeder Segregation Energy Efficiency
Other Energy Projects Energy Other Regulations & Market Reform
Positive Impact on Energy Access Questionnaire:
Contains core questions for the tier calculation related to:
1. Electricity: => capacity, quality, duration, reliability, affordability, legality 2. Electricity services => usage of electricity appliances 3. Lighting => no electricity sources and details on solar applications (SHS, Solar lantern…) 4. Cooking solutions => room ventilation, primary stove and fuel, secondary stove an fuel, convenience, capacity, affordability, availability 5. Productive use of energy=> capacity, quality, duration, reliability, affordability, legality 6. Community use of energy=> capacity, quality, duration, reliability, affordability, legality
Time: around 45-60 minutes
12 2/19/2014 Piloting Of Multi-tier Framework – Status & Strategy
Survey Status Country Area Locales Completed DRC Kinshasa area Household cooking, Household electricity Completed Uganda National Household Cooking Completed Ethiopia Amhara Region Household cooking, Household electricity
Completed India Bihar – 6 districts Household cooking, Household electricity
Completed Malawi Small Sample All Locales
Household cooking, Household electricity, Ongoing Guinea National Productive uses, Community uses National Household cooking, Household electricity, Pipeline Mali Productive uses, Community uses Pipeline candidate Burundi Pipeline candidate Liberia Pipeline candidate Mozambique Pipeline candidate Senegal
13 Pilot - Kinshasa City Map of Kinshasa City
Household energy survey done in Aug-Sept, 2013
Covered all four districts : Lukunga, Funa, Mont Amba, Tshangu
Sample of 2505 Households
Data used for multi-tier analysis
Data also used to prepare a draft Energy Access Diagnostic Report
Binary Measurement Multi-tier Measurement Multi-tier Measurement of Access Of Access To Electricity Supply to Electricity Appliances
90%
53% 59% 42% 26% 10% 1% 3% 0% 1% 3% 8% 3% 1%
No Access Access 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
1.2 3.83 Index of Electricity Access Index of Access to Appliances
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Access to Household Electricity: Attributes Summary Sheet by DistrictAccess to Household Electricity: Attributes Summary Sheet by District Electricity Source Capacity Duration Duration Source Wattage Out of 24 Hours Evening Supply
Tshangu 16% 77% Tshangu 17% 77% Tshangu 27% 53% 16%Tshangu1%3% 7% 25% 36% 32%
Mont Amba 7% 90% Mont Amba 7% 90% Mont Amba 20% 40% 30%Mont8% 2%Amba 6% 23% 34% 36%
Lukunga 7% 92% Lukunga 7% 92% Lukunga 20% 38% 24% 14%Lukunga4% 9%12% 31% 49% Funa 7% 92% Funa 7% 92% Funa 23% 25% 25% 15% 12%Funa 14%13% 27% 46%
No electricity 1-50 W 50-500 W NO ACCESS GRID SHS OTHER500-2000 W >2000 W <4h 4h-8h 8h-16h 16h-22h >22h <1h 1h-2h 2h-4h >4h
Reliability Quality Affordability Legality Duration of Interruptions Low Voltage Problems Cost of 30 kWh < 5% of Based on Bill Payment (mins) Monthly Income
Tshangu 49% 8% 6% 37% Tshangu 88% 12%Tshangu 2% 98%Tshangu 2% 98%
Mont Amba 38% 7%3% 52%Mont Amba 90% Mont10% Amba 3% 97% Mont Amba 1% 99%
Lukunga 56% 17% 5% 22%Lukunga 83% 17%Lukunga 0% 100% Lukunga 5% 95%
Funa 43% 11% 6% 39% Funa 79% 21% Funa 1% 99% Funa 0% 100%
>30 mins 10-30 mins <10 mins None Low Voltage Good voltage Not Affordable Affordable Not Legal Legal
Problem of lack of grid-connectivity is most acute in Tshangu district where almost 17% of the households do not have a grid-connection, compared to about 7% in the other districts. Problem in duration of supply is also acute in Tshangu where 70% of households have less than 8 hours of supply per day. In general Tshangu and Mont Amba districts receive less supply during the day as also in the evening compared to Lukunga and Funa districts. Problem of reliability is most acute in Mont Amba district, even though other districts also do not fare well.
Problem of poor voltage is equally intense in all districts and affects the regular use of appliances.
15 Electricity - Attributes Summary Sheet Electricity Source Capacity Duration Duration Source Wattage Out of 24 Hours Evening Supply
No 1-50 W 16h- <1h SHS electric 1% >22h NO ity 22h 9% 2% 50-500 6% ACCESS 10% 9% <4h W 10% OTHER 23% >4h 1% 41% 1% 1h-2h 8h-16h 18% 23%
>2000 2h-4h GRID W 4h-8h 32% 87% 87% 39%
Reliability Quality Affordability Legality Duration of Interruptions (mins) Low Voltage Problems Cost of 30 kWh < 5% of Monthly Based on Bill Payment Income Not Afforda Not Good ble Legal voltage 2% 2% >30 None 15% mins 38% 46%
Low <10 Voltage mins 10-30 Afforda Legal 85% 5% mins ble 98% 11% 98%
Less than 8 hours per day for 62% of the household Unscheduled interruptions are longer than 30 minutes for more than 57% of the household Almost 85% of the household experienced low voltage
16 Electricity - Tiers Summary Sheet
In Tshangu district 55% of the households are in tier 0: they have no access to any form of electricity or experienced problems in duration of supply Funa district has the higher rate of household in tier 2 (62% households)
Lukunga district presents the highest number of people in tier 3 given to higher rate of duration of interruption for 73% of the households
Area Index Urban 1.3 Peri-Urban 0.9
Funa 1.4 Lukunga 1.4 Mont 1.2 Amba Tshangu 0.9
Total 1.2
17 Electricity Services – Summary sheet
Index: 3.8 Most household can afford to own energy appliances Observations: but they cannot use them properly due to poor electricity supply
18 Electricity – Gap Analysis and Interventions
If households receive at least Transformer renovation and 4 hours of supply, including 2 maintenance program, and hours in the evening, then better load management can one third of the city dwellers help improve voltage could move to Tier-2.
Additional generation Can be provided grid- along with associated connections rather than transmission should be off-grid solutions explored
32% of people in tier 0 had less than 4 hours during the day or less than one hour in the evening) and 10% of them do not have electricity Gap analysis at Glance: Tier 1 represents people with some affordability problems
In tier 2 most of the people (38%) experienced low voltage problems in the last year and 14% of them have less than 8 hours of supply during the day or less than 4 in the evening. 19 Implementation of Multi-tier Frameworks A THREE STEP STRATEGY Description Components Status
Step-1 Develop Detailed Conceptual Frameworks, including Done conceptual - Household Power, Lighting, Cooking & Space Heating underpinnings - Productive Engagements - Community Infrastructure Draft Report on Defining and Measuring Energy Access Underway Survey Questionnaire Done Guidance on data analysis to calculate tiers & indices Done Review by all stakeholders Underway Final Report Feb 2015 Step-2 Conduct Pilots Early pilots to validate approach for: to Refine and • Households Done Validate • Productive and Community Uses Underway Develop the format for Energy Access Diagnostic Report Underway Advanced pilots to generate full Diagnostic Reports In Pipeline Step-3 Scale-up Global Energy Access Survey – Baseline Study In Pipeline Periodic Global Surveys for Tracking Progress ??? WHO’s SARA Surveys for Health Facilities Underway
20 2/19/2014 Proposed Global Household Energy Survey Target Countries: • Survey of about 30-40 key countries that represent about 70-80% of grid unconnected households. • In addition, the list also includes countries that together account for about 60-70% of households dependent on solid fuels for cooking.
Survey Tools: • Household Energy Survey Instrument developed under ESMAP funded activity • Multi-tier framework for measuring access to energy • Energy Access Diagnostic Report format
Survey Timing: • Q3-Q4 of 2015
Survey Approach: • Appoint 4-5 survey agencies that would covered the desired 30-40 countries with sample sizes of about 3000-5000. • Larger sample sizes needed in India and China
SREP Countries • Proposal: Leverage up to USD 80-100,000 per country (with connection deficit of more than 10 million households) for household energy surveys. 21 2/19/2014 Thank you
For any further questions, please contact:
Mikul Bhatia [email protected] Nicolina Angelou [email protected] Elisa Portale [email protected]
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