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ZEYLANICA a Study of the Peoples and Languages of Sri Lanka
ZEYLANICA A Study of the Peoples and Languages of Sri Lanka Asiff Hussein Second Edition: September 2014 ZEYLANICA. A Study of the Peoples and Languages of Sri Lanka ISBN 978-955-0028-04-7 © Asiff Hussein Printed by: Printel (Pvt) Ltd 21/11, 4 th Lane, Araliya Uyana Depanama, Pannipitiya Published by: Neptune Publications CONTENTS Chapter 1 Legendary peoples of Lanka Chapter 2 The Veddas, the aboriginal inhabitants of Lanka and their speech Chapter 3 The Origins of the Sinhalese nation and the Sinhala language Chapter 4 The Origins of the Sri Lankan Tamils and the Tamil language Chapter 5 The Sri Lankan Moors and their language Chapter 6 The Malays of Sri Lanka and the local Malay language Chapter 7 The Memons, a people of North Indian origin and their language Chapter 8 Peoples of European origin. The Portuguese and Dutch Burghers Chapter 9 The Kaffirs. A people of African origin Chapter 10 The Ahikuntaka. The Gypsies of Sri Lanka INTRODUCTORY NOTE The system of transliteration employed in the text, save for citations, is the standard method. Thus dots below letters represent retroflex sounds which are pronounced with the tip of the tongue striking the roof of the mouth further back than for dental sounds which are articulated by placing the tip of the tongue against the upper front teeth. Among the other sounds transliterated here c represents the voiceless palato-alveolar affricate (as sounded in the English church ) and ś the palatal sibilant (as sounded in English sh ow ). The lingual which will be found occurring in Sanskrit words is similar in pronunciation to the palatal . -
Stunning Sri Lanka
Stunning Sri Lanka itinerary Stunning Sri Lanka Stunning Sri Lanka Day 1 Colombo Airport - Kandy (Approx. 3 hours and 20 minutes’ drive) Welcome to Sri Lanka! On arrival at Colombo airport, you will meet your chauffeur and he will accompany you to the hotel in Kandy. Kandy – often referred to as the hill capital of Sri Lanka, this bustling town offers a diverse variety of experiences to its visitors ranging from history, culture and simple scenic beauty coupled with a touch of urbanity. It was the last Sinhalese Kingdom that fell under British rule in 1815. The journey to this mellow weathered city can be quite enjoyable, particularly by train owing to the scenic delights that lie alongside. The city’s colonial architecture has been preserved well even in the backdrop of rapid urbanization. Close to the city’s centre is the prime landmark - Sri Dalada Maligawa that houses the sacred tooth relic of Buddha. Apart from the ancient monuments of the Kandyan era, the delightful jumble of antique shops and the bustling market in the city also make up for interesting places of visit. Arrive Kandy and transfer to hotel. Rest of the day at leisure. Overnight stay in Kandy. Meals: Dinner Day 2 Kandy - Pinnawala - Kandy (Approx. 1 hour and 30 minutes’ drive) After breakfast, excursion to Pinnawala elephant orphanage. Pinnawala -famous because of the elephant orphanage located in the area. It is a must-visit as it would definitely add an unforgettable experience to your stay in this paradise isle. Established in Stunning Sri Lanka 1975, it operates as a nursery, orphanage and captive breeding ground for elephants. -
China Explored, Laterally
- Tim Bennett - China explored,Sri Lanka Laterally explored, - laterally Because I’ve always wanted to... Colombo = One way flight = Return flight = Drive = Train/Drive In a Nutshell... Flights... Date Airline & From Departs To Arrives Class Day 1 - Fly from London overnight Flight Number Day 2 - Arrive in Colombo. Rosyth Estate House SriLankan London Colombo Day 3 - 5 - At leisure. Rosyth Estate House Airlines Heathrow T3 Day 6 - Transfer to Ulagalla Resort, Anuradhapura SriLankan Colombo London Airlines Heathrow Day 7 - Anuradhapura by Bike. Ulagalla Resort T3 Day 8 - Morning Jeep Safari. Ulagalla Resort Day 9 - Train to Ella. Nine Skies Bungalow Day 10 - Explore Ella. Nine Skies Bungalow Trains... Day 11 - Transfer to Yala National Park. Chena Huts Day 12 - Explore Yala National Park on Safari. Chena Huts Day 13 - Morning Jeep Safari, transfer to Mirissa. Sri Sharavi Day 14 - Enjoy Sri Sharavi & Mirissa. Sri Sharavi Date From Departs To Arrives Class Day 15 - Morning Whale Watching from Mirissa. Sri Sharavi Day 16 - Enjoy Mirissa. Sri Sharavi Kandy TBC Nanu Oya TBC TBC Railway Station Railway Station Day 17 - Transfer to The Owl & The Pussy Cat, Koggala Day 18 - Galle Walking Tour. The Owl & The Pussy Cat Day 19 - Paddy Field Cycling Tour. The Owl & The Pussy Cat Day 20 - Transfer to Colombo, City Tour. Uga Residence Day 21 - Fly home Welcome home! Your Recommended Itinerary... Day 1 - Fly from the UK to Colombo overnight Today you will be collected from home by your chauffeur and driven to Heathrow Airport for your overnight flight to Colombo. Accommodation: Overnight flight Meals: On-board Meals Day 2 - Arrive in Colombo, transfer to Rosyth Estate, Kegalle You will be met at the airport by your laterallife representative and introduced to your chauffeur guide who will be accompanying you on your tour. -
National Wetland DIRECTORY of Sri Lanka
National Wetland DIRECTORY of Sri Lanka Central Environmental Authority National Wetland Directory of Sri Lanka This publication has been jointly prepared by the Central Environmental Authority (CEA), The World Conservation Union (IUCN) in Sri Lanka and the International Water Management Institute (IWMI). The preparation and printing of this document was carried out with the financial assistance of the Royal Netherlands Embassy in Sri Lanka. i The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the CEA, IUCN or IWMI concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the CEA, IUCN or IWMI. This publication has been jointly prepared by the Central Environmental Authority (CEA), The World Conservation Union (IUCN) Sri Lanka and the International Water Management Institute (IWMI). The preparation and publication of this directory was undertaken with financial assistance from the Royal Netherlands Government. Published by: The Central Environmental Authority (CEA), The World Conservation Union (IUCN) and the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Colombo, Sri Lanka. Copyright: © 2006, The Central Environmental Authority (CEA), International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources and the International Water Management Institute. Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorised without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. -
List of Rivers of Sri Lanka
Sl. No Name Length Source Drainage Location of mouth (Mahaweli River 335 km (208 mi) Kotmale Trincomalee 08°27′34″N 81°13′46″E / 8.45944°N 81.22944°E / 8.45944; 81.22944 (Mahaweli River 1 (Malvathu River 164 km (102 mi) Dambulla Vankalai 08°48′08″N 79°55′40″E / 8.80222°N 79.92778°E / 8.80222; 79.92778 (Malvathu River 2 (Kala Oya 148 km (92 mi) Dambulla Wilpattu 08°17′41″N 79°50′23″E / 8.29472°N 79.83972°E / 8.29472; 79.83972 (Kala Oya 3 (Kelani River 145 km (90 mi) Horton Plains Colombo 06°58′44″N 79°52′12″E / 6.97889°N 79.87000°E / 6.97889; 79.87000 (Kelani River 4 (Yan Oya 142 km (88 mi) Ritigala Pulmoddai 08°55′04″N 81°00′58″E / 8.91778°N 81.01611°E / 8.91778; 81.01611 (Yan Oya 5 (Deduru Oya 142 km (88 mi) Kurunegala Chilaw 07°36′50″N 79°48′12″E / 7.61389°N 79.80333°E / 7.61389; 79.80333 (Deduru Oya 6 (Walawe River 138 km (86 mi) Balangoda Ambalantota 06°06′19″N 81°00′57″E / 6.10528°N 81.01583°E / 6.10528; 81.01583 (Walawe River 7 (Maduru Oya 135 km (84 mi) Maduru Oya Kalkudah 07°56′24″N 81°33′05″E / 7.94000°N 81.55139°E / 7.94000; 81.55139 (Maduru Oya 8 (Maha Oya 134 km (83 mi) Hakurugammana Negombo 07°16′21″N 79°50′34″E / 7.27250°N 79.84278°E / 7.27250; 79.84278 (Maha Oya 9 (Kalu Ganga 129 km (80 mi) Adam's Peak Kalutara 06°34′10″N 79°57′44″E / 6.56944°N 79.96222°E / 6.56944; 79.96222 (Kalu Ganga 10 (Kirindi Oya 117 km (73 mi) Bandarawela Bundala 06°11′39″N 81°17′34″E / 6.19417°N 81.29278°E / 6.19417; 81.29278 (Kirindi Oya 11 (Kumbukkan Oya 116 km (72 mi) Dombagahawela Arugam Bay 06°48′36″N -
Beautiful, Natural Places and Tourist Attractions in Sri Lanka
Available online at http://www.institutebiopaleogeography-darwin.com/ IBPG 3 (2021) 1-44 eBook ISBN 978-83-949342-2-4 Beautiful, natural places and tourist attractions in Sri Lanka K. A. I. L. Wijewardena Gamalath 209, Liyanwala, Padukka, Sri Lanka E-mail address: [email protected] ABSTRACT This report presents the beautiful and cultural places in Sri Lanka attracting tourists. Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka is an island nation in South Asia, located in the Indian Ocean enrich with beautiful white sandy beaches, lush green landscapes varying from rainforests to peak wilderness sanctuaries, Buddhist monasteries and accented by a cultural history dating back thousands of years. Sri Lanka has been a popular place of attraction for foreign travelers as early as the 410’s AD/CE, the Chinese traveler Fa-Hien in the twelfth century and the Italian explorer Marco Polo claiming “best island of its size in the world”. Tourism in the island nation is the third largest foreign exchange earner. The airport and seaports have been closed to tourists for several months due to the pandemic. Discussions are underway to reopen the airport to tourism under a phased programme in January 2021. Keywords: Sri Lanka, beaches, central highlands, wilderness and wild life, archaeology and history, spiritual pursuits ( Received 27 December 2020; Accepted 13 January 2021; Date of Publication 14 January 2021 ) The Institute of Biopaleogeography named under Charles R. Darwin 3 (2021) 1-44 The Institute of Biopaleogeography named under Charles R. Darwin Publisher’s Address: Scientific Publishing House “DARWIN” 22, Adama Mickiewicza Street, 78-520 Złocieniec, District Drawski, West Pomerania, Poland Cite of this eBook: K. -
Global Journal of Human Social Science Vol.10 Issue 3(Ver1.0)September 2010 P a G E |13
Global Journal of Human Social Science Vol.10 Issue 3(Ver1.0)September 2010 P a g e |13 Are Cultural Traditions Real ―Assets‖ For Rural People? An Analysis from A Livelihood Perspective GJHSS Classification – C (FOR) 169903,160403,220407 Chandima D. Daskon Abstract-It is argued that rural development planning best Development ideologies are departing from quantitative to precede when there is an effective dialogue with local people qualitative paradigms by acknowledging that development about their values, traditions, identities and knowledge. Among is a process that engages with local people and their the rural communities, cultural traditions that have been knowledge and cultural values. Thus, despite the material preserved for generations are important in attaining various growth, the satisfaction of people‘s cultural aspirations aspects of their desirable objectives. This paper is an attempt to explore the potential wealth and capabilities of culture, and while respecting their customs, knowledge, and cultural to examine the extent to which such cultural traditions can be freedom is vital in fulfilling desirable progress in every regarded as an „asset‟ in the context of achieving sustainability society. of rural livelihoods. The paper draws its evidences from few Current development approaches, which are based on the rural villages in central Sri Lanka, where culture and ‗western models‘ have difficulties in imagining ‗other‘ livelihoods are significantly interconnected. While admitting cultures, ‗other‘ ways of thinking, and forms of rationality some weak and negative aspects of culture that actually impede and, ‗other‘ ways of life (Tucker 1999). This paper argues human progress, the paper argues that cultural traditions that there is a need for an advanced understanding of the carry enormous potentials for sustaining people‟s lives. -
Lake Gregory, Alien Flora and Urban Aqua-Environments in a Misty City of Sri Lanka
52 LAKE GREGORY, ALIEN FLORA AND URBAN AQUA-ENVIRONMENTS IN A MISTY CITY OF SRI LANKA Shirantha, R. R. A. R 1., Amarathunga, A. A. D2. and Pushpa Kumara, N. W. J 3 1Research Officer, Inland Aquatic Resources and Aquaculture Division, National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency (NARA), Crow Island, Mattakkuliya, Colombo 15, Sri Lanka 1E-mail: [email protected] 1Telephone: +94-11-2521005; Fax: + 94-11-2521005 2Research Officer, Environmental Studies Division, National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency (NARA), Crow Island, Mattakkuliya, Colombo 15, Sri Lanka 2E-mail: [email protected] 2Telephone: +94-11-2521009; Fax: + 94-11-2521009 3Research Assistant, Inland Aquatic Resources and Aquaculture Division, National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency (NARA), Crow Island, Mattakkuliya, Colombo 15, Sri Lanka 3E-mail: [email protected] 3Telephone: +94-11-2521005; Fax: + 94-11-2521005 Abstract: Lake Gregory in the uppermost hill capital of Sri Lanka is a man made water-body built to enhance the site esthetic beauty. Now it has to act as a waste sinker, having lost its ability to supply bathing/ recreational/agricultural water. A series of short studies on its floral composition and water quality parameters were done from 2007 to 2009 through direct visual observations and the APHA standard methods to quantify its current ecological conditions and future sustainability. Floral composition of the lake was found to dominate by Alien Plant Species (APS) demonstrating rapid spatial changes from time to time. Myriophyllum sp. , Polygonium sp, Salvinia molesta , Eichhornia crassipes, Ceratophyllum demersum and Pistia stratiotes were the dominant APS of which E. -
Sri Lanka on a Shoestring
Sri Lanka on a Shoestring Introduction Get yourself to a destination that's long been a culture-loving backpacker's dream, on this affordable 12-day whirlwind tour of central and southern Sri Lanka. Discover beautiful ruins, hike through tea plantations, tour a spice garden, and then chill out on Hikkaduwa Beach. Explore Sri Lanka with a group of new friends and you'll never want to travel solo again. Duration: 12 days Start/Finish City: Negombo to Hikkaduwa Travel Style: 18-to-Thirtysomethings Fast, fresh, and fun adventures that never slow down, made for young, budget-minded travellers. Service Level: Basic Simple and clean hotels and hostels; affordable public and private transport; lots of optional activities. Trip Type: Small Group Group trips average 12 travellers per departure, depending on the adventure. The maximum is usually no more than 16, but some can be smaller or bigger, depending on the trip. Physical Grading: 2 - Light Light walking and hiking suitable for most fitness levels. Nothing too challenging. NOTE: Accommodations vary per departure and are subject to change until tour start date; they are not final and should be used as examples only. Day 1Negombo Arrive at any time. There are no activities planned until an evening welcome meeting. Meet Your CEO and Group 1h Your opportunity to meet your CEO and fellow travellers, and learn more about your tour. Opt to join the group for a local meal afterwards. Optional Activities Welcome Dinner You've arrived! Why not share a meal and a drink with your new travel mates? Accommodation Sea Horse Hotel (or similar) Hotel Day 2Negombo/Sigiriya Transfer to UNESCO World Heritage City, Sigiriya. -
The Jewels of Sri Lanka 8 – 21 March 2020
THE JEWELS OF SRI LANKA 8 – 21 MARCH 2020 FROM £3,680 PER PERSON Tour Leader: Verity Smith ANCIENT PAST, COLONIAL TRADITION AND ENCHANTING SCENERY The beautiful island of Sri Lanka, with its ancient past, colonial tradition, spectacular scenery and lush tropical jungle, will enchant everybody, and this tour is a fascinating introduction to this very special country. It encompasses impressive rock- hewn fortresses, magnificent second and third century BC temples - many UNESCO World Heritage Sites - ethereal religious sites and ruined cities, botanical gardens, wildlife sanctuaries, tea plantations and an unspoiled Victorian hill station. Our journey begins in the capital city of Colombo, from which we head inland to Habarana to explore the cultural triangle. We see Sigiriya, an impressive rock-hewn fortress, and the beautifully preserved remains of the 11th century capital, Polonnaruwa. We then travel south to Kandy, last capital of the Sri Lankan Kings where we explore the city with its important Buddhist Temple of the Tooth, vestiges of colonial rule and Royal Peradeniya Botanical Gardens. We continue to Nuwara Eliya, the famous hill station set in the heart of ‘tea country’, before ending our tour with a stay in Galle on the south-west coast of this magical island. A relaxing end to a memorable journey. Tea Country Pinnawala Elephant Orphanage The Lighthouse, Galle 14-DAY ITINERARY, DEPARTING 8 MARCH 2020 8 March London / Colombo his house and also the Buddhist 12 March Habarana, Sigiriya temple of Seema Malaka. Visit the & Dambulla Suggested flights (not included in the textile shop, ‘Barefoot’ which was cost of the tour) Sri Lankan Airlines started by the artist, writer and Early morning visit to the 5th century flight departing London Heathrow designer Barbara Sansoni 40 years World Heritage Site of Sigiriya Rock at 20.40 hrs. -
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YOUR O.A.T. ADVENTURE TRAVEL PLANNING GUIDE® Ancient Kingdoms: Thailand, Laos, Cambodia & Vietnam 2022 Small Groups: 8-16 travelers—guaranteed! (average of 13) Overseas Adventure Travel ® The Leader in Personalized Small Group Adventures on the Road Less Traveled 1 Dear Traveler, At last, the world is opening up again for curious travel lovers like you and me. And the O.A.T. Ancient Kingdoms: Thailand, Laos, Cambodia & Vietnam itinerary you’ve expressed interest in will be a wonderful way to resume the discoveries that bring us so much joy. You might soon be enjoying standout moments like these: Whether it is the cities of the lowlands or the villages of the highlands, Laos offers opportunities for intimate interactions with the local people. You’ll experience the warm welcome of locals during A Day in the Life of a Laotian village, where you’ll meet young schoolchildren at a local elementary school— supported in part through Grand Circle Foundation’s World Classroom initiative. You’ll then meet members of the Hmong hill tribe, an indigenous people of Laos’ northern highlands, and step into the home of shaman who will delve into the time-honored traditions of his people. After a community-hosted lunch with the village chief and his wife, you’ll visit the village’s weaving center. The most moving stories you’ll hear as you travel the world are from the locals who live and work in these areas, and you’ll have the opportunity to hear from local student activists when you visit Thammasat University in Bangkok. -
Chapter 6 Sectoral Situational Analysis
THE PROJECT FOR FORMULATION OF GREATER KANDY URBAN PLAN Final Report: Vol.2 Main Text CHAPTER 6 SECTORAL SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 6.1 Transport 6.1.1 General Transport, specifically traffic congestion, is one of the major urban issues in Kandy. There are many factors that aggravate traffic congestion, including (i) the concentration of public facilities in the city centre which generates much traffic, (ii) a limited road network in the mountainous area, (iii) traffic congestion in the town centre mixed with through-traffic on the trunk roads to Kandy and daily traffic inside the city, (iv) traffic bottlenecks at bridges, (v) limited areas designated for parking in the city, and (vi) inappropriate traffic management. Various organisations such as Road Development Authority, Kandy Municipality Council, and Strategic Cities Development Project have conducted studies and implemented projects for the transport sector until recently. In this section, past and present transport plans and projects will be reviewed, and based on lessons learned and experiences, the transport sector’s development orientation that will be in conjunction with regional and city levels will be proposed. 6.1.2 Travel Behaviour in the Heritage Area, Kandy Based on the results of the interview survey, travel behaviour of 2,000 households in the Heritage Area is analysed, and this includes trip purpose, traffic distribution, and travel modes. (1) Trip Purpose The survey results show that the trip purpose of the largest share of respondents is commuting to place of work and business (66%). Meanwhile, some respondents commute to do shopping (14%), go to school (7%), and conduct or attend to business (7%).