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Nhà Nước Hoa Anh Trong Lịch Sử Phong Kiến Nhà n ước Hoa Anh trong l ịch s ử phong ki ến Nguy ễn Văn Giác 1 1 Tr ường Đạ i h ọc Th ủ D ầu M ột. Email: [email protected] Nh ận ngày 25 tháng 10 n ăm 2018. Ch ấp nh ận đă ng ngày 7 tháng 3 n ăm 2019. Tóm t ắt: Sau đại n ạn Vijaya, hai b ộ ph ận lãnh th ổ Aryaru (Phú Yên) và Kauthara (Khánh Hòa) hợp thành thu ộc qu ốc Hoa Anh. Lê Thánh Tông đã phong v ươ ng cho ngu ời đứ ng đầ u n ước Hoa Anh là Bàn La Trà Duy ệt. S ự ph ản kháng c ủa Bàn La Trà Duy ệt là nguyên nhân d ẫn đế n cu ộc chinh ph ạt l ần hai c ủa Lê Thánh Tông. Sau cu ộc chinh ph ạt này, Lê Thánh Tông chính th ức l ấy Đá Bia làm c ột m ốc lãnh th ổ. Trai Á Ma Ph ất Am được ch ỉ đị nh làm phiên v ươ ng c ủa n ước Hoa Anh trên ph ần đấ t Kauthara còn l ại; sau đó nh ập vào Panduranga và l ập nên nhà n ước H ậu Champa. Từ khóa: Bàn La Trà Duy ệt, Lê Thánh Tông, Nhà n ước Hoa Anh, Trai Á Ma Ph ất Am. Phân lo ại ngành: Sử h ọc Abstract: After the Vijaya incident, the two territories of Aryaru (Phu Yen) and Kauthara (Khanh Hoa) were merged to form the Hoa Anh colony. The Vietnamese emperor Le Thanh Tong gave the title of Vươ ng, which means the king of a colony (under another country, the head of which, in this case, Le Thanh Tong himself, would be called đế, or Emperor) to the head of Hoa Anh, who was P’au Lo T’ou Yue. The latter's rebellion was later the cause of the second conquest of Le Thanh Tong, after which the Vietnamese emperor officially chose Da Bia as the landmark of the national border. Trai A Ma Phat Am was nominated to be the vươ ng of Hoa Anh in the remaining Kauthara territory. He then merged Kauthara into Panduranga and formed the Post-Champa state. Keywords: P’au Lo T’ou Yue, Le Thanh Tong, Hoa Anh State, Trai A Ma Phat Am. Subject classification: History 1. Mở đầ u li ệu v ề sau khi bàn định v ấn đề này c ũng không th ống nh ất v ới nhau. Qu ốc s ử quán Tên g ọi Nhà n ước Hoa Anh xu ất hi ện ch ỉ tri ều Nguy ễn gi ữ nguyên đoạn trích về Hoa một l ần trong b ộ qu ốc s ử tri ều H ậu Lê mà Anh trong chính s ử tri ều Lê, kèm thêm l ời không kèm thêm m ột ch ỉ d ẫn nào, các tài chú: “N ước Hoa Anh dòng dõi v ề sau mòn 76 Nguy ễn V ăn Giá c mỏi suy y ếu, nay không th ể kh ảo c ứu được” khi mi ền B ắc b ị r ơi vào tay c ủa Đạ i Vi ệt, [17]. Lê Thành Khôi cho r ằng: “Champa t ừ vươ ng qu ốc Champa v ẫn còn ti ếp t ục hi ện nay thu h ẹp vào các qu ận Kauthara và hữu nh ưng b ị thu h ẹp l ại ở mi ền Nam n ằm Panduranga...”. “Champa l ấy l ại được m ột trên lãnh th ổ c ủa ti ểu v ươ ng qu ốc Kauthara ph ần trong s ố lãnh th ổ này vào th ế k ỷ XVI và Panduranga, n ơi mà ng ười dân có b ản nh ờ các v ụ l ộn x ộn đang x ảy ra t ại Đạ i ch ất r ất là hi ếu độ ng, luôn luôn đòi t ự tr ị và Vi ệt. Ranh gi ới s ẽ được đẩy t ới đèo Cù đôi lúc còn tìm cách tách r ời ra kh ỏi liên Mông. Năm 1611, Nguy ễn Hoàng s ẽ v ượt bang Champa để t ạo cho mình m ột quốc gia biên gi ới này khi chi ếm t ỉnh Phú Yên” [4, độc l ập” [13, tr.184-185]. L ập lu ận này tr.283]. Phần đấ t sau này được g ọi là Phú đồng ngh ĩa v ới s ự nhìn nh ận Hoa Anh và Yên thì t ừ sau n ăm 1471 có th ời điểm thu ộc Nam Bàn án ng ữ ph ần còn l ại n ằm gi ữa lãnh th ổ Hoa Anh. ranh gi ới phía nam Đại Vi ệt t ại Cù Mông Lươ ng Ninh di ễn gi ải: “N ăm 1611, và phía b ắc Champa t ại Đá Bia (núi Th ạch Nguy ễn Hoàng sai V ăn Phong làm t ướng Bi), tr ải r ộng t ừ b ờ bi ển đế n t ận th ượng đem quân vào đánh l ại, Chiêm Thành b ị nguyên. thua, vua là Po Nit (1603-1613) ph ải b ỏ đấ t Nh ư v ậy, lãnh th ổ Champa c ủa Bô Trì Hoa Anh rút quân v ề phía Nam Đèo C ả. Trì được Đạ i Vi ệt phong v ươ ng bao g ồm Lần này h ọ Nguy ễn l ấy h ẳn đấ t Hoa Anh, Panduranga và Kauthara; ti ểu qu ốc Hoa lập ra m ột ph ủ m ới là ph ủ Phú Yên...” [6, Anh t ồn tại trong kho ảng 1471-1611 t ại tr.213]. Nguy ễn Th ị H ậu cho r ằng: “… th ời vùng đất n ằm gi ữa Cù Mông v ới Đạ i L ĩnh điểm này (1611) c ũng được coi là th ời điểm và Nam Bàn. Không có d ẫn gi ải nào khác nước Hoa Anh chính th ức ch ấm d ứt s ự t ồn xung quanh v ấn đề Hoa Anh (từ ng ười tại c ủa nó trong kho ảng 140 n ăm k ể t ừ n ăm đứng đầ u đấ t n ước được th ụ phong đến các 1471” [17]. Theo Tạ Chí Đạ i Tr ường: “S ử bi ến c ố n ội tình c ủa v ươ ng qu ốc). Bài vi ết quan Nguy ễn h ẳn theo Phan Huy Chú, này góp ph ần tìm hi ểu v ề lãnh th ổ và ng ười ng ười cho Nam Bàn là vùng được coi là c ủa đứng đầ u Nhà n ước Hoa Anh trong l ịch s ử Th ủy Xá, H ỏa Xá t ức vùng B ắc và Trung phong ki ến. Tây Nguyên ngày nay, còn Hoa Anh thì không kh ảo c ứu được. Tuy nhiên, có th ể cho Hoa Anh là ở vùng Tây Nguyên vì hai 2. Lãnh th ổ c ủa Nhà n ước Hoa Anh ch ữ này có ý ngh ĩa nh ững bi ểu tr ưng v ẽ mình, c ờ xí giáo mác. Chuy ện Th ủy Xá, Đại Vi ệt và Champa đã bùng phát xung đột Hỏa Xá là c ủa th ời chúa Nguy ễn, ng ười Lê trong n ăm đầu th ập niên 70 c ủa th ế k ỷ XV. Sơ không bi ết chuy ện đó...” [19]. Sau s ự ki ện qu ốc v ươ ng Maha Bàn La Trà Các nhà Champa h ọc (Danny Wong Toàn thân hành đem h ơn 10 v ạn quân th ủy Tze-Ken, Po Dharma, P-B. Lafont), dù bộ đánh úp Hóa Châu, hoàng đế Lê Thánh không bàn v ề Hoa Anh cùng Nam Bàn, Tông l ập t ức th ống lĩnh 26 v ạn tinh binh song đều kh ẳng định t ừ sau n ăm 1471, dũng mãnh và nh ằm th ẳng h ướng kinh vươ ng qu ốc Champa c ủa Bô Trì Trì bao thành Vijaya c ủa đố i ph ươ ng ti ến đánh. gồm c ả hai đị a khu Panduranga và Kauthara Qu ốc v ươ ng Champa cùng 50 thành viên [13], [15], [16]. P-B. Lafont cho r ằng: “M ột hoàng gia b ị b ắt s ống và bị áp gi ải v ề Đông 77 Khoa họ c xã hội Vi ệt Nam, số 4 - 2019 Đô, còn ph ần đấ t đai v ừa chi ếm được thì Đường biên gi ới phía b ắc c ủa Hoa Anh lập thành đạo th ừa tuyên Qu ảng Nam (đơ n được xác đị nh t ại Cù Mông. N ăm 1446, Lê vị hành chính c ấp đạ o, xứ th ừa tuyên th ứ 13 Nhân Tông đem h ơn 60 v ạn quân đánh l ấy trên toàn lãnh th ổ Đạ i Vi ệt). Sau khi chi ến Vijaya, b ắt qu ốc v ươ ng Maha Vijaya v ề th ắng, Lê Thánh Tông đã định đoạt đế ch ế Đông Đô; đồng th ời c ũng trao tr ả quy ền cai Champa, s ử sách ghi chép nh ư sau: “Sau tr ị toàn b ộ v ươ ng qu ốc l ại cho ng ười cháu khi Trà Toàn b ị b ắt, t ướng c ủa h ắn là Bô là Maha Quý Lai.
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