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Democratic Republic of the Congo COMMUNICABLE DISEASE TOOLKIT PPPRRROOOFFFIIILLLEEE AAA NNN NNN EEE XXX EEE SSS Democratic Republic of the Congo WHO Communicable Disease Working Group on Emergencies WHO Regional Office for Africa WHO Office, Kinshasa COMMUNICABLE DISEASE TOOLKIT WHO/CDS/2005.36a PPRROOFFIILLEE Democratic Republic of the Congo WHO Communicable Disease Working Group on Emergencies WHO Regional Office for Africa WHO Office, Kinshasa © World Health Organization 2005 All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by WHO to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either express or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. The named authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this publication. Further information is available at: CDS Information Resource Centre, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland; fax: (+41) 22 791 4285, e-mail: [email protected] Communicable disease profile for DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO 2005. Acknowledgements Edited by Dr Michelle Gayer, Dr Pamela Mbabazi, Dr Albis Gabrielli and Dr Máire Connolly of the Programme on Communicable Diseases in Complex Emergencies, WHO/CDS. This Profile is a collaboration between the Communicable Disease Working Group on Emergencies (CD- WGE) at WHO/HQ, the Division of Communicable Disease Prevention and Control (DCD) at WHO/AFRO and the Office of the WHO Representative for Democratic Republic of the Congo. The CD-WGE provides technical and operational support on communicable disease issues to WHO regional and country offices, ministries of health, other United Nations agencies, and nongovernmental and international organizations. The Working Group includes the departments of Control, Prevention and Eradication (CPE), Surveillance and Response (CSR) in Communicable diseases (CDS), Roll Back Malaria (RBM), Stop TB (STB) and HIV/AIDS (HIV) in HTM; and the departments of Child and Adolescent Health and Development (CAH), Immunizations, Vaccines and Biologicals (IVB) and Health and Action in Crises (HAC). The following people were involved in the development and review of this document, and their contribution is gratefully acknowledged: Markus Behrend (CDS/CPE), Julian Bilous (FCH/IVB), Maureen Birmingham (FCH/IVB), Sylvie Briand (CDS/ARO), Claire-Lise Chaignat (CDS/CPE), Claire Chauvin (FCH/IVB), Alice Croisier (CDS/CSR), Denis Coulombier (CDS/CSR), Charles Delacollette (HTM/RBM), Philippe Duclos (FCH/IVB), Pat Drury (CDS/CSR), Dirk Engels (CDS/CPE), Florent Ekwanzala (WHO-DRC), Hans Everts (FCH/IVB), Pierre Formenty (CDS/CSR), Guliano Gargioni (HTM/STB), Abou Beckr Gaye (WHO-DRC), Tom Grein (CDS/CSR), Pierre Guillet (CDS/CPE), Bradley Hersh (FCH/IVB), Yvan Hutin (HTP/EHT), Randall Hyer (CDS/CSR), Jean Jannin (CDS/CPE), Kande-Bure Kamara (CDS/CSR), Thierry Lambrechts (FCH/CAH), Frédérique Marodon (CDS/CPE), Francois Meslin (CDS/CPE), Pierre Sambu Nzita (WHO-DRC), Albert Mbule (WHO-DRC), Lulu Muhe (FCH/CAH), Jose Nkuni (HTM/RBM), Salah Ottmani (HTM/STB), William Perea (CDS/CSR), Shamim Qazi (FCH/CAH), Aafje Rietveld (HTM/RBM), Cathy Roth (CDS/CSR), Mike Ryan (CDS/CSR), Klaus Stohr (CDS/CSR), Michel Tailhades (HTM/TSH), Leonard Tapsoba (WHO- DRC), George Tembo (UNAIDS/CRD), Marta Valenciano (CDS/CSR), Katelijn Vandemaele (CDS/CSR), Steve Wiersma (FCH,IVB), Sergio Yactayo (CDS/CPE), Moise-Désiré Yapi (WHO-DRC), Jean-Marie Yameogo (WHO-DRC). We would like to thank the Government of Ireland and the Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) of the United States Agency for International Development for their support in development of this document. World Health Organization i Communicable disease profile for DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO 2005. CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...........................................................................................................II PREFACE……………………………………………………………………………………………… V INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... IVI 1. ACUTE LOWER RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS (ALRI) .............................................. 1 2. AFRICAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS (SLEEPING SICKNESS) ......................................... 4 3. BACILLARY DYSENTERY (SHIGELLOSIS) ............................................................... 9 4. CHOLERA ................................................................................................................... 12 5. DIARRHOEAL DISEASES (OTHERS) ....................................................................... 17 6. DIPHTHERIA ............................................................................................................... 20 7. EBOLA AND MARBURG HAEMORRHAGIC FEVERS............................................. 24 8. HIV/AIDS...................................................................................................................... 28 9. LEPROSY.................................................................................................................... 36 10. LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS........................................................................................... 39 11. INFLUENZA................................................................................................................. 43 12. MALARIA..................................................................................................................... 49 13. MEASLES.................................................................................................................... 54 14. MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE ................................................................................... 59 15. MONKEYPOX.............................................................................................................. 66 16. ONCHOCERCIASIS (RIVER BLINDNESS)................................................................ 69 17. PERTUSSIS (WHOOPING COUGH) .......................................................................... 74 18. PLAGUE ...................................................................................................................... 78 19. POLIOMYELITIS ......................................................................................................... 83 20. RABIES........................................................................................................................ 89 21. SCHISTOSOMIASIS (BILHARZIASIS)....................................................................... 93 22. SOIL-TRANSMITTED HELMINTHIASES ................................................................... 97 23. TUBERCULOSIS....................................................................................................... 101 24. TYPHOID FEVER ...................................................................................................... 114 25. YELLOW FEVER....................................................................................................... 116 APPENDIX 1: FLOWCHARTS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES 119 APPENDIX 2: STEPS IN OUTBREAK MANAGEMENT ....................................................... 125 APPENDIX 3: SAFE WATER AND SANITATION................................................................. 126 APPENDIX 4: INJECTION SAFETY...................................................................................... 127 APPENDIX 5: KEY CONTACTS FOR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO ......... 128 APPENDIX 6: LIST OF WHO GUIDELINES ON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES................. 131 APPENDIX 7: IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE FOR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO ... 134 APPENDIX 8: MAP OF DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO ................................ 135 APPENDIX 9: POPULATION OF DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO, 2005....... 136 APPENDIX 10: BASIC HEALTH INDICATORS IN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO .. 136 World Health Organization iii Communicable disease profile for DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO 2005 PREFACE The purpose of the Communicable disease toolkit is to provide health professionals in United Nations agencies, nongovernmental organizations, donor agencies and local authorities working in Democratic Republic of the Congo with up-to-date guidelines and standards for controlling communicable diseases. This document, the Communicable disease profile for Democratic Republic of the Congo (WHO/CDS/2005/36.a) aims to provide up-to-date information on the major communicable disease threats faced by the population. The list of endemic and epidemic-prone diseases has been selected on the basis of the burden of morbidity and mortality. It
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