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International Forest Policy by International and Transnational Organizations

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International Forest Policy by International and Transnational Organizations Sarah L. Burns In recent decades, globalization and internationalization led to an increase in the number of international policies and regimes as well as the creation of a new form of governance based on voluntary agreements, International Forest Policy by International attempting to infl uence national behaviour over many different issues. By using the case of the inter- national forest regime complex this thesis seeks to evaluate how an international organization as the and Transnational Organizations World Bank and private institutions of forest certifi cation infl uence domestic forest policy. The cases of Argentina and Armenia were selected as examples of developing countries open to international infl u- Case Studies of World Bank and Forest Certifi cation Organizations ences with weak forest sectors that went through a recent administrative restructuring. In so doing this in Argentina and Armenia dissertation seeks to answer how do international and transnational organizations infl uence domestic forest policies? Sarah L. Burns Sarah L. Burns International Forest Policy by and Transnational Organizations ISBN 978-3-86395-216-7 UniversitätsdruckeUniversitätsverlag Göttingen Göttingen Universitätsdrucke Göttingen Sarah L. Burns International Forest Policy by International and Transnational Organizations This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. erschienen in der Reihe der Universitätsdrucke im Universitätsverlag Göttingen 2016 Sarah L. Burns International Forest Policy by International and Transnational Organizations Case Studies of the World Bank and Forest Certification Organizations in Argentina and Armenia Universitätsverlag Göttingen 2016 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. Address of the Author Sarah L. Burns Email: [email protected] Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Max Krott Supervisor: Dr. Lukas Giessen This work is protected by German Intellectual Property Right Law. It is also available as an Open Access version through the publisher’s homepage and the Göttingen University Catalogue (GUK) at the Göttingen State and University Library (http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de). The license terms of the online version apply. © 2016 Universitätsverlag Göttingen http://univerlag.uni-goettingen.de ISBN: 978-3-86395-216-7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank the following people who over the last three years and a half offered me their help and support in different ways. In the first place I would like to thank Prof. Krott for giving me the opportunity to join his group. His critical comments throughout my PhD and vast knowledge in forest policy allowed me to improve my work as well as giving me the opportunity to learn a lot. All our many discussions helped me un- derstand a lot about bureaucratic politics, actors´ interests and power. Although we did not always agree, he always gave me the opportunity of discussing our ideas and by this he helped me under- stand different theories of forest policy analysis. I would also like to express my gratitude to Prof. Daniela Kleinschmit for reviewing this thesis. During my PhD I had the chance to meet with Prof. Kleinschmit in different conferences and in every occasion her critical questions in my presentations helped me to improve my work considerably. By her always posi- tive attitude as well as her excellent scientific career she became a role model for me and I am very proud of having the chance to have her as an examiner of my dissertation. As well I would like to thank Prof. Bürger-Arndt for agreeing to review this thesis. Her background in nature conservation and experience in the field gives an added value to this dissertation. I would specially like to thank Dr. Lukas Giessen, my daily supervisor, for his constant support and guidance, encouraging and helping me to grow as a researcher and scientist. In our daily interactions he has been always available to discuss ideas, manuscripts and field work assistance. By working with him I was able to develop many different skills in international relations, forest policy and gov- ernance as well as public policy, encouraging me by valuing my work and introducing me to a new research discipline to me, which I learned to enjoy a lot. Thank you for three wonderful years of constant learning. I also want to thank all my colleagues in the International Forest Policy Working Group: Jacqui, Alif, Saifur and Agung and for a short but great time Carmen. We grew together professionally in the last three years by sharing many discussions about our progress and supporting each other in the pro- cess of writing our thesis. As well I want to thank all the other PhD students in the Chair of Forest and Nature Conservation Policy: Janina, Kenji, Huong, Budi, Carsten, Manjola and all other PhD stu- dents, some who have already finished for sharing with me daily work activities. A special “Gracias!” goes to all my colleagues and friends from the Laboratorio de Sistemas Ecológi- cos y Ambientales (LISEA) from the National University of La Plata in Argentina, for making me feel that I never left and giving me their usual support and friendship over skype meetings, emails and chats. To Carolina Perez, Marcelo Arturi and Marcelo Barrera for their support from the beginning, not only during these past years but ever since I first started working in the LISEA allowing me to be part of this extraordinary working group. I especially want to thank Juan Goya and Pablo Yapura, v who not only replaced me in my teaching activities in Argentina, but also encouraged me and helped me to grow ever since I was a forestry student giving me later the chance to work with them, and by this join this incredible group of colleagues and friends. I will be eternally grateful to the National University of La Plata (Universidad Nacional de La Plata) for having trained and educated me gratuitously and for granting me a leave of absence that al- lowed me to come to Germany to do my PhD studies. I am extremely proud of belonging to the UNLP as a student, graduate and teacher. I also want to thank my friends and family (de sangre y de ketchup) back in Argentina. For the past three years you supported me over the phone in so many occasions, always being with me in the good and in the bad times. One thing I learned over these past years is that not even an ocean can bring us apart. Gracias por estar siempre! I would like to thank Kerstin Wiegand, Katrin Meyer and all the Ecosystem Modelling group for in- cluding me in so many activities and sharing so many fun and delicious lunches in the Nordmensa together making me feel as part of the group. Last but not least, I want to thank my friends in Germany for all the nice times spent together. Without you I would not have been able to enjoy these past three years the way I did, hanging out in our living room in Schröders watching football and drinking beer. Thanks to you I feel at home in Göttingen. A special thank goes to Bettina for being the most amazing friend to me since I first ar- rived, introducing me to basically everyone I know in Göttingen, teaching me to color eggs for Easter and as Daisy said, showing me that black and yellow are the best colors ever! To Daisy, for sharing so many moments and talks about our experiences and feelings, even though you like black and I like pink and for teaching me a completely new Spanish. Gracias Daisyta por estar siempre! To Yasmin, my official German translator, for all the emotional and practical help throughout these years, with- out them I would have been lost. Sonderbar and I are very grateful for having you in our lives! To Natalia, for all the long and crazy talks that make it impossible to be bored or sad. Nubecito, te quiero mucho! I don´t want to forget anyone, Niki, Kaufi, Torben, Paul, Meik, Marc, Matteo, Federico (the disgusting rat), Iris, Urs, Maria (Rose), Nele (our sweet Nonna), Mike (Irish rat), Martyna, Per, Anna, Thomas, all of you are the reason life in Göttingen has been fun and warm. For all of you…. Gracias Totales! vi Summary In recent decades, globalization and internationalization led to an increase in the number of internation- al policies and regimes as well as the creation of a new form of governance based on voluntary agree- ments, attempting to influence national behaviour over many different issues. The complexity and frag- mentation in global governance arrangements matches the complexity at the domestic level with whom they interact. Findings from public policy analysis suggest that especially the interaction between inter- national regimes and domestic, mostly national bureaucracies is crucial being analyzed since it is in this interaction where the politics of competing domestic bureaucracies have a strong bearing on the influ- ence international actors and institutions will be able to develop. By using the case of the international forest regime complex this thesis seeks to evaluate how an inter- national organization such as the World Bank and private institutions of forest certification influence domestic forest policy. The cases of Argentina and Armenia were selected as examples of developing countries open to international influences with weak forest sectors that went through a recent adminis- trative restructuring. In so doing this dissertation seeks to answer how do international and transnational organizations influence domestic forest policies? In order to address this question, four articles addressing specific questions in selected study cases were developed.
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