Invasive Alien Species of India
S. Sandilyan Authors S. Sandilyan
Citation Sandilyan, S, Meenakumari, B, Babu, C.R,and Mandal, R.2019.Invasive Alien Species ofIndia. National Biodiversity Authority, Chennai.
Corresponding Authors B. Meenakumari, C.R.Babu,and R. Mandal
Copyright © National Biodiversity Authority 2018
Published by Centre for Biodiversity Policy and Law (CEBPOL) National Biodiversity Authority 5th Floor, TICEL Biopark, CSIR Road, Taramani Chennai – 600 113, Tamil Nadu, India Website: http://nbaindia.org/cebpol/
Layout and Design: N. Singaram IT Executive, CEBPOL
Disclaimer: This publications is prepared as an initiative under CEBPOL programme. All the views expressed in this publication are based on established legal principles. Any error or lapse is purely unintended and inconsequential and shall not make either the NBA or the CEBPOL liable for the same.
Some pictures and images included in this publication are sourced from public domain. This publications is purely for non- commercial purposes including awareness creation and capacity building. Contents
1. Introduction ...... 1
2. Criteria adopted for designating an alien species as invasive...... 3
3. Terrestrial Invasive Alien Plant Species...... 8
4. Aquatic Invasive Alien Plant Species...... 15
5. Inland Invasive Alien Species of Fishes...... 18
6. Marine Invasive Alien Species...... 21
7. Invasive Alien Species / Strains of Microbes in Fresh water and Brackish water Ecosystems...... 26
8. Invasive Alien Spcies of Microboes / Strains (other than plants) in Agricultural Ecosystems...... 29
9. Invasive Alien Insect species in Agricultural ecosystems...... 33
10. Invasive Alien Species of Major Islands...... 38
Contributors
Dr. C. R. Babu, Dr. K. V. Sankaran Director of the Centre for Environmental Former Director Management of Degraded Ecosystems (CEMDE), Kerala Forest Research Institute Department of Environmental Studies,University of Delhi
Dr. AC. Anil Dr. Rm. Kathiresan Chief Scientist Professor, Department of Agronomy, Annamalai National Institute of Oceanography,Goa University
Dr. Anzar A. Khuroo Dr. Biju Kumar Department of Botany HOD,Department of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries, University of Kashmir, Srinagar University of Kerala
Dr. Rajesh Singh Dr. TV. Sajeev Professor, Institute of Agriculture sciences Scientist- E1, Department of Forest Entomology Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi KFRI, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala
Dr. T. T. Ajith Kumar Dr. A. N. Shylesha Senior Scientist & Scientist in Charge Principal Scientist NBFGR - ICAR - National Bureau of Fish Genetic National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources Resources, Lucknow (NBAIR), Banglore
Dr. Suresh Kumar Dr. C. Sudhakar Reddy Central Arid Zone Research Institute Forestry and Ecology Division National Remote (ICAR), Jodhpur Sensing Agency, Balanagar, Hyderabad
Dr. S. Sundaramoorthy Dr. Karthikeyan Vasudevan Assistant Director (Plant Pathology) CSIR – Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology National Plant Protection Organization (CCMB), Hyderabad Regional Plant Quarantine Station, Chennai. Sulagna Chattopadhyay Dr. B. Ramakrishnan Editor at IRIS Publication Pvt Ltd Department of Zoology & Wildlife Biology, Geography and You (G’nY), New Delhi. Government Arts College, Udhagamandalam
Mita Banerjee, IFS Dr. Anwardeen, IFS, Chief Conservator of Forests (Research), Chennai Conservator of Forests, Coimbatore Circle
Dr. A. K. Singh Dr. T. Selvamuthu Kumaran Former Director Asst. Prof. of Entomology ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, (DCFR), Anusandhan Bhawan, Industrial Area, Annamalainagar, Tamilnadu Bhimtal
Dr. Prince prakash jeba kumar. J Dr. H. Abdual Jaffar Ali Scientist ‘D’, Assistant Professor Coastal Environmental Engineering Division National Department of Biotechonology Islamiah College Institute of Ocean Technology NIOT Campus, (Autonomous) New Town, Vaniyambadi- Chennai
Dr. C. Raghunathan Mr. Swapan Mehrra Senior Scientist, Zoological Survey of India. CEO- IORA- Ecological Solutions, Delhi.
Dr. Subhendu Kumar Otta. Dr. A. Rajasekaran Principal Scientist, CIBA, Chennai Scientist -E, National Project Coordinator - Invasive Alien Species, IFGTB,Coimbatore
Dr. Gopi Ramasamy Dr. Goldin Quadros Director, CABI India, New Delhi Senior Scientist, SACON, Coimbatore
Dr. Sampath Kumar Dr. S. Sandilyan Scientist, National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Fellow on IAS, CEBPOL, NBA, Chennai Resources (NBAIR), Banglore. Acknowledgements
Recognizing the threat of invasive alien species to global biodiversity, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) asked the parties for urgent action through its Strategic Plan for Biodiversity (2011–2020). It also insisted the parties to reduce the rate of biodiversity loss by 2020. Besides, the objectives of the strategic plan (Aichi Targets 9) clearly stated that, by 2020, invasive alien species and pathways are identified and prioritized, priority species are controlled or eradicated, and measures are in place to manage pathways to prevent their introduction and establishment. Every parties needs certain additional effort to achieve Aichi Target 9.
Considering the above facts NBA, has constituted an expert committee on invasive alien species to address the issues. The major objectives of the committee is to bring out a comprehensive list of invasive alien species of India and also develop and review the existing management strategies. The list of experts and the other contributors is placed in the annexure.
CEBPOL and NBA acknowledges Dr. D. Narasimhan. Dr. Vidhyadhar Atkore, Mr. Nitya Prakash Mohanty and Mr. S. Vinothkumar for their comments. We specially thank our Norwegian partners and MoEF&CC for their support.
Introduction
Globally, invasive alien species have been considered as a grave threat to the biodiversity, ecosystem services and functions, human livelihoods and health and regional economy. Studies, in the recent past, have confirmed that the invasive species also have the potential to significantly alter the regional and global climate for example,
several invasive plants accelerate the nitrogen and CO2 deposition, and thereby increase their levels in earth systems which in turn contribute to “global” warming, which changes the regional and global precipitation patterns (Michunas and Lauenroth1995; Dukes and Mooney, 1999; Asner et al., 2006; Field et al., 2007).
Besides, researchers identified that one-sixth of the global land surface is highly vulnerable to bio-invasion (Early et al., 2016). On the other hand, increasing globalization facilitates more alien introductions in several parts of the world. Recen reports highlighted that international trade is a primary source of new introductions of invasive alien spices as stowaways or contaminants in goods and packing materials.. Especially, pet animals and ornamental plants trade through online is one of the major sources of exotic plant and animal introductions. This uncontrolled/unnoticed online trade leads to frequent escape or release of invasive alien species into wild (Early et al., 2016). Ironically, most of the countries, especially developing countries, have limited capacity to act against such alien introductions (Early et al., 2016).
Ecological modelling studies on biological invasions have predicted that, in the coming days, developing countries will face more threats rather than the developed countries. Studies also highlighted that developing countries must prepare for a new suite of invasive species, as climate change disturbs resident ecosystems (Early et al., 2016). Besides, it is a fact that most of the countries do not have a comprehensive list of invasive alien species reported in their respective territories.
Considering the large-scale negative impacts of invasive alien species on global biodiversity, Aichi Target 9 states ‘By the year 2020, invasive alien species and pathways are identified and prioritized, priority species are controlled or eradicated and measures are in place to manage pathways to prevent their introduction and establishment.’ Keeping this in view most of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) signatory countries initiated steps for identification and prioritization of some aggressive and wide spread invasive flora and fauna that are threatening the regional biodiversity, human health and agriculture (Early et al., 2016).
Indian Scenario In India, many research organizations (government and non-government), state and central universities and colleges have initiated to document invasive alien species and their impacts on different ecosystems. Many studies have also been focusing on alien plants in different ecosystems. Indian researchers adopted numerous
Invasive Alien Species of India 1 methodologies and approaches to study the alien flora during the last two decades. These include floristic and faunistic surveys and documentation, mapping, ethnobiological information and ecological experiments, ecophysiological and genetical studies (Adhikari et al., 2015). However, most of these investigations were conducted at the local scale and are often species specific, and hence of little value for working on a pan-Indian status of invasive alien species (Adhikari et al., 2015).
Taking into account the high taxonomic diversity and large geographical area, number of researchers working on invasive alien species in india is extremely low and far less than the number of researchers working in other much smaller countries having less biodiversity (Adhikari et al., 2015). Unfortunetly, India does not have a comprehensive list of invasive alien species.
For an effective invasive alien species research, prioritization and management, certain specific data including details of invasive species, pathways of invasion and also the information about the sites that are most sensitive and prone for further invasion are essential (McGeochet al., 2016).
In light of the above-mentioned facts, the National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) constituted an 18-member expert committee on invasive alien species unde Subsection (2) of Section 13 of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 read with Rule 11 of Biological Rules, 2004. The objective of the committee is to advise NBA on issues related to the preparation of consolidated list of invasive alien species reported in India. Further, the committee also provides inputs on reports and other materials including brochures, handouts, booklets, research and review articles developed by NBA. Besides, the committee also needs to review the current management and policy-related matters and other aspects of biological invasions.
The first meeting of the expert committee (EC) on invasive alien species was held on 12 January 2017 at the NBA. Members discussed the importance of developing a national list of invasive alien species during deliberation. The chairperson of the NBA mentioned that the Centre for Biodiversity Policy and Law (CEBPOL) NBA has already started compiling the listing of invasive alien species o different ecosystems and assured that it will be placed in the second EC meeting for comments.
A draft list of invasive alien species in different ecosystems [terrestrial aquatic (inland and marine) and agro ecosystems] was placed in the second EC meeting held on 29 June 2017at the NBA. During deliberations, members expressed that the proposed draft list of invasive alien species requires minor revisions Chairperson of NBA and chairman of the EC stated that the list would be shared with EC members and subject experts in order to fine-tune it. After a series o discussions with EC members and different experts through mail, over phone and personal discussion, the draft list of invasive alien species of different ecosystems was prepared and the same was placed in the third meeting of the EC for finalization.
The third EC meeting was held from 6 to 7 February 2018 at the NBA, Chennai, under the chairmanship of Dr. C.R. Babu. Apart from the EC members, NBA invited the members/representatives and researchers from various institutions identified by the National Biodiversity Action Plan, viz., SACON, Forest department, DoS, Wetland International, South Asia, WII, CAS in Marine biology, ICRF (fores invasive species cell), CABI South Asia (NBAP 2014). After the series of two-day discussion, the final list of invasive species has been prepared. The details of the deliberation and the participation list are placed in annexure 1. The committee also insisted on NBA for the periodical updation of the list based on the various studies published by the researchers.
2 Centre for Biodiversity Policy and Law (CEBPOL) Criteria Adopted for Designating an Alien Species as Invasive
Invasive alien species research is relatively a young discipline in biology and has a shallow root / base with few thousand research papers published during the last 25 years (Richardson et al 2011). Consequently, there are differences in the usage of terminology and definitions relating to invasive alien species in different countries and also from time to time. The use of terms for different taxonomic groups also varies in different ecosystems. Developing a uniform and widely acceptable terminology and definitions are the need of the hour. Researchers also advocated the need for developing regional terminologies and definitions for better understanding of the issue of biological invasions (Richardson et al 2011). Further, there are no prescribed guidelines available on how to identify and differentiate between naturalized species and invasive alien species present in a country. Obviously, robust criteria need to be developed for designating an alien species as invasive in an ecosystem.
In India, the subject of biological invasions is still in its infancy and did not attract the attention of stakeholders, managers, policy makers, researchers and the common public. For instance, only about 150 studies on invasive alien species were carried out till 2000. After 2000, there has been increase in the number of studies on invasive alien species, as evident from the number of publications. Interestingly, 60% of the studies have been done only after 2000 (Hiremath and Sundaram, 2013). However, a comprehensive list of invasive alien species and uniformly accepted terminology are not available in India so far.
Globally, a number of terminologies and definitions are available on invasive species. Especially individual researchers and national-level research organizations have evolved their own descriptions; however, in most of the cases the definitions and terminologies failed to refelected the core and led to ambiguity. On the other hand, most of the countries wisely adopted the CBD and IUCN definitions and terminology for documentation and in research studies. As a signatory of CBD, NBA has also adopted the CBD terminology and definitions and the same is followed in the present documentation. The adopted definitions for the current documentation are provided in the box for reference.
Invasive Alien Species of India 3 Alien Species An alien species is a species, subspecies or lower taxon introduced outside its natural past or present distribution, which includes any part, gametes, seeds, eggs or propagules of such species that might survive and subsequently reproduce (CBD, 2002).
Invasive Alien Species An invasive alien species refers to an alien species whose introduction and/or spread threatens the biological diversity of the region/habitat (CBD, 2002).
Naturalized Species Naturalized species are alien species that sustain self-replacing populations for several life cycles or a given period (10 years is advocated for plants) without direct intervention by people or despite human intervention (Richardson et al. 2011).
Role of CEBPOL and NBA CEBPOL, NBA collected the readily available ecosystem-wise literature of invasive alien species and thoroughly analyzed the reported species. During the consolidation, we found that there were lots of confusions, wrong citations, biased definitions and information in mos of the published lists of invasive alien species. For instance, some of the lists declare the naturalized species as invasive, and conversely some lists declare the invasive species as naturalized alien species. Besides, the accepted name and the synonym of a species were simultaneously reported in the same list and mentioned as different species. In a worst-case scenario, the native species has also been reported as invasive alien species. CEBPOL, NBA realized the need for avoiding this kind of ambiguity and at the same time felt the necessity for criteria to be adopted for declaring a species as invasive alien species.
As a first step, we compiled an ecosystem-wise major invasive taxa (terrestrial and aquatic invasive alien plants, inland invasive alien fish species, marine invasive alien species, invasive alien species/strains of microbes in freshwater and brackish water ecosystems, invasive alien species of microbes/strains (other than plants) in agricultural ecosystems, invasive alien insect species in agricultural ecosystems and invasive alien species of major islands). After assorting the ecosystem-wise list, it was primarily screened to confirm the alien status and invasiveness of the species based on a simple methodology developed by CEBPOL (details of the methodology are provided in Figure 1). After the initial filtration/confirmation, the confirmed list was placed in the NBA’s invasive species expert committee for scrutiny (held on 29 June 2017 and 6 to 7 February 2018 at NBA).
4 Centre for Biodiversity Policy and Law (CEBPOL) Figure I. Flow chart devised to identify whether a given species can be considered as invasive or not
The committee deliberated on the lists compiled by CEBPOL, NBA and suggested to include the invasive attributes on a graded scale for confirmation of the invasiveness of the species in India. After reviewing the available literature, the committee has suggested to adop the important invasive attributes viz., invasiveness, impacts, range of extension and others to designate the alien species as invasive in India (Table 1). Besides, the committee also took into account the personal experiences of the researchers and their view in declaring a species as invasive if there is non-availability/inadequate literature.
Based on the aforesaid criteria, the committee finalized a list of 169 invasive alien species in different ecosystems (Table 2). The committee also felt the list might further be expanded. For example, when some species are designated as invasive based upon the specific criteria, there may be many more invasive species
Invasive Alien Species of India 5 which may satisfy the above criteria, but due to lack of adequate information of the concerned species it is not included in the present lists Keeping this aspect in view, the committee requested the NBA to host the lists on its website for public access and comments. Once adequate information is available on the new invasive species in Indian provinces, it may be included in the lists in the near future after due consultation with the expert committee.
Table 1. Invasive attributes used to confirm the invasive status of the species reported in Indian ecosystems
S. No Invasive attributes Invasiveness
1. IE – Invasive Elsewhere 2. RMS – Rapid Multiplication and Spread in different ecosystems 3. MMR – Multiple Modes of Reproduction 4. MMD – Multiple Modes of Dispersion Impacts 1. B1 – Affecting ecosystem functions and services 2. B2 – Biodiversity loss 3. B3 – Economic loss and health hazard Invasion areas (Continues spread) 1. RE – Range Extension
Table 2. Differences among the published lists of invasive alien species by various researchers and organizations and NBA’s list
S. No Ecosystem/Habitat Overall species Species which fulfil Difference in % number based on the invasive criteria the published list adopted by NBA
1. Terrestrial Plants 339 53 15.63 - (84.37)
2. Aquatic plants 68 7 10.29 - (89.71)
3. Inland fishes 22 14 63.63 - (36.37)
4. Marine Invasive 71 19 26.76 - (73.73)
Invasive Alien Species/ Strains of Microbes in Fresh 5. 15 15 100 water and Brackish water
Invasive Alien Spcies of Microbes / Strains (other than 6. 53 25 47.16 - (52.84) plants) in Agricultural Ecosystems
7. Invasive Alien Insect species in Agricultural ecosystems 144 22 15.27 - (84.73)
8. Invasive Alien Species of Major Islands 112 14 12.5 - (87.5) Note: red color digits indicate the lack/insufficient data
6 Centre for Biodiversity Policy and Law (CEBPOL) References
Adhikari, D., Tiwary, R and Barik, SK. 2015. Modelling Hotspots for Invasive Alien Plants in India. PLoS ONE 10(7): e0134665. doi:10.1371/journal. Asner, G.P., Martin, R., Carlson, K., Rascher, U and Vitousek, P. 2006. Vegetation-climate interactions among native and invasive species in Hawaiian rainforest. Ecosystems 9, 1106– CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity), 2002. Decision VI/23 (Annex, footnote): Alien species that threaten ecosystems, habitats and species. Document UNEP/CBD/COP/6/23. Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat, Montreal, Canada. Available from https://www.cbd.int/decision/cop/?id=7197, (accessed 11.01.15). Dukes, J.S and Mooney, H.A. 1999. Does global change increase the success of biological invaders?. Trend. Ecol. Evol. 14, 135–139. Early, R., et al. 2016. Global threats from invasive alien species in the twenty first century and national response capacities. Nature Communication. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12485. Field, C.B., Lobell, D.B., Peters, H.A and Chiariello, N.R. 2007. Feedbacks of terrestrial ecosystems to climate change. A. Rev. Environ. Resour. 32, 1–29. Hiremath, A.J. and Sundaram, B. 2013. Invasive Plant Species in Indian Protected Areas: Conserving Biodiversity in Cultural Landscapes. L.C. Foxcroft et al. (eds.), Plant Invasions in Protected Areas: Patterns, Problems and Challenges, Invading Nature - Springer Series in Invasion Ecology 7, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-7750-7_12, © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 IUCN. 2017. Consultation document. IUCN standard classification of the impact of invasive alien taxa. Version 1 May 2017. McGeoch, M.A. et al.2016. Prioritizing species, pathways, and sites to achieve conservation targets for biological invasion. Bio Invasions; 18:299–314. DOI 10.1007/s10530-015-1013-1. Michunas, D.G and Lauenroth, W.K. 1995. Inertia in plant community structure: state changes after cessation of nutrient enrichment stress. Ecol. Appl. 5, 452–458. Richardson, DM., Pysˇek, P and Carlton, J.T. 2011. A Compendium of Essential Concepts and Terminology in Invasion Ecology. in The Legacy of Charles Elton (Edt) Richardson, D..M. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. available at: www.wiley.com/go/ richardson/invasionecology.
Invasive Alien Species of India 7 Terrestrial Invasive Alien Plant Species
Prosopis juliflora
Invasive alien plants are the massive threat to the ecological functioning of natural systems and to the productive use of land
– Thoko Didiza
8 Centre for Biodiversity Policy and Law (CEBPOL) References Khuroo et al., 2012; Sekar 2012; Based on field al., 2012; Sekar et Khuroo experts by observation Khuroo et al., 2012;Based on field observation by al., 2012;Based on field observation et Khuroo experts Sankaran et al., 2013; Based on field observation al., 2013; Based on field observation et Sankaran experts by al., 2013; Based on field observation et Sankaran experts by Based on field observation by experts by Based on field observation Muniappan and Viraktamath1993; Based on field Muniappan and Viraktamath1993; experts by observation Sankaran et al., 2013; Khuroo et al., 2012; Sekar al., 2012; Sekar et al., 2013; Khuroo et Sankaran al., 2008. et 2012; Reddy Sekar 2012; Based on field observation by experts by 2012; Based on field observation Sekar Inderjit et al., 2018; Based on field observation by al., 2018; Based on field observation Inderjit et experts experts by Based on field observation ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü RE ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü B3 ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü B2 Impacts ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü B1 ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü MMD ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü MMR ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü Invasiveness RMS IE ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü Terrestrial Invasive Alien Plant Species Alien Plant Invasive Terrestrial English Name Smooth joy weed Smooth joy Joseph’s coat Joseph’s Red Calico plant Calico Red weed joy Brazilian Creeping Creeping croftonweed Crofton weed or Crofton snakeroot sticky Back wattle Silver wattle Silver Bladder Mallow Northern black wattle St. Hil. (Regel) G. (Regel) (L) Benth. (L.) Kuntze P. Beauv. P. L. New name L. New (Regel)R. M.King & H. (Regel)R. (L,) Brizicky De Willd. Name of taxa Alternanthera paronychioides Alternanthera Alternanthera brasiliana Alternanthera ficoidea Alternanthera Alternanthera bettzickiana Alternanthera Nichols Ageratina riparia Rob. (Spreng.)King & Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.)King H. Rob. Acacia mearsnii Acacia Acacia auriculiformis Acacia auriculiformis Racosperma Link dealbata Acacia Abutilon crispum S. 8. 9. 7. 6. 5. 4. 2. 3. 1. No 10.
Invasive Alien Species of India 9 Based on field observation by experts by Based on field observation al.,, 2012; Reddyet al 2017; Sekar Naithani et 2008; Based on field observation by experts by Based on field observation Khuroo et al., 2012; Mahajan and Azeez2001. al., 2012; Mahajan and Azeez2001. et Khuroo al ., 2017 al., 2013; Naithani et et Sankaran Sankaran et al., 2013; Based on field observation al., 2013; Based on field observation et Sankaran experts by Sankaran et al., 2013; Based on field observation al., 2013; Based on field observation et Sankaran experts by Khuroo et al., 2012; Sankaran et al., 2013; et al., 2012; Sankaran et Khuroo al 2017; Naithani et al., 2012; Muniappan and et Khuroo Sekar,2012; Viraktamath1993; experts by Based on field observation by al., 2012; Based on field observation et Khuroo experts Khuroo et al., 2012; Naithani et al., 2017; Sekar al., 2017; Sekar al., 2012; Naithani et et Khuroo 2012; experts by 2012; Based on field observation Sekar ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü Lesser swinecress Rubber vine Canada thistle Siam weed Orange cestrum Orange Butterfly-pea Black Jack fanwort, Carolina Hemp/ Marijuna Mexican poppy Mexican Coral vine Coral Khaki weed R. Br. A. Gray Sm. Hook. & Arn. Benth. (L.) Scop. L. L. Cryptostegia grandiflora Cryptostegia Coronopus didymus Cirsium arvense (L.) King & Robin. Chromolaena odorata Lindl aurantiacum Cestrum Bidens pilosa Cabomba caroliniana Cannabis sativa molle Centrosema Antigonon leptopus Antigonon L. Argemone mexicana Alternanthera pungens Kunth. Alternanthera 22. 21. 20. 19. 18. 14. 15. 16. 17. 12. 13. 11.
10 Centre for Biodiversity Policy and Law (CEBPOL) Based on field observation by experts by Based on field observation Naithani et al., 2017; Sekar 2012; Reddy 2008. 2012; Reddy al., 2017; Sekar Naithani et Sankaran et al., 2013; Sekar 2012; al., 2013; Sekar et Sankaran Naithani et al 2017; Sekar 2012; al 2017; Sekar Naithani et Based on field observation by experts by Based on field observation Inderjit et al., 2018; Based on field observation by al., 2018; Based on field observation Inderjit et experts Sekar, 2012; Based on field observation by experts by 2012; Based on field observation Sekar, Based on field observation by experts by Based on field observation Naithani et al., 2017; Sekar, 2012; al., 2017; Sekar, Naithani et Naithani et al., 2017; Sekar 2012; al., 2017; Sekar Naithani et al., 2017 Naithani et experts by Based on field observation ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü Bush Morning Glory/ Shrub Ipomoea Purple morning glory Pig nut Round leaf leaf Round Bindweed Canadian horseweed Horseweed / Horseweed Butterweed Mexican tea Mexican Brown flowered flowered Brown grass swamp Viper grass Scotch broom Scotch Badi Aankh bel Phootani Dodder Mosyakin & Mosyakin Hook. f. (L.) L. L., L. Poit. Mart. ex Choisy Mart. ex Lam. (L.) Link Ipomoea fistulosa R. Br. Ipomoea eriocarpa Hyptis suaveolens Hyptis Evolvulus nummularius Evolvulus Erigeron canadensis Erigeron Erigeron bonariensis Erigeron Dysphania ambrosioides Clemants Diplachne fusca (L.) P.Beauv. Diplachne fusca Cytisus scoparius Dactylandra welwitschii Panz. (Vahl) Dinebra retroflexa Cuscuta chinensis Cuscuta 34. 33. 32. 31. 30. 29. 28. 27. 24. 25. 26. 23.
Invasive Alien Species of India 11 Dayal, 2007; Anoop, 2010; Kauret al.,2012; Reddy al.,2012; Reddy 2007; Anoop, 2010; Kauret Dayal, 2008.. Naithani et al 2017; Sekar 2012; al 2017; Sekar Naithani et Aneja, 1991; Gunaseelan,1998; Singh and Kaur, Aneja, 1991; Gunaseelan,1998; Singh and Kaur, al 2013; et 1997; Sankaran Sekar, 2012; Based on field observation by experts by 2012; Based on field observation Sekar, Khuroo et al., 2012; Muniappan and et Khuroo 2012; Sekar Viraktamath1993; Khuroo et al., 2012 : Naithani et al., 2017; Reddy al., 2017; Reddy al., 2012 : Naithani et et Khuroo 2008. experts by Based on field observation Based on field observation by experts by Based on field observation Gogoi 2001; Sankaran andSrinivasan2001;Lahkar andSrinivasan2001;Lahkar 2001; Sankaran Gogoi al.,2011. et Chandrasekaran and Swamy 2001; Love et al et 2001; Love and Swamy Chandrasekaran et 2012. Sankaran and Hiremath 2009; Sundaram al., 2013; al 2017; al 2013; Naithani et et Sankaran al., 2013 et Sankaran ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü Mesquite Elephant grass Elephant Congress weed Congress Prickly pear Prickly pear Jamaican cherry Jamaican Cat claw mimosa claw Cat Giant sensitive sensitive Giant plant Mile-a-minute False/Horse False/Horse tamarind Umbrella-tree Lantana (Lam.) de Wit C. Wight ex Sauvalle Sauvalle ex C. Wight L. Engl. (Sw.) DC. (Sw.) Haw. Miller L. Prosopis juliflora Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. Pennisetum L. hysterophorus Parthenium Opuntia elatior Opuntia Muntingia calabura Muntingia dillenii Opuntia Mimosa pigra var. Mimosa diplotricha Leucaena leucocephala Leucaena eminii Maesopsis Kunth micrantha Mikania L. camara Lantana 46. 45. 44. 43. 41. 42. 40. 39. 36. 37. 38. 35.
12 Centre for Biodiversity Policy and Law (CEBPOL) - affecting ecosystem ecosystem - affecting B1 ( RMS – Rapid Multiplication and Impacts Khuroo et al., 2012; Reddy 2008. al., 2012; Reddy et Khuroo Sankaran et al., 2013; Based on field observation al., 2013; Based on field observation et Sankaran experts by al., al., 2017; Inderjit et 2012; Naithani et Sekar 2018; Based on field observation by experts by Based on field observation Based on field observation by experts by Based on field observation al., 2013; Based on field observation et Sankaran experts by experts by Based on field observation RE - Range Extension (Continues spread of ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü - Invasive Elsewhere; ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü – Multiple Modes of Dispersion; ü ü ü ü ü ü ü MMD ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü - Economic - loss Economic and (human health and hazard wildlife) B3 Common gorse Lesser bulrush Singapore daisy Singapore Bugweed Calceolaria shower Silverleaf nightshade Kudzu – Multiple Modes of Reproduction MMR – MultipleReproduction Modes of -Biodiversity loss; -Biodiversity Cavanilles Scop. B2 L. (DC.) Irwin & Barneby Typha angustifolia Typha europeus L. Ulex (L.) Pruski trilobata Sphagneticola Senna spectabilis Solanum elaeagnifolium Solanum mauritianum var. lobata (Willd.) lobata var. Pueraria montana Sanjappa & Pradeep 52. 53. 51. 48. 49. 50. 47. Note: Note: Categories and Criteria adopted for listingterrestrial invasive plants of India- IE ecosystems; in different Spread the alien species) functions and services;
Invasive Alien Species of India 13 References
Aneja, K.R. 1991. Deadly weed Parthenium hysterophorus and its control-a review. Botanical Researches in India, pp.258– 269, Himanshu Publications, Udaipur, India.
Anoop, KR. 2010. Progress of Prosopis juliflora eradication work in Keoladeo National Park. Unpublished Report, Rajasthan Forest Department.
Chandrashekara UM. 2001. Lantana camara in Chinnar Wildlife Sactuary, Kerala, India. In: Sankaran KV, Murphy ST, Evans HC (eds) Alien weeds in moist tropical zones: banes andbenefits. KFRI/CABI Bioscience, Kerala/Ascot, pp 56–63. Dayal, V. 2007. Social diversity and ecological complexity: how an invasive tree could affect diverse agents in the land of the tiger.Environ Dev Econ 12:1–19. Gogoi AK 2001. Status of Mikania micrantha infestation in Northeastern India: managementoptions and future research thrust. In: Sankaran KV, Murphy ST, Evans HC (eds) Alien weedsin moist tropical zones: banes and benefits. KFRI/CABI Bioscience, Kerala/Ascot pp 77–79.
Gunaseelan, N.V.1998. Impact of anaerobic digestion on inhibition potential of Parthenium solids,Biomass and Bioenergy; 4(2); 179–184. Inderjit et al., 2018 Naturalized alien flora of the Indian States: biogeographic patterns, taxonomic structure and drivers of species richness. Biol Invasion 20;1625-1638 Kaur R, Gonza´les WL, Llambi LD et al. 2012. Community impacts of Prosopis juliflora invasion: biogeographic and congeneric comparisons. PLoS One 7:e44966. Khuroo AA, Reshi ZA, Malik AH, Weber E, Rashid I, Dar GH. 2012. Alien flora of India: taxonomic composition, invasion status and biogeographic affiliations. Biol Invasions 14:99–113. Lahkar BP, Talukdar BK, Sarma P. 2011. Invasive species in grassland habitat: an ecologicalthreat to the greater one-horned rhino (Rhinoceros unicornis). Pachyderm 49:33–39. Love, A, Babu, S and Babu C. R. 2009. Management of Lantana, an invasive alien weed, in forest ecosystems of India. Current Science, 97 (10);1421-1429. Mahajan M, Azeez PA.2001. Distribution of selected exotic weeds in Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.In: Sankaran KV, Murphy ST, Evans HC (eds) Alien weeds in moist tropical zones: banes andbenefits. KFRI, India & CABI Bioscience, UK, pp 46–55.
Muniappan, R. and Viraktamath, C.A. 1993. Invasive alien plants in the Western Ghats. Current Science 64(8): 655-657. Naithani, H.B., Shah, R and Rasaily, S.S. 2017. Study on qualitative and quantitative survey of invasive species in Dehradun district. Published by Uttarkhand Biodiversity Board, 108, Phase- II, Vasant Vihar, Dehradun. Reddy, C.S. 2008. Catlalouge of Invasive alien flora of India. Life science Journal,5(2);84-89
Sankaran KV, Srinivasan MA. 2001. Status of Mikania infestation in the Western Ghats. In:Sankaran KV, Murphy ST, Evans HC (eds) Alien weeds in moist tropical zones: banes andbenefits. KFRI/CABI Bioscience, Kerala/Ascot, pp 67–76. Sankaran, KV, Suresh, TA and Sanjeev, TV. 2013. Handbook on Invasive plants of Kerala. By Kerala biodiversity Board. Sekar, K.C. 2012. Invasive alien plants of Indian Himalayan region. Diversity and implications. American Journal of Plant Sciences 3: 177-184. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2012.32021 Singh K and Kaur K. 1997. Parthenium menace in Jammu and Kashmir and its possible control measures. 16-19. In: First International Conference on Parthenium Management held at Dharwad (Karnataka), 6-8 October 1997, (Eds. M. Mahadevappa and V .C. Patil), Volume II: 16-19.
Sundaram B, Hiremath AJ. 2012. Lantana camara invasion in a heterogeneous landscape: patterns of spread and correlation with changes in native vegetation. Biol Invasion14:1127–1141.
14 Centre for Biodiversity Policy and Law (CEBPOL) Aquatic Invasive Alien Plant Species
Myriophyllum aquaticum in Manasbal Lake of Srinagar, Kashmir
Aquatic invasive species are destroying the environment, damaging the fisheries, and costing taxpayers billions of dollars annually - John M. Mc Hugh
Invasive Alien Species of India 15 References - affecting ecosystem functions ecosystem - affecting – Rapid Multiplication and Spread Spread and Multiplication Rapid – RMS Nair, and Pai, 1973; Thomas1979; Jayanth, 1987. 1973; Thomas1979; Jayanth, and Pai, Nair, Arshid, et al.2011; Shah, et al., 2014. al.2011; Shah, et et Arshid, Khuroo,et al 2007; Lolu,A.J. al.2016 et Khuroo,et Gopal , 1990. Khuroo,et al 2007 Gopal , 1990. Khuroo,et Chaudhuri et al 1994; Laxmappa. 2013; Laxmappa 2013; Laxmappa al 1994; Laxmappa. Chaudhuri et al., 2014 et Kathiresan, 2000; Narayanan et al 2007; Patel, al 2007; Patel, et 2000; Narayanan Kathiresan, 2012 Masoodi, and Khan, 2012; Masoodi, et al., Masoodi, and Khan, 2012; et 2012. and Dewanji, .2013;Chatterjee, ü ü ü ü ü ü ü RE ü ü ü ü ü ü ü B3 - Range Extension (Continues spread of the species) the of spread (Continues Extension Range - RE ü ü ü ü ü ü ü B2 Impacts - Invasive Elsewhere; Elsewhere; Invasive - ü ü ü ü ü ü ü B1 ü ü ü ü ü ü ü MMD ü ü ü ü ü ü ü – Multiple Mode of Dispersion; Impacts ( B1 – Multiple Mode of Dispersion; MMR ü ü ü ü ü ü ü Invasiveness MMD RMS IE ü ü ü ü ü ü ü Aquatic Invasive Alien Plant Species Alien Plant Invasive Aquatic English Name Butterfly fern Butterfly Parrot’s feather Parrot’s Common Water Common Water Clover Minute duckweed Minute Pink morning glory Water hyacinth Water Alligator weed Alligator - Economic loss and health hazard (human and wildlife) wildlife) and (human hazard health and loss Economic - B3 – Multiple Mode of Reproduction Reproduction MMR – Multiple Mode of Name of taxa -Biodiversity loss; -Biodiversity B2 Salvinia auriculata Aubl (syn. S. molesta ) S. molesta Aubl (syn. Salvinia auriculata Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc. aquaticum (Vell.) Myriophyllum Marsilea quadrifolia Lemnaperpusilla Torr. Ipomoea carnea Jacq. Ipomoea carnea Eichhorniacrassipes (Mart.) Solms Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) philoxeroides Alternanthera Griseb. S. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. No Note: Categories and Criteria adopted for listing aquatic invasive plants of India-: IE India-: of plants invasive aquatic listing for adopted Criteria and Categories Note: and services; and in different ecosystems; ecosystems; in different
16 Centre for Biodiversity Policy and Law (CEBPOL) References
Arshid, S. et al.2011. On correct identification, range expansion and management implicationsMyriophyllum of aquaticum in Kashmir Himalaya, India. Check List;7(3);299-302. Chatterjee, A and Dewanji, A. 2012. Peroxidase as a metric of stress tolerance and invasive potential of alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) growing in aquatic habitatsManagement of Biological Invasions; 3(2): 65–76. Chaudhuri H, Ramaprabhu T and Ramachandran, V. 1994. Ipomoea carnea Jaq a new aquatic weed problem in India. J Aquat Plant Manage; 32:37-38. Gopal B, 1990. Aquatic weed problems and management in Asia. In: Pieterse AH, Murphy KJ eds. Aquatic Weeds: the Ecology and Management of Nuisance Aquatic Vegetation. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 318-340. Jayanth, K.P. 1987., Biological Control of the water Fern Salvinia molesta infesting a lily pond in Bangalore, India by Cyrtobagous salviniae. Entomophaga 32(2): 163-166. Kathiresan, R. M. 2000. Allelopathic potential of native plants on water hyacinth. Crop Protec. 19 : 705-708. Khuroo, A. A., Rashid, I., Reshi, Z. Dar G. H. and Wafai, B. A. 2007. The alien flora of Kashmir Himalaya.Biological Invasions 9: 269-292.
Laxmappa B. 2013. Ipomoea weed infestation in tanks and its effects on fish culture in A.P. Aqua Tech Monthly; 129(9): 73-74. Laxmappa B., Srinivasulu, P and Mahender, J. 2014. Status of Ipomoea carnea weed infestation in Inland Water bodies and its effects on Fisheries in Mahabubnagar district, A.P, India. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies; 1(6): 12-19. Lolu, A.J. et al. 2016. Study on Phytosociology and Biomass changes (above-ground and below- ground) of Emergent macrophytes in Hokersar wetland of Kashmir Himalaya. Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology; 10(11); 20-24.
Masoodi,A. and Khan, A.F. 2012. Invasion of alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) in Wular Lake, Kashmir, India. Aquatic Invasions; 7(1): 143–146. Masoodi, A. et al., .2013. Predicting the spread of alligator weed Alternanthera( philoxeroides) in Wular Lake, India: A mathematical approach. Ecological Modelling; 263;119-125. Nair, A. K. and Pai, T. R. 1973. Kakki Reservoir, Environmental effect of water-weeds and their control.Hydro Power, Kerala State Electricity Board, Trivandrum, pp. 13–16.
Narayanan, S.P., Anitha, K. and Prasad, S.N. S. Narendra .2007. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) management of an Invasive weed, the Indian scenario. Sarovar Saurabh; 3(4).4-7. Patel, S. 2012. Threats, management and envisaged utilizations of aquatic weed Eichhornia crassipes: an overview. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol 11: 249–259. DOI 10.1007/s11157-012-9289-4. Shah, M.A.et al., 2014. Delimiting invasiveMyriophyllum aquaticum in Kashmir Himalaya using a molecular phylogenetic approach. Genetics and Molecular Research 13 (3): 7564-7570. Thomas, K. 1979. The Extent of Salvinia Infestation in Kerala (S. India): Its Impact and Suggested Methods of Control. Environmental Conservation, 6(1), 63-69. doi:10.1017/S0376892900002253.
Invasive Alien Species of India 17 Inland Invasive Alien Species of Fishes
Suckermouth catfish (Pterygoplichthys sps)
People still do not understand that a live fish is more valuable than a dead one
– Sylvia Earle
18 Centre for Biodiversity Policy and Law (CEBPOL) - affecting ecosystem - ecosystem affecting B1 ( References RMS – Rapid Multiplication and Impacts Singh et al. 2010; 2011; 2013, 2014; 2014a. Singh et Krishnakumar et al. 2009, 2011, Laxmappa et al. et al. 2009, 2011, Laxmappa et Krishnakumar 2012; 2014; 2014a; 2015. 2015, Singh et.al. Singh et al. 2011; 2013, 2014. Singh et al. 2011; 2013, 2014. Singh et al. 2013a. Singh et al. 2015;, et 2000: Laxmappa Biju Kumar al. 2011; 2013, 2014;2014a Singh et al. 2013, al. 2015; Singh et et Laxmappa 2014; 2014a 2011; 2000; Singh an Lakra Biju Kumar, al. 2013b Singh et al. 2015 et al 2013 Biju Kumar Singh et al. 2009; et Krishnakumar al 2013a. Singh et al. 2015. et al 2013a; Biju Kumar Singh et al 2013a. al 2013a. Singh et Singh et al 2013a. Singh et 2011. Based on field Singh and Lakra, experts by observation RE - Range Extension (Continues spread of ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü RE ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü B3 - Invasive - Elsewhere; Invasive ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü B2 Impacts ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü B1 ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü MMD MMD – Multiple Mode of Dispersion; ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü MMR ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü Invasiveness RMS IE ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü Inland Invasive Alien Species of Fishes Inland Invasive 3- Economic 3- loss Economic and (human health and hazard wildlife) B English Name Western Western fish/ Mosquito Topminnow Common carp African catfish African Eastern Mosquito Mosquito Eastern fish Black carp Mozambique tilapia Nile tilapia Guppy Vermiculated catfish sailfin Sucker mouth Sucker fish cat armored sailfin Amazon catfish Sailfin Paraná Catfish bellied Red Piranha Bighead carp MMR – Multiple Mode ofReproduction -Biodiversity loss; -Biodiversity B2 Name of taxa Gambusia affinis Cyprinus carpio Clarias gariepinus Gambusia holbrooki Mylopharyngodon piceus Oreochromis mossambicus Oreochromis niloticus reticulata Poecillia disjunctivus Pterygoplichthys Pterygoplichthys multiradiatus Pterygoplichthys pardalis Pterygoplichthys anisitsi Pterygoplichthys nattereri Pygocentrus nobilis Aristichthys S. 3. 2. 1. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. No 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Note: Note: Categories and Criteria adopted for listing alien Invasive Fishes inWater Inland - IE the species). Spread in different ecosystems; Spread in ecosystems; different functions and services;
Invasive Alien Species of India 19 References
Biju Kumar, A. 2000. Exotic fishes and freshwater fish diversity. Zoos’ Print Journal, 15(11): 363-367. Bijukumar, A., Smrithy, R. Sureshkumar, U and George, S. 2015. Invasion of South American suckermouth armoured catfishes Pterygoplichthys spp. (Loricariidae) in Kerala, India - a case study.Jornal of Threatened Taxa 7(3): 6987–6995; Krishnakumar, K., Ali, A., Pereira, B. and Raghavan, R. 2011. Unregulated aquaculture and invasive alien species: a case study of the African Catfish Clarias gariepinus in Vembanad Lake (Ramsar Wetland), Kerala, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 3(5): 1737–1744. Krishnakumar, K., Rajeev Raghavan, Prasad, G., Bijukumar, A., Mini Sekharan, Benno Pereira and AnvarAli. 2009. When pets become pests – exotic aquarium fishes and biologica invasions in Kerala, India.Current Science, 97 (4): 474-476. Laxmappa, B., Bakshi, R.R. and Vazeer, M. 2015. Invasion and impact of feral population of Tilapia (Oreochromis sp) and African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in irrigational tanks of Mahabubnagar District, Telangana, India. International Journal of Research in Fisheries and Aquaculture 2015; 5(2): 48-53. Singh A K., Pankaj Verma, Sharad C Srivastava and Madhu Tripathi 2014. Invasion, biology and impact of feral population of Nile tilapia Oreochromis( niloticus) Linn.) in the Ganga River, India. Asia Pacific Journal of Research Vol 1 Issue XIV, Feb 2014 p151-163. ISSN 2320-5504. Singh, A.K., Ansari, A., Srivastava, S.C., Verma, P.A. and Pathak, A.K. 2014a. Impacts of invasive fishes on fishery dynamics of the Yamuna River, IndiaAgricultural Sciences, 5: 813-821. Singh A. K., Abubakar Ansari, Sharad C. Srivastava and Vinoy Kumar Shrivastava. 2015. An Appraisal of Introduced African Catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) in India: Invasion and Risks. Annual Research & Review in Biology 6(1): 41-58, ISSN: 2347-565X. Singh A. K., Dinesh Kumar, Sharad C Srivastava, Abubakar Ansari, J. K. Jena and U. K Sarkar 2013. Invasion and Impacts of Alien Fish Species in the Ganga River, India. Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, 16(4):408–414. DOI 10.1080/14634988.2013.857974. Singh A. K., Dinesh Kumar, Sharad C. Srivastava and Abubakar Ansari. 2013a. Exotic ornamental fishes in India: Perspectives and Problems. Chapter 13 In: Animal Diversity Natural History and Conservation-Vol. 3 Eds Dr Vijay Gupta and A.K.Verma. Daya Publishing House of Division of Astral International Pvt Ltd. New Delhi pp 177-214. Singh A.K. Dinesh Kumar, Sharad C Srivastava, S.M.Srivastava, Abubakar Ansari and A.K.Pathak.2013b. Invasive Fish Species in Uttar Pradesh. National Bureau of fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, India 19 pp.
Singh A. K., Pathak AK, Lakra WS .2010. Invasion of an exotic fish- common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. (Actinopterygii: Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) in the Ganga River, India and its impacts. Acta Ichthyologica 40(1):11-19. Singh A.K. and Lakra, W. S. 2011. Risk and benefit assessment of alien fish species of the aquaculture and aquarium trade into India. Reviews in Aquaculture 3, 3–18. Singh A.K., Sharad C Srivastava, Abubakar Ansari, Dinesh Kumar and Ruchi Singh. 2012. Environmental Monitoring and Risk Assessment of African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) cultured in Rural Ponds, India. Bull Environ. Contam. Toxicol. Springer. 89: 1142-1147 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-012-0860-z.
20 Centre for Biodiversity Policy and Law (CEBPOL) Marine Invasive Alien Species
Kappaphycus alvareziiin Gulf of Mannar, Tamilnadu. Photo by S. Chandrasekaran
Invasive species are not inherently bad. They are just in the wrong place
– David Lodge
Invasive Alien Species of India 21 References Ganapati et al 1971; Based on field Ganapati experts by observation al 2009; Based on field et Kesavan, experts by observation Prasade, et al 2016; Based on field et Prasade, experts by observation Robin et al ., 2009; Based on field et Robin experts by observation Chopra, 1960.; Based on field observation 1960.; Based on field observation Chopra, experts by Pillai, and Patel, 1988 Based on field Pillai, and Patel, experts by observation Raghunathan, et al ., 2013; Based on field et Raghunathan, experts by observation Kramp, 1961; Based on field observation by 1961; Based on field observation Kramp, experts Chandrasekaran et al. 2008; Kamalakannan al. 2008; Kamalakannan et Chandrasekaran al. 2014 et al 1980; Based on field et Untawale, experts by observation al , 2016. Based on field et Saravanan, experts by observation ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü RE ü ü ü ü ü ü B3 ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü B2 Impacts ü ü ü ü ü B1 ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü MMD ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü MMR ALGAE BIVALVE ANTHOZOA SCYPHOZOA CTENOPHORA ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü RMS Invasiveness IE ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü Aquatic Invasive Alien Species Invasive Aquatic English Name Caribbean false Caribbean false mussel Orange soft coral soft Orange Snowflake coral/ Snowflake pipe coral Branched Seaweed. noctiluca Pelagia 1775 Forsskal, 1775) (Forsskal, puncta Phyllorhiza 1884 Lendenfield, Elkhorn sea moss
(Recluz, (Recluz, (Linnaeus, Name of taxa Perna perna Perna 1758) Mytiloposis sallei 1849) (Rankin, 1956) Vallicula multiformis Vallicula (Fabricius, Beroe cucumis (Fabricius, 1780) (Bruguiere, (Bruguiere, Beroe ovata 1789) coccinea Tubastrea (Lesson, 1829) Carijoa riisei Monostorma oxyspermum Monostorma noctiluca Pelagia punctata Phyllorhiza 1884) (Lendenfield Kappaphycus alvarezii Kappaphycus S. 3. 2. 1. 2. 1. 2. 2. 1. 1. No
22 Centre for Biodiversity Policy and Law (CEBPOL) - affecting ecosystem functions ecosystem - affecting – Rapid Multiplication and Spread RMS Meenakshi, 2003; Abdul Jaffar Ali and 2003; Abdul Jaffar Meenakshi, et al 2009 Ali 2007; Abdul Jaffar Sivakumar, and 2014 Meenakshi,1997;Abdul Jaffar Ali et al,2009; Ali Jaffar Meenakshi,1997;Abdul al., 2011. et Tamilselvi, Shrinivaasu, et al., 2015; Based on field et Shrinivaasu, experts by observation Dev Roy, 2007; Based on field observation 2007; Based on field observation Roy, Dev experts by Gaonkar, et al 2010; Based on field et Gaonkar, experts by observation al 2003; Based on field observation Anil, et experts by Chandramohan, and Aruna, 1994; Based Chandramohan, experts by on field observation Mammen, 1963; Based on field experts by observation ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü - Range Extension (Continues spread of the species) the of spread (Continues Extension Range - RE ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü - Invasive Elsewhere; ü ü ü ü – Multiple Mode of Dispersion; Impacts ( B1 – Multiple Mode of Dispersion; BRYOZOA ASCIDIAN DECAPODS HYDROZOA AMPHIPODS POLYCHEATES ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü MMD ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü - Economic loss and health hazard (human and wildlife) wildlife) and (human hazard health and loss Economic - B3 Scaly tunicate Scaly Coffin box Coffin Australian tube Australian worm Pink-mouth hydroid Pink-mouth
– Multiple Mode of Reproduction Reproduction MMR – Multiple Mode of -Biodiversity loss; -Biodiversity B2 Didemnum candidum Savigny, 1816 Savigny, Microcosmuscurvus 1954) (Tokioka, Membranipora (Linnaeus, membranacea 1767) Penaeus vannamei Penaeus Boone, 1931 Jassa marmorata Holemes, 1905 Lumrineris japonica 1879) (Marenzeller, Ficopomatus enigmaticus Ficopomatus 1923) (Fauvel, (Agassiz, (Agassiz, crocea Ectoplura 1862) 2. 1. 1. 1. 1. 2. 1. 1. Note: Note: Categories and Criteria adopted for listing Invasive alien Marine species, IE in different ecosystems; ecosystems; in different and services; and
Invasive Alien Species of India 23 References
Abdul Jaffar Ali H.A., and Sivakumar, V. 2007. Occurrence and distribution of ascidians in Vizhinjam Bay (south west coast of India). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 342, pp189-190. Abdul Jaffar Ali H, Sivakumar V, Tamilselvi M. 2009. Distribution of alien and cryptogenic ascidians along the southern coasts of Indian peninsula. World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences 1(4):305-312. Abdul Jaffar Ali H, Tamilselvi M, Sivakumar V. 2014. Non indigenous ascidians in VO Chidambaranar port, Thoothukudi, India. Indian Journal of Geo Marine Sciences. 43(11). Anil, A. C., Clarke, C., Hayes, T., Hilliard, R. and Joshi, G., 2003. Ballast water risk assessment: Ports of Mumbai and Jawaharlal Nehru, India, October 2003: Final Report. IMO GloBallast Monograph Series 11: 1–63. IMO, London. Chandramohan, P. and Aruna, Ch., 1994. Recent Development in Biofouling Control (eds Thompson, M. F., R. Sarojini and R. Nagabhushan), Oxford and IBH, New Delhi. Chandrasekaran,S.,Nagendran,N.A.,Pandiaraja,D.,Krishnankutty, N. and Kamalakannan B.2008. Bioinvasion of Kappaphycus alvarezii on corals in the Gulf of Mannar, India. Current Science, 94, 1167–1172. Chopra, S., 1960. A note on the sudden outburst of ctenophores and medusae in the waters of Bombay. Current Science, 29: 392-393.
Dev Roy, M. K. 2007. Problems and prospects of White leg shrimp culture in India. SEBA Newsletter, 4(1): 15. Ganapati, P. N., Lakshman Rao, M.V and Varghese, A.G. 1971. On Congeria sallei Recluz, a fouling bivalve mollusk in the Visakhapatnam harbour. Current Science, 40: 409–410. Gaonkar, C. A., Sawant, S.S., Anil, A.C., Venkat, K. and Harkantra, S.N., 2010. Mumbai harbour, India: gateway for introduction of marine organisms. Environ. Monit. Assess., 163:583–589. Jaffar Ali, A.H., Sivakumar, V. and Tamilselvi, M., 2009. Distribution of Alien and Cryptogenic Ascidians along the Southern Coasts of Indian Peninsula. World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences, 1(4): 305-312, ISSN 1992-0083. Kamalakannan, B.,Joyson Joe Jeevamani, J., Nagendran, AN., et al. 2014. Impact of remova of invasive species Kappaphycus alvarezii from coral reef ecosystem in Gulf of Mannar, India. Current Science, 106(10);1401-1408. Kesavan, K., Palpandi, C. and Shanmugam, A. 2009. A checklist of malacofauna of the Vellar Estuarine Mangroves, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 1(7): 382-384. Kramp, P.L., 1961. Synopsis of the Medusae of the World. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 40: 7-382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400007347. Mammen, T.A., 1963. On a collection of hydroids from South India. I. Suborder Athecata. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 5(1): 27–61. Meenakshi V K. 1997. Biology of a few chosen ascidians. Ph.D Dissertation, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, India. Meenakshi VK. 2003. Marine biodiversity – Taxonomy of Indian ascidians. Final Technical Report submitted to the Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi. pp. 1-103
Pillai, C.S.G. and Patel, M.I., 1988. Scleractinian corals from the Gulf of Kachchh.Journal of Marine Biological Association, India, 30(1&2): 54-74.
Prasade, A., Nagale, P. and Apte, D., 2016. Cassiopea andromeda (Forsskal, 1775) in the Gulf of Kutch, India: initial discovery of the scyphistoma, and a record of the medusa in nearly a century. Marine Biodiversity Records, 9:36. Raghunathan, C., Venkataraman, K., Satyanarayana, Ch. and Rajkumar, R., 2013. An Invasion of Snowflake Coral Carijoa riisei (Duchassaing and Michelotti 1860) in Indian Seas: Threats to Coral Reef Ecosystem. In: Venkataraman, K., Sivaperuman, C. and Raghunathan, C. (eds.), Ecology and Conservation of Tropical Marine Faunal Communities, Springer Verlag, Berlin pp. 381–393.
24 Centre for Biodiversity Policy and Law (CEBPOL) Robin, R. S., Srinivasan, M. and Chandrasekar, K. 2009. Distribution of Zooplankton from Arabian Sea, along Southern Kerala (Southwest Coast of India) During the Cruise. Current Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 1(3): 155-159. Saravanan, R., Ranjith, L., Joshi, K.K., Jasmine, S., Abdul Nazar, A.K., Syed Sadiq I. and Jose Kingsly, K., 2016. Scyphozoan Jelly fish Diversity in the Gulf of Mannar and Palk bay with an account on the Invasive Jelly fishhyllorhiza P punctata. Quarantine, Biosafety and Biosecurity: Invasive alien species: threat assessment and management Issues. Shrinivaasu, S., Venkatraman, C., Rajkumar Rajan and Venkataraman, K. 2015. Marine Bryozoans of India. In: Venkatraman, K., Raghunathan, C., Tamal Mondal, and Raghuraman, R. (eds.), Lesser Known marine animals of India: 1-550 (Published by Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Tamilselvi, M., Sivakumar, V., Jaffar Ali, H.A. and Thilaga, R.D., 2011. Distribution of Alien Tunicates (Ascidians) in Tuticorin Coast, ISSN 1817-3098. India. World Journal of Zoology, 6(2): 164-172. Untawale, A.G., Agadi, V.V. and Dhargalkar, V.K., 1980. Occurrence of Monostroma (Ulvales, Chlorophyta) from Ratnagiri (Maharashtra). Mahasagar—Bulletin of National Institute of Oceanography, 13: 179-181.
Invasive Alien Species of India 25 Invasive Alien Species / Strains of Microbes in Fresh water and brackish water ecosystems
God in His wisdom made the fly and then forgot to tell us why.
- Ogden Nash
26 Centre for Biodiversity Policy and Law (CEBPOL) – Multiple MMD References - Economic loss and health hazard (human B3 – Multiple ModeReproduction of MMR Behera,et al. 2018; Based on field observation by experts by al. 2018; Based on field observation Behera,et George et al. 2014; Based on field observation by experts by al. 2014; Based on field observation et George Sahoo, et al 2016; Based on field observation by experts by al 2016; Based on field observation et Sahoo, Raja Swaminathan, et al 2016; Based on field observation by experts by al 2016; Based on field observation et Raja Swaminathan, Mohan and Shankar 1995; Based on field observation by experts by 1995; Based on field observation Mohan and Shankar experts by al, 2016; Based on field observation et Rajendran, experts by al 2000; Based on field observation Sahoo et experts by 2015; Based on field observation and Rathore Verma experts by al 1997; Based on field observation et Karunasagar experts by al 1998; Based on field observation Sheela et experts by al 1998; Based on field observation Mohan et experts by al.,2017; Based on field observation Sahul Hameed, et experts by al 1995; Based on field observation et Vijayan experts by al 2002; Based on field observation et Manivannan, experts by al 2007; Based on field observation et Prakasha RE -Biodiversity -Biodiversity loss; B2 ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü B3 B2 Impacts VIRUS FUNGUS BACTERIA B1 MMD MMR Invasiveness ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü RMS IE ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü Name English - affecting functionsecosystem and services; – Rapid Multiplication and Spread in different ecosystems; – Rapid ecosystems; andMultiplication Spread in different RMS Invasive Alien Species / Strains of Microbes in Fresh water and brackish water ecosystems water and brackish water in Fresh of Microbes Alien Species / Strains Invasive Name of taxa Tilapia Lake virus Tilapia Lake Ranavirus Cyprinid herpes virus 2 Carp edema virus Aphanomyces invedans Aphanomyces hepatopenaei Enterocytozoon tarda Eswardsiella Sp Flavobacterium Virus spot syndrome White (WSSV) Hypodermal Infectious Virus Necrosis Haematopoetic (IHHNV) head virus (YHV Yellow virus myonecrosis Infectious (IMNV) (MBV) MonodonBaculovirus parvovirus Hepatopancreatic (HPV) Laem Singh Virus - Invasive Elsewhere; Elsewhere; - Invasive S. 1. 2. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. No 13. 12. 11. 10. Mode of Dispersion; Impacts ( B1 of the species). spread (Continues Extension RE - Range and wildlife) The details of Categories and Criteria adopted for listing Invasive alien Microorganisms reported in Indian aquatic system in Indian aquatic reported alien Microorganisms Invasive listing for adopted and Criteria of Categories The details IE
Invasive Alien Species of India 27 References
Behera, B.K, et al. 2018. Emergence of Tilapia Lake Virus associated with mortalities of farmed Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus 1758) in India. Aquaculture, 484: 168-174. George MR, John KR, Mansoor MM, Saravanakumar R, Sundar P, Pradeep V. 2014. Isolation and characterization of a ranavirus from koi, (Cyprinus carpio L.), experiencing mass mortalities in India Journal of Fish Diseases. 1-15. Karunasagar, I., Otta, S.K. and Karunasagar, I. 1997. Histopathological and Bacteriological study o white spot syndrome of Penaeus monodon along west coast of India. Aquaculture 153: 9-13. Manivannan, S., Otta, S.K., Karunasagar, I. and Karunasagar, I. 2002. Multiple viral infection in Penaeusmonodon shrimp postlarvae in an Indian hatchery. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 48 : 233-236. Mohan CV, Shankar KM 1995. Role of fungus in epizootic ulcerative syndrome of fresh- and brackishwater fishes of India: a histopathological assessment. In: Shariff M, Arthur JR, Subasinghe RP (eds) Diseases in Asian Aquaculture II, Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, pp 299–305. Mohan CV, Shankar KM, Kulkani S, Sudha PM.1998. Histopathology of cultured shrimp showing gross signs of yellow head syndrome and white spot syndrome during 1994 Indian epizootics. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 34: 9–12. Prakasha BK, Ramakrishna RP, Karunasagar I, Karunasagar I. 2007. Detection ofLaem-Singh virus (LSNV) in cultured Penaeus monodon from India. Dis Aquat Org.77:83–86. Swaminathan, TR.. et al. 2016. Emergence of carp edema virus in cultured ornamental koi carp, Cyprinus carpio koi, in India. Journal of general virology, 97, 3392–3399. Rajendran, K., Shivam, S., Praveena, P.E., Rajan, J.J.S., Kumar, T.S., Avunje, S., Jagadeesan, V., Babu, S.P., Pande, A., Krishnan, A.N., 2016. Emergence of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) in farmed Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei in India. Aquaculture 454, 272–280. Sahoo, P.K et al. 2016. Detection of goldfish haematopoietic necrosis herpes virus (Cyprinid herpesvirus-2) with multi-drug resistant Aeromonas hydrophila infection in goldfish: First evidence of any viral disease outbreak in ornamental freshwater aquaculture farms in India. Acta Tropica, 2016, 161: 8-17. Sahoo, P.K. Swain, P., Sahoo, S.K., MukherjeE, S.C. and Sahu, A.K., 2000. Pathology Caused by the Bacterium Edwardsiella tarda in Anabas testudineus (Bloch). Asian Fisheries Science 13: 357-362. Sahul Hameed, et al. 2017. Studies on the occurrence of infectious myonecrosis virus in pond- rearedLitopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) in India. Journal of fish diseases, 40 (12): 1823-1830. Sheela RR, Muralimanohar B, Sundarraj A, Selvaraj D, ChidambaramP, Mohan AC, Ravishankar B. 1998. Infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) in cultured Penaeusmonodon in Tamil Nadu. India Ind J Fish. 45:183–6.
Verma Dk and Rathore G, 2015. New host record of five Flavobacterium species associated with tropical fresh water farmed fishes from North India. Braz J Microbiol. 46(4): 969–976. Vijayan KK, Alavandi SV, Rajendran KV, Alagarswami K.1995. Prevalence and histopathology of monodon baculovirus (MBV) infection on Penaeus monodon and P. indicus in shrimp farms in the south-east coast of India. Asian Fisheries Science 8: 267–272
28 Centre for Biodiversity Policy and Law (CEBPOL) Invasive Alien Spcies of Microboes / strains (other than plants) in Agriculture Ecosystems
Hemileia vastatrix – Coffee rust
If conservation of natural resources goes wrong, nothing else will go right
- M.S. Swaminathan
Invasive Alien Species of India 29 References Sundaramoorthy and Manickam, 2016; Based on field and Manickam, Sundaramoorthy Bengal West at experts by observation Mayee and Patil, 1986; Based on field observation by observation 1986; Based on field and Patil, Mayee experts Ganguly and Paul. 1953; Based on field observation by 1953; Based on field observation Ganguly and Paul. experts experts by al, 2017; Based on field observation Uma, et Mundkur.; Kheshwala. 1943; Based on field observation by 1943; Based on field observation Kheshwala. Mundkur.; experts Govindarao and Koteswararao 1956. and Koteswararao Govindarao Mitra M, Mehta PR. 1938; Ramakrishnan and Radhakrishna M, Mehta Mitra 1963. Pillay Ramakrishnan, and Sundaram 1953; Based on field Ramakrishnan, and Sundaram experts by observation Padmanabhan, 1959; Based on field observation by experts by 1959; Based on field observation Padmanabhan, Padmanabhan, 1965; Based on field observation by experts by 1965; Based on field observation Padmanabhan, Payak, and Renfro 1967; Based on field observation by 1967; Based on field observation and Renfro Payak, experts CMI, 1988; Based on field observation by experts by CMI, 1988; Based on field observation Rajak et al., 1974; Based on field observation by experts by al., 1974; Based on field observation Rajak et Sydow and Butler, 1906; Based on field observation by 1906; Based on field observation and Butler, Sydow experts Sydow and Butler, 1906; Based on field observation by 1906; Based on field observation and Butler, Sydow experts Butler 1918; Based on field observation by experts by Butler 1918; Based on field observation Kushalappa and Eskes 1989; Based on field observation by 1989; Based on field observation and Eskes Kushalappa experts RE ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü B3 B2 Impacts B1 MMD FUNGUS MMR Invasiveness ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü RMS IE ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü wilt of Banana English Name Blast of Wheat Blast Fusarium of mildew Downey sunflower Potato wart Potato Canker of apple Canker Tobacco black shank Tobacco Powdery mildew of mildew Powdery rubber Leaf spot of sorghum Leaf Foot rot of Rice rot Foot Blast of paddy Blast Downey mildew of maize mildew Downey Downey mildew of mildew Downey grapes Apple Scab Rust of chrysanthemum Rust Flag smut of wheat Late blight of potato blight Late Coffee rust Coffee Invasive Alien Species of Microbes / strains (other than plants) in Agriculture Ecosystems in Agriculture (other than plants) / strains Alien Species of Microbes Invasive Name of taxa Magnaporthe oryzae Magnaporthe oryzae sub.sp. triticum (MoT) Fusariumoxysporum f.sp f.sp Fusariumoxysporum cubense (TR4) Plasmopara halstedii Synchytrium Synchytrium endobioticum Sphaeropsis spp. Sphaeropsis Phytophthora nicotianae nicotianae Phytophthora nicotianae var. Oidium heavea Phyllachora sorghi Phyllachora Fusarium moniliforme Fusarium Pyricularia grisea Sclerospora phillipinensis Plasmopara viticola Venturia inequalis Venturia Puccinia carthami Puccinia Urocystis tritici Urocystis Phytophthora infestans Phytophthora Hemileia vastatrix S. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. No 17. 15. 16. 14. 13. 12. 11. 10.
30 Centre for Biodiversity Policy and Law (CEBPOL) – Multiple MMD - Economic loss/health hazard (human and B3 Patel et al 1949; Based on field observation by experts by al 1949; Based on field observation et Patel experts by al 2002; Based on field observation Sharma, et experts by Singh 1943; Based on field observation by Deshpande. 1978; Based on field observation Papdiwal.; experts by 1964; Based on field observation and Rao, Srivastava experts experts by 1945; Based on field observation Verghese, by al 2000; Based on field observation Rao et Prasada experts experts by al 1993; Based on field observation Singh, et Jones, 1961; Based on field experts by observation – Multiple Mode of Reproduction. Reproduction. MMR – Multiple Mode of ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü -Biodiversity -Biodiversity loss; B2 VIRUS BACTERIA NEMATODE ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü - functionsaffectingecosystem and services; Black rot of crucifers Black rot Crown gall of apple/pear gall Crown of apple/pear Hairy root of pear blight Fire of blight leaf Bacterial paddy top Banana bunchy necrosis Sunflower Bud necrosis Potato golden nematode golden Potato – Rapid Multiplication and Spread in different ecosystems; ecosystems; in different and Spread RMS – Rapid Multiplication Xanthomonas campestris campestris Xanthomonas campestris p.v. Agrobacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens Agrobacterium rhizogenes amylovora Erwinia p.v. oryzae Xanthomonas oryzae Virus Top Banana Bunchy (Babu virus) necrosis illar Sunflower virus virus stripe Peanut Globoderarostochiensis - Invasive Elsewhere; Elsewhere; - Invasive 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 1. Mode of Dispersion; Impacts ( B1 - Range Extension (Continues spread of the species) spread (Continues Extension RE - Range wildlife) Note: The details of Categories and Criteria adopted for listing Invasive alien Microorganisms reported in Indian Agricultural System in Indian Agricultural reported alien Microorganisms Invasive listing for adopted and Criteria of Categories The details Note: IE
Invasive Alien Species of India 31 References
Butler, E.J. 1918. Fungi and Diseases in Plants, Thacker Spink and Co, Calcutta. CMI, 1988. Distribution Maps of Plant Disease, No. 221, edition 4. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. Ganguly, A. and Paul, D.N. 1953. Wart disease of potato, Science and Culture, 18, 605. Govindarao, P. and Koteswararao, D. 1956. Seedling blight of tobacco caused by Phytophathora parasitica var. Nicotianae (Van breda de Haan) Tucker, Indian Phytopath., 9, 145. Jones, F.G.W. 1961. The potato eel worm Heteroderarostochiensis Woll. in India, Curr. Sci., 30, 187. Kushalappa, A. and Eskes, A.B. 1989. Advances in coffee rust research, Ann. Rev. Phytopathol., 28, 139. Mayee, C.D. and Patil, M.A., 1986. Downy mildew of sunflower. Indian Phytopath. 39: 314. Mitra M, Mehta PR. 1938. Some leaf diseases of Hevea brasiliensisnew to India. Indian J Agric Sci 8:185–188. Mundkur, B.B.; Kheshwala, K.F. 1943. A canker of apple trees in Mysore. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science 13 (4): 397-398, pl. 16. Padmanabhan, S.Y. 1959. The present position and control of rice Diseases in india, Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences - Section BVolume 49, Issue 5, pp 349–362. Padmanabhan, S.Y. 1965. Breeding for blast resistance in India, in Rice Blast Disease, Proc. Sym. at IRRI, Los Banos, Phillipines, Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 343. Papdiwal, P.B.; Deshpande, K.B. 1978. New records of bacterial diseases from India. Proceedingsof the National Academy of Sciences, India, B 48, 1-4. Patel, M.K., Abhyankar S.G. and Kulkarni. Y.S. 1949. Black rot of cabbage. Indian Phytopath. 2: 58-61. Payak, M.M. and Renfro, B.L. 1967. A new downy mildew disease of maize, Phytopath. 57, 39. Prasada Rao RDVJ, Reddy AS, Chander Rao S, Varaprasad KS, Thirumalaevi K, Nagaraju Muniyappa V, Reddy DVR, 2000.Tobacco streak ilarvirus as causal agent of sunflower necrosis disease in India, Journal of Oilseeds Research, 2000, 17, 400-401. Rajak, R.; Midha, S.; Pathak, V., 1974: Apple scab epidemic in Kashmir. Ramakrishnan TS, Radhakrishna Pillay PN .1963. Jatropha curcas L. a collateral host for Oidium heveae Stein. Curr Sci 32:428. Ramakrishnan, T. S and Sundaram, N. V. 1953. Notes on some fungi from South India-I, Indian Phytopathology, 5(2 )110- 115 pp. Sharma, R.C., B. Kamal and A.K. Gupta, 2002. Occurance of crown gall of stone fruits in warmerareas of India and Its management. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 662: VII International Symposium onTemperate Zone Fruits in the Tropics and Subtropics. Singh U B. 1943. MisceIIaneous Bulletin of Indian Council of Agricultural Research 51: 5 & 11. Singh, V., Ghewande, M.P., and Reddy, P.S. 1993. Peanut stripe virus disease-percent status and its management, International J. Pest Mgt., 39, 422. Srivastava, D.N. and Rao, Y.P. 1964. Seed transmission and epidemiology of bacterial blight disease of rice in North India, Indian Phytopathol, 17: 77-78. Sundaramoorthy, S and Manickam, P. 2016. Note on Pest Alert; Wheat Blast / Brusone (Magnaporthe oryzae sub.sp. triticum (MoT)), Regional Plant Quarantine Station, DPPQ&S, Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Sydow, H. and Butler, E. 1906. Fungi Indiae orientalis. Annals of Mycology 4, 424–445. Uma, S. et al, 2017. ICAR-NRCB Proceedings on TR4 = Fusarial wilt of Banana, 21st December. Verghese, 1945. M.K. Bunchy top disease of plantations. Indian Fmg., 6, 239.
32 Centre for Biodiversity Policy and Law (CEBPOL) Invasie Alien Insect species in Agricultural ecosystems
Paracoccus marginatus Papaya mealybug
“Happiness and bacteria have one thing in common; they multiply by dividing!” ― Rutvik Oza
Invasive Alien Species of India 33 References Mani et al 2012; Krishnan et al 2016 et al 2012; Krishnan Mani et NBAIR, 2017; Nanjappa et al. 2005. 2017; Nanjappa et NBAIR, Virakthamath et al 1993; Hore, Garima et al 2017. Garima et al 1993; Hore, et Virakthamath Jacob et al. 2007; Senthilkumar et al 2013 et al. 2007; Senthilkumar et Jacob Rao, 1951. Rao, Kumar et al. 1990; Vijayalakshmi et al. 2013 et al. 1990; Vijayalakshmi et Kumar Singh et al. 1989; Veeresh, 1990. al. 1989; Veeresh, Singh et Thakur and Dogra. 2009. and Dogra. Thakur De Barro et al. 2005; Reddy et al 2006.;Sujay Yet al. 2010. Yet al 2006.;Sujay et al. 2005; Reddy et De Barro Sundararaj and Selvaraj, 2017. and Selvaraj, Sundararaj Srinivasa et al 1999; Mani, 2010. et Srinivasa Navia et al. 2005; Desai et al. 2009Sarkar, 2011; al. 2009Sarkar, al. 2005; Desai et et Navia ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü RE ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü B3 ü B2 Impacts ü ü B1 ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü MMD FUNGUS ü ü ü MMR Invasiveness ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü RMS IE ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü Invasive alien Insect Species in Agricultural Ecosystems alien Insect Species in Agricultural Invasive English Name Papaya mealybug Papaya Lantana bug Lantana American serpentine leaf leaf serpentine American miner Eucalyptus gall wasp/ gall Eucalyptus Blue gum chalcid Cottony cushion scale Cottony Coffee berry borer beetle berry borer Coffee Subabul psyllid Woolly apple aphid Woolly Silver leaf whitefly leaf Silver Rugose spiraling whitefly spiraling Rugose Spiralling white fly white Spiralling Coconut eriophyid mite eriophyid Coconut
Browne Martin Maskell Name of taxa Paracoccus marginatus Paracoccus de Williams & Granara Willink Orthezia insignis Orthezia Liriomyza trifolii trifolii Liriomyza (Burgess) Leptocybe invasa (Fisher invasa Leptocybe and Lasalle) Icerya purchasi Icerya Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari Heteropsylla cubana Heteropsylla Crawford Eriosoma lanigerum Eriosoma (Hausmann) Bemisia tabaci Biotype Bemisia tabaci B/M|EAM Bemisia argentifolii Bemisia argentifolii and Perring Bellows Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Aleurodicus dispersus Russell Aceria guerreroronis Aceria Keifer S. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. No 12. 11. 10.
34 Centre for Biodiversity Policy and Law (CEBPOL) - Economic - loss Economic and health B3 -Biodiversity loss; -Biodiversity B2 Lefroy, 1907; Chandel, et al 2005. 1907; Chandel, et Lefroy, FAO, 2005; Sujay et al 2010. et 2005; Sujay FAO, Sridhar et al. 2014; Sharma and Omkar Gavkare.2017 al. 2014; Sharma and Omkar Sridhar et Ganiger et al 2018; Internet reference and personal and personal reference al 2018; Internet et Ganiger expert of the observation Faizal, et al 2006. et Faizal, Fotedar, R. 1941; Rawat, and Pawar,., 1991; Rawat, Sangal, Sangal, 1991; Rawat, and Pawar,., R. 1941; Rawat, Fotedar, al., 1993. et Mani et al. 2013 Mani et Fletcher, 1914; Sujay et al 2010. et 1914; Sujay Fletcher, Vennila et al. 2010; Maruthadurai, and Singh, 2015 al. 2010; Maruthadurai, et Vennila Shylesha and Joshi 2012 Shylesha ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü – Multiple Mode of Reproduction MMR – Multiple Mode of ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü - affecting ecosystem services and functions; ecosystem - affecting Potato tuber moth Potato Pine woolly aphid Pine woolly Tomato Pinworm Tomato Fall armyworm Fall Erythrina gall wasp Erythrina gall Banana mealybug San Jose scale Diamond back moth Cotton mealybug Cotton Madeira mealybug Madeira – Rapid Multiplication and Spread in different ecosystems; ecosystems; in different and Spread RMS – Rapid Multiplication Gimpel (Constock) (Macquart) Phthorimaea operculella Phthorimaea (Zeller) Pineus pini Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) absoluta Tuta Spodoptera frugiperda Spodoptera Quadrastichus erythrinae Quadrastichus Kim Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Pseudococcus Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi and Miller Plutella xylostella xylostella Plutella Linnaeus Phenacoccus solenopsis solenopsis Phenacoccus Tinsley Phenacoccus madeirensis Phenacoccus - Invasive Elsewhere; Elsewhere; - Invasive 22. 21. 20. 19. 18. 17. 16. 15. 14. 13. Note: Categories and Criteria adopted for listing Invasive alien Insects reported in Indian Agricultural System in Indian Agricultural reported alien Insects Invasive listing for adopted and Criteria Categories Note: IE MMD – Multiple Mode of Impacts Dispersion; ( B1 - Range Extension (Continues spread of the species) spread (Continues Extension RE - Range (human and wildlife) hazard
Invasive Alien Species of India 35 References
Chandel, R.S., Chandla, V.K., Singh, B.P. 2005. Potato tuber moth – Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller). Tech. Bull. (No. 65) CPRI, Shimla, India. De Barro1, P.J., Trueman, J.W.H. and Frohlich. D.R. 2005. Bemisia argentifolii is a race of B. tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae): the molecular genetic differentiation of B. tabaci populations around the world. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 95, 193–203. Desai, V.S., Desai, S.D., Mayekar A. J. and More, V.G. 2009. Infestation of coconut eriophyid mite, Aceria guerreronis Keifer in Konkan region of Maharashtra. The Journal of Plant Protection Sciences, 1(1): 76-79. Faizal, M.H., Prathapan, K.D., Anith, K.N., Mary, C.A., Lekha, M. & Rini, C.R. 2006. Erythrina gall wasp Quadrastichus erythrinae, yet another invasive pest new to India. Curren Science, 90(8): 1061-1062. FAO. 2005. Global Forest Resources Assessment. 2005. India, Country Report. Forestry Department, Forest Resources Assessment 2005, Country Report 001, 128 pp. Fletcher, T. B. 1914. Some South Indian Insects. Superintendent Government Press, Madras. 565 pp. Ganiger, P.C., Yeshwanth, H.M.., Muralimohan, K., et al.2018. Occurrence of the new invasive pest, fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in the maize fields of Karnataka, India Current Science, 115(4); 621-623.
Fotedar, R. 1941. San Jose scale and its control in Kashmir. Indian Farming 5 : 234-237 Hore, Garima and Chakraborty, Abesh and Banerjee, Dhriti. 2017. Liriomyzatrifolii (Insecta: Diptera: Agromyzidae) – the invasive alien agricultural pest species of India. ENVIS News Letter. 23. 12-15. Jacob, J.P., Devaraj, R. and Natarajan, R. 2007. Outbreak of the invasive gall inducing wasp Leptocybe invasa on eucalypts in India. Invasives, 8: 4. Krishnan, J.U., Meera George, Ajesh, G., Jithine, J.R., Lekshmi, N.R. and Deepasree, M.I. 2016. A review on Paracoccus marginatus Williams, papaya mealy bug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies. 4(1): 528-533.
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Veeresh GK, 1990. The status of leucaena psyllid, Heteropsyllacubana Crawford, in India. In Napompeth B, MacDicken KG, eds. Leucaena Psyllid: Problems and Management. Bangkok, Thailand: Funny Publishing Limited Partnership, 14-16.
Vennila, S et al. 2018. “Biology of the Mealybug, Phenacoccus Solenopsis on Cotton in the Laboratory.” Journal of Insect Science 10: 115. Vijayalakshmi, C. K., Tintumol, K.and Saibu, U. 2013. Coffee Berry Borer, Hypothenemus Hampei (Ferrari): A Review International Journal of Innovative Research & Development. 2(13); 358-361. Viraktamath, C.A., Tiwari, G.C., Srinivasan, K. and Gupta, M., 1993. American serpentine leaf miner is a new threat to crops. Indian Farming. 10: 12.
Internet reference http://www.nbair.res.in/recent_events/Pest%20Alert%2030th%20July%202018-new1.pdf https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/fall-armyworm-in-maize-spreads-to-tn-karnataka- takes-steps-to-curb-menace/article24698092.ece
Invasive Alien Species of India 37 Invasive Alien Species of Major Islands
Hoplobatrachus tigerinus Indian bullfrog reported as an invasive in Andaman group of Islands
We should preserve every scrap of biodiversity as priceless while we learn to use it and come to understand what it means to humanity. - E. O. Wilson
38 Centre for Biodiversity Policy and Law (CEBPOL) - Economic - loss Economic and health B3 References -Biodiversity loss; -Biodiversity Ali, R. 2004 Ali, R. 2004. Ali, R. 2004. Ali and Pelkey 2013; Mohanty et al 2016. et 2013; Mohanty Ali and Pelkey Rajan, and Pramod, 2013; Mohanty et al 2018. et 2013; Mohanty Rajan, and Pramod, Rajan, and Pramod, 2013; Mohanty et al 2018. et 2013; Mohanty Rajan, and Pramod, Harikrishnan and Vasudevan. 2013 Harikrishnan and Vasudevan. Harikrishnan and Vasudevan. 2013; Mohanty et al 2018a et 2013; Mohanty Harikrishnan and Vasudevan. Rajan et al 2018. Rajan et Mohanty et al 2018. et Mohanty al 2018. Rajan et Raghunathan, et al 2013; Venkataraman et al 2016 et al 2013; Venkataraman et Raghunathan, Bharti et al 2016; Sardar and Ghorai 2017. and Ghorai et al 2016; Sardar Bharti Soumyaet al. 2016. Soumyaet B2 ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü RE – Multiple Mode of Reproduction MMR – Multiple Mode of ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü B3 ü ü ü B2 Impacts B1 ü ü MMD BIRDS FISHES REPTILE INSECTS CNIDARIA MOLLUSCA MAMMALS AMPHIBIAN MMR Invasiveness ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü RMS IE ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü Invasive Alien Species of Major Islands Invasive - affecting ecosystem services and functions; ecosystem - affecting English Name Asian elephant Indian muntjac Indian Hog deer Chital/Spotted deer Chital/Spotted House sparrow Common Myna Garden lizard Garden Indian bullfrog Asian stinging catfish Asian stinging Giant African Snail African Giant tilapia Mozambique Snowflake coral Snowflake yellow crazy ant crazy yellow Mango borer Mango – Rapid Multiplication and Spread in different ecosystems; ecosystems; in different and Spread RMS – Rapid Multiplication Name of taxa Elephas maximus Muntiacus muntjak Muntiacus Axis porcinus Axis axis Passer domesticus Passer Acridotheoes tristis Calotes versicolor Calotes Hoplobatrachus tigerinus Heteropneustes fossilis Heteropneustes Achatina fulica Oreochromis mossambiscus Carijoa riisei Anoplolepis gracilipes Citripestis eutraphera Citripestis - Invasive Elsewhere; Elsewhere; - Invasive S. 2. 1. 1. 1. 2. 1. 1. 1. 2. 1. No Note: Categories and Criteria adopted for listing Invasive alien Insects reported in Indian Agricultural System in Indian Agricultural reported alien Insects Invasive listing for adopted and Criteria Categories Note: IE MMD – Multiple Mode of Impacts Dispersion; ( B1 - Range Extension (Continues spread of the species) spread (Continues Extension RE - Range (human and wildlife) hazard
Invasive Alien Species of India 39 References
Ali, R. 2004. The effect of introduced herbivores on vegetation in the Andaman IslandsCurrent Science, 86(8); 1103- 1112. Bharti H, Guénard B, Bharti M, Economo EP. 2016. An updated checklist of the ants of India with their specific distributions in Indian states (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). ZooKeys 551: 1– 83. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.551.6767
Harikrishnan, S. and Vasudevan. K. 2013. Recent introduction and spread of Indian bullfrogHoplobatrachustigerinus (Daudin, 1802) into the Andaman Island. Aliens 33: 42-43. Mohanty, N.P., Sachin, A., Gayathri S, Vasudevan. K. 2018. Using public surveys to reliably and rapidly estimate the distributions of multiple invasive species on the Andaman archipelago. Biotropica 50(2): 197-201. Mohanty NP, Measey J. 2018a. What’s for dinner? Diet and trophic impact of an invasive anuran Hoplobatrachustigerinus on the Andaman archipelago. PeerJ Preprints 6:e26544v1 https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.26544v1.
Raghunathan, C., Venkataraman, K., Satyanarayana, Ch. and Rajkumar, R. 2013. An Invasion of Snowflake Coral Carijoariisei (Duchassaing and Michelotti 1860) in Indian Seas: Threats to Coral Reef Ecosystem. In: Venkataraman, K., Sivaperuman, C. and Raghunathan, C. (eds.), Ecology and Conservation of Tropical Marine Faunal Communities, Springer Verlag, Berlin pp. 381–393.
Rajan, P., and Pramod, P., 2013. Introduced birds of the Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India. Indian Birds 8 (3): 71-72. Rajan, P. T., P. Vijay, and Jayasimhan Praveenraj 2018. Diversity, Distribution and Conservation of Freshwater Fishes in Andaman and Nicobar Islands 127 - 138. In C. Sivaperuman, K. Venkataraman (eds.), Indian Hotspots, Vertebrate Faunal Diversity, Conservation and Management Volume 1, Springer, Singaprehttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6605-4_1.
Sardar, N and Ghorai, N. 2017. Some invasive ants of India and their impact to environment. ENVIS News Letter; 23(2) Pp2-4. Soumya1, B.R.,Verghese, A et al,.2016. Need to strengthen quarantine between Andaman and Nicobar Islands and mainland India. Current Science 111(11); 1753-1756. Venkataraman, K et al. 2016. Snowflake coral,CarijoariiseiI in Indian seas: Threat to Coral Reef Ecosystem. Indian Journal of Geo Marine Science; 45(11);1403-1408.
40 Centre for Biodiversity Policy and Law (CEBPOL) Details of the Invasive Alien species reported in India
S. N. Details of the Species and Ecosystem Total Terrestrial Ecosystem 1. Terrestrial plants 53 Total 53 Aquatic Ecosystem 1. Microorganism reported in freshwater and brackish water 15 2. Aquatic plants (inland) 7 3. Fishes 14 4. Marine invasive species 19 Total 55 Agriculture Ecosystem 1. Fungus 16 2. Bacteria 5 3. Virus 3 4. Nematode 1 5. Invasive Insects 22 Total 47 Major Island Ecosystem 1. Insects 2 2. Cnidaria 1 3. Mollusca 1 4. Fishes 2 5. Amphibian 1 6. Reptile 1 7. Birds 2 8. Mammals 4 Total 14 Terrestrial plants 53 Aquatic Ecosystem 55 Agriculture Ecosystem 47 Island Ecosystem 14 Overall Indian IAS species 169
Invasive Alien Species of India 41 Annexure - 1 National Biodiversity Authority Chennai
PROCEEDINGS THIRD MEETING OF THE EXPERT COMMITTEE ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
Date: 6-7th February, 2018
National Biodiversity Authority 5th Floor, TICEL BIOPARK, CSIR Road, Taramani, Chennai – 600 113 Proceedings of Third Meeting of The Expert Committee on Invasive Alien Species (IAS)
Venue: NBA, Chennai • Date: 6-7/02/18 • Time: 10am-5:30pm
The third meeting of the Expert Committee (EC) on Invasive Alien species (EC on IAS) was held on 6-7thFebruary, 2018 at the National Biodiversity Authority, Chennai, under the chairmanship of Dr. C.R. Babu. The list of participants is placed in Annex-1.
Chairperson, NBA extended a warm welcome to the Chairman of the committee, members, special invitees and representatives from various institutions and explained to the house about the progress made so far.
She emphasized the necessity for bringing out a comprehensive list(s) of invasive alien species reported from different ecosystems and taxonomic groups. Shesaidthat Ministry has also shown interest to disseminate the information on IAS to different stakeholders including State Biodiversity Boards (SBB). She expressed her views on holding hands with Vigyan Prasar to disseminate the knowledge on invasive alien species to public and policy makers.
Secretary, NBA extended a warm welcome to the participants. He reiterated the views of the Chairperson, NBA and expressed that MOEF & CC is keen to havethe comprehensive list of invasive species. He also emphasized the need of criteria for identifying the invasive species and prioritizing the same.
Chairman EC,Dr. C.R. Babu emphasized the necessity of studies on ecology and biology of invasive species for their management. He mentioned the importance of protecting the pristine ecosystems and the need for effective control/management strategies of invasive species in protected areas.Chairman highlighted that the comprehensive list of invasive alien species in India may sensitise the researchers, policy makers, stakeholders and the common public about the menace caused by invasive species. He also appreciated NBA’s attempts to promote education and awareness on the menace caused by invasive species.He requested the members and special invitees to provide their inputs on the species listed as invasive alien species so that a final authentic list will be made.
The special invitees made presentations on various topics in their respective areas of work doneon invasive alien species in India (Annex-2). The presentations emphasized the importance of high resolution data in mapping invasive plant species in forest ecosystems and theirinstitutional role in the management of IAS.
44 Centre for Biodiversity Policy and Law (CEBPOL) Discussion points EC discussed in detail on the generic criteria to be adopted for listing the species as IAS. Realizing that there are diverse opinions what constitute a invasive alien species, the house decided that the important invasive attributes such as invasiveness, impacts and ability to spread in the neighborhood, as major criteria for designating a species as an IAS.
The participants debated on the inclusion of commercially important alien/exotic species, particularly fish species and fast growing trees.
Invasive Alien Fishes Members deliberated on the occurrence of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Pangus) and rainbow trout in the important stream habitats of Western Ghats region.
The committee also discussed the presence ofCyprinus carpiosubspecies (Grass crap Mirror carp and Common carp) in Indian rivers, and other water bodies and suggested to treat all three subspecies together. Committee also discussed on the impacts of bighead Aristichthys nobilis in aquatic system. Members also discussed the invasion potential of all Pterygoplichthys species.
Marine Invasive species Members attempted to rectify the list of invasive Ascidians by way of knowing their native range of distribution and realized on the necessity for further collection of more data on their distribution range and origin. Committee also pointed out that a number of ascidians are Indo-Pacific as their distribution range and hence careful scrutiny of their native distribution is desirable before declaring them as invasive species in India.
EC also debated on the invasive nature of the marinesea snail Eualetes tulipa and Bryozoan Amathia verticillata. Representatives from NIOT and ZSI underscored their distribution range and fouling potential of both the speciesand suggested that they should be designated as invasive species.
Invasive species in Agriculture ecosystem The EC discussed about the difficulties in identifying the native distribution ranges of pathogens i.e. microbes and pest insects reported from India. Members also expressed concernon the lack of adequate data and competent taxonomists in the area of insect pests.
Invasive Microorganisms The EC discussed at length theimportance of the data on the distribution ranges, first recorded reports and epidemics, mode of spread and the impacts on Indian agriculture and associated ecosystems which are critical in designating microorganisms as invasive alien species. Members also debated on major invasive aquatic microorganisms and discussed the list prepared by CIBA.The EC also suggested to include the invasive microorganisms reported from wild animals and poultry.
Invasive Alien Species of India 45 Invasive Insects The representative from ZSI, special invitees and the EC members discussed on the advantages of having a comprehensive list of invasive insects reported inmajor ecosystems of India. Members also discussed oninvasive insect pollinators and introduced biological contro agents. The EC strongly advocated to designate all the insect species for which native distribution ranges and their impacts on ecosystems are well-established as invasive species.
Invasive plants and animals in islands The EC discussed the impacts of Pomacea canaliculata (Golden apple snail), Hoplobatrachus tigerinus (Indian bullfrog) and Anoplolepis gracilipes (yellow crazy ant) in the island ecosystems of India and these species have to be designated as invasive alien anima species.
The Committee discussed in detail on the list of insular invasive alien plantspecies. It was mentioned that a number of plants might haveintroduced from the main land and the invasiveness of most of the species listed are to be debated and ascertained. The committee also suggested that the list of species prepared may be got verified by the BSI (Botanica Survey of India), Port Blair.
Invasive Terrestrial plants Members of EC discussed in detail on globally accepted rules, facts and criteria to designate plants as invasive alien plant species. EC also expressedits concern in having a long list of invasive alien plant species of more than 300. It may be mentioned that the source list, which was adopted by different workers, also included naturalized alien plant species in India and not a list of invasive alien species.
The committee also took note on theAcacia species, designated as invasive alien species,especially the invasion of Acacia auriculiformis in several protected areas. Committee discussed thoroughly on the exclusion of the native, food, and fodder yielding cultivated plants, and naturalized species from the list.
Invasive aquatic plants EC discussed the list of aquatic plantsdesignated as invasive alien species based on secondary source. Members expressed their concern about the inadequateinformationon the native distribution range and the extent of invasion in India. Based on the available literature, theCommittee identified eight aquatic plant species as invasive alien species.
Members also suggested that periodical updating of the lists finalized is a must. The Chairperson of NBA and Chairman of the EC insisted the membersto develop pictorial guides/illustrated booklet/posters and protocols for invasive alien species management.
Chairperson NBA also expressed her views on handholding of NBA with Vigyan Prasar to disseminate information on the menaceof invasive species to common public. Dr. Venkateswaran, Division Head, Science Communication and Training, Vigyan Prasar explained the role of Vigyan Prasar on communicating the
46 Centre for Biodiversity Policy and Law (CEBPOL) science to common public. He also explained the recent approaches adopted in bringing science and technology discoveries to the news media by Vigyan Prasar and mentioned the impacts of “India Science Wire” program on spreading the current Indian Scientific Research to common public and researchers. Mr. Swapan Mehrra, CEO-IORA (Delhi) expressed that his Institution can also contribute to the mapping of the extent of invasion of invasive alien species. Dr. Gop Ramasamy of CABI, India, spoke on CABI’s efforts in managing invasive alien species and expressed that CABI would also contribute to address the issues of invasive alien species.
Recommendation Based on the deliberations, the Expert Committee made the following recommendations:
1. The EC on IAS endorsed that the following criteria to be used, as far as possible, to designate an alien species as invasive species in India. a) Invasiveness: •IE - Invasive Elsewhere; •RMS – Rapid Multiplication and Spread to different ecosystems; •MMR – Multiple Mode of Reproduction, •MMD – Multiple Mode of Dispersion. b) Impacts: •B1- affecting ecosystem services and functions; •B2-Biodiversity loss; •B3- Economic loss and health hazard to human and wildlife. c) Range Extension: Continuesto spreadoutside the initial introduced to other areas/ecosystems.
These criteria have to be mentioned before listing the invasive alien species. 2. As some of invasive species have been introduced purposefully for commercial cultivation/production, views from stakeholders should be taken into account before designate them as invasive alien species. To elicit views from stakeholders, workshops may be organized by NBA. 3. Data on the naturalized populations of PangasPangasius hypophthalmus and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss need be generated and the adverse impacts to be ascertained/scored. 4. All the reported subspecies of Cyprinus to be treated as Common carp. Different species of suckermouth catfish such asPterygoplichthys multiradiatus, Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus, and Pterygoplichthys pardalis to be designatedas invasive alien species. 5. The native distribution ranges of Ascidians should be assessedcarefully before designateing themas invasive alien species. The visible impacts of Bryozoa, Amathia verticillat, and Gastropod Eualetes tulipa and other Ascidians speciesshould be studied before including them in the list of marine invasive alien species. 6. Since most of the microorganisms are cryptogenic in nature, the history of introductions into India, details on their impacts and range extension should be consideredbefore declaring them as invasive alien species. The list of aquatic invasive microorganism shared by CIBA may be included in the list. 7. All the invasive alien insect species reported in different ecosystems to be included in the list. Based on the impact studies carried out in India, even the insect pollinators may be included in the invasive list if they exhibit any invasive attributes.
Invasive Alien Species of India 47 8. Yellow crazy ant, Golden apple snail, Indian bullfrog and Mozambique tilapia be included in the list of invasive alien species of Islands in India. 9. The list of invasive alien plant species reported for Indian islands be further examined critically by BSI – Port Blair and also by members of EC. 10. The list of invasive alien species for different taxonomic groups and ecosystems may be communicated to all the participants for their corrections/additions/comments 11. The eight aquatic plant species approved by EC be designated as invasive alien aquatic plant species of India.Information on the native range of distribution be collected from secondary source. 12. The draft list to be hosted on NBA website and once the list is notified it may be updated periodically. 13. Pictorial guides, illustrated booklets/posters and protocols be prepared by the members, and their publication and distribution to stakeholders be facilitated by NBA. 14. Handholding with Vigyan Prasar for effective utilization of “India Science Wire” programme to sensitise different stakeholders and public on invasive alien species to be explored. 15. NBA may take support of CABI for promoting awareness on the adverse impacts of invasive alien species to different ecosystem through publications and IORA – Ecological Solutions (Delhi) for mapping the extent of biological invasions.
48 Centre for Biodiversity Policy and Law (CEBPOL) Annexure - 1 (List of Participants)
List of the EC Members attended 2. Dr. Prince Prakash Jeba kumar.J, Scientist ‘D’, 1. Dr. C.R. Babu Coastal Environmental Engineering division, NIOT, Chennai. 2. Dr. Suresh Kumar 3. Dr. H, Abdual Jaffar Ali, Assistant Professor, 3. Dr. AC. Anil Department of Biotechonology, Islamiah 4. Dr. B. Ramakrishnan College,Vaniyambadi. 5. Dr. Biju Kumar 4. Dr. T. Selvamuthu Kumaran, Asst. Prof. of 6. Dr. Rm. Kathiresan Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University. 7. Dr. Karthikeyan Vasudevan 5. Dr. C. Raghunathan, Senior Scientist, 8. Sulagna Chattopadhyay Zoological Survey of India. 9. Mita Banerjee IFS 6. Dr. T.V. Venkateswaran, Division Head: Science 10. Dr. Sundaramuurthi (as nominee from regional Communication Training, Vigayan Prasar, plant quarantine station Chennai) Delhi. 11. Dr. Sampath Kumar(as nominee from 7. Mr. Swapan Mehrra, CEO- IORA- Ecological ICAR- NBAIR, Bangalore) Solutions, Delhi. 8. Dr. Subhendu Kumar Otta. Principal Scientist, List of the Members from NBA CIBA, Chennai. 1. Dr. B. Meenakumari (Chairperson, NBA) 2. Mr. T. Rabikumar, IFS (Secretary, NBA) List of the Invitees from NBAP Identified Institution 3. Dr. S. Sandilyan, Fellow on IAS, CEBPOL, NBA (Co-ordinator of the EC) 1. Dr. Gopi Ramasamy, Director,CABI 2. Dr. Goldin Quadros, Senior Scientist, SACON, List of the Special Invitees Coimbatore. 1. Dr. A. K. Singh, Former Director, ICAR-Former 3. Dr A Rajasekaran, Scientist -E, National Project Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research Coordinator- Invasive Alien Species, IFGTB, (DCFR), Coimbatore.
Invasive Alien Species of India 49 Presentations
S. No Name of the EC Member Title of the Presentation 1. Dr. Gopi Ramasamy Director,CABI CABI’s global action on Invasives 2. Mr. Swapan Mehrra, CEO- IORA- Ecological Use of a Very High Resolution Data Solutions, Delhi Mapping Species Expansion in India
50 Centre for Biodiversity Policy and Law (CEBPOL)