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Population Dynamics and Predation Impact of the Introduced Ctenophore Mnemiopsis Leidyi in the Gullmars Fjord, West Coast of Sweden

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Population Dynamics and Predation Impact of the Introduced Ctenophore Mnemiopsis Leidyi in the Gullmars Fjord, West Coast of Sweden POPULATION DYNAMICS AND PREDATION IMPACT OF THE INTRODUCED CTENOPHORE MNEMIOPSIS LEIDYI IN THE GULLMARS FJORD, WEST COAST OF SWEDEN Lene Friis Møller & Peter Tiselius Dep. Of Marine Ecology – Kristineberg University of Gothenburg The Gullmar Fjord Always stratified Well-documented Rich and diverse fauna Kristineberg Also many jellies Cnidarians Aurelia aurita Cyanea capillata Many hydromedusae Ctenophores Pleurobrachia pileus Bolinopsis infundibulum Beroe cucumis Beroe gracilis What is dominating has now changed.... Mnemiopsis leidyi - invasive ctenophore Native species along the Eats zooplankton American East Coast (and fish eggs) Invaded northern Europe in 2005/2006 High reproduction Most famous for its invasion into the Black Sea in the 80´s Given the rapid growth and high reproductive output of the Mnemiopsis, severe effects on its prey populations may be expected It is impossible to predict the outcome of the introduction into Swedish waters based on observations from other areas – both potential prey and predators differ It is therefore necessary to investigate the development and impact of Mnemiopsis locally Mnemiopsis studies in the Gullmar Fjord In the current project we study the development of the Mnemiopsis population in the Gullmar fjord by regular sampling from March 2007 to present (for long periods every week) (+ zooplankton, chl a, primary production, CTD) x Biomass (g wet weight m-3) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 17‐Jun‐07 6‐Aug‐07 25‐Sep‐07 2009 2008 2007 14‐Nov‐07 3‐Jan‐08 22‐Feb‐08 Mnemiopsis biomass 12‐Apr‐08 2007-2009 1‐Jun‐08 21‐Jul‐08 9‐Sep‐08 29‐Oct‐08 18‐Dec‐08 6‐Feb‐09 28‐Mar‐09 17‐May‐09 6‐Jul‐09 25‐Aug‐09 14‐Oct‐09 3‐Dec‐09 22‐Jan‐10 Development Oral/aboral Rapoza et al. 2005 Lobate at ca. 3-4 mm - factor 1.4 between total and oral-aboral length Abundance (ind m-3) 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 24‐Dec‐07 2‐Feb‐08 From 450µmnet(ind.larger than 4mm) 13‐Mar‐08 Abundances (indm 22‐Apr‐08 1‐Jun‐08 11‐Jul‐08 -3 ) in2008 20‐Aug‐08 29‐Sep‐08 8‐Nov‐08 18‐Dec‐08 27‐Jan‐09 Length, mm 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 21‐Jul‐08 10‐Aug‐08 Lengths measuredasoral-aboral 30‐Aug‐08 Size-range 19‐Sep‐08 - lobates 9‐Oct‐08 29‐Oct‐08 18‐Nov‐08 8‐Dec‐08 28‐Dec‐08 abundance of larvae (ind m-3) 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 50 0 1‐Jan‐08 21‐Jan‐08 90 450 um 10‐Feb‐08 um net net 1‐Mar‐08 abundance oflarvae(indm 2008 - From 450umnet:ca.1- 3 mm 21‐Mar‐08 From 90umnet:ca.0.4-1mm 10‐Apr‐08 30‐Apr‐08 20‐May‐08 9‐Jun‐08 29‐Jun‐08 19‐Jul‐08 8‐Aug‐08 28‐Aug‐08 17‐Sep‐08 7‐Oct‐08 -3 ) 27‐Oct‐08 16‐Nov‐08 6‐Dec‐08 26‐Dec‐08 The potential predation impact of Mnemiopsis has been estimated by multiplying abundances with specific feeding rates measurements to obtain % removal of zooplankton per day Feeding rates have been obtained from both controlled laboratory experiments with different prey species and from gut content analysis on individuals from the fjord Granhag et al. (in press), Møller & Tiselius (in prep.) Here representative rates have been used Predation impact is minimum values since averages for 20 m is used – and larvae have been excluded – for now… 2008 Predation impact (% removal per day) Zooplankton abund. (ind m-3) Chl a Zooplankton abund. (µg l-1) (ind m3) 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 2121‐‐JulJul‐‐08 average 3131‐‐JulJul‐‐08 0 ‐ 1010‐‐AugAug‐‐08 10 m 2020‐‐AugAug‐‐08 3030‐‐AugAug‐‐08 99‐‐SepSep‐‐08 1919‐‐SepSep‐‐08 2929‐‐SepSep‐‐08 99‐‐Oct‐08 1919‐‐Oct‐08 PP Chl 2929‐‐Oct‐08 a 1000 1200 1400 1600 200 400 600 800 0 Primary production Primary 2009 Zooplankton concentration Ind. m-3 A severe reduction in zooplankton is observed – potentially caused by Mnemiopsis Zooplankton fluctuations are of course also affected by other parameters However it deserves further investigations ! 1) Continue analyze data already obtained 2) Apply Mnemiopsis carbon budgets 3) Analyze microzooplankton samples 4) Continue monitoring !! The monitoring was continued during 2010 and is still ongoing Many additional intensive investigations during 2010 Still much to analyze e.g. all zooplankton However Mnemiopsis came later (beginning of September) -probably due to a very long and cold winter Back in 2007 we asked our selves: Would Mnemiopsis become a problem at the West Coast ? Most concern was regarding the Baltic because of eutrophication, the cod, the simple and sensitive food web and no potential Mnemiopsis enemies On the West Coast there are several potential enemies e.g. the jellyfish Cyanea capillata and the ctenophores Beroe gracilis and Beroe cucumis Parasites Edwardsiella sp. (sea anemone) Erik Selander, Lene Friis Møller, Per Sundberg, Peter Tiselius (Biol Inv 2010) BAZOOCA (BAltic ZOOplankton CAscades) A 3 year EU project (Bonus + program) with 11 partners from the Nordic countries - co-ordinated by Peter Tiselius University of Gothenburg By use of models, experiments and field studies, BAZOOCA will quantify ecosystem consequences of the occurrence of the comb jelly Mnemiopsis leidyi in the pelagic food web – from microbes to gelatinous top predators in the Baltic Sea Kick-off at Kristineberg Dec 2008 Process cruise October 2009 R/V Skagerak – University of Gothenburg Highest abundances of Mnemiopsis are found on the West coast However lots of Aurelia aurita in the Baltic What is interesting is the total impact of jellies on the ecosystem S2-7150 (Presenters: Lene Friis Møller/ Aino Hosia) Mnemiopsis vs. Aurelia: The role of gelatinous top predators in the northern Baltic Sea food web GP-7157 Matilda Haraldsson, Cornelia Jaspers, Josefin Titelman, Dag L. Aksnes and Peter Tiselius A place for Mnemiopsis: Spatio-temporal habitat characterization in Scandinavian waters Jelly community has changed in the Gullmar Fjord Aurelia aurita used to dominate during summer – in 2010 there was none How it used to be like…… Cyanea capillata Aurelia aurita J F M A M J J A S O N D To find out what is going on with the jellyfish and in turn the effect on the rest of the ecosystem more monitoring is needed !! Acknowledgement: Baltic Organisations Network for funding Science EEIG, BONUS & The Swedish Research Council FORMAS All photos of Mnemiopsis and parasites by Erik Selander.
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