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NATIONAL REGISTER BULLETIN

Technical information on the National Registerof Historic Places: survey, evaluation, registration, and preservation of cultural resources.

U.S. Department of the Interior: - Cultural Resources

GUIDELINES FOR EVALUATING AND DOCUMENTING HISTORIC AV IATION PROPERTIES The mission of the Department of Interior is to protect and provide access to our Nation's natural and cultural heritage and honor our trust responsibility to tribes. This material is partially based on work conducted under a cooperative agreement with the National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers and the U.S. Department of the Interior.

Photograph caption, cover: Air mail pilot Marvin O'Dell (Louisville to route), Bowman Field, Louisville, KY, ca. 1930. Bowman Field Historic District, Jefferson County,KY. (Photographer unknown, courtesy of Kentucky Heritage Council) NATIONAL REGISTER BULLETIN

GUIDELINES FOR EVALUATING AND DOCUMENTING HISTORIC PROPERTIES

BY ANNE MILBROOKE with Patrick Andrus, Jody Cook, and David B. Whipple

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES 1998

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE ...... 5

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...... 6

I. INTRODUCTION ...... 7 Aviation is More than ...... 7 Significance of Aviation Properties ...... 7

II. AVIATION IN AMERICAN HISTORY ...... 8 Early Experiments in Aeronautics ...... 8 Aviation ...... 8 Post-War Developments ...... 9 Aeronautical Research ...... 9 Air Mail Service ...... 9 General Aviation ...... 9 Rocketry ...... 10 Commercial Aviation ...... 10 World War II Aviation ...... 11 Changes in the Aeronautical Community ...... 12 The Space Race ...... 12 Important Dates ...... 12

III. TYPES OF HISTORIC AVIATION PROPERTIES ...... 20 ...... 20 Aviation Wrecks ...... 20 Aviation Development and Production Facilities ...... 21 Air Terminals on Land and Water ...... 22 Military Air Bases and Stations ...... 23 Aids to Navigation ...... 23 Administrative, Educational and Other Facilities ...... 23 Missile Launch Sites and Complexes ...... 24 IV. APPLYING THE NATIONAL REGISTER CRITERIA TO HISTORIC AVIATION PROPERTIES ...... 26 The National Register Criteria for Evaluation ...... 26 3 Criterion A-Event ...... 27 Criterion B-Significant Person(s) ...... 27 Criterion C-Design/ Construction ...... 28 Criterion D-Information Potential ...... 30 Criteria Considerations ...... 31 Criteria Consideration A: Religious Properties ...... 31 Criteria Consideration B: Moved Properties ...... 31 Criteria Consideration C: Birthplaces or Graves ...... 32 Criteria Consideration D: Cemeteries ...... 32 Criteria Consideration E: Reconstructed Properties ...... 33 Criteria Consideration F: Commemorative Properties ...... 33 Criteria Consideration G: Properties That Have Achieved Significance Within the Last Fifty Years ...... 33 Evaluating the Integrity of Historic Aviation Properties ...... 36 Seven Aspects of Integrity ...... 36 Location ...... 36 Setting ...... 36 Aircraft Located in Museums ...... 36 Materials ...... 37 The Nature of Aircraft Maintenance ...... 38 The Essential Test for Integrity of Materials ...... 39 Design ...... 40 Workmanship ...... 40 Feeling ...... 41 Association ...... 42

V. NOMINATING HISTORIC AVIATION PROPERTIES ...... 42 Documenting the Property ...... 42 Identifying the Historic Context ...... 43 Determining Important Characteristics ...... 44 Evaluating Significance ...... 44 Evaluating Integrity ...... 44

VI. PREPARING THE NATIONAL REGISTER NOMINATION ...... 45 Name of Property ...... 45 Classification ...... 45 Guidelines for Counting Aviation Resources ...... 45 Function ...... 45 Descr1pt1on ...... 45 Statement of Significance ...... 46 Areas of Significance ...... 46 Boundary ...... 47 Photographs and Maps ...... 47

VI. RECOMMENDED SOURCES ...... 48 4 PREFACE

Much of America's tured America's love of the romance senger and cargo carriers, ­ history is inextricably linked to avia­ of flight in the movies; the first ing people and goods around the tion. At times, American inventors, Academy Award for best motion globe at speeds and distances incon­ scientists, engineers, pilots, and mil­ picture was presented to the 1927 ceivable to the generation that wit­ itary and civilian leaders headed film Wings, the story of American nessed the birth of manned flight. pioneering efforts to develop avia­ Army Signal Corps pilots battling General aviation experienced a great tion technology and uses. In differ­ the Germans in the sky over . growth during this period. The ent periods, the America's entry into World War 's launching of Sputnik lagged behind other nations and II was precipitated by a Japanese on October 4, 1957, was a pivotal needed highly dedicated and costly aerial attack on Pearl Harbor in event in the development of the effortsto catch up. Hawaii on December 7, 1941. The American space program. The Boththe public and private sectors United States responded with the United States responded to this contributed to aviation's develop­ massive mobilization of men and challenge with exceptional achieve­ ment in this country. The pioneers of war materiel that eventually ments: manned space flight, lunar America's aviation industry built the destroyed German Nazism and , exploration of the solar technological and industrial infra­ in and the system, and development of the structure that enabled aviation to suc­ expansionist Japanese empire. The space shuttle program. ceed, while theexploits of daring fly­ bombers, fighters, and The Nation's remarkable aviation ing heroes captured the public imagi­ produced by American industry history is reflected in numerous dis­ nation and encouraged the support of contributed substantially to that vic­ tricts, sites, buildings, structures, aviation. The Federal government tory. When the Soviet Union block­ and objects eligible for the National supported the development of mili­ aded Berlin in 1948, the Western Register of Historic Places. These tary aviation, conducted important allies initiated the Berlin Airlift to historic aircraft, airfields, research aeronautical research, and estab­ supply the 2,100,000 residents of the and testing facilities, aeronautical lished, regulated, and encouraged the beleaguered city. Over a 321 day and engineering research laborato­ development of interstate passenger, period, American and British allied ries, production plants, military postal, and freight commerce. aircraft made 272,264 flights trans­ installations, and launch sites are The American public has had a porting 2.3 million tons of food and worthy of preservation for their con­ fascination with aviation throughout other supplies. This enormous air tributions to aviation technology, this century. Aerial combat in the relief effort convinced the Soviet and for their association with the First World War established heroes Union that America would not historically significant people and such as Lt. Edward Rickenbacker, abandon Berlin to Soviet control. events that made the United States "Ace of Aces" and winner of the After the Second World War, the world's leader in aviation. Congressional Medal of Honor. The developments in aviation were Golden Age of Aviation between the spurred by the tensions of the Cold Carol D. Shull World Wars brought enthusiasm for War and the expanded civilian Keeper of the flying to all parts of the country via growth of air travel for pleasure and National Register of Historic Places air shows, air races, barnstormers, business. The military focused on National Register, and wing walkers. The exploits of high-speed aircraft to maintain air Historyand Education daring pilots, including Charles superiority. On October 14, 1947, Lindbergh, , Capt. Charles E. Yeager became the Jacqueline Cochran, and Howard first person to successfully fly an Hughes, were closely followed as aircraft (the X-1) faster than the they set speed, distance, and speed of sound. The indus­ endurance records. Hollywood cap- tries built ever larger and faster pas-

5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This National Register Bulletin National Park Service; theNational Indiana Division of Historic was partially funded by the MaritimeInitiative, NationalPark Preservation and Archeology; Department of Defense Legacy Service; theNaval Historical Center, U.S. Rebecca DuBey, Southern Museum of Resources Management Program in Navy; theNational Conference of State Flight; H. Michael Gelfand, partnership with the Naval Historical Historic PreservationOfficers; and in University of ; Richard E. Center, and was written through a particular David J. Cooper, Naval Gillespie, and Patricia R. Thrasher, cooperative agreement between the Historical Center; HughA McClellan, TIGHAR; Roy A Grossnick, Naval National Maritime Initiative, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; Aviation History Branch; Joe E. National Park Service, and the Dominick A Pisano, Linda Neuman Haynes, Dallas, TX; Thomas F. King, National Conference of State Historic Ezell, and Edward McManus, National Silver Spring, MD; Paul McAllister, Preservation Officers. Air and Space Museum; Kevin Foster, U.S. Air Force; Jan Nash, Tallgrass The Bulletin was prepared by NationalPark Service, National Historians L.C.; A.J. Ponnwitz, U.S. Anne Millbrooke, Historian, MaritimeInitiative; and Paul Williams, Marine Corps; Michael P. Speciale, Bozeman, Montana, in association Air Force Legacy Program. New Air Museum; Robert L. with Patrick W. Andrus, Historian, The authorsare indebted to other Taylor, Antique Association, National Register of Historic Places, colleagues in thecultural resourcespro­ Inc.; Richard Uppstrom, United David B. Whipple, Historian, the grams of theNational Park Service. States Air Force Museum; Ray National Maritime Initiative, These include Carol D. Shull, Keeper of Wagner, National Park Service, while on theNational Register of Historic Places; Museum; and Ray B. Weisenburger, assignment to the Naval Historical Edwin Bearss, former ChiefHistorian Kansas State University. Center, and Jody Cook, Historian, of the National Park Service; Rama R. This publication has been pre­ National Park Service, Southeast Badamo, National Historic Landmarks pared pursuant to the National Region. Ms. Millbrooke prepared the Program; Paul Lusignan, BethL. Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as sections on aviation in American his­ Savage, and Sarah Dillard Pope, amended, which directs the Secretary tory, types of historic aviation proper­ National Register of Historic Places; of the Interior to develop and make ties, applying the National Register Leonard Brown, Michael Crowe, Holly available information concerning his­

criteria to historic aviation properties, Dunbar, Bonnie Huston, Roger Kelly, toric properties. This National nominating historic aviation proper­ Gregory Kendrick, and CliffordTo bias, Register Bulletin was developed ties, and the list of recommended National Park ServiceRegional Offices; under the general editorship of Carol sources. Mr. Andrus prepared the and Antoinette Lee, Heritage D. Shull, Keeper of the National sections on evaluating integrity of Preservation Services Program. Register of Historic Places. Beth L. location and setting, and preparing In addition, for their thoughtful Savage, architectural historian, the National Register nomination. comments we would like to thank: National Register of Historic Places, Mr. Whipple prepared the sections on Ronald D. Anzalone, Advisory is responsible for publications coordi­ evaluating the integrity of an air­ Council on Historic Preservation; nation. Rama R. Badamo, Sarah craft's materials, the nature of aircraft David J. Bederman, Emory Dillard Pope and Tanya M. Velt pro­ maintenance, and evaluating the University School of Law; Judson E. vided editorial and technical support. qualities of design, workmanship, Bennett, Jr., Army Center of Military Comments on this publication should feeling, and association. Jody Cook of History; Judith E. Bittner, be directed to Keeper of the National the National Park Service's Southeast Office of History and Archaeology; Register of Historic Places, National Region added substantially to the W.G. Burlingame, Pacific Aerospace Register, History and Education, section. Museum; David J. Cooper, and Jim National Park Service, 1849 C St. The authors would like to grate­ Draeger, State Historical Society of N.W., NC400, , D.C. fully acknowledge the assistance of Wisconsin; Robert Craig, 20240. their colleagues at the Legacy State Historic Preservation Office; Resources Management Program, Dan Deibler, Historical U.S. Department of Defense; the and Museum Commission; Paul C. NationalRegister of Historic Places, Diebold, and Suzanne Fischer,

6 I. INTRODUCTION

With the exception of a few earli­ Complete the National Register National Register of Historic Places. er developments, aviation is basical­ Registration Form, provides general All publications mentioned in the ly a twentieth-century technology. guidelines, and How to Complete the text are cited in the Recommended The flew the National Register Multiple Property Sources section at the back of this world's first airplane in December Documentation Form is used to nomi­ bulletin. 1903. nate groups of related properties. Also applicable are National Register AVIATION IS MORE Bulletins: How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation; THAN AIRPLANES Researching a Historic Property; and Guidelines for Evaluating and Yet aviation is more than air­ Nominating Properties That Have planes. It is a technology which Achieved Significance within the Last broadly defined, includes aircraft Fifty Years, which is relevant to and wrecks of aircraft, production much of aviation history. and testing facilities, air terminals, and other components that support SIGNIFICANCE civil, military, and commercial fly­ ing. The airplane gradually became OF AVIATION the vehicle of transportation and PROPERTIES military revolutions, and aviation has permeated twentieth-century The importance of aviation is not life. Aviation's significance is reflect­ fully reflected by the small number ed in many aspects of American his­ of airplanes listed in the National tory, architecture, archeology, engi­ Register. Historic aviation properties neering, and culture. Under the eligible for the National Register National Register's areas of signifi­ may be significant at the local, State, cance, aviation has played an or National level. These properties important role in the history of agri­ may be listed individually (for culture, architecture, archeology, art, example, as a type of aircraft) or as commerce, communications, educa­ part of a group (a collection of tion, engineering, entertainment/ buildings forming a historic dis­ recreation, industry, invention, land­ trict). In addition to aircraft, aviation scape architecture, military, science, wrecks, aviation development and social history, and transportation. production facilities, air terminals The purpose of this bulletin is to on land and water, military air bases - provide guidance in identifying, and stations, aids to navigation, evaluating, and nominating historic administrative, and educational aviation properties to the National facilities, and missile launch sites Register. Nominations may be pre­ and complexes are examples of pared by concerned citizens, histori­ other aviation properties that may ans, preservation specialists, arche­ meet the National Register criteria. ologists, Indian tribes, Certified This aviation bulletin supple­ Local Governments, State Historic ments general publications that con­ Preservation Officers, and Federal tain information useful to anyone Historic Preservation Officers. nominating a property to the National Register Bulletin: How to 7- II. AVIATION IN AMERICANHISTORY

Aviation in America began in the Signal Corps. plane, a design, and late eighteenth century with bal­ In late 1909 the Wright brothers one aviation engine, the Liberty, into loons. In 1783 John Quincy Adams incorporated a manufacturing com­ production and service. The Army and Benjamin Franklin watched a pany, the Wright Company. Earlier Signal Corps organized logging and balloon flight in . Soon there­ that year Glenn Curtiss had under­ mill operations in the Pacific after, Americans imported the bal­ taken the design and manufacture Northwest, the principal source of loon. In the United States the 1830s of airplanes at his G.H. Curtiss the spruce essential for the construc­ opened a "golden age" of balloon­ Manufacturing Company in tion of airplane frames. These efforts ing that continued into the 1860s. Hammondsport, . These enabled the nation to build aviation During the Civil War, Union and companies represent the origin of equipment for the war, and the Confederate forces used balloons to the aviation industry in the United United States produced more than fly reconnaissance and thereby States. Aviation in this country, how­ 24,000 Liberty engines by the began military aviation in this coun­ ever, progressed slowly from the Armistice (November 11, 1918). The try. Balloons are the main lighter­ experimental and demonstration number of airplanes, airfields, and than-air craft operating in aviation activities of the early twentieth cen­ pilots increased considerably during today; they are used for sport, show, tury to civil, commercial, and mili­ the war. and scientific research. tary operations. During the war, the United States expanded the number of aircraft EARLY EXPERIMENTS WORLD WAR I designs. Glenn L. Martin, an aviator, actor, and aircraft manufacturer who IN AERONAUTICS AVIATION established one of the first airplane factories in the U.S. (in 1909 in Santa

A few Americans, notably the Though the first to fly, the United Ana, ) merged his compa­ engineer Octave Chanute and the States fell behind other nations, ny with newly formed Wright scientist Samuel Pierpont Langley, especially France. When this coun­ Aircraft Company in 1916. The conducted experiments in aeronau­ try entered the First World War in Wright-Martin company produced tics in the late nineteenth century. April 1917, the Aviation Section of the Hispano-Suiza aircraft engine. Langley, Secretary of the Smithson­ the Army Signal Corps (the mili­ The H in the designation of the ian Institution, designed a steam­ tary's i}irarm, which eventually Curtiss JN-4H trainer (the Jenny,) powered model that made the first became the U.S. Air Force) had only stood for the Hispano engine made sustained flight of a heavier-than-air a small number of airplanes. Most by Wright. The Army, Navy, and machine in May of 1896. His work of these were already obsolete or Marines used the Jenny as a prima­ continued into the early 20th centu­ out of commission. The Naval ry trainer. The Army Engineering ry with a full-sized flying machine, Flying Corps had only 54 aircraft. Division developed the USD-9A day which Langley named "Aerodrome Furthermore, the nation had only bomber. During the war the Navy A." It crashed into the Potomac the rudiments of an aviation indus­ acquired flying boats, like the River nine days before the Wright try, few airplane factories, few aero­ Curtiss N-9 primary trainer, and brothers' first successful flights on nautical engineers, few workers dirigibles, like the Goodyear December 17, 1903. Flights by skilled in producing and maintain­ B-ships. Wilbur and Orville were manned, ing aircraft, almost no commercial Relatively few American-made powered, controlled, and sustained, aviation, and only a handful of aviation products reached the and culminated their years of theo­ airfields. European battleground before the retical and experimental research. World War I was a impetus war ended. Yet, even so, the design The Wright brothers developed the for the development of American and production achievements of airplane as a practical flying aviation. The wartime Aircraft World War I laid the foundation for machine, and they built the world's Production Board initially concen­ the postwar aviation industry. When first military airplane in 1908 for the trated its efforts on getting one air- air mail service began in 1918, 8 Liberty and Curtiss engines pow­ AERONAUTICAL tract with private operators to fly the ered the air mail planes. Also, pilots RESEARCH mail. After 1927, the development of were able to buy affordable war-sur­ entirely new routes produced a plus equipment to barnstorm for boom period in construction. The National Advisory recreation and entertainment. Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) The Air Commerce Act of 1926 Barnstorming, air shows, and air began important aeronautical was the first Federal legislation to races popularized aviation. research during this period. NACA regulate civil aeronautics. The Department of Commerce estab­ was established in 1915 "to super­ POST-WAR lished an Aeronautics Branch that vise and direct the scientific study of became responsible for air safety, DEVELOPMENTS the problems of flight, with a view to development of a system of airways, their practical solution." Its first and the promotion of aviation and aeronautical laboratory, at Langley American aviationsuffered after . The airway routes were the war ended. 1he surplus of aircraft Field in Hampton, Virginia, was equipped with navigation aids hke and equipment limited themarket for dedicated in June 1920. This was the radio range beacons and lights, and new products and designsand Federal government's only civilian control towers in congested airways. assured that the wood-fabric-wirecon­ aeronautical laboratory until World 1heAir Commerce Act prohibited the Department of Commerce from struction of aircraft continued well War II. 1he scope of its research pro­ grams encompassed the design, con­ directly subsidizing airport con­ into the . Army airfield construc­ struction, but relief funds were used tion around thecountry came to an struction, and operation of air­ planes, but the laboratory's empha­ for airport development during the immediate halt and some airfields . In 1934, the were abandoned. 1hepostwar period sis was on aerodynamics research. By the late 1920s it was recognized Aeronautics Branch was replaced was one of instabilityand uncertainty with the Bureau of Air Commerce. for the (now) Army Air Service as its as the premier aeronautical engi­ The Kelly Air Mail Act and the development was repeatedlyscaled neering laboratory in the world. 1he elite Aero Club of America, Air Commerce Act encouraged pri­ down over thenext several years. vate investment in aviation, as did America's retreatinto isolationism led founded in 1905, promoted private flying for sport and recreation. It the 1926 establishment of the Daniel to limited funding for national Guggenheim Fund for the promo­ defense, continued reliance on issued flying licenses, awarded the prestigious Robert J. Collier Troph for tion of Aeronautics. One way that seapower for the country's primary y the Guggenheim Fund promoted defense, and diminishingsupport for "greatest achievement in aviation in America" for the preceding year, and aviation was by sponsoring aeronau­ theyoung air arm as theimportance tical programs in American universi­ represented the Federation of airpower was debated. Shortages of ties, including the California Insti­ men, equipment, and money were Aeronautique Internationale in this tute of Technology, the Massa­ criticala nd the deteriorated condition country. Transformed in 1922 into the chusetts Institute of Technology, and of buildings and flying fieldsbecame more egalitarianNational Aeronautic Stanford University. a widely discussed issue. Association, this organization verified In spite of the government's fiscal national and international flying GENERAL AVIATION conservatism, interest in military records like those set at the of the 1920s and . aviation was maintained. In 1921, In May of 1927, the world's per­ the Navy established its Bureau of ception of aviation was impacted Aeronautics to pursue naval air AIR MAIL SERVICE dramatically by Charles A. interests, and in 1922 the Navy com­ Lindbergh, Jr.'s flight. Lindbergh pleted conversion of one of its ships 1he United States Post Office made the first solo nonstop transat­ (a collier) into the first aircraft earn­ inaugurated air mail service in 1918 lantic flight (from New York to er, the USS Langley. The Army Air to serve the needs of national com­ Paris) in a small Ryan monoplane. Service's first peacetime work after merce. This was the first serious This daring feat illustrated avia­ the Great War was the mapping and commercial use of aviation, and its tion's potential to the public and routing of "aerial roads," which purpose was to improve mail deliv­ convinced American businessmen to invest in aviation. Lindbergh were a primary need for develop­ ery and reduce costs. The Post Office became a tireless advocate of avia­ ment of aerial commerce and also planned air mail routes, including served a military purpose. In 1921, tion, and his status as a public hero the first Transcontinental Air Route assured press attention. the Air Service established a model from New York to San Francisco. General aviation became airway as an example for a nation­ Airports developed along Air Mail increas­ingly popular and accessible wide system of airways and landmg Service routes until the fall of 1925. as manufacturers began to construct fields. Scheduled flights began over The Kelly Air Mail Act of 1925 the airway in 1922. authorized the Post Office to con-

9 airplanes specifically for private and One large conglomerate was United A nationalairmail scandal in 1934 sports pilots. In 1927, Clyde V. Aircraf_t and Transport Corporation. led to cancellation of airmail contracts organized the Cessna Its chairman was William E. due to fraud and brought on a reor­ AircraftCo mpany in Kansas and in , Washington, and the presi­ ganization inthe a viation industry. A built the prototype of the cantilever dent was Frederick B. Rentschler in new law for private carriers with air­ monoplane series for which his Hartford, Connecticut. In 1933 this mail contracts required the separation company became famous. That one holding company manufactured of equipment makers (manufactur­ same year Taylor Brothers Aircraft Boeing airplanesin Seattle; Hamilton ers), from equipment operators (air­ Corporation was organized; a Standard propellers, Pratt & Whitney lines). This resulted in the forced decade later and with a different aircraft engines, and Chance break-up of United Aircraft and company C.G. Taylor introduced the militaryaircraft in East Hartford, Transport Corp. (William Boeing's Taylorcraft line of aircraft. In 1937, Connecticut; Pratt & Whitney aircraft giant conglomerate). Three com pa- William T. Piper acquired Taylor enginesin Longueuil, Quebec, nies emerged from the dissolution; Brothers and changed the compa­ ; Sikorskyflying boats in Boeing Airplane Company built ny's name to Piper. The Stratford, Connecticut; and Stearman air­planes; United Aircraft Corporation Aeronautical Corporation of aircraft inWichita, Kansas. In addi­ made aircraft enginesn a d propellers, America-better known as tion, it operated -United as well as Sikorsky flying boats and Aeronca-began production of its Airlines, Boeing Air Transport, Chance Vought fighter planes; and C-2 light plane in 1929. WalterBeech National Air Transport, Pacific Air flew the commercial formed the Beech Aircraft Company Transport, and Varney Air Lines, equipment. in 1932. and other concerns, including the The airmail scandal affected the BoeingSchool of Aeronautics in military when the Army Air Corps ROCKETRY California, United Aircraft Exports was ordered to carry the mail dur­ in Connecticut, UnitedAirports ing what amounted to a national Company in California, and United emergency. The Air Corps was not Thescience of rocketrywas also Airports of Connecticut. equipped or trained for this job, and being developed in this period. A second giant in the industry the consequences were tragic-66 Robert H. Goddard, a physicist, and was , orga­ crashes and 11 deaths in 3 months. the "father of the modem rocket," nized by Clement M. Keys. North Army aviation subsequently under­ developed a general theory of rocket American included the large went a major reorganization, direct­ action in1912. Goddard undertook National Air Transport airline. The ly attributed to the airmail fiasco, research duringWorld War I that led third large conglomerate was which Eddie Rickenbacker had to the development of a solid-projec­ Aviation Corporation of the called "legalized murder." tile, which was used in World WarII Americas (AVCO) that involved By the early 1930s, research at as the bazooka. Goddard's writings of Pan American NACA's laboratory at Langley Field, predicted theuse of rockets for lunar, Airways, airplane designer and Virginia, led to a new concept for interplanetary, and intergalactic manufacturer , aircraft design which featured a exploration. In 1926 he successfully and others. Some companies, like low-wing monoplane of all metal launched the world's firstliquid-fuel Leroy R. Grumman's Grumman construction, with two or four air­ rocket at Auburn, , an Aircraft, remained competitive out­ cooled engines, retractable event knownas the "Kitty Hawk" of side of the consolidated concerns. gear, and variable-pitch propellers. rocketry,and in1930, at Roswell, Lockheed, founded by Allan and Some aircraft manufacturers, New , he fired an11-foot Malcolm Laughead, became a divi­ notably Boeing, Martin, and rocketto the height of 2,000 feet at a sion of the DetroitAircraft Douglas, adopted the new concept speed of 500 mph. In 1935 one of his Corporation and later the Southern immediately and revolutionized air liquid-propelled rockets exceeded CaliforniaAviation Corporation. transport and military bombers. The the speed of sound. Donald Douglas's aircraft company transport, the first truly had financialand stock ties to modern , followed NACA's COMMERCIAL Transcontinental and Western Air new design concept. Next was the AVIATION and North American Aviation. With Douglas DC-3, which became the few though notable exceptions, like world's most successful airliner the Naval Aircraft Factory in prior to the . Boeing also used Three large conglomerates Philadelphia, the aircraftindustry the same principles ind esigning its emerged in the commercialaviation manufactured B-17 in 1935 for the Army Air Corps. industry to produce and fly aircraft. under contract with the services and The B-17 was the forerunner of all Their manufacturingplants were according to military specifications. modern subsonic bombers, and it scattered throughout the country, These military contracts spurred the gave the military its first real with concentrations on both coasts. growth of the industry. American air power. 10 The Department of Commerce's companies to convert from peace­ also entered production Bureau of Air Commerce was time job shop methods to wartime during the war. Sikorsky, Bell, replaced by an independent agency line production techniques. This Piasecki, and Hiller produced heli­ called the Civil Aeronautics changed the nature, as well as the copters in quantity by the late . Authority in 1938. Its independence magnitude, of production. Industry These new technologies-heli­ was short-lived. In 1940 control of expanded production of military copters, jets, and rockets-came to was vested in the Civil equipment capable of operating the fore during the Cold War that fol­ Aeronautics Administration within from land, from water, and from air­ lowed after World War II. Although the Department of Commerce. craft carriers. Military aviation oper­ served in World War II, Congress transformed that organiza­ ations expanded greatly from the they did not battle each other until tion into the Federal Aviation World War I and peacetime mis­ the Korean Conflict, when North Agency, an independent regulatory sions. The missions includeq. train­ American F-86 Sabre fighters fought agency, in 1958. That agency in tum ing, coastal patrol, observation and Russian MiG-15s in dogfights. Any became the Federal Aviation reconnaissance, scouting, convoy fighter plane without jet power was Administration within the protection and other escort services, soon obsolete. Jets powered the Department of Transportation in logistical support in the form of Lockheed U-2 spy plane and the 1967. These federal agencies admin­ transport and cargo operations, as Boeing 707 commercial airliner of istered civil aviation, though under well as all types of air combat (pur­ the and most military and heavy military influence during suit, attack, bombardment, and large commercial aircraft that World War II and the first decade of observation). entered service thereafter. On the Cold War. The war prompted advances in October 14, 1947, the first flight aircraft technology and the design faster than the speed of sound was WORLD WAR II of new aircraft. Range, load, speed, made by Capt. Charles "Chuck" maneuverability, and armament Yeager flying the XS-1 (later AVIATION were improved as new designs renamed the X-1). Supersonic fighter came into production. Fighter planes replaced jet fighters just five The start of World War II in planes illustrate the variety of mili­ years after jets replaced piston­ Europe prompted large, direct fed­ tary aircraft. The streamlined Bell P- engine aircraft. eral funding of airports through the 39 Airacobra, versatile Curtiss P-40 The structure of the American Development of Landing Areas for fighter, heavy Republic P-47 aeronautical community was greatly National Defense, or OLAND pro­ Thunderbolt, long-range North changed by World War II. The air­ gram, administered by the Civil American P-51 Mustang, night-fly­ craft industry had become the Aeronautics Administration. Also ing Northrop P-61 Black Widow, largest in the country. Following for defense purposes, the Civil multi-purpose Vultee P-66 World War II general aviation Aeronautics Administration Vanguard, and jet Lockheed P-80A increased dramatically in this coun­ assumed operation of airport traffic Shooting Star are a few examples. try. The GI Bill made it possible for control and extended air traffic con­ The Army's Air Transport veterans to take flying lessons inex­ trol to all airways. Airport construc­ Command developed international pensively. Airplanes were relatively tion, airport traffic control, and air­ air routes flown by military and affordable and large numbers of way traffic control-all wartime commercial carriers and prompted people learned to fly. Cessna and measures-became permanent oper­ the development of aircraft designed many other companies responded to ations of the federal agency for civil specifically for transport purposes. this growing enthusiasm for general aviation. The military reserved spec­ In the name of air transport, war­ aviation, and produced large num­ ified airspace for its use and devel­ time military contracts with com­ bers of aircraft for the public and oped its own navigation systems. mercial airlines greatly increased the business. New general aviation air­ The Federal Aviation Act of 1958 number of domestic airlines with fields were constructed, and existing assigned domestic airspace to the internationalexperience. fields were upgraded. The spread of new Federal Aviation Agency and New gas turbine and rocket tech­ general aviation impacted many thereby reduced tension between nology yielded products introduced small communities around the civil and military aviation. into combat in World War II, like the nation not easily served by major The aerial attack on Pearl Harbor German V-2 liquid-fuelled rocket­ airfields in metropolitan areas. demonstrated that the use of air propelled missile. The advent of jet­ power had become decisive. World powered fighter aircraft during the War II brought military aviation to war presaged revolutionary changes the forefront of the industry and to come in aircraft design and mili­ greatly increased industry's produc­ tary tactics. These wartime develop­ tion. The magnitude of the wartime ments influenced postwar research, demand prompted manufacturing development, and production. The 11 CHANGES IN THE first to put man on the moon. U.S. County, Virginia (since 1863, AERONAUTICAL achievements included America's West Virginia). first man in space, Alan B. Shepard, Author Edgar Allan Poe COMMUNITY Jr., on May 5, 1961, and John H. 1844 foisted the hoax of a Glenn, Jr.'s first manned orbital manned balloon crossing A major reorganization of the flight on February 20, 1962. Apollo the on the U.S. defense establishment occurred 11 astronauts Neil A. Armstrong and New York Sun and the with the National Security Act (July Edwin A. Aldrin, Jr., were the first American public. 17, 1947) which created the men on the moon. Armstrong's first Department of Defense, as well as step on the moon, in the Sea of 1852 A Mr. Kelley made the first the National Military Establishment Tranquility, was made on July 20, balloon ascension west of which included three separate 1969, a mere 66 years after Orville the Rocky Mountains, in departments, the Army, the Navy, Wright's first flight in an airplane. Oakland, California. and the Air Force. The United States The Space Shuttle was the U.S. Three aeronauts-John Air Force became a separate service space program's next generation. 1859 Wise, 0. Gager, and John La on September 18, 1947, with equal Key aspects of the Shuttle's design Mountain-flew from St. status to the two other forces, after and performance were based on a Louis, , to 40 years in the Army. Three major rocket-powered space plane, the Henderson, New York, and combat commands provided the Air X-15, the world's first transatmos- set a world distance record. Force's fundamental framework: pheric vehicle. The Space Shuttle Strategic Air Command, Tactical Air provided a new method of space 1861 American military aviation Command, and Air Defense flight, taking off like a rocket and began with Union and Command. landing like an airplane. The Space Confederate balloonists fly- Research and development of Shuttle Columbia, the first reusable ing reconnaissance in the rocket technology led to the inter- manned spaceship, initiated the American Civil War; in 1861 continental ballistic missile (ICBM). Space Shuttle flight program in a Balloon Corps was orga- This rocket-powered, long-range April 1981, and a new era for the nized and the coal barge weapon, included the Atlas model U.S. space program. G. W Parke Custis was con- of the 1950s, the Titan (a second verted into the world's first generation ICBM developed in the IMPORTANT DATES operational 1950s), and the Minuteman in the ( carrying balloons). 1960s. The U.S. and the U.S.S.R. John Wise failed in the first announced that they would launch 1873 1784 Americans in the newly attempted transatlantic satellites as part of the International independent United States crossing by balloon. (The Geophysical Year of 1957-1958. On made tethered flights in first successful transatlantic October 4, 1957, the Soviets balloons. balloon voyage was in launched Sputnik, the world's first 1978.) man-made satellite. The United 1785 An American, John Jeffries, and a Frenchman, Jean · States was shocked by the Soviet 1883 John J. Montgomery made a Union's achievement, and Sputnik Pierre Blanchard, flew flight near San Diego, led directly to the establishment of across the California, apparently the the U.S. space program. The in a hydrogen balloon. first glider flight in the National Aeronautics and Space Act United States. 1793 Jean Pierre Blanchard made in July 1958 established the National the first manned, untethered The journal Science pub- Aeronautics and Space Administra- 1884 balloon ascent in the United lished a survey of the field of tion (NASA) with a broad charter States, in Philadelphia. aeronautics, written by engi- for aeronautical and space research. neer Robert H. Thurston of The National Advisory Committee 1830 Charles Person Durant, after Cornell University. for Aeronautics (NACA) was abol- studying ballooning in France, made his American ished, but its laboratories and per- 1894 Octave Chanute, the French- sonnel provided the nucleus of flying debut in a balloon born American engineer, NASA. and began his career as published Progress in Flying "The American Aeronaut." Machines. Immigrant and aeronaut THE SPACE RACE 1835 1896 Octave Chanute began Richard Clayton set a world constructing gliders and distance record for free bal- In a dramatic "space race" with eventually produced the loons by flying from the Soviet Union, the U.S. was the Cincinnati, to Monroe 12 constant-chord formative years of naval 1915 Congress passed legislation configuration. aviation. that established the National Advisory Samuel Pierpont Langley of Eugene Ely, in a Curtiss 1896 1910 Committee for Aeronautics the biplane, took off from a (NACA), an independent flew an unmanned, steam- launch platform aboard the Federal agency, to supervise powered aerodrome, a U.S. scout and direct the scientific large, heavier-than-air flying Birmingham-the first air- study of the problems of machine. plane ascension from a flight, with a view to their floating base. 1903 On the coast of North practical solution. Carolina, on December 17th, The Collier Trophy estab- 1911 Congress and President Orville Wright flew the first lished to be awarded by the 1916 Woodrow Wilson autho- manned, powered, con- Aero Club for the greatest rized an Aerial Coastal trolled, and sustained flight achievement in aviation in Patrol as an auxiliary of the in an airplane. America. Glenn L. Curtiss Coast Guard. developed the , ini- The Aero Club of America 1905 tially called a hydroaero- William A. Boeing made his was organized. 1916 plane, and took off, and first airplane, designated the 1907 The U.S. Army Signal Corps landed on water; Curtiss B&W after Boeing and his organized an Aeronautical won the first Collier Trophy then-partner Conrad Division. "for the successful develop- Westervelt, a commander in ment of the hydroaero- the Navy; later in the year Alexander Graham Bell, 1907 plane." Boeing organized his own Glenn Curtiss, and others company, the Pacific Aero organized the Aerial The Navy acquired its first 1911 Products Company which Experiment Association. airplanes; the very first was evolved into the Boeing the Curtiss A-1 Triad, a sea- The Army Signal Corps let a Airplane Company; all of 1908 plane that the Navy also contract for the construction these ventures were based operated as a landplane and of a Wright Model A biplane, in Seattle, Washington. an amphibian. its (and the world's) first mil- Malcolm and Allan itary aircraft, which was Flying a Burgess-Wright 1916 1911 Loughead (pronounced delivered in 1909. The air- biplane named the Vin Fiz "Lock-heed" according to plane could fly 40 mph. after the sponsoring soft early advertisements) orga- drink company, Calbraith P. The Army received delivery nized their second aviation 1908 Rodgers flew from from Thomas Baldwin of its venture and the first of sev- Sheepshead Bay, New York, first dirigible. eral companies to bear their to Pasadena, California, in name-the Loughead Glenn Curtiss undertook the the first transcontinental 1909 Aircraft Manufacturing design and manufacture of flight across the United Company, in Santa Barbara, airplanes at his G.H. Curtiss States. California. Manufacturing Company in The Army Signal Corps' Hammondsport, New York. 1911 For the first time the Federal first flying school estab- 1916 The Curtiss No. 1 plane was government purchases land lished in , and called the Golden Flyer and for aviation purposes (in then moved to its perma- sold for $5,000. Hampton, Virginia), which nent location in San Diego becomes the Army Signal Wilbur and Orville Wright in 1912. 1909 Corps' Langley Field. A por- incorporated the Wright The U.S. Marine Corps for tion of the field was allocat- Company in New York State; 1912 the first time sent officers to ed to NACA to build the this company manufactured flight training in Annapolis Federal government's first airplanes at a factory in and thereby qualified the aeronautical laboratory. Dayton, Ohio. first Marine pilots. The U.S. enters World War I The Navy created the posi- 1917 1910 The Signal Corps organized (April 6,1917). The office of tion of Director of Naval 1914 an Aviation Section which the Chief Signal Officer was Aeronautics, a position included the Aeronautical responsible for planning the filled by Captain W.I. Division. massive expansion of avia- Chambers during three tion necessitated by war, 13 including producing air- Fairchild, organized the 1923 Reuben Hollis Fleet founded planes and equipment. Fairchild Aerial Camera the Consolidated Aircraft Corporation which manu- Corporation, which leased The Army removes aviation 1918 factured automatic aerial facilities in Greenwich, from the Signal Corps and cameras in New York. Rhode Island. creates an Army Air Service with two agencies, a Dept. 1920 Donald Wills Douglas incor- 1923 The U.S. Navy wins the of Military Aeronautics porates his Davis-Douglas (estab- (responsible for training and Company to design and lished in 1913 to promote operations of the air arm) build airplanes. He begins the development of high- and a Bureau of Aircraft operations in a rented speed ) against Production (production of blimp- in Los international competition in aircraft, aircraft engines, Angeles. Cowes, England. The Navy and equipment). aircraft won first and second Dedication of the National 1920 places in the Schneider Cup The Naval Aircraft Factory Advisory Committee for 1918 race and established a new at the Philadelphia Navy Aeronautics' (NACA) first world record for seaplanes Yard entered production; aeronautical laboratory, the with a speed of 169.89 mph the first production aircraft Langley Memorial for 200 kilometers. was the Curtiss H-16 flying Aeronautical Laboratory, boat. and wind tunnel at Langley 1924 Four Army Air Service Field, Virginia. pilots completed the first The Post Office inaugurated 1918 flight around the world. airmail service by flying Based out of Langley Field, 1921 Starting and finishing at mail between New York and Virginia, Brig. Gen. William Sand Point near Seattle, Washington; initially in (Billy) Mitchell conducted Washington, they accom- cooperation with the Army, landmark bombing tests on plished the circumnaviga- the Post Office soon battleships in the Atlantic tion in open-cockpit, single- assumed full responsibility Ocean, demonstrating their engine airplanes made by for flying airmail. vulnerability to air attack. the Douglas company. The 1919 The Army Air Service 1921 The Navy organized a flight took 175 days and begins operations to locate Bureau of Aeronautics, was then the longest air and report fires to the Forest BuAer. journey in history. They are Service. Experimental awarded the Collier Trophy The Navy's first air station patrols begin in California 1921 "for having accomplished for became opera- and expand to Oregon in the first flight around the tional at Lakehurst, New 1919. world." Jersey, where the Navy 1919 The first transcontinental explored lighter-than-air 1925 The Air Mail Act of 1925, airway was established aeronautics until termina- also known as the Kelly Act when the Post Office tion of the program in 1961. after Congressman Clyde opened a transcontinental Kelly of Pennsylvania, The National Aeronautic route for airmail from New 1922 becomes law. The act autho- Association organized by York to San Francisco, using rized the Post Office Depart- combining the Aero Club of 15 air fields. ment to contract for the car- America and the National riage of mail (airmail) with The NC-4, a Navy-Curtiss Air Association. Until 1926 1919 commercial air transport , became the first the Aero Club and later the companies. airplane to fly across the National Aeronautic Atlantic Ocean. Association issued pilot 1925 Lt. James (Jimmy) H. licenses in the United States. Doolittle, a U.S. Air Service The National Air Races 1920 pilot, won the Schneider begin. This small race grows G.M. Bellanca introduced 1922 Cup Race flying the Curtiss- in subsequent years to his high-speed C.F. mono- R3 C-2 seaplane Racer, and become a major aviation plane with an enclosed pas- broke the speed record for event and encouraged the senger cabin and an open seaplanes by attaining 245.7 development of high-speed cockpit; the initial aircraft mph, at , Maryland. airplanes. was built by hand in Omaha, Nebraska. Commander John Rodgers A pioneer in aerial photog- 1925 1920 flew a Navy PN-9 flying raphy, Sherman M. 14 boat, a patrol plane built by 1927 Pan American Airways 1930 Western Air Express and the Naval Aircraft Factory, began its first regular inter- Transcontinental Air 1,730 nautical miles from national service, with an Transport merged into the California to a Pacific island exclusive airmail contract new Transcontinental and northeast of Hawaii. This on the Miami-Havana route. Western Air, (TWA; flight set a record for non- renamed Trans World The Cessna Aircraft stop distance, but failed in 1927 Airlines in 1950). Company organized and the attempt to cross the began making the cantilever The U.S. Coast and Geodetic Pacific Ocean. 1930 monoplane series of private Survey issued its first sec- 1926 The Air Commerce Act of planes in Wichita, Kansas. tional map made specifically 1926 assigned the Depart- for aeronautical use. The 87th Lester J. ment of Commerce respon- 1927 and finalsection appeared in Maitland and Albert F. sibility for overseeing

aircraft. British-French consortiumI The Lockheed F-117 began to fly routes between 1989 The Airport and Airway Nighthawk, a stealth fight- 1970 Europe and the United Development Act expanded er-bomber, made its combat States (Washington, D.C., federal aid to airport and debut when the United and ), and airway development and States invaded Panama. demonstrated the strength changed the method of of foreign competition in the The United States employed funding such development 1990- aviation industry. fighters, bombers, tankers, to aviation-user taxes. 1991 , transports, and Eastern Airlines placed an The McDonnell Douglas 1978 missiles during Desert 1971 order for A-300 transports DC-10 entered commercial Storm, the war to liberate made by the European con- service; like the Boeing 747, Kuwait from an Iraqi sortium Airbus and thereby the DC-10 was a commercial invasion. highlighted the increasing outgrowth of the military foreign competition faced Pan American ceased C-5 cargo competition won 1991 by manufacturers in the operations. by Lockheed. United States. The General Aviation Congress terminated the 1994 1971 The Federal Government Revitalization Act limited the SST, supersonic transport, 1978 began deregulating com- liability of general aviation program. (The British SST, mercial airline operations. manufacturers to 18 years. called the Concorde, contin- The Act enables Cessna to ued in development and General Dynamics light- 1979 rentersingle-engine aircraft entered commercial service weight F-16 entered Air production and helped the in 1976.) Force service; commonality renamed New Piper Aircraft of engine and armament After several years of ten- company to emerge from 1972 with the McDonnell sion between the Federal bankruptcy. Douglas F-15 promised Aviation Administration economies to the Air Force. The Lockheed and Martin and controllers organized 1995 Marietta corporations (since 1968) in the Profes- The Space Shuttle Columbia, 1981 merged into a new Lockheed sional Air Traffic Controller the first reusable manned Martin Corporation. Organization, Congress spaceship, initiated the passed the Air Traffic Space Shuttle flight pro- Controller Career Act. gram, and begins a new era for the U.S. space program. 1972 The Lockheed 1011 TriStar entered commercial service, 1981 Air traffic controllers went one year after Congress pro- on strike and the Federal vided financial relief in the Aviation Administration form of a government loan dismissed striking con- to the troubled company. trollers; disruption of operations General Dynamics intro- 1973 continued until replace- duced two prototype YF-16 ments acquired training and lightweight fighter planes. experience. The National Space and 1974 Amidst an airline recession, Aeronautics Administration 1982 Braniff International termi- awarded the development nated operations; it emerged contract for a Spacelab briefly from bankruptcy in orbiting laboratory to a 1984. nine-nation consortium. The Space Shuttle Challenger Two Air Force pilots fly a 1986 1976 exploded after lift-off,killing Lockheed SR-71A reconnais- the seven crew members. sance aircraft to a new world speed record of 1988 The National Space and 3,529.56 kilometers per hour Aeronautics Administration (2,193.17 miles per hour). 19 III. TYPES OF HISTORIC AVIATION PROPERTIES

The National Register of Historic than-air and lighter-than-air. The remains relatively intact, while a Places recognizes tangible proper­ heavier-than-air category includes wreck "site" lacks the structural ties that are relatively fixed in loca­ airplanes, seaplanes, amphibians, integrity of an aircraft, although the tion. They are classified as districts, , and gliders. Airplanes site may contain the structural sites, buildings, structures, or may be land-based (once called elements of the aircraft. objects. In the aviation field, they landplanes) or carrier-based planes. An example of an aviation wreck include aircraft, wrecks of aircraft, They may be powered by either which qualifies as a structure is the development facilities, production reciprocating or by gas turbine Get) B-29 Serial No. 45-21847 (Heavy plants, air terminals, military air engines, or rocket engines; the Bomber) which was forced to bases and air stations, aids to navi­ atomic aircraft engine never reached "ditch" in a lake in 1949. The air­ gation, missile launch sites and application. Seaplanes as a class craft settled on the lakebed and has complexes, and administrative and include both float or pontoon planes been protected in an environment of educational facilities. As Clement M. and flying boats. Amphibians can deep, fresh water, anaerobic condi­ Keys, head of the Curtiss Aeroplane operate from either land or water. tions, protective silt layers with very and Motor Company, once said, Rotorcraft may be autogiros or heli­ limited accessibility to divers. It is "ten percent of aviation is in the air, copters, again powered by either significant as one of a group the and 90 percent is on the ground." reciprocating or gas turbine engines. "Superfortresses" that were the first Even flying equipment has a base The glider class includes sailplanes. high altitude pressurized heavy on ground, or on water. Lighter-than-air craft encompass bombers powered by the heaviest balloons and airships (dirigibles). production type aircraft engines of AIRCRAFT Dirigibles are either rigid airships the time. The airplane represents the (constructed with a metal-lattice design, use of materials, and func­ frame), or nonrigid (blimps). tional significance as a preserved Aircraftpresent special challenges The National Register classifies example of various modification to cultural resource managers. The aircraft as structures, that is, a con­ programs serving major missions of variety of makes and models, the struction distinct from a building. the U.S. Air Force's highly secret quantities of production, the replace­ Aircraft can be listed individually in program of high altitude atmos­ ment parts acquired through routine the National Register, as are the pheric research. The wreck has the overhaul and maintenance, the con­ III and a Fairchild potential to yield information on version of aircraft from one use to Pilgrim lOOB, each listed as a histor­ early Atomic Era atmospheric scien­ another during its operational life, ically significant structure. Aircraft tific research and aviation techno­ the craft's operational status, its air­ may be contributing features of a logical conversion methods. Other worthiness, and its mobility affect historic district. airplanes in the same group have both the documentation and the been much altered, reconstructed, evaluation of aircraft as historic AVIATION WRECKS and/ or reassembled. The property properties. The large size of some is eligible for listing in the National aircraft, cost associated withcare and Register under Criterion C as an storage, evolving standards for An aviation wreck is any aircraft example of a significant type of air­ restoration, and deterioration due to that has been crashed, ditched, dam­ craft construction and under outside storage also affectthe man­ aged, stranded, or abandoned. The Criterion D for it potential to yield agement of aircraft as cultural wreck may be intact or scattered, important information. resources. may be on land or in water, may In some cases, a crash site may be At the basic level, aircraft are be-in National Register terms-a eligible for the National Register divided into two categories: heavier- structure or a site. A "structure" even if there are no remains of the 20 aircraft. In the case of the Will property may be kept confidential test fields and flight courses, are Rogers- crash site near by being withheld from the public. also development facilities. The Barrow, Alaska, the wreckage was The National Register registration Wright brothers, for example, used removed years ago, but the site is form includes a box which may be Huffman Prairie in Ohio as a flight listed in the National Register checked to request that locational test site in 1905. The prairie flying because of the association of the site information be withheld from public field is now a National Historic with the crash that killed two disclosure. Landmark. famous promoters of aviation. Production of aircraft occurred Wreck sites can be particularly AVIATION mostly in factories, including main vulnerable to looting (to salvage factories, shadow and branch plants, parts) or to vandalism. Confiden­ DEVELOPMENT component and parts shops. While tiality is designed to protect the site, FACILITIES AND most aircraft production in this coun­ the property, and the data there. try occurred in private industry, Section 304 of the National Historic PRODUCTION PLANTS there was governmentproduction. Preservation Act, as amended, pro­ Techniques for constructing fuse­ vides that if disclosure of a site's Chief among aviation develop­ lages, wings, and stabilizers from location risks harm to the site, caus­ ment facilities are research and engi­ wood differ from the later produc­ es a significant invasion of privacy, neering laboratories, including wind tion of metal planes, and production or impedes the use of a traditional tunnels, in industry, government, facilities reflected these differences. religious site by practitioners, then and academe. Test facilities, whether An early example is Building 105 information about the location, char­ structures such as test cells and of the Boeing Airplane Company, in acter, or ownership of a historic experimental , or sites like Seattle. Building 105, also known as

.."

From its construction in 1931 until the end of World War II, the Full-Scale Tunnel in Hampton, Virginia, was the only wind tunnel in the world large enough to accommodate full scale aircraftfor testing. During World War II, nearly everyhigh perfonnance aircraftused by the United States was drag-tested in this tunnel. It continues to be used for militaryand space crafttesting. (Official NASA photograph, 1978) 21 In the 1930s, Wichita, Kansas was widely acknowledged as the "air capital of the world." TheArt-Deco style Wichita Municipal Airportadminis­ tration building was considered to be one of the finest terminal buildings in the country, and was noted for the huge cast stone panels adorning its entrance. The building now serves McConnell Air Force Base. (Sandy Kent, February, 1990)

the Red Barn, is a balloon-frame Hampton City, Virginia. Listed in and general aviation may consist of building constructed in 1909 and the National Register are the eight­ hangars and other shelters for air­ purchased by William E. Boeing in foot wind tunnel and the full-scale craft, control towers, flying schools, 1910. When Boeing later established tunnel there, both National Historic administration buildings, and himself in aviation, he used Landmarks. ground service facilities for fuel, Building 105 as the original building maintenance, and storage. of his aviation ventures, including AIR TERMINALS ON Among the air terminals currently the Boeing Airplane Company. The listed in the National Register are the LAND AND WATER building became significant in the Douglas Municipal Airport in early history of the development Arizona (an early international air­ and production of aircraft, and in Aircraft usually take off and land port), Newark Metropolitan Airport the industrial history of Seattle and at air terminals, which may be on in New Jersey, Pan American the State of Washington. land or water. Air terminals may Seaplane Base at Dinner Key in provides include a variety of properties. On Florida, Rhode Island State Airport two later examples of production land, there are airfields, runways, Terminal in Warwick, and Shirley properties listed in the National and taxi ways. Seaplane bases may Field in Tallulah, Louisiana. Newark Register. During World War II the include anchorages, decks, docks, is an example of an early large air­ Ford company produced military, piers, and ramps. Aircraft carriers port. From 1930 to 1939, Newark was including aviation, equipment at its are ships specially designed and the busiest airport in thiscountry. Its River Rouge Complex and its equipped for aviation duty. Flight buildings are important in architec­ Highland Park Plant, both in decks, armament, tonnage, and ture and engineering as well as in the and both designated internal arrangements reflected their history of transportation and commu­ National Historic Landmarks. aviation mission. Special docks, nications, as documented in the Development occurred at govern­ hangars, and mooring masts accom­ National Register nomination. The ment, as well as at private industrial modated airships, both rigid and Rhode Island State Airport Terminal sites. NACA conducted research and nonrigid, on land and water. opened in 1933. Located at the "first development at facilities in Passenger terminals for commercial state-owned airport in the United

22 States," according to the nomination, Reserve Unit and the Civil Air a farmhouse and an operations it illustrates themerger of public Patrol in Lansing, Michigan. In building disguised as a barn. Both works and transportation.In contrast, Fayetteville, North Carolina, the are concrete-block constructions the terminal and hangars at Dinner Pope Air Force Base Historic District camouflaged with false exterior Key comprised the Pan American includes 32 buildings constructed in walls of wood. Built in late 1942 and seaplane or clipper ship base in 1933 and 1934 for administrative, early 1943, this radar station 1930s. From there, Pan American flew residential, and support purposes. remained in operation until the end international, commercial routesto One building originally housed the of the war. In the latter months it Central and and the flight surgeon's clinic. A separate operated as an emergency-rescue Caribbean. Shirley Field, in this final National Register entry includes air­ radar service for air-sea rescues. example, is historically significantfor craft Hangars 4 and 5, the oldest its association with the use of air­ aircraft-related buildings at Pope AIDS TO NAVIGATION planes in agriculture. There, in the AFB and important examples of early 1920s, the U.S. Departmentof bowstring truss construction (the Agriculture, through its Delta original roof support system used in Aids to air navigation were Laboratory, conducted experimental American airplane hangars). The installed at terminals and on the aerial dusting of cotton crops with Randolph Field Historic District in ground along airways. Among the calcium arsenate powder to control San Antonio, Texas, was listed in the aids were daymarks (such as roof the boll weevil. National Register for its association paintings), flashing light beacons, with the development of the Army course lights, airport lighting, radio beacons and stations, radar, and MILITARY AIR BASES Air Corps. Established in 1928, Randolph Field was the first weather services, as well as emer­ AND AIR STATIONS American flying field designed gency landing fields. The National exclusively for training pilots. Register lists several examples of Over the years the Army, Navy, During the 1930s, Randolph earned aids to air navigation. A revolving Marines, Air Force, and Coast its nickname as "West Point of the aircraft beacon near Portland, Guard established air stations and Air," as a pilot and instructor train­ Oregon, is representative of the air bases. In Florida, the Pensacola ing base, graduating more than dead-reckoning type of beacons Naval Air Station and Cape 6,800 cadets, hundreds of whom once constructed as aids to aerial Canaveral Air Force Station, both served in World War IL The district navigation. Built by the U.S. Bureau National Historic Landmarks, are contains a notable collection of of Lighthouses in 1933, the beacon is two examples of air stations listed in Spanish Colonial Revival and Art still in operation. It is an engineer­ the National Register. The Pensacola Moderne buildings, the majority of ing structure that contributes to the Naval Air Station Historic District which were constructed between significance of the Rocky Butte encompasses 55 buildings and struc­ 1931 and 1935. Scenic Drive Historic District. The tures on 80 acres of land. Among the Military aviation facilities also control tower at the Old Port significant buildings are six metal include supply depots, ports of Columbus Airport in Ohio is anoth­ seaplane hangars constructed embarkation, and other defense er example of an aid to air naviga­ between 1916 and 1918, while the installations that may be located tion listed in the National Register. National Register Bulletin: historic structures include four away from air terminals. The mili­ Refer to Guidelines for Evaluating and amphibious aircraft launch ramps tary, for example, established radar Nominating Historic Aids to built during the same period. stations for early warning as part of Navigation Established at the site of a former the air defense network. In Hawaii, (marine navigation), for Navy yard, Pensacola became an air on December 7, 1941, the Opana additional guidance on this topic. station in 1913. It immediately Radar, which consisted of two began training naval pilots and test­ trucks and a trailer atop an Opana ADMINISTRATIVE, ing naval aircraft, two missions of hill, detected Japanese airplanes on EDUCATIONAL AND the air station throughout its history. their way to attack on Pearl Harbor. Parts of air bases and air stations The grassy site is now a National OTHER FACILITIES may qualify for listing in the Historic Landmark. It is significant National Register. Two examples are as the place where the then-new A number of administrative and Hangar No. 9 at Brooks Air Force technology of radar was first used educational facilities significant in Base in San Antonio, Texas, and by the United States in a combat sit­ aviation history are listed in the Hangar No. 1 at Lakehurst Naval uation. The Army's Radar Station B- National Register. Two educational Air Station in New Jersey. Also list­ 71, listed in the National Register, is examples are the National War ed in the National Register are three located near the Klamath River in College in Washington, D.C., and Quonset huts used during World northernCalifornia. It consists of a the original Naval War College in War II by an Army Air Corps power-supply building disguised as Newport, Rhode Island. The 23 Constrnctedfrom 1930-1931, the Base Administration Building at Randolph Air Force Base in Bexar County, Texas, is individually listed for its architectural significance and for its historic association with the development of the Army Air Corps.Affectionately know as the "Taj Mahal" by generations of military flyers,the Base Administration Building was designed in the locally popular Spanish Renaissance style of architecture. (Photograph used as a Christmas card, 1940, photographer unknown. Courtesy of Randolph Air Force Base)

Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, is a Shafter in Hawaii, USAFPOA MISSILE LAUNCH National Historic Landmark. So is moved during World War II from SITES AND the headquarters of the Commander one building there into the in Chief of the Pacific Fleet (CINC­ Pineapple Pentagon, built on the cir­ COMPLEXES PAC) at the Pearl Harbor Naval cle in 1944. In a final example, the Base in Hawaii. Constructed in 1942, Base Administration Building at The National Register includes the CINCPAC headquarters build­ Randolph AFB in Texas is a Spanish several missile launch sites or com­ ing was used by Admiral Chester W. Colonial Revival style building of plexes associated with America's Nimitz from its completion in 1942 architectural significance; its nick­ space or defense programs. The into late 1944. From there, Nimitz name is the "Taj Mahal." Military Goddard Rocket Launching Site was directed strategic and tactical opera­ properties dominate the administra­ designated a National Historic tions of naval, including air, forces tive and educational properties list­ Landmark for its association with in the Pacific. Headquarters of the ed in the National Register. Less the early history of rocketry. On U.S. Army Forces, Pacific Ocean well represented are properties asso­ March 16, 1926, Dr. Robert H. Areas (USAFPOA) is also a National ciated with colleges and universities Goddard launched the world's first Historic Landmark. Located in the and the aviation industry. liquid propellant rocket on a farm Palm Circle Historic District at Fort near Auburn, Massachusetts. This 24 event established the use of liquid itary defense during the Cold War. the significance of historic proper­ fuel as a propellant for rockets and Missile Site 571-7 is the only surviv­ ties. Also, seven aspects of integrity set the course for future develop­ ing Titan II Intercontinental Ballistic influence the evaluation of a historic ments in rocketry. The Cape Missile (ICBM) complex of the 54 property. A nomination should Canaveral Air Force Station near that were "on alert" throughout the address all applicable criteria, con­ Cocoa, Florida, has also been desig­ Cold War. Built in response to the siderations, and aspects of integrity. nated a National Historic "missile gap" panic of the 1960s, the For guidance in applying the Landmark. Since the launch of ICBMs were designed to survive National Register criteria to historic America's first earth satellite in and retaliate against a first strike properties and in evaluating the 1958, the Cape Canaveral Air Force nuclear attack from the Soviet integrity of a property, refer to Station has been America's premier Union and possibly other nations. National Register Bulletin: How to facility devoted to space explo­ The Titan II missiles were retired Apply the National Register Criteria for ration. The Landmark consists of when they were superseded by a Evaluation. discontiguous sites within the Air new generation of land-based and Force Station, encompassing Launch submarine-based missiles. Pads 5, 6, 14, 19, 26, 34, the mobile The National Register Criteria for service tower at Pad 13, and the Evaluation identify the specific cri­ original Mission Control Room. The teria under which a property may Air Force Facility Missile Site 8 qualify for listing in the National (571-7) Military Reservation, con­ Register. There are four basic structed in 1963 near Green Valley, National Register Criteria. Seven Arizona, was listed in the National "criteria considerations" provide Register for its association with mil- additional guidance for evaluating

TheAir Force Facility Missile Site 8(571-7) Military Reservation, also known as the Titan Missile Museum, in Green Valley, Arizona, is the sole surviving Titan II Intercontinental Ballistic Missile of the 54 that were "on alert" through­ out the Cold War era. TheTitan II missiles were constructed to survive a firststrike fromthe Soviet Union and to retaliate. The Titan IImis­ siles were retired when they were superseded by a new generation of land-based and submarine-based ballistic missiles. (Control room launch consoles and silo, David K. Stumpf, January 24, 1992)

25 Iv.AP PLYING THE NATIONAL REGISTER CRI'l'ERIA TO HISTORIC AVIATIONPROPERTIES

THE NATIONAL REGISTER CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION

The four National Register Criteria represent different types of values embodied in districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects. Associative value/Event­ Criterion A: Properties that are associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history. Associative value/Person­ Criterion B: Properties that are associated with the lives of persons significant in our past. Design or Construction value­ Criterion C: Properties that embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construc­ tion, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic TheCollege Park Airport, in College Park, Maryland, is historically signifi­ values, or that represent a signifi­ cant for its association with many early and important developments in aer­ cant and distinguishable entity ial technology and the evolution of military aviation. Beginning in 1909 this whose components may lack indi­ airportbecame the first site for the training of military fliers in the United vidual distinction. States. Many aircraftwere tested here, and numerous records for speed and Information value-Criterion D: distance were set. Among the many "firsts" accomplished at the College Park Properties that have yielded, or Airport were the first women in America to fly as a passenger, the use of aer­ may be likely to yield, information ial photography, night flight and landing, the testing of bombing and the use important in prehistory or history. of machine gunsfrom an airplane, controlled helicopter flight, and the first blind, or instrument, landing. Shown here are Lt. T. DeW. Milling and Cpl. A property can qualify for listing Riley E. Scott on October 10, 1911, as they prepare for the first test of drop­ in the National Register under one ping live bombs from an airplane. (USAF Still Photograph Repository, or more of the criteria. For a com­ Alexandria, VA) plete listing of the Criteria for Evaluation refer to the National Register Bulletin: How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation. 26 CRITERION A-EVENT the National Air Races in 1933 and Criterion A for its historic associa­ 1936. Isley Field, on Saipan Island in tion with the development of air Properties can be eligible for the the North Mariana Islands, is listed commerce and transportation in National Register if they are associ­ in the National Register because the Alaska. ated with an event or events that American conquest of Saipan in have made a significant contribution 1944 marked the breaking of the CRITERION B­ to the broad patterns of our history. inner line of Japanese World War II SIGNIFICANT PERSON(S) The property may be associated defenses in the Pacific, and allowed with a spes:ificevent marking an Isley Field to become a base for U.S. Under Criterion B, a property can important moment in American pre­ B-29 bombers for long-range bomb­ be eligible for the National Register history or history, or it may repre­ ing of the Japanese homeland if it is associated with the lives of sent a pattern of events or a historic through the end of the war. The persons significant in our past. The trend that made a significantcontri­ Secretary of the Interior designated person must be important as an bution to the development of a com­ the field as part of the National individual and within a historic munity, a State, or the nation. To Historic Landmark on Saipan. context, not simply representative of meet this criterion, a historic proper­ A historic property may be signif­ a group or class. The individual's ty needs (1) to have existed at the icant in State or local history. Felts association with the historic proper­ time of the important event and Field in Spokane, Washington is a ty should be compared with that (2) be associated in a significant way historic district locally significant for person's association with other with the event. its association with the development properties in order to determine rel­ Aviation properties may be asso­ of early aviation in eastern, inland ative importance of the property in ciated with a wide variety of events. Washington. The district contains question. Properties associated with Some examples are the origins of six buildings contributing to the living persons usually are not eligi­ manned flight, the development of historic significance of the airfield­ ble for inclusion in the National air power for military purposes, the three hangars, a passenger terminal, Register. Architects, artisans, artists, transportation of airmail, commer­ a National Guard headquarters and engineers are often represented cial airline development, explo­ building, and a storage building; in the National Register by their ration by air, aerial photography and two historic structures-a clock works, which are eligible under and mapping, aviation employment tower and a memorial. Criterion C. Their homes, work­ during the Great Depression, air Under this criterion, an aircraft shops, or studios, however, can be power during war, scientific and might be eligible for listing in the eligible under Criterion B, because engineering research activities, National Register if it had a signifi­ these usually are the properties with transoceanic flying, air races, and cant role in an important event (for which they are most personally America's "romance" with aviation. example, a battle) or pattern of associated. Several examples are already list­ events (for example, early airmail Individuals significant in the his­ ed in the National Register. Hangar carriers). The Pilgrim 100B Aircraft, tory of aviation may be pilots, tech­ One at the International manufactured in 1931, is listed in nical representatives, engineers, Airport was a stop on the courses of the National Register under industrialists, airline executives,

The Falls AirportHistoric District, in Idaho Falls, Idaho, is historically significant as a rare surviving example of the pioneer­ ing era of aviation in the area. Built between 1930 and 1937, the airport in Idaho Falls served as an important link in connecting com­ munities in the West. The historic district is also significant for its association with the Depression era Works Progress Administra­ tion program in Idaho. Pictured is the superbly craftedlog airplane hanger built in 1936. (Renee Magee, July 22, 1997)

27 TheHughes Flying Boat (Hercules), shown during its successfultest flightin 1947, is listed under Criterion B for its association with the life of noted aviator . Theaircraft is also significant for its engineering design and construction technique. Itis located in Long Beach, California, the site of its successful air tests. (Photographer unknown, November 2, 1947. Photo courtesy of the Hughes Helicopter Division of the Suma Corporation)

military officers or the rank and file, Criterion B if they are associated tinctive characteristics of a type, airport managers, or government with a significant aspect of an period, or method of construction officials.After World War I, Maj. important person's life. The Hughes important in aviation history. An Gen. William "Billy" Mitchell advo­ Flying Boat Hercules, popularly aircraft can be eligible if it is a good cated a strong air force, even in known as the "Spruce Goose," is representative of an important type peacetime, for the defense of the listed under Criterion B for it associ­ (military, commercial, civilian), or if United States. His house in Virginia ation with the life of noted aviator it represents a significant develop­ is a National Historic Landmark. Howard Hughes. In addition, the ment in aircraft technology, or if it The Ford Airport Hangar in Lansing, Hercules is significant for its engi­ represents a significant doctrinal Michigan, is listed in the National neering design and construction development, like an organization's Register in part for its association technique. The aircraft is located in response to changing technology or with Henry Ford, who built it in Long Beach, California, the site of its tactics. The 1905 Wright Flyer III, 1926 as part of the airline system he successful air tests in 1947. located in Dayton, Ohio, was desig­ was developing. The hangar is also For additional guidance refer to nated a National Historic Landmark 'significant under Criterion A for its National Register Bulletin: Guidelines for its significance in engineering association with the early develop­ for Evaluating and Documenting history as the first airplane capable ment of commercial aviation. Properties Associated with Significant of sustained and controlled flight The College Park Airport in Persons. and suitable for practical applica­ Maryland similarly derives some of tion. It was with this airplane that its historic significance from associa­ CRITERION C­ Orville and Wilbur Wright perfected tion with important people. There in DESIGN/CONSTRUCTION the technique of flying and designed 1909 aviation pioneer Wilbur Wright a powered airplane completely taught military personnel, including Properties can be eligible for the controlled by the pilot. Frank P. Lahmand Benjamin Foulois, National Register if they embody Air-related buildings, districts, how to fly. The airport was the first the distinctive characteristics of structures, and objects may also be training site for military fliers in this type, period, or method of construc­ significant under this section of the country and was listed in the tion; or that represent the work of a criterion. Hangar One at Los National Register under Criteria A master; or that possess high artistic Angeles repre­ and B. Benjamin Foulois once com­ value; or that represent a significant sents an important style of architec­ manded the U.S. Air Service station and distinguishable entity whose ture-Spanish Colonial Revival. In at Henry Post Air Field in Oklahoma. components may lack individual contrast, the Bryce Canyon Airport This fact provides that historic site distinction. Hangar in illustrates vernacu­ with a strong association with an Distinctive Characteristics. lar construction in the use of sawn­ important person. Aircraft and air-related facilities can log and corrugated-tin features. The Aircraft can be listed under be eligible if they embody the dis- Marine Air Terminal at La Guardia

28 TheLarsen Brothers Airport in Clayton, Winnebago County, Wisconsin, represents one of the earliest forms of airport design in the State. Builder Knute Johnson adapted barn-buildingtechnology to construct the hangar in 1924. (Peter J. Adams, November, 1983) Aircraftcan be listed under Criterion C if they are a good exam­ ple of a significant type of aircraft. TheDouglas DC-3, N-34, manufac­ tured in 1945, was listed as a rare surviving example of the aircraft which revolutionized the air trans­ port industry. The design and con­ struction of the DC-3 was begun by the in the mid-1930s. This remarkably reliable aircraft soon became the best-selling airliner in the world. Today the aircraft is the housed at Hangar 10, Federal Aviation Administration, Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. (Jerry Searcy, FAA, October, 1993) Aviation properties can derive sig­ nificance under Criterion C for high artistic value. In addition to its style exterior, the Marine Air Terminal Building at La Guardia Airportin New York City contains the mural "Flight" by James Brooks. Both of these contribute significantly to the building's importance. (Carl Foster, New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, 1981) Significant examples of aviation­ related engineering can qualify under Criterion C. With the con­ struction of the in 1929, Akron, Ohio, became one of the centers for development and construction of lighter-than-air­ ships. Thedirigibles Akron and Macon were built in the airdock. Thebuilding is constructed of sheet metal attached to eleven parabolic arches. With dimensions of 1,175 feet long, 325 feet wide, and 211 feet high, it was the largest building in the world without interior sup­ ports. (Goodyear Aircraft Corporation, Photographic Department, 1972) 29 Airport in New York is an example A Significantand Distinguish­ information. The information may of Art Deco architecture of the late able Entity Whose Components be literally buried under ground, 1930s, as well as a tangible reminder May Lack Individual Distinction submerged under water, or scat­ of the era of clipper ships and early refers to historic districts. Cheyenne, tered across the surface. transoceanic air service. The decora­ Wyoming, was once an air trans­ An aviation property is signifi­ tive interior design is also Art Deco. portation center. Surviving properties cant under Criterion D if that prop­ All three buildings are listed in the include a Boeing/United Airlines erty has yielded or is likely to yield National Register. Built in 1929, the building, a hangar, and a fountain, information important to history, Goodyear Airdock in Akron, Ohio, constructed between 1929 and 1934. such as the physical characteristics is where the Goodyear Zeppelin The famous Boeing 247B airplane of an aircraft that provide informa­ Corporation developed and con­ appears in thedetail on the fountain, tion about the craft's construction, structed dirigibles, including the built in 1934 as a memorial to avia­ use, or operation. Aviation wrecks Akron and Macon. The airdock's tion. The properties mightnot qualify and ruins of aviation facilities might shape (semi-paraboloid), size (1,175 individually for the NationalRegister, qualifyfor listing in the National feet long by 325 feet wide by 211 but together theysignify the impor­ Register under Criterion D. Also, a feet high), and structural system (no tance of Cheyenne as a transportation rare aircraft for which inadequate or interior supports) are architecturally center in thedays before high-alti­ no documentation has survived significant. In a final example, the tude flying made such remote centers might also be considered. Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel at Ames obsolete. Similarly, the Bowman Field The B-24D on an Aleutian island Research Center in California repre­ Historic District in Louisville, in Alaska is an example of an avia­ sents the continual development of Kentucky, consists of threeadjacent tion property that qualified for the superior technical aeronautical buildings constructedin thelate National Register under Criterion D research facilities after the end of 1920s and 1930s. The administration for its information potential. All the the Second World War and is a building, Curtiss Flying Service pieces are "in the area," according to National Historic Landmark. hangar, and Army Air Corps hangar the nomination form. The aircraft is together reflectthe early days of avia­ the oldest known surviving D The Work of a Master refers to tion in thatlocale. model. It participated in the the technical or aesthetic achieve­ Aleutian Campaign of the World ments of an architect, engineer, or CRITERION D­ War II, and it is the only B-24D in craftsman. African American archi­ Alaska. A combat veteran, the plane tect Clarence Wesley Wigington INFORMATION crash-landed in bad weather upon designed the Holman Field POTENTIAL return from a weather observation Administration Building in St. Paul, mission. The historical context of the . Wigington's significance Properties can be eligible for the plane includes the war and military as an important architect gives that National Register if they have yield­ aircraft in general, and more partic­ building an association with a local ed, or may be likely to yield, infor­ ularly the history of Alaska as a master, an association recognized mation important in prehistory or United States territory and the through listing in the National history. The property must be history of Alaskan aviation. The Register. Internationally known known to contain information that geographicalcontext or setting is architect Albert Kahn designed the would be important to our under­ the area in which the plane saw Ford Airport Hangar at Lansing standing of history or prehistory. combat and where it crashed. The Municipal Airport in Lansing, Archeological sites and districts can information potential includes con­ . He applied his famous "fac­ qualify under this criterion, includ­ struction features of the early B- tory-type" style to provide natural ing sites and districts studied by his­ 24Ds that differ from later planes light and structural strength to the torical archeologists and industrial due to modifications introduced building. The work of a master may archeologists. Buildings, structures, after this plane, the nineteenth 24D, also apply to aircraft, particularly and objects might also qualify under was produced. The crashed plane owner/ designer-built models and Criterion D. It is necessary to also illustrates skillful emergency small production runs of light demonstrate (1) the importance of landing. planes built by craftsmen. the information within an appropri­ ate historic or archeological context, For additional guidance refer to High Artistic Value concerns the (2) the connection between the National Register Bulletin: Guidelines expression of aesthetic ideals or important information and the spe­ for Evaluating and Registering preferences and applies to aesthetic cific property, and (3) the presence Historical Archeological Sites and achievement. Inside the Marine Air of adequate data in the property. Districts. Terminal at La Guardia Airport in According to the N atfonalRegister, New York City is the mural a property with information poten­ "Flight," by James Brooks, which tial is a geographic location having adds artistic value to the building. important historical or archeological 30 Considerations B, E, F, and G. Consideration B (moved properties) applies because airplanes are mobile. Consideration E (recon­ structed properties) would apply if too much original materials have been replaced. Consideration F ( commemorative properties) applies if the property commemorating some aspect of aviation history has its own exceptional significance. Consideration G (properties that have achieved significance within the past fifty years) is particularly relevant because half of aviation's history occurred within the past fifty years. Other Criteria Considerations may also be applica­ ble to a particular property. CRITERIA CONSIDERATION A­ RELIGIOUS PROPERTIES

A historic aviation property owned by a religious institution or used for religious purposes will be eligible if it derives its primary sig­ nificance from architectural, engi­ neering, or artistic distinction (Criteria C) or historical importance (Criteria A or B). Religious proper­ ties must be judged solely in secular terms. Given the use of airplanes to Aviation wrecks qualify under Criterion D if they can provide important support missionary and other reli­ information about aircraftdesign, or construction; Shown here are the well gious work, Criteria Consideration preserved remains of a B-24D Liberator which crashed in 1942 in Alaska. As A may apply to a variety of aviation the oldest known survivingD model, the remains of the aircrafthave the properties owned by religious insti­ potential to yield information on construction features of early B-24Ds that tutions yet significant in secular differfrom later models of the bomber. (Ted Spencer, Alaska Historical terms (for example, the economic or Aircraft Society, 1978) social impact of an air field upon a rural locale).

CRITERIA F-Commemorative properties CRITERIA CONSIDERATION B­ CONSIDERATIONS G-Properties that have achieved significance within the past MOVED PROPERTIES Certain kinds of property are not fifty years A moved property can be eligible usually considered for listing in the A property thus might meet one if it is significant primarily for its National Register: or more of the National Register architectural or engineering value or A-Religious properties criteria and still not be eligible for if it is the surviving property most listing unless special requirements importantly associated with a his­ B-Moved properties are met. These special requirements toric person or event. In general, the C-Birthplaces and graves are called Criteria Considerations National Register discourages mov­ and labeled A-G. ing historic properties because a D-Cemeteries Of particular relevance to avia­ property derives historical signifi­ E-Reconstructed properties tion properties are Criteria cance from its location and setting.

31 Moving a historic building or other approved the move when it accept­ CRITERIA historic property is acceptable when ed the building for listing. Similarly, CONSIDERATION C­ there is no feasible alternative for the National Register recognized the BIRTHPLACES OR GRAVES preservation. But for the moved need to move the 1938 Rogers-Post property to qualify for the National monument in Alaska because it was A birthplace or grave of a person Register, the new location must be sinking at the original site. The associated with the history of avia­ historically appropriate. Often mov­ Naval Arctic Research Laboratory tion is eligible if that person is of ing a historic property lessens that moved the monument to higher outstanding importance and if there property's integrity to such a degree ground 95 feet away. is no other appropriate site or build­ that it no longer qualifies for listing Aircraft, like ships, are trans­ ing directly associated with the in the National Register. portation vehicles designed to move person's productive life. Building 105 of the Boeing during operation. Because aircraft Airplane Company has been accept­ are designed to be moved, they do CRITERIA ed by the National Register despite not need to meet Criteria Consider­ CONSIDERATION D­ having been moved from its original ation B (and the consideration CEMETERIES location. The Port of Seattle should not be checked on the acquired and redeveloped the origi­ National Register registration To be eligible, a cemetery must nal site. That redevelopment threat­ form). derive its primary importance from ened the building with destruction, See pages 36-37 for the related graves of persons of transcendent so the building was moved nearby. issues of integrity of location and importance, from age, from distinc­ The building remained in an indus­ setting for aircraft, and artificial tive design features, or from associa­ trial and aviation setting, but out of collections of aircraft. tion with historic events. Aviation­ harm's way. The National Register related graves, for example, may be

In 1917, William E. Boeing converted this 1909 boathouse for use as offices and production headquarters of the fledg­ ling Boeing Airplane Company. Threatened with demolition, the building was moved in 1975 to the King County Airport, in Seattle, Washington, where it now anchors a complex of buildings housing a museum of flight. (David M. Hansen, Washington Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, 1977) 32 found in war cemeteries that might reconstruction must be part of an wing plane equipped with pontoons merit National Register listing. overall restoration master plan for for Alaskan flying, was removed. the entire district. For example, a The first monument was built in CRITERIA reconstructed aircraft may be eligi­ 1938 with funds raised through pub­ CONSIDERATION E­ ble as part of a restoration master lic subscription. It consists of RECONSTRUCTED plan for an early20th century air­ poured cement, local aggregate rock, PROPERTIES port historic district, which includes and beach boulders. Its dedication historic properties, such as hangars, attracted national attention. In 1953 A reconstructed property must terminal building, tower, etc. In this a private individual built the second meet three requirements to be eligi­ case, the reconstructed aircraft may monument, a rectangular obelisk of ble for the National Register. One, be essential to convey the aviation poured concrete in four blocks of the property is reconstructed accu­ significance of the district. diminishing size. Both are listed in rately in a suitable environment. See pages 37-40 of the Integrity the National Register for their sym­ Two, the property is presented in a section for related issues of evaluat­ bolic value in memorializing Rogers dignified manner as part of a ing an aircraft's integrity of materi­ and Post. als and the nature of aircraft restoration master plan. Three, no CRITERIA other building or structure with the maintenance. CONSIDERATION G­ same associations has survived. CRITERIA Accurate reconstruction implies PROPERTIES THAT HAVE sound historical or archeological CONSIDERATION F­ ACHIEVED SIGNIFICANCE data, appropriate materials, and COMMEMORATIVE WITHIN THE PA ST FIFTY adequate documentation. A suitable PROPERTIES YEARS environment refers to both the phys­ ical context and the interpretative A commemorative property can Such properties are eligible only scheme. be eligible if design, age, tradition, if they are of exceptional impor­ Individual reconstructed aircraft or symbolic value has invested it tance. The fifty-year requirement are not eligible for the National with its own exceptional signifi­ allows sufficient time to elapse to Register because they are not cance. The National Register has develop historical perspective, authentic historic resources. A recognized the exceptional signifi­ guards against listing properties of reconstructed airplane is a modern cance of commemorative properties passing interest, and ensures that aircraft which reproduces the exact related to aviation. the National Register is a list of form or detail of a vanished aircraft The Wright Brothers National historic places. as it appeared at a specific period of Memorial shaft, for example, is a Given that airplanes and the time. After the passage of fifty granite, triangular obelisk atop Kill infrastructure of aviation (like navi­ years, a replica aircraft might attain Devil Hill in North Carolina. gation aids and hangars) were not significance in its own right as a Completed in 1932, it commemo­ designed or constructed for fifty · product of one generation's percep­ rates "the conquest of the air by the years of operation, Criteria tion of aviation history. brothers Wilbur and Orville Wright" Consideration G deserves special In rare instances, replica aircraft on what were shifting sand dunes at attention. Other aviation properties, can be a contributing component of the time of the first flights in 1903. like wartime training fields and a National Register property if: The sandy soil is now stabilized, temporary buildings, similarly were 1) the reconstruction is based on and building developments block never intended to last fifty years. scholarly analysis or graphic, writ­ the view to the beach, but a grass Without identification and preserva­ ten, and archeological sources; 2) the field and this memorial shaft com­ tion of some of these properties aircraft's construction is accurately memorate the historic place where before they reach the age of fifty executed, using appropriate period the Wrights flew. The shaft's design years, the properties will not sur­ materials and construction tech­ is also significant. On the sides of vive to reach fifty years of age. niques; 3) the reconstruction is pre­ the obelisk are outspread wings in The National Park Service has sented in a historically appropriate bas-relief to give the impression of recognized and addressed this fifty­ manner as part of a restoration mas­ flight. year challenge in regard to the space ter plan; 4) no other aircraft with the For another example, two monu­ program. In the early 1980s the same association has survived. ments near Barrow, Alaska, com­ National Park Service surveyed sites Being part of a restoration master memorate the humorist Will Rogers associated with the early space pro­ plan means that the reconstruction and pilot Wiley Post who died there gram. In 1984 the Park Service com­ is an essential component in a group in an airplane crash in August of pleted a study of the theme "man in of historic properties which together 1935. The wreckage of the hybrid space" and identified properties constitute a historic district. The Lockheed Orion-Explorer, a low- associated with the space program 33 for National Historic Landmark sta­ tional importance are National designed by architect Eero Saarinen, tus and thus also listing in the Historic Landmarks listed in the is eligible for listing in the National National Register. President John F. National Register of Historic Places. Register because of the building's Kennedy extended the man-in-space In Hampton City, Virginia, there are exceptional architectural importance program to man-on-the-moon with several landmarks of the space pro­ and despite the fact that the build­ his 1961 announcement "that this gram-the Lunar Landing Research ing was not yet fifty years old at the nation should commit itself to Facility, the rendezvous docking time it was evaluated. achieving the goal, before this simulator, the Saturn V dynamic test The end of the Cold War, and the decade is out, of landing a man on stand, and the Saturn V launch vehi­ subsequent closing of many Cold the moon and returning him safely cle. Other space-age landmarks list­ War facilities, means that Cold War to the earth." The young National ed in the National Register include properties present challenges to Aeronautics and Space the Space Environment Simulation preservationists and other cultural Administration (successor of the Laboratory in Houston, Texas; a resource managers. Through the National Advisory Committee on twenty-five-foot space simulator in Legacy Resource Management Aeronautics) constructed and con­ Pasadena, California; and the neu­ Program, the Department of verted facilities for the space pro­ tral buoyancy space simulator in Defense sponsored many studies of gram. These facilities, which are sig­ Huntsville, Alabama. Cold War cultural resources. Cold nificant to the nation's space pro­ The National Park Service has War properties-including aviation gram and its successful Project determined that the main terminal properties-may be candidates for Apollo, are less than fifty years old. building at the Dulles Airport out­ the National Register under this Many space facilities of excep- side of Washington, a building "exceptional importance" rule; the

Above: A monument erected in 1938 and a second in 1953 mark the site of the airplane crash near Barrow, Alaska, that claimed the lives of world­ renowned aviator Wiley Post and actor, author, and humorist Will Rogers. Although the wreckage of the 1935 crash has been removed, the property is listed in the National Register for its symbolic value as a memorial to the men's lives. (Naval Arctic Research Laboratory, 1973) Left: The Wright Brothers National Memorial Shaft, completed in 1932 at Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina, commemorates the conquest of the air by the brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright. (Kenneth A. John, National Park Service, June, 1975)

34 A F-117A Stealth aircraftundergo­ ing icing tests in the main chamber of the McKinley Climatic Labora­ tory at Elgin Air Force Base, Fort Walton Beach, FL. Thelaboratory, whose period of significance extends to within the past fifty years, was listed based on excep­ tional importance for its contribu­ tion to the development of military aviation during the World War II and Cold War eras, and for its advanced engineering design. (Official U.S.A.F. photograph, 1991) Since its construction in 1965, NASA's Space Environment Simulation Laboratory in Houston, Texas, has been the primary loca­ tion for testing of flighthardware for the manned space program, space shuttle systems, and satellite systems. This 1968 photograph shows three astronauts entering Apollo Spacecraft2TV-1 for an eight-day manned thermal-vacuum testing. (Official NASA photograph, June 11, 1968) exceptional importance is in addi­ tion to meeting National Register Criteria in general. The phrase "exceptional importance" may be applied to the extraordinary impor­ tance of an event or to an entire cat­ egory of resources so fragile that survivors of any age are unusual. Exceptional importance does not require that the property be of national significance. It is a measure of the property's importance within the appropriate historic context, whether the scale of the context is local, state, or national. The retirement and replacement of aircraft by airlines raise preserva­ tion issues concerning obsolete jet liners that are less than fifty years old. Similarly, the replacement of private and sport aircraft with newer, higher-technology models poses questions now about the preservation of aircraft less than fifty years old. Some of these aircraft may qualify for National Register listing. Refer to National Register Bulletin: Guidelines for Evaluating and 35 Nominating Properties That Have Setting is the physical environ­ National Register generally excludes Achieved Significance Within the Last ment of a historic property. museum objects from being listed. It Fifty Years for further guidance on Whereas location refers to the spe­ would not be practical or useful to this topic. cific place where a property was list in the National Register the built or an event occurred, setting many millions of museum objects EVALUATING THE refers to the character of the place which might be found significant where the property is found. It under the criteria. Museum objects INTEGRITY OF involves how, not just where, the do not have integrity of location or HISTORIC AVIATION property is situated and its relation­ setting under the National Register ship to its surroundings. criteria because museums are not PROPERTIES The relationship between a prop­ the location or setting in which air­ erty and its location is often impor­ craft achieved significance. In addition to being significant tant to understanding why the How does this policy relate to air­ under the National Register Criteria, property was created or why some­ craft? In short, aircraft which have properties must retain integrity to thing happened. The actual location been removed from an aviation set­ be listed. Integrity is the ability of a of a historic property, complement­ ting and are now museum objects, property to convey its significance. ed by its setting, is particularly in the traditional sense, generally The National Register recognizes important in recapturing the sense will not qualify for the National seven aspects or qualities that, in of historic events and persons. Register. National Register status for various combinations, define Except in rare cases, the relationship museum objects is redundant since integrity. To retain historic integrity between a property and its historic the objectives of recognition and a property will always possess sev­ associations is destroyed if the prop­ preservation are inherent in the eral, and usually most, of the erty is moved. (See Criteria museum mission. For example, the aspects. The retention of specific Consideration B, pages 31-32, for airplanes maintained and displayed aspects of integrity is paramount for the conditions under which a his­ at the Smithsonian Institution's a property to convey its significance. toric aviation property which has National Air and Space Museum on Determining which of the aspects been moved is eligible.) the Mall in Washington, D.C., while are most important to a particular The National Register recognizes, historically significant, would not property requires knowing why, however, that some types of meet the National Register criteria where, and when the property is resources were designed to be because they do not meet the significant. moved. Ships, railroad cars, trolleys, requirement for setting. This in no The basic guidance for evaluating and airplanes are property types way detracts from the extraordinary the integrity of historic properties if that were constructed to be mobile; importance of the Wright brothers' found in National Register Bulletin: their significance is inherent in their or 's aircraft, or How to Apply the National Register ability to move. In many instances, the many others, maintained in this Criteria for Evaluation. The following they are today not located in the facility. sections supplement that bulletin place where they were constructed This general policy would not, with an emphasis on evaluating the or where the historic event(s) with however, disqualify an aircraft integrity of historic aircraft. which they are associated occurred. simply because it is part of a col­ These properties may still be able to lection. The deciding factor will be SEVEN ASPECTS OF convey their importance despite not appropriateness of setting. If an air­ INTEGRITY: being at their original location. Thus craft is part of a collection and: (a) is it is not required that movable important under the National • Location objects be at their original location Register criteria, (b) retains integrity in order to retain integrity. of materials, design, workmanship, • Setting What is required of these mov­ feeling and association; and (c) is in • Materials able properties, in order to be eligi­ a setting which is appropriate to an ble, is that the structure (as the aircraft and allows it to convey its • Design National Register categorizes ships, significance as an aircraft, then it • Workmanship railroad cars, trolleys, and aircraft) will be eligible. An example of an must have an appropriate setting. appropriate setting would be an air­ • Feeling This requirement applies both to related facility where the aircraft is • Association historic aircraft which are still being maintained. A historic SBD flown and those which are not. Dauntless parked on Location is the place where the Aircraft located in museums an aircraft parking ramp, or inside historic property was constructed of a hanger, at a naval aviation sta­ directly raise the issue of appropri­ or the place where the historic tion would meet the requirement of ateness of location and setting. The event occurred. integrity of setting, as would a his- 36 toric DC-3 maintained in a hanger at a municipal airport. Aircraft kept within modern buildings construct­ ed to house a collection could quali­ fy if the building itself were in an appropriate setting. For example, if a period aircraft is situated within a modern building designed to store and display the aircraft, and the building is located near the runways at an airport, it might qualify. As with all other National Register property types, the aircraft must be judged on an individual basis to determine if it is significant and retains integrity. A question to consider is does the aircraft have to be located at a facili­ ty where it was historically associat­ ed to qualify? The short answer is NO. It is not required that period aircraft be located at an airfield where historically they were based. Nor would we expect, for example, to find a WWII carrier based air­ plane still located on a ship floating off of an island in the Pacific. The general requirement, then, is that historic aircraft must be located in an appropriate setting, such as an air-related facility. Materials are the physical ele­ ments that were combined or deposited during a particular period of time and in a particular patternor configuration to form a historic 'property. A property must retain the key materials dating from its period of its significance. If the property has been rehabilitated, the historic materials and significant features must have been preserved. The property must also be an actual historic resource, To qualifyfor the National Register, a property must retain the essential not a recreation; a recent structure physical characteristics it possessed during its defined period of signifi­ fabricated to look historic is not eligi­ cance. These two photographs, taken ca. 1938 and in 1988, demonstrate that ble. Likewise, a property whose his­ the Administration Building at Bowman Field in Louisville, Kentucky, toric features and materials have retains the majority of its original building materials and features and is been lost and then reconstructed is able to recall its role in the history of aviation in the State. (Photographer usually not eligible. (See Criteria unknown, ca. 1938, and Margaret Warminski, August, 1988, both courtesy of Consideration E on page 33 for the the Kentucky Heritage Council) conditions under which a recon­ structed property can be eligible.) An aircraft's integrity of materials cannot be evaluated without an understanding of the nature of air­ craft maintenance, and the periodic 37 replacement of parts. With this airframe and systems prior to the (3) The number of operating understanding one can identify the first flight of the day (pre-flight hours since its last overhaul or essential components of an aircraft inspection). A less detailed inspec­ since commissioning; and which must be retained for the air­ tion is performed after every flight (4) The service to which the air­ craft to be considered historic. The (thru-flight inspection), and after the craft has been subject. following discussion of aircraft last flight of the day, another maintenance focuses on military air­ detailed inspection is performed, In addition, the manual provides craft, but the general principles are (post-flight inspection), and is usu­ that the aircraft will undergo daily broadly applicable to all aircraft. ally even more thorough than the inspections, 30-hour inspections, pre-flight. If the aircraft operated in and 6-week inspections. THE NATURE OF an unusual altitude or high-g condi­ These systems of inspection con­ tion special inspections are per­ tribute to the relatively frequent AIRCRAFT formed. In addition to these daily replacement of parts. When F-lllA, MAINTENANCE inspections the aircraft is subject to number 67-087, goes into the phase "periodic, phase inspections." The dock for inspection and has both An aircraft is a complex, relative­ periodic inspection, like time change engines changed, a refurbished ly fragile machine, intended to oper­ item replacement, is based on the wing sweep mechanism installed, ate in an environmentinherently number of hours the aircraft has repacked main gear struts installed, unforgiving of failures of judgment flown. Most modern aircraft operate and its primary hydraulic reservoir or material. The design of aircraft under a periodic cycle of in-depth replaced, it leaves the phase dock as has evolved with a tendency to inspections that vary in degree, F-lllA number 67-087. In fact, even incorporate redundant critical com­ depending on where they are in the if the wings are removed and ponents and rigid schedules of cycle. For instance, after two hun­ replaced along with numerous skin inspections. These designed inspec­ dred hours an aircraft might enter panels and the radar nose cone, it is tion requirements include the peri­ its Number 1 phase inspection; after still aircraft 67-087. odic, programmed, replacement of another two hundred hours it enters As is the case with most artifacts, system components. For instance, a a slightly more in-depth Number 2 frequent hard use over a long peri­ "time change item" is a part that is phase. After a further two hundred od of time equates to frequent repair to be changed after the accumula­ hours it enters the most detailed or replacement of component parts. tion of a specified number of opera­ Number 3 phase inspection, after Aircraft are designed for the fre­ tional hours or cycles. An example which it starts the cycle all over quent removal and replacement of of a time change item is an oil filter. again. Each of these periodic or parts. Close examination of the skin Regardless of the apparent condi­ phase inspections removes panels of modern and historic aircraft will tion of the item, at the end of its and parts to thoroughly inspect the reveal that many skin panels have specified operational time the item aircraft for wear or damage. These quick release latches or easily is removed and replaced. inspections can take from two to six removed fasteners to allow access to Depending on the type of item, it weeks to complete. This entire sys­ the interior of the . Many might be refurbished and installed tem of preventive maintenance is aircraft have quick access panels, in another aircraft. Aircraft engines aimed at preventing or fixing prob­ whose sole reason for existence is to are good examples of system com­ lems before they ground the aircraft allow quick inspection of some inte­ ponents that are removed, inspect­ or endanger the aircrew. rior section or component. Even the ed, refurbished, and reinstalled on The Bureau of Aeronautics terminology of hardware indicates an operational time basis. After a Manual for 1945 states that periodic the replaceable nature of compo­ number of operating hours specified inspections will be performed as nents; modern "black boxes" are by the manufacturer, an aircraft specified in the specific aircraft's often "LRUs" (Line Replaceable engine is removed and thoroughly technical manual and: Units). Electrical instruments in his­ inspected and refurbished. The U.S. toric and modern aircraft are con­ Army's aircraft that circled the globe The following factors shall nected to the power system through in 1924, the "World ," used determine when an aircraft is to "Quick Disconnects" or "Cannon Liberty engines, which were be overhauled: Plugs." To remove the engine of a P-80 or T-33 jet aircraft, the after replaced after every fifty hours of (1) The current condition of the portion of the fuselage (the empen­ operation. In the case of a modern aircraft and its component nage) is removed. The P-80/T-33 F-15, some items are changed based parts; on the number of times the pilot is attached to the rest of cycles the throttle. (2) The number of months that the the fuselage with only three bolts. The modern military fighter air­ aircraft has been inan operat­ The J-33 engine of the T-33 is craft undergoes an inspection of its ing status since its last overhaul mounted inside the fuselage with or since commissioning; three bolts. An F-lllA main gear tire 38 is held to the strut axle with one So, when does an aircraft stop removed and replaced in the life of nut. These examples indicate the being the "original?" As long as an an aircraft, and these must be consid­ "Remove and Replace" nature of aircraft retains the majority of its ered the key materials of an aircraft. many aircraft components. original structural members, it Although it is possible that a given Aircraft are also subject to contin­ should be considered the authentic aircraft may have seen some of these ual modification in their service aircraft. Spars, stringers, longerons things replaced, it is likely only a lives. As operational experience is and other structural parts are not small percentage. If an aircraft is de­ gained, changes are made to the usually changed in an aircraft's exis­ paneled, and all of the structural original design. If these changes tence. Some repair work may be members (ribs, spars, stringers, etc. ) become substantial the design may done that replaces ribs or stringer are replaced, and the skin panels or be identified with a new model des­ sections but never comprehensively. fabric is replaced, it is no longer the ignation thus the existence of both Most commercial and military oper­ original aircraft but a replica. If the F6F-3 Hellcat and F6F-5 Hellcat air­ ators will not invest the money structural members are replaced and craft designations. Throughout their required to comprehensively replace the original skin and components are service life aircraft are continually major structural members to re­ reinstalled, the aircraft retains a mini­ being updated. A F4-E Phantom that establish an air-worthy aircraft. mal integrity of materials and would participated in action over Vietnam Private flying enthusiasts may be not normally be considered a candi­ and continued its career for ten or willing to make that investment. date for the National Register. twenty years afterwards will have Thus, the aircraft records should be Aircraft that are reconstructed from features incorporated that did not examined to identify the depth of parts in a crash site debris field do exist during its time of war service. any restoration work accomplished not have integrity of materials. How does this impact integrity of outside of the aircraft's military However, an aircraft crash site that design and materials? operational life. does not contain all of the aircraft Although the above aircraft may As discussed above, aircraft by parts (a debris field) may still have have been updated, it is still the their nature undergo constant integrity as an archeological site. same aircraft that flew in Vietnam. If changes of system parts throughout Other components, such as sys­ possible, changes that were incorpo­ their service lives. Engines, pumps, tems parts (fuel system, hydraulic rated over time should be identified actuators, radios, etc., are all period­ system, power plant, flight control in documenting an aircraft for ically replaced based on time in system, etc.) are more readily National Register nomination. This operation and condition. For an air­ changed. Engines, pumps, actuators, does not mean that every minor craft at an underwater crash site, the reservoirs, cables, etc., are all likely detail, such as an "O-ring" seal site is a physical record of the time to have been repeatedly changed if change or every wire bundle sup­ of the crash. An aircraft that contin­ an aircraft had a long operational port bracket modification, needs to ued to fly beyond its historic period life. Integrity of materials therefore be documented. What it does mean must be examined to establish that should be interpreted in this light, is that if the landing gear struts it is still indeed the historic aircraft. i.e., contemporary replacement parts were significantly modified, that Research into the design history of a would be acceptable versus original change should be documented, given aircraft type is essential to parts; if possible verify the historical since it may reflect important devel­ verification of design integrity and replacement of the part versus a opments in the use of the aircraft. If identification of features that must modern reconstruction. all of the wire bundle support be present to qualify as a specific Some materials are obviously brackets were modified because of a aircraft type. Those features and inappropriate for a given aircraft. It vibration problem, that too might system parts, so identified, should would be inappropriate to use alu­ warrant discussion. It should be be authentic to the historic opera­ minum ailerons on an aircraft that kept in mind that an aircraft is a tional period. Refurbished contem­ historically had fabric-covered piece of complex technology. No porary parts were historically used ailerons. In the same light, a World matter what criterion for nomina­ in the aircraft maintenance cycle, War II aircraft with an engine that tion is used, the technical aspects of and are, therefore, appropriate, as is was not available during the 1940s the aircraft's history will remain replacement in kind as part of would not be a candidate for the important. For military aircraft this routine maintenance. National Register if it is being sub­ is relatively easy to discern; when mitted for association with World significant modification has War II. An SBD Dauntless dive occurred the military usually redes­ THE ESSENTIAL TEST FOR bomber has been recovered from ignates the aircraft. For instance, INTEGRITY OF MATERIALS Lake Michigan by the National when F-lllA 67-041 was modified Museum of Naval Aviation. This to test the F-lll's potential for elec­ Aircraft structures such as ribs, SBD-2, Bureau Number 2106, a U.S. tronic jamming it was redesignated frames, longerons, stringers, spars, Navy Dauntless dive bomber, saw EF-111 A, number 67-041. skin panels, etc., are not readily action with the U.S. Marine Corps, 39 Scout-Bomber Squadron VMSB-241 ing still retain the design qualities of skill in constructing or altering a at the Battle of Midway in World its architect? Does an airplane reflect building, structure, object, or site. War II. The aircraft was damaged the design of its type; or the design Workmanship can apply to the prop­ and returned to the U.S. for training of a special purpose of historic erty as a whole or to its individual use. On June 11, 1943, this SBD-2 importance? Does a radio range components. Workmanship is impor­ crashed into Lake Michigan (the beacon contain the features charac­ tant, because it can furnish evidence pilot survived). SBD-2, number 2106 teristic of its design? Have changes of the technology of a craft, illustrate most likely does not have the over time altered the design associ­ the aesthetic principles of a historic Wright R-1820-32 engine in it that it ated with the historical significance or prehistoric period, and reveal had at Midway, but it should have of the particular property? individual, local, regional, or nation­ an R-1820-32 engine and it should Aircraft by their nature undergo al applications of both technological be the R-1820-32 engine that was constant changes of system parts practices and aesthetic principles. installed in it when recovered from throughout their service lives; Aircraft can exhibit examples of Lake Michigan. In other words, in engines, pumps, actuators, radios, distinguished workmanship. the course of normal flight and etc., are all periodically changed. Production methods can reflect maintenance, the engine on 2106 Research into the history of a given workmanship as evidenced in the may have been changed numerous aircraft design series is essential to transition from shop to line produc­ times, but its design required a verification of design integrity and tion during the wars and how pre­ Wright R-1820-32 engine and that is identification of features which war and wartime aircraft differ, the engine type that should be on must be present to qualify as a even for the same model. Distinctive the aircraft. specificaircraft type. aircraft markings such as nose art Aircraft recovered from under­ Determination of integrity of should be considered examples of water, especially from salt water, design, therefore, requires a knowl­ workmanship. Other field modifica­ require conservation treatment to edge of designation attributes. An tions should fall under this category. stabilize and preserve them for the F4F Wildcat can be distinguished An F4F squadron stationed on air­ future. If this conservation process from an F6F Hellcat fairly easily craft carrier CV-6 in 1942, installed repairs or replaces portions of the even though both have a similar sil­ steel boiler plate to protect its pilots aircraft, the treatment may affect the houette. If the main landing gear in a time prior to factory installation aircraft's eligibility for the National resembles a trapeze extending from of aircraft armor plate on F4Fs. This Register. The question is one of the underside of the fuselage, just modification is an example of field degree. Those conservation methods forward and below of the wind­ response to an immediate need. As and treatments required to preserve screen, then it is an F4F. If the main such, it is also an example of work­ an aircraft are not likely to jeopar­ landing gear is comprised of two manship. Whether the boiler plates dize an aircraft's eligibility. individual gears, each a single strut were bolted in or welded, and the Cosmetic changes or additions to extending from under each wing, workmanship of the machinist's the recovered property are inappro­ then the aircraft is an F6F. holes or the cut edges of the plate priate unless the intent is to return However, an F4F-3 is not as easily and weld seam are indications of the aircraft to its configuration distinguished from an F4F-4. The the quality of the welder's work­ immediately before the crash. In F4F-3 Wildcat had four .50 caliber manship. other words, if a historic aircraft is machine guns, two in each wing, Another example is the engine recovered and is found to be miss­ and lacked a folding wing feature. bolts on SBD-2 bureau number 2106, ing its canopy and wing flaps as a An F4F-4 had folding wings and six, the aircraft discussed earlier. Critical result of its underwater environ­ .50 caliber machine guns. An F4F attachment bolts in various parts of ment, replacement of those parts billed as a F4F-4 model that has an aircraft have holes drilled in the with contemporary or clearly identi­ non-folding wings should be sus­ bolt-head faces through which pass fied modern replicas is appropriate pect. Within any given design series steel safety, or locking wire. The and should not jeopardize the his­ there may be numerous modifica­ wire is intended to keep the bolts toric integrity of the aircraft. tions and models. The changes that from backing out, much like cotter However, the ideal is to conserve distinguish one model from another keys are used to keep nuts from the aircraft as an archeological arti­ may or may not be readily dis­ loosening. The appropriate way to fact, and therefore, minimum cos­ cernible, thus sound research is attach safety wire is to loop it metic actions should be employed. required. through a series of bolts, with the tension pulling on the bolt head in a Design is the combination of Workmanship is the physical clockwise, tightening direction. The elements that create the form, plan, evidence of the crafts of a particular safety wire on the engine case bolts space, structure, and style of a culture or people during any given of SBD-2, 2106, is pulling in a In evaluating integrity of It is property. period of history or prehistory. counter-clockwise direction. Either design you might ask, does a build- the evidence of artisans' labor and the case bolts are a non-standard 40 type or the safety wire is installed salvage and souvenir hunters, parts incorrectly. If incorrectly installed, cannibalization, wear and tear of this poor workmanship is an indica­ normal operation, the replacement tion of aircraft maintenance ability and modification of components as both at the Naval Air Station that routine maintenance of operational the aircraft was assigned to and aircraft, as well as damage from where the engine was assembled. moisture, light, fungus, and rodents. Workmanship may be particular­ These factors affect an aircraft's ly evident in airplanes built before integrity, and each aircraft must be WW IL During that period, light air­ evaluated individually to determine planes had numerous hand-crafted if it retains the essential features parts. Many aspects of the airplanes' necessary to retain historic integrity. construction, such as ribstitching, propeller carving, the placement of reinforcing tape, or the doped finish, can be evidence of high-quality or poor workmanship. These features should be noted and evaluated. Feeling is a property's expres­ sion of the aesthetic or historic sense of a particular period of time. It results from the presence of physi­ cal features that, taken together, con­ vey the property's historic character. Association is the direct link between an important historic event or person and a historic property. A property retains associa­ tion if it is the place where the event or activity occurred and is suffi­ ciently intact to convey that relation­ ship to an observer. Like feeling, association requires thepresence of physical features that convey a property's historic character. This is . a self-explanatory requirement; the aircraft either is directly associated with an historic event or person or it is not. In conclusion, old airplanes often require restoration. As noted by the Paul E. Garber Preservation, Restoration, and Storage Facility of the National Air and Space Museum: "Many [aircraft] have been left to the ravages of weather, and airplanes are not built to last in adverse condi­ tions. Their materials-light metal alloys, wood, fabric, rubber, and plastic-are not selected for durabili­ ty but for maximum strength and minimum weight. Wood rots, cloth decomposes and tears, rubber hard­ ens and crumbles, and metals suc­ cumb to corrosion." In addition to weather,aircraft suffer accidents, 41 V. NOMINATING HISTORIC AVIATION PROPERTIES

DOCUMENTING THE extensively recorded the develop­ struction, and materials also may be PROPERTY ment of commercial aviation in found among the records of the Airlines of the United States and other Aircraft Production Board of World books. Henry Ladd Smith also War I and other records in the Army Physical inspection and records investigated commercial aviation for Air Forces record group at the search are necessary for the docu­ his books Airways and Airways National Archives. Industrial mentation of the individual charac­ Abroad. Such publications contain archives, like that of the Boeing teristics of the property. National information about airlines and the Company in Seattle, preserve engi­ Register forms will provide a gener­ airplanes flown. Similarly, books on neering drawings, technical publica­ al outline of the data required. military aviation provide data not tions, and other industrial records of Search for information about the only on the military organizations, products and processes. historic context of the property, the but also about military aircraft; for The various military services and property's association with impor­ example, see Peter B. Mersky's U.S. the many manufacturers adopted tant events and people, and the Marine Corps Aviation, William T. different systems, and changed sys­ period during which the property Larkins' U.S. Marine Corps Aircraft, tems, of designating aircraft and air­ was significant. 1914-1959, Gordon Swanborough craft equipment. An explanation of Among the published sources and Peter M. Bowers' United States the U.S. Naval aircraft designa­ about historic airplanes are several Navy Aircraft since 1911, or Maurer tions-type or class designations, valuable reference series. From 1927 Maurer, Aviation in the U.S. Army, manufacturers' identification letters, to 1939, the Department of 1919-1930. Navy suffix letters and prefix letters, Commerce issued an "Approved Archival collections also contain mission symbols, and what each Type Certificate" or A.T.C. to manu­ documentary sources. If the military designation means-appears in the facturers for each type of aircraft serial number of an aircraft is front of Aircraft certified as airworthy. Joseph P. known, there might be a corre­ since 1911, by Gordon Swanborough Juptner compiled information about sponding serial number card on file and Peter M. Bowers. For the U.S. each A.T.C. aircraft, arranged by in the Archives of the National Air Army aircraft designation systems, A.T.C. number, in a nine-volume and Space Museum of the see the appendix of U.S. Army series entitled U.S. Civil Aircraft Smithsonian Institution. If the civil Aircraft since 1947, by Stephen Series. The "Putnam" series, pub­ registration number is known for Harding. The Coast Guard designa­ lished by Putnam in Great Britain aircraft Federally registered between tions are explained by Arthur and reprinted in the United States 1926 and 1946, two sources can be Pearcy in U.S. Coast Guard Aircraft by the Naval Institute Press, pre­ checked-the U.S. Registered since 1916. sents information about aircraft Aircraft Project at the National Air Different systems were also manufacturers and their aircraft, one and Space Museum's Archives and employed to designate models of manufacturer per title; see, for records at the Federal Aviation engines and other aircraft equip­ example, Rene J. Francillon's Administration's Monroney ment. For samples of designations Lockheed Aircraft since 1913. The Aeronautical Center in Oklahoma of engine models, see Model books in the Putnam series also City. The Federal Aviation Designations of USAF Aircraft explain the respective manufacturers' Administration maintains records of Engines, issued by the Air Force Air model designations and constructor's airplanes by the civil registration or Materiel Command, and Pratt & numbers (CNs) or serial numbers "N-number" and by the manufac­ Whitney Aircraft Engine Model (SNs), as well as the military designa­ turer's serial number, also known as Designations and Characteristics, regu­ tions for military equipment. the "C/N" or constructor's number. larly updated by the Pratt & The historian R.E.G. Davies has Information on production, con- Whitney Aircraft Division of United 42 Aircraft Corporation after 1945, and HAER, established in 1969, on IDENTIFYING THE including jet engines in later years. engineering heritage. The HABS/ HISTORIC CONTEXT The military services maintain HAER collections include photo­ history centers and museums that graphs, measured drawings, and A historic property can only be can provide guidance to a written histories of buildings and understood when it is evaluated researcher or access to records. The engineering sites recorded by with its historic context. Naval Historical Center, with its HABS/ HAER over the years. These National Register Bulletin: How to Complete the Naval Aviation History Branch, is records are at the HABS/ HAER National Register Multiple Property located at the Washington Navy Office, within the National Park Documentation Form provides guid­ Yard in Washington, D.C. The Service, and at the Library of ance on how to develop a historic National Museum of Naval Aviation Congress. HABS / HAER surveys context. Discuss the different is at the Naval Air Station in cover properties listed in the themes, geographic parameters, and Pensacola, Florida. The History and National Register, like the Pensacola periods of the property's significant Museums Division of Headquarters, Naval Air Station in Florida, and development, and the different lev­ U.S. Marine Corps, is located at the properties not listed on the National els of significance-local, State, or Marine Corps Historical Center, also Register, like the Wright-Patterson National. For trends in aviation his­ at the Washington Navy Yard. The Air Force Base in Ohio. HABS / tory, see the standard surveys, such Marine Corps Air-Ground Museum HAER creates benchmark documen­ as Roger E. Bilstein's Flight in is located at the Marine Corps Base, tation that can serve as the basis for America. Quantico, Virginia. The Air Force cultural resource management deci­ Primary literature, as well as the Historical Research Agency is at sions, and that can support a nomi­ secondary literature, can illuminate in Alabama, nation to the National Register. different aspects and contexts of avi­ and the Also, HABS/ HAER develops tech­ ation. For the development of Museum is at Wright Patterson Air niques and technologies, like pho­ Federal airways in the 1930s, for Force Base in Ohio. The Historian's togrammetry and computer-aided­ example, see the Air Commerce Office of the Coast Guard is at Coast drafting, for documenting the his­ Bulletin, published by the U.S. Guard Headquarters, Washington, toric built environment. HABS / Department of Commerce from 1929 D.C. The Army Corps of Engineers, HAER is thus a resource for infor­ into 1939, and historian Nick A. which constructed many aviation­ mation about aviation properties as Komons' book Bonfires to Beacons. related facilities, maintains a well as a resource for methods of In the same series as Komons' book Historian's Office in Washington, documenting properties. are Turbulence Aloft about the Civil D.C. Aviation archeology is a specialty Aeronautics Authority, 1938-1940, Information may be found in within both historical archeology and the Civil Aeronautics sources not clearly identified as avi­ and industrial archeology; thus, Administration from 1940 to 1953; ation. As one example, the Stone & guidelines can also be found in liter­ Takeoffat Mid-Centuryabout the Webster collection, located in the ature not specifically related to avia­ Civil Aeronautics Administration Historical Collections at the Baker tion, like the textbook Industrial and the Federal Aviation Agency, Library, , Archaeology: Techniques, edited by 1953-1961; Safe, Separated and includes completion cost reports for Emory L. Kemp. In general, archeo­ Soaring about the Federal Aviation construction projects done for the logical techniques for surveying and Agency and Federal Aviation Curtiss Airports Corporation. Before documenting a site can be applied Administration, 1961-1972; and 1931, Stone & Webster completed 22 to aviation sites. The technical data Troubled Passage, 1973-1977. These Curtiss airport construction projects recorded needs to be appropriate to books address issues of civil avia­ at the Miami Airport and Sea Plane the technology being recorded; a tion, including commercial and pri­ Base, the Oklahoma City Airport, wind tunnel, for example, requires vate flying, as well as civil-military the Valley Stream Airport on Long different terms and measurements relations, and each volume is exten­ Island, the Los Angeles Airport, and than an airplane or a factory site, sively documented with references other airports around the country. but the tools and techniques remain to original source material. Refer to Field documentation of an avia­ the same. Techniques for the study the bibliography at the end of this tion property is also important. The of submerged shipwrecks can be bulletin for a more complete listing Historic American Buildings Survey applied to ditched aircraft now rest­ of source of information on aviation and the Historic American ing under water; see, for example, history and properties. Engineering Record, known jointly National Register Bulletin: Nominating as HABS / HAER, maintains profes­ Historic Vessels and Shipwrecks to the sional standards for the documenta­ National Register of Historic Places. tion of architectural and engineering properties. HABS, founded in 1933, focuses on architectural heritage, 43 DETERMINING changes have affected the important IMPORTANT characteristics of the aircraft. CHARACTERISTICS EVALUATING

Determination of the characteris­ SIGNIFICANCE tics that make the property a good representative of a type is necessary Evaluation of the significance of to judge the significance of a proper­ the property should be based on the ty. Physical inspection of the proper­ National Register Criteria; see ty is essential. Date each important National Register Bulletin: How to characteristic, and describe its con­ Apply the National Register Criteria for dition. Relate each characteristic to Evaluation. The evaluation should the historical theme or period that consider the context of aviation his­ gives it significance. tory. In civil aviation, important top­ For an airport, for example, list ics or contexts might be general avi­ the dates of construction, the princi­ ation and private flying, commercial pal engineers, the length of the run­ transportation, airmail, crop dusting ways, the surface materials, the con­ and other agricultural uses, fire trol tower, hangars, terminals, and fighting, sports flying, aerial sur­ other buildings, the communication veys and exploration, aerial photog­ system, historic aircraft at the airport, raphy, and research. In the field of and alterations to the property. Place military aviation significance might theairport in the context of airport be derived from the military mis­ development in general as well as the sion, whether combat (attack, history of flying at that location. bomber, fighter, etc.), observation Check historical, architectural, engi­ and reconnaissance, training, utility neering, archeological, and cultural (including cargo and transport), or features for both significance and research. Aviation research and integrity. Using such information, development and production determine what characteristics of the themes may appear significantly in property are important. both civil and military aviation. The For aircraft, list the aircraft's type, evaluation of significance must also name, and builder. Include the ver­ address the question of level of sig­ nacular name if there is one. Provide nificance. Is the property significant the aircraft's construction date and to the history of thelocale, State, or date of modifications other than Nation? those that are part of routine main­ tenance. Define the aircraft's historic EVALUATING characteristics (those design features associated with the designation). In INTEGRITY addition to the physical features, performance specifications should Evaluation of the property's also be listed (weight, speed, range, integrity is essential to understand­ etc.). Historic characteristics also ing the importance of the property. include field modifications and What features are important to the paint schemes from the aircraft's property's significance historically, service life. What were the historical archeologically, architecturally, cul­

influences (such as design, materi­ turally, or in terms of engineering als, style, or function) on the air­ importance? The evaluation should craft's appearance? For example, an assess the features that need to be explanation should be given for the retained to preserve the integrity of adoption of the "gull" wing design the property. Review all seven of the F4U Corsair. Describe what aspects of integrity. Refer to pages changes have been made over time 36-41 for guidance on evaluating and when. Explain how these integrity. 44 VI. PREPARING THE NATIONAL REGISTER NOMINATION

To prepare a National Register GUIDELINES FOR DESCRIPTION nomination, follow basic instruc­ COUNTING AVIATION tions in National Register Bulletin: In this section provide a narrative How to Complete the National Register RESOURCES describing the current and historic Registration Form. appearance and condition of the his­ The following guidance supple­ Contributing and non-contribut­ toric aviation property. The narra­ ments that Bulletin and is organized ing resources are counted according tive should begin with a summary according to the section name of the to guidelines in National Register paragraph that brieflydescribes the National Register registration form. Bulletin: How to Complete the National property, noting its major physical Register Registration Form. An air­ characteristics and assessing its NAME OF PROPERTY craft counts as one structure. For air­ overall integrity. Additional para­ related facilities count only build­ graphs describing the aviation prop­ ings, objects, structures, or sites erty should support the summary The historic name of aviation which are substantial in size and paragraph. properties will be used to identify it scale, or that are specifically dis­ In describing aircraft, use official in the National Register files, the cussed in the text. designations: computerized National Register Information System (NRIS), and any • Manufacturer's designation publications. If there is more than FUNCTION • Constructor's number one historic name for a facility, enter the name that best reflects the sig­ National Register Bulletin: How to • Civil or military registration nificance of the property; enter other Complete the National Register number historic or different names under Registration Form includes a list of • Civil or military designation of "other names." historic functions that should be con­ type or class sulted to define both the historic and CLASSIFICATION present uses of the historicaviation • Aircraft's configuration property. Only the most predomi­ sequence nant functions of theproperty • Type model number Intact aircraft are classified as should be listed. Functions thatmay "structures"; aviation wrecks are apply to historic aviationproperties • Status prefix letters either structures or "sites." Other could include: "domestic" (for insti­ • Special purpose suffix letters examples of structures are naviga­ tutional housing on an air base); tion beacons and seaplane ramps. A "commerce I trade" (for an air-related • Mission designation single air-related facility (such as a facility associated with commercial • Serial number for the specific hangar, a terminal building, or a endeavors); "social" (for an air-relat­ aircraft control tower) is a "building." An ed facility containing an important air-related facility with a combina­ recreation hall); "education" (for air­ • Appropriate designations for tion of buildings, sites, structures, or related educational institutions); major components,like objects is a "district." Refer to "industry" (for aircraft manufactur­ engines,propellers, and land­ National Register Bulletin: How to ing plants); "defense" (for aircraft, air ing gear, and the manufactur­ Complete the National Register base, missile launching sites); and ers of the major components Registration Form for definitions and "transportation" (for aircraft, For aircraft, the Description Section additional examples. hangars, airports, launching sites). should address thefollowing: 45 • When was the aircraft con­ • What is the property's period • Education: air-related facilities structed? of significance? associated with conveying or acquiring knowledge of • What are the aircraft's historic • Who are the leading individu­ aviation design, doctrine, or characteristics? als associated with the proper­ training. ty and what was their role in • What were the historical influ­ the property's history? • Engineering: aircraft, manufac­ ences (such as design, materi­ turing plants, or research facili­ als, style or function) on the ties important for aviation aircraft's appearance? AREAS OF technological developments, or • What modifications, major SIGNIFICANCE aircraft significant for their repairs, alterations, and other engineering characteristics. changes have been made over From National Register Bulletin: • Entertainment/Recreation: air­ time and when? How have How to Complete the National Register craft used for leisure activities, these changes (other than rou­ Registration Form, select the "areas of diversion, amusement, or tine maintenance that replaces significance" which reflect the sport, and aircraft plants asso­ existing parts in kind) affected importance of the nominated prop­ ciated with the production of the aircraft's integrity? erty. Common areas of significance civilian recreational aircraft, as to consider for historic aviation • What is the current condition of well as properties used in properties are: the aircraft, including exterior recreational aviation activities. and interior features? • Agriculture: aircraft engaged in • Industry: manufacturing plants agricultural production, such associated with the production as crop dusters. STATEMENT OF of aircraft and aircraft SIGNIFICANCE • Architecture: air-related facili­ components. ties which are good representa­ • Invention: aircraft or air-related tives of a type, period, or The Statement of Significance is a facilities associated with the method of construction; or that narrative that describes why the his­ invention or refinement of air­ represent the work of a master; toric aviation property was impor­ craft design. or that possess high artistic tant by explaining how the property value; or that represent a sig­ • Landscape Architecture: air­ relates to its historic context, nificant and distinguishable related facilities exhibiting sig­ National Register criteria, and areas entity whose components may nificant landscape design and periods of significance. The lack individual distinction. features. important events and persons, design qualities, or information • Archeology: aircraft (or avia­ • Military: aircraft, airfields, potential associated with the prop­ tion wrecks) and air-related manufacturing plants, or erty are discussed. The Statement of facilities that have yielded or research facilities associated Significance should begin with a may be likely to yield informa­ with the development of summary paragraph describing the tion important in the history of military aviation. overall importance of the aviation aircraft design, production, • Politics/Government: an air­ property and should be followed maintenance or operation. craft or air-related facility asso­ with additional paragraphs support­ • Art: air-related facilitiesembody­ ciated with significant political ing the significance of the property ing significantartistic design events. and its associated important events features, or an aircraft exhibiting and people. • Science: aircraft or air-related significant example of artistic The Statement of Significance facilities associated with scien­ markings or decoration. should address: tific experiments or other • Commerce: aircraft, airways, research. • How the property meets one or airfields, and air-related build­ more of the National Register • Social History: aircraft associat­ ings associated with the criteria ed with humanitarian missions growth or development of the (for example, saving of life or • Do any of the National Register business of trading goods, delivery of relief in times of criteria considerations apply to services, and commodities. emergency). the property? • Communications:aircraft • Transportation:aircraft or air­ • What are the areas of signifi­ or aids to navigation associated related facilitiesassociated with cance with which the property with thetechnology and process the development of air is associated? of transmittinginformation. transport of passengers, express or cargo, and mail. 46 BOUNDARY

General guidelines for preparing a boundary description and justifi­ cation are found in National Register Bulletin: How to Complete the National Register Registration Form. For his­ toric aircraft, the verbal boundary description may refer to the extent or dimensions of the aircraft and give its location.

PHOTOGRAPHS AND MAPS

Refer to National Register Bulletin: How to Complete the National Register Registration Form for requirements.

47 VII. RECOMMENDEDSOURCES

NATIONAL PARK Project, Pennsylvania (1991) Nominating Properties That Have SERVICE The Secretary of the Interior's Achieved Significancewithin the Standards and Guidelines for Last Fifty Years PUBLICATIONS Archeology and Historic How to Improve the Quality of Preservation (1983) Photographs for National Register CRM, (formerly CRM Bulletin, The Secretary of the Interior's Nominations Cultural Resource Management}, Standards and Guidelines for Guidelines for Evaluating and 1978-present. (Pertaining to air­ Architectural and Engineering Documenting Properties Associated planes as historic "places," see Documentation: HABSIHAER with SignificantPersons the recent comments by Carl Standards (1990) Guidelines for Evaluating and Spath, Letter to the Editor, in Volume 18, No. 2, 1995; Michael The Secretaryof the Interior's Documenting Historic Aids to S. Binder, Letter to the Editor, in Standards for Historic Vessel Navigation Volume 17, No. 9, 1994; Richard Preservation Projects with Guidelines for Evaluating and Guidelines for Applying the E. Gillespie, Letter to the Editor, Registering Historical Archeological Standards (1990) and Paul C. Diebold, Response, Sites and Districts in Volume 17, No. 4, 1994; and The Secretary of the Interior's Researching a Historic Property Standards for Rehabilitation with the article that inspired the dis­ Guidelines for Identifying, Evaluating, Illustrated Guidelines for cussion, Paul C. Diebold, and Registering America's Historic Rehabilitating Historic Buildings, "Aircraft As Cultural Resources, Battlefields the Indiana Approach," in revised edition (1992) Volume 16, No. 10, 1993. See also The Secretary of the Interior's the article by David B. Whipple, Standards for the Treatment of RESEARCH, "Aircraft as Cultural Resources: Historic Properties with Guidelines PRESERVATION, AND the Navy Approach," in Volume for Preserving, Rehabilitating, RESTORATION 18, No. 2, 1995, and Amy Slaton's Restoring, & Reconstructing article, "The Engineering of Historic Buildings (1995) Flight, Wright-Patterson Air Force Advisory Council on Historic Base," in Volume 16, No. 3, 1993.) AVIATION-RELATED Preservation. Balancing Historic Federal Historic Preservation Laws NATIONAL REGISTER Preservation Needs with the (1993) BULLETINS Operation of Highly Technical or ScientificFacilities. Washington: The Historic Sites Survey and National How to Apply the National Register Advisory Council on Historic Historic Landmarks Program, a Preservation, 1991. History, by Barry Mackintosh Criteria for Evaluation (1985) How to Complete the National Register Advisory Council on Historic Preservation. Defense Department Man in Space, Study of Alternatives Registration Form Compliance with the National (1987) How to Complete the National Register Historic Preservation Act: Section National Register of Historic Places, Multiple Property Documentation 202(a)(6) Evaluation Report. 1966-1994 (1995) Form Washington: Advisory Council on Protecting Archeological Sites on Nominating Historic Vessels and Historic Preservation, 1994. Private Lands, by Susan L. Henry Shipwrecks to the National Register Advisory Council On Historic (1993) of Historic Places Preservation. Section 106, Step-by­ Recommendations of the Large DefiningBoundaries for National Step [National Historic Preservation Industrial Artifact AdvisoryPanel, Register Properties Act, Section 106, 16 United States America's Industrial Heritage Guidelines for Evaluating and Code 470]. Washington: Advisory 48 Council on Historic Preservation Mason, Colleen, and Martin J. Golden Age. 1964; revised, New October 1986. Collins. Preserving the Historyof the York: Orion Books, 1986. Advisory Council On Historic Aerospace Industry, Proceedings of a Bowers, Peter M. Boeing Aircraft Preservation. 36 CFR Part 800: Coriferenceat the Smithsonian since 1916. 1966; 2nd edition, Protection of Historic Properties, Institution, 13-15 November 1989. 1968; : Putnam Regulations of the Advisory Council Washington: National Air and Aeronautical Books, 1989. Space Museum, Smithsonian on Historic Preservation Governing Bowers, Peter M. Curtiss Aircraft, Institution, 1990. (The focus is the Section 106 Review Process. 1907-1947. 1979; reprinted preservation of thehistoric al Washington: Advisory Council on London: Putnam, 1987. Historic Preservation, 1986; also records, thedocuments, the Compton, William David, and published in the Federal Register archives,of theaerospace industry.) Charles D. Benson. Living and on 2 September 1986 (51 FR Museum Small Craft Association. Working in Space, a History of 31115), as 36 CFR Part 800. Boats, a Manual for Their Skylab. Washington: National Documentation. Mystic, CT: Barzun, Jacques, and Henry F. Graff. Aeronautics and Space Museum Small Craft Association, The Modern Researcher. 1957; 4th Administration, 1983. edition, New York: Harcourt 1993. Compton, William David. Where No Brace Jovanovich, 1985. National Air and Space Museum, Man Has Gone Before, a History of Aircraft Blueprints, publication of the Smithsonian Institution. Apollo Lunar Exploration Missions. Restoration: the State of the Art. National Building Museum. Washington: National Aeronau­ Special Reports series of Air & Space 1981-present. (See, for example, tics and Space Administration, Smithsonian (14-page report). Joel Davidson, "Building for 1989. World War II: the Aerospace Washington: Smithsonian Francillon, Rene J. Grumman Aircraft Industry," in Volume 11, No. 4, Institution, 1994. since 1929. 1989; Annapolis: Naval Fall 1993) Nelson, Carl L. Protecting the Past Institute Press, 1989. Center for Air Force History. Coming fromNatural Disasters. Francillon, Rene J. Lockheed Aircraft in from the Cold, MilitaryHeritage Washington: Preservation Press, since 1913. 1982; Annapolis: Naval and the Cold War, Report on the 1991. Institute Press, 1987. Department of Defense Legacy Cold Rothman, Hal. Preserving Different War Project. Legacy Resource Paths: the American National Francillon, Rene J. McDonnell Management Program, June 1994. Monuments. Urbana: University Douglas Aircraft since 1920. 1979; reprinted in two volumes, Crouch, Tom. Bleriot XI, the Storyof a of Illinois Press, 1989. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, Classic Aircraft. Famous Aircraft of Rouse, Wally. Born Again, SpitfirePS 1988-1990. the National Air and Space Museum 915. Leicester, UK: Midland 5. Washington: Smithsonian Counties Publications, 1989. Jenkins, Dennis R. Space Shuttle, the Historyof Developing the National Institution Press, 1982. Black 6, the Snadden, Russ. Space Transportation System. Ellis, Ken, editor. Sally B, a Very ExtraordinaryRestoration of a Osceola, WI: Motorbooks Special Lady. Leicester, UK: Messerschmitt Bf 109. Somerset, International, 1992. Midland Publishing, 1992. UK: Patrick Stephens Limited, Larkins, William T. The Ford Tri­ The Historic American Buildings 1993. Motor, 1926-1992. West Chester, Survey and the Historic U.S. Navy, Naval Historical Center. PA: Schiffer Aviation History, American Engineering Record. "Guidelines for Evaluating 1992. America Preserved, a Checklist of Historical Significance and Historic Buildings, Structures, and Performing Field Documentation Moran, Gerard P. The Corsair, and Sites. Washington: Library of of Historic Aircraft Wrecksites." Other Aeroplanes Vought, Congress, 1995. Draft document, 1993. 1917-1977. Terre Haute, IN: Aviation Heritage Books, 1978. Historic Preservation. 1949-present. Spenser, Jay P. Vertical Challenge, the Hutt, Sherry, and Elwood W. Jones AIRCRAFT MAKES Story. Seattle: and Martin E. McAllister. AND MODELS University of Washington Press, Archeological Resource Protection. 1992. Washington: Preservation Press, National Trust for Historic Allen, Richard Sanders. The Northrop Van der Linden, F. Robert. The Preservation, 1992. Story, 1929-1939. Atglen, PA: Boeing 247, the First Modern Schiffer Aviation History, 1993. Airliner. Seattle: University of Kemp, Emory. Industrial Archaeology: Washington Press, 1991. Techniques. Malabar, FL: Krieger Allen, Richard Sanders. Revolution in Publishing Company, 1996. the Sky, the Lockheeds of Aviation's 49 Wegg, John. General Dynamics AIR MUSEUMS AND Bilstein, Roger E. Flight in America, Aircraft and Their Predecessors. COLLECTIONS from the Wright to the Astronauts. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1984; revised edition, Baltimore: 1990. Johns Hopkins University Press, Bryan, C.D.B. The National Air and 1994. Space Museum. 1979; second edi­ AIRLINES Coomb, L.F.E. The AircraftCockpit, tion, 1988; New York: Abradale fromStick-and-String to Fly-by­ Press, 1992. Wire. Wellingsborough, UK: Bender, Marilyn, and Selig Altschul. Gull, Lloyd Drake. A Directory of Patrick Stephens Limited, 1990. The Chosen Instrument, , Sources for Air and Space History, Corn, Joseph J. The Winged Gospel, Juan Trippe, the Rise and Fall of an Primary Historical Collections in America's Romance with Aviation American Entrepreneur. New York: United States Repositories. ' 1900-1950. New York: Oxford Simon and Schuster, 1982. Washington: National Air and University Press, 1983. Daly, Robert. An American Saga, Juan Space Museum, 1989. Crouch, Tom D. The Bishop's Boys, a Trippe and His Pan Am Empire. Morlan, Michael. Kitty Hawk to Life of Wilbur and Orville Wright. New York: , 1980. NASA, a Guide to U.S. Air & Space 1989; New York: W.W. Norton & Davies, R.E.G. Airlines of the United Museums and Exhibits. Shawnee, Company, 1990. States since 1914. 1972; revised, KS: Bon a Tirer Publishing, 1991. Crouch, Tom D. A Dream of Wings: Washington: Smithsonian Thompson, Bryce D. U.S. Military Americans and the Airplane, Institution Press, 1982. Museums, Historic Sites & Exhibits. 1875-1905. 198l;Washington: Falls Church, VA: Military Living Davies, R.E.G. Delta, an Airline and Smithsonian Institution Press Publications, 1989. I Its Aircraft. Miami: Paladwr Press, 1989. 1990. Dethloff, Henry C. Suddenly, Davies, R.E.G. Pan Am, an Airline AVIATION HISTORY, Tomorrow Came ...a History of the and Its Aircraft. Miami: Paladwr, GENERAL Johnson Space Center. Washington: 1987. National Aeronautics and Space Lewis, W. David, and Wesley Administration, 1993. Phillips Newton. DELTA, the Aeronautical Chamber of Commerce of America and later the Aircraft Gandt, Robert L. Clipper, the History of an Airline. : Age of the Great Flying Boats. University of Georgia Press, 1979. Industries Association of America. The Aircraft Year Book Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, Lewis, W. David, and William F. (last few volumes appeared as 1991. Trimble. The Airway to Everywhere, Aerospace Year Book). 1919-1970. Gibbs-Smith, Charles H. The a Historyof All American Aviation, Air and Space, magazine published Aeroplane, an Historical Survey of 1937-1953. Pittsburgh: University Its Origin and Development. of Pittsburgh Press, 1988. by the National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian London: Her Majesty's Stationery O'Neill, Ralph A., with Joseph F. Institution. 1986-present. Office, 1960. · Hood, A Dream of Eagles. : Air Power History, the journal of Air Glines, Carroll V. Airmail, How It All Houghton Mifflin Company, San Began. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Francisco Book Company, 1973. and Space History, published by the Center for Air Force History TAB Aero, 1990. Rummel, Robert W. Howard Hughes for the Air Force Historical Gorn, Michael H. The Universal Man and TWA. Washington: Foundation (formerly Aerospace Theodore von Ktirmtin's Lifein Smithsonian Institution PressI Historian and Airpower Aeronautics. Washington: 1991. Historian). 1954-present. Smithsonian Institution Press, Sterling, Robert. Eagle, the Story of American Aviation Historical Society 1992. American Airlines. New York: St. Journal. 1956-present. Gwynn-Jones, Terry. Farther and Martin's/ Marek, 1985. Baals, Donald D., and William R. Faster, Aviation's Adventuring Taylor, Frank J. High Horizons, Corliss. Wind Tunnels of NASA. Years, 1909-1939. Washington: Daredevil Flying Postmen to NASA SP-440. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, Modern Magic Carpet-the United National Space and Aeronautics 1991. Air Lines Story. New York: Administration, 1981. Hallion, Richard P. Legacy of Flight, McGraw-Hill Book Company, the Guggenheim Contribution to 1951. Biddle, Wayne. Barons of the Sky, fromEarly Flight to Strategic American Aviation. Seattle: Warfare, the Story of the American University of Washington Press, Aerospace Industry. New York: 1977. Simon & Schuster, 1991. 50 Hallion, Richard P. On the Frontier, Airway and its History. Iowa City: Their Aircraft. Shrewsbury, Flight Research at Dryden, University of Iowa Press, 1990. England: Airlife Publishing, 1991. 1946-1981. Washington: National Markusen, Ann and others. The Rise Strickland, Patricia. The Putt-Putt Aeronautics and Space of the Gunbelt, the Military Air Force, the Story of the Civilian Administration, 1984. Remapping of Industrial America. Pilot Training Program and the War Hallion, Richard P. Test Pilots, the . New York: Oxford University Training Service (1939-1944). Frontiersmen of Flight. 1981; Press, 1991. Washington: Federal Aviation revised edition, Washington: Pisano, Dominick A. To Fill the Skies Administration, 1984. Smithsonian Institution Press, with Pilots: The Civilian Pilot Taylor, Michael J. The Aerospace 1988. Training Program, 1939-1946. Chronology. 1983; revised edition, Hansen, James R. Engineer in Charge, Urbana & : University of London: Tri-Service Press, 1989. a History of the Langley Illinois Press, 1993. Underwood, Jeffery S. The Wings of Aeronautical Laboratory, Preston, Edmund. Troubled Passage, Democracy, the Influenceof Air 1917-1958. Washington: NASA, the Federal Aviation Administration Power on the Roosevelt Administra­ 1987. during the Nixon-Ford Term, tion, 1933-1941. College Station, Hildebrand, Grant. Designing for 1973-1977. Washington: Federal TX: Texas A&M University Press, Industry, the Architecture of Albert Aviation Administration, 1987. 1991. MA: MIT Kahn. Cambridge, Rae, John B. Climb to Greatness: the Vander Meulen, Jacob A. The Politics Press, 1974. American AircraftIndustry, of Aircraft, Building an American Hirsch, Robert S. Schneider Trophy 1920-1960. Cambridge: MIT Military Industry. Lawrence: Racers. Osceola, WI: Motorbooks Press, 1968. University of Kansas Press, 1991. International, 1992 / 1993. Robie, Bill. For Greatest Achievement, Vincenti, Walter G. What Engineers Huntington, Roger. a History of the Aero Club of Know and How They Know It, Pacers, the Pilots and Planes of America and the National Aeronau­ Analytical Studies fromAeronaut­ America's GloryDays, tic Association. Washington: ical History. Baltimore: Johns 1929-1949. Osceola, WI: Smithsonian Institution Press, Hopkins University Press, 1990. Motorbooks International, 1989. 1993. Von Braun, Wernher, and Frederick Juptner, Joseph P. U.S. Civil Aircraft Rochester, Stuart I. Takeoffat Mid­ I. Ordway III. History of Rocketry Series, 9 volumes. New York: Century, Federal Civil Aviation and Space Travel. 1966; 3rd edition, Aero Publishers, 1962-1981. Policy in the Eisenhower Years, New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Kent, Richard J., Jr. Safe, Separated, 1953-1961. Washington: Federal Company, 1975. and Soaring, a History of Federal Aviation Administration, 1976. Wenneman, Joseph H. Municipal Civil Aviation Policy, 1961-1972. Roland, Alex. Model Research, the Airports, History, Development and Washington: Federal Aviation National Advisory Committee for Legal Aspects. Cleveland, OH: Administration, 1980. Aeronautics, 1915-1958, 2 Flying Review Publishing Komons, Nick A. Bonfiresto Beacons, volumes. NASA History Series. Company, 1931. Federal Civil Aviation Policy under Washington: NASA, 1985. Wilson, John R.M. Turbulence Aloft, the Air Commerce Act, 1926-1938. Scheppler, Robert H. PacificAir Race. the Civil Aeronautics Administra­ 1977; Washington: Smithsonian Washington: Smithsonian tion amid Wars and Rumors of Institution Press, 1989. Institution Press, 1988. Wars, 1938-1953. Washington: Launius, Roger D. NASA: A History Schmeckebier, Laurence F. The Federal Aviation Administration, of the U.S. Civil Space Program. Aeronautics Branch, Department of 1979. Anvil Series. Malabar, FL: Krieger Commerce, Its History, Activities Wright, Monte Duane. Most Probable Publishing Company, 1994. and Organization. Service Position, a History of Aerial Leary, William M. Aerial Pioneers, the Monographs of the United States Navigation to 1941. Lawrence: U.S. Air Mail Service, 1918-1927. Government, No. 61. Washington: University Press of Kansas, 1972. Washington: Smithsonian Brookings Institution, 1930. Institution Press, 1985. Schmid, S.H. and Truman G. LIGHTER THAN AIR Leary, William M., ed. Aviation's Weaver. The Golden Age of Air Racing, Pre-1940. 1963; revised Golden Age: Portraits from the Althoff, William F. Sky Ships, a 1920s and 1930s. Iowa City: edition, Oshkosh, WI: EAA Foundation, 1991. History of the Airship in the United University of Iowa Press, 1989. States Navy. New York: Orion Leary, William M., ed. Pilot's Simpson, R.W. Airlife's General Books, 1990. Directions: The Transcontinental Aviation, a Guide to Postwar General Aviation Manufacturers and 51 Crouch, Tom D. The Eagle Aloft, Two Washington: United States Air Mersky, Peter B. U.S. Marine Corps Centuries of the Balloon in America. Force, 1985. Aviation, 1912 to Present. Washington: Smithsonian Hallion, Richard P. Rise of the Fighter Baltimore: Nautical & Aviation Institution Press, 1983. Aircraft, 1914-1918. Baltimore: Publishing Company of America, Hook, Thom. 'Shenandoah' Saga. Nautical & Aviation Publishing 1983. 1973; Baltimore: Airsho Company of America, 1984. Mets, David R. Master of Airpower, Publishers, 1989. Hallion, Richard P. Strike from the General Carl A. Spaatz. Novato, Payne, Lee. Lighter than Air, an Sky, the History of BattlefieldAir CA: Presidio Press, 1988. Illustrated History of the Airship. Attack, 1911-1945. Washington: Miller, Nathan. The Naval Air War, 1977; New York: Orion Press, Smithsonian Institution Press, 1939-1945. 1980; Annapolis: 1991. 1989. Naval Institute Press, 1991. Toland, John. The Great Dirigibles, Harding, Stephen. U.S. Army Morrow, John H., Jr. The Great War Their Triumphs & Disasters. 1957 Aircraft since 1947. Stillwater, MN: in the Air, MilitaryAviation from (as Ships in the Sky); New York: Specialty Press, 1990. 1909 to 1921. Washington: Dover Publications, 1972. Holley, Irving Brinton, Jr. Buying Smithsonian Institution Press, Vaeth,J. Gordon. Blimps & U-Boats, Aircraft, Materiel Procurement for 1993. U.S. Navy Airships in the Battle of the Army Air Forces, United States Nicholls, Jack C., and Warren E. the Atlantic. Annapolis: Naval Army in World War II.United Thompson. Korea, the Air War, Institute Press, 1992. States Army in World War II, 1950-1953. London: Osprey Special Studies. Washington: Aerospace, 1991. MILITARY AVIATION Office of the Chief of Military Pearce, George F. The U.S. Navy in History, Department of theArmy, Pensacola, fromSailing Ships to 1964. Naval Aviation (1825-1930). Brown, Jerold E. Where Eagles Land, Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War I. Pensacola: University Presses of Planning and Development of U.S. 1919; reprinted, London: Studio Florida, 1980. Army Airfields,1910-1941. Editions, 1992. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, Pearcy, Arthur. A History of U.S. 1990. Jane's American Fighting Aircraft of Coast Guard Aviation. Annapolis: the 20th Century, compiled and Naval Institute Press, 1989. Craven, Wesley F. and James L. edited by Michael J.H. Taylor. Cate, editors. The Army Air Forces Pearcy, Arthur. U.S. Coast Guard London: Studio Editions and Aircraft since 1916. Annapolis: in World War II, 7 volumes. New York: Mallard Press, 1991. Chicago: University of Chicago Naval Institute Press, 1991. Press, 1948-1950. Johnson, Brian. Fly Navy, a History of Polmar, Norman, and Timothy M. Naval Aviation. New York: Flintham, Victor. Air Wars and Laur. Strategic Air Command; William Morrow and Company, People, Aircraft,And Missiles. 1979; Aircraft, a Detailed Record of Air 1981. Combat, 1945 to the Present. New 2nd edition, Baltimore: Nautical York: Facts on File, 1990. Kelsey, BenjaminS. The Dragon's & Aviation Publishing Company Teeth, the Creation of United States of America, 1990. Francillon, Rene J. The United States Air Power for World War II. Air National Guard. London: Schwiebert, Ernest G. A History of Washington: Smithsonian the U.S. Air Force Ballistic Missiles. Aerospace Publishing and Institution Press, 1982. Westport, CT: Airtime Publishing, New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1993. Kennett, Lee. The First Air War, 1965. 1914-1918. New York: Free Press, Sherrod, Robert. Historyof United Gamer, John S. World War II Macmillan, 1991. TemporaryMilitary Buildings, a States Marine Corps Aviation in Brief Historyof the Architecture and Layman, R.D. To Ascend froma Float­ World War Two. Washington: Planning of Cantonments and ing Base, Shipboard Aeronautics and Combat Forces, 1952. Training Stations in the United Aviation, 1783-1914. Rutherford, Shipman, Richard. Wings at the States. UASACERL Technical NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson Ready, 75 Years of the Naval Air Report CRC-93/01. U.S. Army University Press, 1979. Reserve. Annapolis: Naval Corps of Engineers, Construction Lowden, John L. Silent Wings at War, Institute Press, 1991. Engineering Research Combat Gliders in World War II. Shiner, John F. Foulois and the U.S. Laboratories, March 1993. Washington: Smithsonian Army Air Corps,1931-1935. Gross, Charles Joseph. Prelude to the Institution Press, 1992. Washington: Office of Air Force Total Force: the Air National Guard, Maurer, Maurer. Aviation in the U.S. History, 1983. 1943-1969. Office of Air Force Army, 1919-1930. Washington: History, General Histories series. Office of Air Force History, 1987. 52 Swanborough, Gordon, and Peter [Fisher, Paul.] The Pratt & Whitney Keil, Sally Van Wagenen. Those M. Bowers. United States Navy AircraftStory. Pratt & Whitney, Wonderful Women in Their Flying Aircraft since 1911. 1968; revised, 1950. Machines, the Unknown Heroines of London: Putnam Aeronautical Gunston, Bill. The Development of World War II. 1979; New York: Books, 1990. Piston Aero Engines, fromthe Four Direction Press, 1990. Thompson, Scott A. B-17 in Blue, the Wrights to Microlights: a Century of Lindbergh, Anne Morrow. Diaries Flying Fortress in U.S. Navy and Evolution and Still a Power to Be and Letters of Anne Morrow U.S. Coast Guard Service. Elk Reckoned With. Somerset, UK: Lindbergh, 5 volumes, 1922-1944. Grove, CA: Aero Vintage Books, Patrick Stephens Limited, 1993. New York: Harcourt Brace 1993. Heron, S.D. History of the Aircraft Jovanovich, Helen and Kurt Wolff Trimble, William F. Admiral William Piston Engine, a Brief Outline. Book, 1971-1980. A. Moffett, Architect of Naval Detroit: Ethyl Corporation, 1961. Oakes, Claudia M. United States Aviation. Washington: Pratt & Whitney Aircraft Division, , 1930-1939. Smithsonian Institution Press, United Aircraft Corporation. Pratt Washington: Smithsonian 1994. & Whitney AircraftEngine Model Institution Press, 1991. Trimble, William F. Wings for the Designations and Characteristics. Ware, Susan. Still Missing, Amelia Navy, a History of the Naval East Hartford, CT: Pratt & Earhart and the Search for Modern Aircraft Factory, 1917-1956. Whitney Aircraft, 1945. Feminism. New York: W.W. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, Schlaifer, Robert, and S.D. Heron. Norton & Company, 1993. 1990. Development of Aircraft Engines Weatherford, Doris. American Wagner, Ray. American Combat [and] Development of Aviation Women and World War II. New Planes. 3rd edition, Garden City, Fuels, Two Studies of Relations York: Facts on File, 1990. NY: Doubleday, 1982. between Government and Business. United States Naval Aviation, Boston: Graduate School of 1910-1970. Washington: Business Administration, Department of the Navy, 1970. Harvard University, 1950. White, Gerald D. Billions for Defense: Smith, Herschel. A History of Aircraft Government Financing by the Piston Engines, fromthe Manly Defense Plant Corporation during Balzer to the Continental Tiara. World War II. University, AL: 1981; corrected edition, University of Alabama Press, , KS: Sunflower 1980. University Press, 1986. Winton, John. Air Power at Sea, 1945 U.S. Air Force, Air Materiel to Today. New York: Carroll & Command. Model Designations of ,Graf Publishers, 1987. USAF Aircraft Engines, 9th edi­ tion. MCRE Report No. 6. Wright­ Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, POWERPLANTS 1950. Wilkinson, Paul H. Aircraft Engines Constant, Edward W. IL The Origin of the World, 16 volumes. New of the Revolution. York: Paul H. Wilkinson, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins 1941-1970. University Press, 1980. Dawson, Virginia P. Engines and WOMEN IN AVIATION Innovation, Lewis Laboratory and American Propulsion Technology. NASA History Series. Brooks-Pazmany, Kathleen. United Washington: NASA, 1991. States Women in Aviation, 1919-1929. Washington: Dickey, Philip S. III. The Liberty Smithsonian Institution Press, Engine, 1918-1942. Smithsonian 1991. Annals of Flight, Volume 1, Number 3. Washington: Douglas, Deborah G. United States Smithsonian Institution Press, Women in Aviation, 1940-1985. 1968. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991.

53 VIII. NATIONAL REGISTER BULLETINS

THE BASICS Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Properties That How to Apply National Register Have Achieved Significance Criteria for Evaluation* Within the Last Fifty Years Guidelines for Completing National Guidelines for Evaluating and Register of Historic Places Form Documenting Rural Historic Landscapes* Part A: How to Complete the National Register Form* Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Traditional Cultural Part B: How to Complete the Properties* National Register Multiple Property Documentation Form* Nominating Historic Vessels and Shipwrecks to the National Register Researching a Historic Property* of Historic Places

PROPERTY TYPES TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Historic Aids to Navigation* Contribution of Moved Buildings to Historic Districts; Tax Treatments Guidelines for Identifying, Evaluating for Moved Buildings; and Use of and Registering America's Historic Nomination Documentation in the Battlefields Part I CertificationProcess Guidelines for Evaluating and Defining Boundaries for National · Registering Historical Register Properties* Archeological Sites Guidelines for Local Surveys: A Basis Guidelines for Evaluating and for Preservation Planning* Documenting Historic Aviation Properties How to Improve the Quality of Photographs for National Register Guidelines for Evaluating and Nominations Registering Cemeteries and Burial Places National Register Casebook: Examples of Documentation* How to Evaluate and Nominate DesignedHistoric Landscapes* Using the UTM Grid System to Record Historic Sites Guidelines for Identifying, Evaluating and Registering Historic Mining The above publications may be Sites obtained by writing to the National Register of Historic Places, National How to Apply National Register Park Service, 1849 C Street, NC 400, Criteria to Post Offices* NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. Guidelines for Evaluating and Publications marked with an asterisk Documenting Properties (*) are also available in electronic form Associated with Significant on the World Wide Web at Persons www.cr.nps.gov/nr or send your request by e-mail to [email protected]. 54 * U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINl'I!iG OFFICE: 1998-622-133/93368