Impact De L'utilisation De L'énergie-Bois Dans La Ville Province De Kinshasa En République Démocratique Du Congo (Rdc)

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Impact De L'utilisation De L'énergie-Bois Dans La Ville Province De Kinshasa En République Démocratique Du Congo (Rdc) UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL IMPACT DE L'UTILISATION DE L'ÉNERGIE-BOIS DANS LA VILLE PROVINCE DE KINSHASA EN RÉPUBLIQUE DÉMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO (RDC) MÉMOIRE PRÉSENTÉ COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE DE LA MAÎTRISE EN GÉOGRAPHIE PAR NICOLAS SHUKU ONEMBA AVRIL 2011 UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL Service des bibliothèques Avertissement La diffusion de ce mémoire se fait dans h3' respect des droits de son auteur, qui a signé le formulaire Autorisation de reproduire et de diffuser un travail de recherche de cycles supérieurs (SDU-522 - Rév.01-2006). Cette autorisation stipule que «conformément à l'article 11 du Règlement no 8 des études de cycles supérieurs, [l'auteur] concède à l'Université du Québec à Montréal une licence non exclusive d'utilisation et de publication de la totalité ou d'une partie importante de [son] travail de recherche pour des fins pédagogiques et non commerciales. Plus précisément, [l'auteur] autorise l'Université du Québec à Montréal à reproduire, diffuser, prêter, distribuer ou vendre des copies de [son] travail de recherche à des fins non commerciales sur quelque support que ce soit, y compris l'Internet. Cette licence et cette autorisation n'entraînent pas une renonciation de [la] part [de l'auteur] à [ses] droits moraux ni à [ses] droits de propriété intellectuelle. Sauf entente contraire, [l'auteur] conserve la liberté de diffuser et de commercialiser ou non ce travail dont [il] possède un exemplaire.» DÉDICACE À toi, mon Dieu Tout - Puissant, père de notre Seigneur Jésus Christ; Pour m'avoir donné l'opportunité, la grâce et l'ouverture des portes de venir parfaire mes études dans un autre pays que le mien et rencontrer les encadreurs; À mes grands parents, De qui j'ai hérité une nature calme, aimable et courageuse; À mes parents Nicolas Shuku Onemba (décédé pendant que j'avais encore besoin de vos soutiens et encadrements) et Lucie Kiniki Lukenge ; Pour avoir indiqué en moi l'esprit de fermeté, du travail, de la persévérance et d'endurance; À mon épouse Thérèse Ngewasi Awanga et ma fille Joëlle Shuku Llisamba, qui m'avaient quitté très tôt d'une manière inopinée pendant que mon affection était encore forte envers vous, pour rejoindre le très-haut; A vous mes frères et soeurs Shuku Michel (décédé), Shuku Ona-Poy Antoine, Shuku Kabibi, Shuku Ndjeka Madeleine, Shuku Onakudu César, Shuku Jacques, Shukll Anne, Shuku Marie, Albert Mulenda ; Pour votre assistance matérielle et morale tout au long de ma formation; À ma bien - aimée Jacky Kumu Lohata ; Pour avoir enduré les secousses de ma vie et l'éloignement durant ma formation; À vous mes enfants bien aimés Dorcas Shuku Nya-Oto, Merveil Shuku Okito, Gaston Shuku Kapwita, Niclette Shuku Mpia, Reagan Shuku Mbo et Fiston Shuku Okitangu ; Pour avoir supporté la brusque séparation et la distance intercontinentale qui nous sépare, mon absence remarquable dans votre vie et au foyer du regard paternel pourtant consolanl et indispensable pour votre épanouissement; pour avoir accepté aussi mon absence durant nos prières familiales et matinales d'élévation et d'adoration du nom de Jésus Christ de Nazareth; Je dédie ce modeste travail, qu'il vous serve d'exemple de courage et de détermination REMERCIEMENTS A u terme de ce cycle de maîtrise, que tous ceux qui nous ont aidés dans l'élaboration du présent tra vai 1veu i lient trouver ici, l'expression de notre profonde et sincère grat itude. En premier lieu, nous remercions les autorités académiques de l'Université du Québec à Montréal pour leur encadrem ent et leur bienvei lIance pendant not re formai ion qui désormais nous ennoblit. Nos remerciements s'adressent aussi à messieurs Jean- Philippe Waaub, directeur du programme de maîtrise en géographie et directeur du GEIGER, et Michel André Bouchard, professeur associé à McGill, qui ont dirigé ce travail avec compétence et dévouement in lassable. La rigueur et la perti nence de leurs remarq ues, d'utiles indications, leurs consei Is judicieux sur le fond et la forme ont été d'un précieux secours Que madame Jacqueline Bilodeau qui m'a toujours conseillé et encouragé et son effon trouve ici l'expression de notre profonde reconnaissance. Que les familles Christophe Mangongo Loboko et Gabriel Batakanua qui nous ont entouré de leur amour sachent que leurs apports sont restés gravés dans notre vie. Nous serions ingrats si nous ne remerciions pas tous les enseignants du département de géographie qui ont contribué à notre formation. Nos remerciements s'adressent également au pasteur Jean Léon Longa J'Ekolonga, madame Chouchana Luzolo, madame Germaine Bombolo, mademoiselle Espedie Longa qui, tout au long de ce travail, n'ont cessé de nous apporter soutien, exhortation el réconfort avec une sollicitude toute particulière. Enfin, à vous tous qui, à un moment ou à un autre, nous avez apporté votre amitié, vorre aide, vos conseils et votre accueil fraternel, nous présentons nos remerciements les plus sincères. TABLE DES MATIÈRES DÉDICACE II REMERCIEMENTS III TABLE DES MATIÈRES ------------------ IV LISTE DES TABLEAUX ------------------VIII LISTE DES FIGURES ___________________ X LISTE DES SIGLES XI RÉSUMÉ ----------------------XIII CHAPITRE I. INTRODUCTION GENERALE _ 1.1 Présentation du domaine d'étude et délimitation du sujet 1.2 Choix et intérêt du sujet 3 1.3 Buts de l'étude 6 1.4 Structures du travail 6 CHAPITRE Il. DESCRIPTION DU TERRITOIRE D'ÉTUDE 7 2.1 Présentation de la ville province de Kinshasa (VPK) 7 2.2 Situation et limites 8 2.3 Aspects biophysiques de la ville province de Kinshasa (VPK) 10 2.3.1 Les aspects climatiques \0 2.3. 1.1 L'humidité relative JI 2.3.1.2 Les vents 12 2.3.1.3 Le rayonnement solaire 12 2.3.2 Géomorphologie 12 23.3 Sol 14 2.3.4 Végétation J8 23.5 Faune 20 2.3.6 Hydrographie 21 v 2.4 Démographie de la ville province de Kinsahsa (VPK) 22 2.4.1 Tendances démographiques historiques 22 2.4.2 Population par commune 24 2.4.3 Densité de la population 25 2.4.4 Structure de la population 26 2.5 Besoin et consommation de combustible ligneux de la VPK 28 2.5.1 Besoins estimés en combustibles ligneux de la population de la VPI< 28 2.5.2 Rétrospective de la consommation probable du combustible ligneux dans la VPK 28 2.5.3 Estimation des quantités annuelles de charbon de bois consommées à Kinshasa 30 CHAPITRE III. PROBLÉMATIQUE ET OBJECTIF 31 3.1 Problématique 31 3.2 Questions de recherche primaires et secondaires 31 3.2.1 Objectifs principal et spécifiques 32 3.2.2 Définition des concepts 33 CHAPITRE IV. MÉTHODOLOGIE 35 4.1 Contexte d'intervention 35 4.2 Objectifs du projet PECA-RDC 37 4.3 Résultats escomptés 38 4.4 Les étapesdu projet 39 4.5 L'étude de Kinshasa: méthodologie de l'étude PECA 41 4.6 Méthode pour le mémoire proprement dit 47 4.6.1 Recherche documentaire 47 4.6.2 Connaissance du terrain 47 4.6.3 Constitution des échanti lions 48 4.6.4 Collectes de données 48 4.6.5 Comptages 48 4.6.6 Analyse SWOT 49 vi CHAPITRE V. RÉSULTATS SUR L'APPROVISIONNEMENT DE LA VPK EN BOIS DE CHAUFFE ET DE CHARBON DE BOIS 51 5.1 Introduction 51 5.2 Points d'entrée et flux de bois de chauffe et charbon de bois 52 5.2.1 Voies d'entrées des combustibles ligneux à Kinshasa 52 5.2.2 La route de Matadi (RN 1) 53 5.2.3 Les routes de Bandundu 53 52.4 La route de Mwena 53 5.2.5 La roule de Luzumu 53 52.6 La route de NSanda 53 52.7 Le chemin de fer 54 528 La voie fluviale 54 5.3 Flux des combustibles ligneux 54 5.3.1 Tonnages globaux Uournaliers, mensuels et annuels) de bois de feu à Kinshasa 56 5.3.2 Importance des voies dans l'approvisionnement de la VPK en bois de chauffage et charbon de bois 59 5.3.3 Importance du mode de transport 60 5.3.4 Dépôts de combustibles ligneux 61 5.3.4.1 Localisation, topographie et organisation des dépôts des combusti bles ligneux à Kinshasa 62 5.3.4.2 Appartenance provinciale des dépositaires et navellanes des combustibles ligneux à Kinshasa 64 5.3.5 Aires géographiques pourvoyeuses de la VPK en combustibles ligneux 65 5.3.5.1 Les aires pourvoyeuses périurbaines 66 5.3.5.2 Les aires pourvoyeuses provinciales 66 5.3.6 Revenus issus du transport des combustibles ligneux effectués uvee des engins Motorisés 66 5.3.7 Revenus du pousse-pousseur issus de la distribution des combustibles ligneu>; 68 5.4 La commercialisation du bois-énergie 71 5.4.1 Unités de mesure dans le commerce des combustibles ligneux et poids moyens 71 5.4.2 Circuits de distribution des combustibles ligneux dans la VPK 76 5.4.2.1 Circuit de distribution directe des combustibles ligneux 77 5.4.2.2 Circuit de distribution indirecte des combustibles ligneux 78 5.4.3 Points de ventes au détail des combustibles ligneux dans la VPK 80 5.4.3.1 Aspects financiers de la commercialisation des CL el évolution des prix 84 5.4.3.2 Aspects sociodémographiques des commcrçants de combustibles ligneux 87 VII 5.4.3.3 Aspects socioprofessionnels des commerçants de bois de chauffage 87 5.4.3.4 Aspects socioprofessionnels des commerçants de BC 87 5.4.3.5 Aspects socioprofessionnels des commerçants de C8 88 5.4.3.6 Grossistes de charbon de bois 88 5.4.3.7 Détaillants de charbon de bois 89 5.5 La consommation des combustibles ligneux dans la VPK 92 5.5.1 Lieu d'approvisionnement des ménages de la VPK en combustibles ligneux 93 5.5.2 Consommation de bois de feu 94 5.5.2.1 Consommation de bois de chauffe 94 5.5.2.2 Consommation artisanale de BC 95 5.5.2.3 Consommation du charbon de bois 101 5.5.3 Niveau d'électrification des maisons des ménages enquêtés 104 5.5.4 Modes de consommation des combustibles ligneux 105 5.5.4.1 Foyer tripode (Iituka) 105 5.5.4.2 Braseros (mbabula) 107 5.5.5 Utilisation des combustibles ligneux: avantages et inconvénients 108 5.5.5.1 Avantages et inconvénients de l'utilisation de bois de chaulTe 109 5.5.5.2 Avantages et inconvénients de l'utilisation du charbon de bois III 5.5.6 Évaluation de l'impact de la consommation du bois de feu sur les budgets familiaux dans la VPK 113 5.5.7 Impact de la consommation des combustibles ligneux sur l'environnement 114 CHAPITRE VI.
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