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Centre for Cultural History in Aust-Agder, Arendal AAKS, svartebok Danish Folklore Collection (DFS)/The Royal Danish Library, Copenhagen DFS H. P. Hansen samling av Cyprianus’er: 2003/003 178; DFS 69 Møllers Cyprianus; DFS 83 Damgaards Cyprianus; DFS 91 Kolstrup Cyprianus; Thott 250, 8vo. Hedmark Museum, Hamar OF-2876 National Library (NB), Oslo NB MS 8 10; NB MS 8 81; NB MS 8 83; NB MS 8 108; NB MS 8 120; NB MS 8 640a; NB MS 8 640b; NB MS 8 640c1; NB MS 8 640c2; NB MS 8 640d; NB MS 8 640e; NB MS 8 640f; NB MS 8 640i; NB MS 8 641; NB MS 4 832; NB MS 4 1819; NB MS 8 2062a; NB MS 8 2062b; NB MS 8 2124; NB MS 8 2918; NB MS 8 3182; NB MS 8 3136; NB MS 8 3186. Newberry Library (NL), Chicago MS 5017, MS Book of magical charms

© The Author(s) 2018 263 A. Ohrvik, Medicine, Magic and Art in Early Modern Norway, Palgrave Historical Studies in Witchcraft and Magic, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-46742-3 264 Archive Sources

Norwegian Folklore Archives (NFS), Oslo NFS Moltke Moe 106 I; NFS Moltke Moe 106 II; NFS Moltke Moe 106 III, e; NFS Moltke Moe 106 IV, 5; NFS Moltke Moe 106 IV, 4; NFS Moltke Moe 106 VI, a; NFS Moltke Moe 106 VI, b; NFS Moltke Moe 106 VI, d; NFS Jon Guldal 3, Svartebok fra Ringerike; NFS Joh. Olsen, Svartebok fra Bærum; NFS Svartebok fra Aremark (copy); NFS Svartebok fra Valdres 1 (copy); NFS Svartebok fra Stavanger (copy); NFS Svartebok fra Ål i Hallingdal (copy); NFS Kristian Østberg 2, Svartebok; NFS Varia 18, 101 (copy); NFS Aug. Krogh IV, 7; ml3000-SIN191; ml3000-SIN183 Private ownership Svartebok fra Kvam; Svartebok fra Elverum 1; Svartebok fra Elverum 2; Svartebok fra Romerike The Heiberg Collections (HEI), Sogn DHS-k75o25/ 11224; DHS-k75o27/­ (2411); DHS-k75o28; DHS- k87o7/ 4924; DHS-­k169o3/ 5614 The Regional State Archives in Bergen Svartebok fra Bergen (B 3) Wellcome Library (WL), London MS 738; MS 763; MS 983; MS 2000; MS 3402; MS 4477; MS 4662; MS 4666, MS 4667; MS 7298 Bibliography

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A Apparatus, 10, 13, 14, 17, 18, 45, 68, Academy in Wittenberg, the, 144, 89n4, 117, 215, 216, 227, 228, 179, 186 238, 244, 260 Advice, 4, 5, 35, 49, 57n17, 72, 147, Appel, Charlotte, 9, 22n18, 69, 90n7, 166, 193, 209, 231, 237–240, 203, 218n9, 219n19 242–244, 248n1 Arcana naturae, 165 Age Aremark, 231, 248n3 of classification, 235 Arts, 4–6, 32–37, 72, 73, 110, 113, information, the, 253 114, 117, 118, 120, 123, Agerø or Aggerøe Fortress, 51, 60n52 142–152, 154, 160–162, 164, Agrippa von Nettesheim, Heinrich 165, 172n67, 179, 180, 183, 205, Cornelius (1486–1535), 114, 206, 208, 210, 211, 213, 235, 129n48 240, 244, 248, 255, 257, 259 Ailment, 12, 35, 232 artes liberales, 149 Albertus Magnus (c. 1200–1280), Astrology, 72, 152, 240 111, 117, 163, 164 Attributes Alexander VI, Pope (1431–1503), 118 magical, 116 Almanac, 72, 91n17, 150 pious, 116 Amsterdam, 67, 89, 89n1, 130n53 religious, 116 Anachronistic, 4, 16 Attributional reasoning, 99, 120 Antiquity, 100, 149, 188 Auctions, 37, 51, 53, 256 Apollo, 113 Auctor, 103, 111, 122, 127n27, 258

1 Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes.

© The Author(s) 2018 287 A. Ohrvik, Medicine, Magic and Art in Early Modern Norway, Palgrave Historical Studies in Witchcraft and Magic, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-46742-3 288 INDEX

Audience, 17, 32, 69, 70, 206, Bavaria, 111 223n49 Beliefs, 6, 7, 11, 14, 26n50, 38, 42, Authenticity, 100, 102, 185 178, 179, 204, 208–212, Authorial 222n38 hierarchy, 99, 101, 120 Bergen, 37, 102 sources, 101, 112 Bewitchment, 242, 243 tradition, 186 (see also Traditions) Bible, the, 232 voices, 100 Bibliography, 9, 17, 89n4, 131n56 Authorisation Binding process, 3, 106, 120, 122, 162, 215 method, 74, 75 strategies, 3, 4, 68, 85, 110, 260 of spirits, 120 Authoritative techniques, 74–76, 92n26 force, 122, 123 Biography, 67, 179, 192–193, 235 voices, 120, 122, 164 Blair, Ann, 104, 125n8, 217n2, 238, Authority, 10, 42, 85, 99, 101, 103, 249n5 104, 120, 122, 123, 185, 207, Blasphemy, 212 214, 215, 259 Bologna, 183 Authors, 4, 7, 8, 13, 15–17, 39, 40, Boniface VIII, Pope (c. 1230–1303), 48, 50, 54, 73, 93n37, 100–104, 118 109–112, 115, 122, 124n5, Book history, research field of, 4, 8, 9 127n27, 145, 159, 183, 211, Book or books 213, 215, 222n42, 223n49, 235, banned and forbidden, 39 258 binders, 37 roles, 17, 73, 103 history, 4 Authorship, 3, 9, 17, 45, 53, 85, as material objects, 3, 9, 16, 99–101, 103, 104, 110, 112, 88, 177, 259 120–123, 124n2, 124n4, 159, multitude of, 201 215 of secrets, 33–35, 56n7, 56n8, 151, Autograph manuscripts, 100 152, 154, 165, 173n74, 255 sellers, 17, 31, 37, 38, 214 Books of Secrets, 72, 255, 258 B Brostrup, Jens, 47 Bacon, Francis (1561–1626), 163, Brandrud, Ole Tordsen (1792–1836), 201, 202 52 Bairo, Pietro (1468–1558), 34, 56n7, Brink, Jørgen, 206 91n20 Burke, Peter, viii, 11, 23n27, 58n22, Bakhtin, Mikhail (1895–1975), 142, 249n8, 261n5 167n6, 217n6 Buskerud, 109, 160, 171n58 Baltic Sea, 180 Bang, Anton Christian (1840–1913), 6, 7, 18, 20n2, 20n6, 21n7, 47, C 49, 50, 60n41, 187, 188, 205 Catholic Church, the, 38, 39, 196n22 Bauman, Richard, 106, 127n28, 141, Cavallo, Sandra, 152, 170n42 142, 160, 163, 167n2 Celestial, 72, 147 INDEX 289

Censorship Commercial literature, 32 regulations, 212, 214 Commodity rules, 37, 40 exchange, 53, 61n59 Chambers, Ephraim (1680–1740), sphere, 53, 216 232, 235, 249n6 Common literary, 88, 216 Chapter headings, 243 Communication Charm, 6, 7, 12, 22n12, 26n50, 35, common literary communication 133n76, 211, 228, 239 mode, 88 See also Charmers; Charming; medium, 31, 38 Charms studies revolution in, 32 Charmers, 7 Compilations, 1, 6, 7, 12, 238 Charming, 7 handwritten, 5 Charms studies, 7, 8 Compilator, 103 Chartier, Roger, 10, 16, 17, 22n17, Conceptualisations, 141, 178, 193 25n47, 94n39, 125n7 Conceptualising of the books ‘Chest of marble’, 178, 179, 184, 186, external, 227 259 internal, 227 Christian, 204 Confessional alliance, 204 mindset, 207, 208, 210 Congregations, 39 reader, 42, 203, 204 (see also Conjurations, 12, 114, 120, 147, 148, Readership) 157, 209, 210, 239, 243, 244 Religion, 39 Conjure, 5, 71, 113, 123, 157, 189, Christiania (Oslo), 2, 37–39, 51, 81, 232, 243 86, 91n17, 181 Context Christian III, King (1502–1559), 181 cultural, 16, 32, 48, 53, 54, 162, Christian IV, King (1577–1648), 182 210, 212 Christiansand (Kristiansand), 37 historical, 16, 32, 48, 162, 221n29 Christian VII, King (1749–1808), 40 social, 16, 32, 48, 53, 54, 88, 202 Church Ordinance, the, 38, 39 Copenhagen, 37–39, 91n17, 102, Ciphers, 40, 166, 255 123, 161, 179, 180, 182, 183, Circulation, 11, 40, 51–54, 110, 178, 186, 187, 194n7, 195n9, 211, 256 212, 238, 251n30, 259 City of magic, 183 Copying practice, 46 See also Wittenberg Cormack, Bradin, 73, 89n3, 241, Clandestine routes, 39 261n6 Classification principle, 232 Corpus, 4, 19, 26n52, 46, 49, 52, 70, Clemmensen, Jens, 115 71, 73–75, 82, 83, 89n2, 90n13, Clergy, 39, 70, 120, 211 101, 105, 123, 126n22, 130n54, Close reading, 13–15 142, 144, 147, 157, 179, 188, method, the, 13 203, 228, 238, 239, 242, 244 Codes, 40, 256 of books, 44, 52, 75 Commentator, 103 Corpus Hermeticum, 188 Commercialisation, 216, 253 Cortese, Isabella, 34, 56n7 290 INDEX

Cover, 1, 3, 15, 16, 46, 67, 70, Darnton, Robert, 10, 23n21, 223n47, 74–76, 102, 104, 118, 142, 160, 249n6 164, 256 Dating (time), 18, 44, 46–47, 51, Credibility, 10, 99, 104, 106, 112, 187–189, 213 122, 215 Davies, Owen, 57n18, 183, 196n22 Crick, Julia, 10, 54, 61n64, 126n15 ‘Deep web’, 256 Criteria, 18, 50, 188, 227 Definition, 4, 5, 8, 23n27, 254 Cryptology, 147 Demeter, 113 Cultural Demonological ideas, 209 history, 4, 7 Demonology, 105, 113, 145, 148, impulses, 257 255 references, 15 Demons, 35, 113, 148, 183, 210 Cultures, 9, 11, 31–55, 80, 117, 184, Denmark, 7, 9, 35, 51, 69, 72, 116, 185, 238 118, 180 oral and written, 180 Denmark-Norway, 5, 10, 19, 31, 35, Cures, 5, 12, 48, 72, 211, 212, 232, 37–44, 51, 55, 79, 92n23, 116, 242, 243 161, 204, 211, 212 Curnow, Trevor, 254, 261n3 Designative features, 177 Cyprian, 1, 40, 42, 99, 101, 102, 104, Destiny, 37, 113 105, 110–120, 122, 123, 142, Devil, 35, 71, 101, 113, 148, 150, 144, 145, 150, 151, 157, 157, 179, 189, 190, 193, 204, 159–164, 186, 203, 204, 208–211, 221n29 209–211, 213, 215, 258 Diabolic See also Cyprian of Antioch; Cyprian activities, 210 the magician contract, 148, 183, 209 Cyprian of Antioch, 112, 113, 116 Diderot, Denis (1713–1784), 235 Cyprian of Carthage, 112, 115 Diffusion of formulas, 6 Cyprian the magician, 110, 113, 115, Diocletian, emperor (AD 244–312), 162 114 Cyprian Triangle, 102 Dionysos, 113 Cyprianus eller Svartebogen (Cyprian Discipline, 9, 86, 163, 206, 256 or the Black Book), 42, 59n33 Diseases, 35, 86, 211, 242 Cÿprianus Konstbog, 19, 104–106, Divination, 35 109–112, 120, 122, 127n27, Division of example and case, 19 142, 145, 151, 159, 160, 162, Doctrines, 151, 156, 157 167n4, 177, 192, 203, 207, 208, Douglas, Mary (1921–2007), 85 213, 228 Duodecimo, 68, 69, 72, 91n17 Dutch Republic, the (Netherlands), 38

D Dagenais, John, 73, 92n21 E D’Alembert, Jean le Rond Eamon, William, vii, 56n7, 56n8, (1717–1783), 235 56n9, 151, 157, 165, 169n31, ‘Dark web’, 256 172n71, 173n74 INDEX 291

Early modern Norway, 3, 76, 166, medieval manuscripts, 70 254, 257 Evil Early modern period, 1, 5, 9, 10, 14, eye, 42 18, 19, 32, 40, 72, 118, 119, spirits, 37, 115, 150, 151, 161, 208, 122, 163, 165, 206, 210, 217n2, 210 232, 238, 256, 261n5 witches, 37, 42 Edsberg Parish, 163 Exclusiveness, 152, 154, 182, 185, Education, 50, 180–182, 189–191, 186, 191, 194n7, 214 215, 255, 257, 259 Exegesis, 15 liberal, 256 Exoteric, 151, 157–158, 255 Egypt, 113 Experiences, 3, 19, 178, 227, 254, Eiker, 109, 125n13, 157, 160, 208, 260 213, 239 Experimental practice, 49 Eisenstein, Elisabeth (1923–2016), 9, Experimentation, 89n2, 163, 165 10, 23n23, 55n1, 125n15 Ezell, Margaret, viii, 8–10, 22n13, Elementary, 147 23n26, 45, 53, 59n39, 61n61, Eliot, Simon, 9, 22n17, 22n18, 70, 90n9, 95n48 23n22, 55n2, 55n3, 196n27, 218n7 Elverum, 51, 70, 110, 144, F 194–195n7, 195n9, 197n33 Fabrication, 180 Encryption, 156, 157, 166, 255, 256 Falloppio, Gabriele, 34 Encyclopaedia, 235, 239 Faust, Dr., 113, 183 Engelbrektsson, Olav, 181 Faust, Johan, 113, 117, 131n61, 163, England, 10, 45, 70, 92n21, 110, 183 126n16, 128n31, 133n77, 181, Features 194n7, 220n29 material, 3, 15, 16, 18, 19, 45, 46, Enlightenment, 48, 206 68, 76, 88, 89, 177 Epitext (s), 13, 177 textual, 17, 18, 44, 46, 68, 154, Esoteric, 148, 151, 156–158, 166, 215 183, 255, 256 Febvre, Lucien (1878–1956), 10, Europe, 5, 32, 34, 35, 37–40, 55, 68, 55n1, 197n28 76, 92n26, 114, 116–120, 144, Fet, Jostein, 9, 22n19, 57n19, 80, 85, 145, 151, 165, 180, 197n28, 93n32, 93n35 201, 206, 212, 214, 217n2, Finland, 7, 21n9, 117 220n29, 221n30, 238, 255, 257, Folio, 68, 69, 235 258 Folklore European collectors, 26n50, 43, 189, 193, book history, 5, 8 205 book market, 32–37, 69, 165 studies, 7 grimoire tradition, the, 35, 163 Folklorist, 40, 114, 192, 193n2 literary universe, 6 Folk medicine, 7, 26n50 magic book tradition, 6 Font style, 85 292 INDEX

Form, 1, 3–5, 8, 12, 15–17, 31, 32, interpretations, 240 37, 38, 40, 45, 46, 54, 55, 68, Genette, Gérard, 13–17, 24n33, 71, 73, 79, 80, 82, 83, 89, 101, 24n37, 25n42, 112, 126n21, 116, 122, 124n5, 143, 148, 156, 127n27, 128n37, 142, 167n4, 158, 165, 177, 179, 185, 192, 171n56, 172n66, 202, 217n5, 193, 215, 218n6, 227, 232, 235, 223n46 236, 238, 241, 242, 253–259 Genoa, 112, 129n39 Formalistic, 178 Germany, 35, 37, 79, 105, 110, Format, 3, 16, 34, 68–74, 88, 92n22, 127n30, 130n53, 180, 181, 258 215, 260 Glad, Jens Christian (1776–1827), 51, Formula(s), 3, 4, 6, 7, 12, 26n50, 49, 53, 60n52 85, 117, 147, 152, 156, 157, Gothic 204, 205, 207, 218n12, 228, 231 older, 79 Foucault, Michel (1926–1984), 11, style, 79 24n30, 124–125n5 writing style, 79 Fraktur, 79, 80, 82–85, 93n37, 242, younger, 79 260 Gregory VII, Pope (c. 1015–1085), France, 35, 36 118 Frankfurt am Main, 183 Grimoire, 5, 36, 37, 72, 73, 111, Fredrikshald (Halden), 48 114–116, 118, 120, 130n53, Frederikstad, 48, 51, 59n33 148, 151, 152, 154, 216 Fredrik II, King (1534–1588), 181 Grüner, Chamberlain, 51 Fremstad, Ellen Hansdatter, 52, 86 Grüner, Johan Jacob (1743–1805), ‘Fri’ (liberal), 149, 255 51 Fron, 52, 109, 248n1 Gudbrandsdalen, 20n3, 49, 52 Fuglesang, Georg Richard, 51, 52, Guidance, 35, 72 60n52 Function descriptive, 142 H designating, 178 H. W. Cypriani Höllenzwang, 115 Future, 5, 186, 187, 212, 216 Hafslo, 157, 240 foretell, 5 Hægebostad, 190, 198n37 Hagiographs, 112 Handbook, 5, 32, 34, 69–71, 73, 206, G 228 Garstein, Oscar (1924–1996), 47, Handwritten records, 31 60n41, 60n42 Handwritten text, 4, 46, 93n38 Gender, 35, 49, 69, 203, 206 See also Texts related readership, 206 Headings, 1, 44, 79, 80, 83, 149, 227, Genealogical tree of sciences and art, 228, 231, 232, 236, 239–242, the, 235 244, 248, 248n1, 255, 256 Generic Head titles, 3, 239, 240 boundaries, 46 Healing act, 12 INDEX 293

Heathendom, 144, 211, 222n38 Initial medium, 50 Hedmark, 110 Instrumental means, 210 Heide, Ulrich Christian (d. 1785), 48, International Society for Folk 53, 60n44, 101–103, 154, 156, Narrative- Research (ISFNR), 157, 170n50 22n12 Heresy, 39 Internet, the, 253 Historical See also World Wide Web approach, 14 Interpretation, 3, 5, 11, 13–17, 19, dictionary, the, 235 20, 88, 89, 100, 124n5, 167n10, particularity, 16 178, 180, 183, 186, 188, 240 perspective, 14 intended, 227 term, 4 Introductions, 3, 6, 12, 13, 15, 31, texts, 14 32, 47, 52, 93n28, 100, 103, History 106, 123, 125n13, 127n30, of books, the, 4 150–152, 161, 172n72, 185, of reading and readers, the, 9 228, 249n8, 255, 256, 258 of science, 11, 48 Introductory of superstition, 6 statements, 3, 222n42 Hobøl, 48 textual statements, 3 Hoff, Hans, 37 Italian Renaissance, 9, 152 Holberg, Ludvig (1684–1754), 48 Italy, 34, 55n6, 258 Holland, 67, 89n1 Holt, 67 Honorius III, Pope (1148–1227), 118 J Horstbøll, Henrik, 9, 23n19, 68, 72, Jacobus de Voragine (1230–1298), 90n5, 90n15, 92n23, 126n17 112, 129n39 HTML, see ‘Deep web’; Internet, the Jarlsberg, 51 Hybrid nature, 193 Jeløya, 151, 209 Johns, Adrian, 10, 23n24, 24n28, 25n47, 55n1, 56n12, 59n39, I 103, 126n19, 126n20, 170n41, Iceland, 37, 117 223n49 Imprints, 3, 46 Jostuen, Pål, 49 Indexing, 228, 231, 232, 236 Index librorum prohibitorum (Index of-Prohibited Books), 39 K Individual Kabbalah symbols, 118, 148 agency, 101 Kall, Abraham (1743–1821), 115, functions, 31 129n49 Information Kavey, Allison, 154, 170n44 ‘raw’, 253, 254 Kircher, Athanasius (1602–1680), transmission of, 217n3, 253 261n5 294 INDEX

Knowledge situating of, 3, 177–193, 212, 258 agrarian, 50 sociology of, 24n29 arcane, 185 sources of, 5, 144 artisan, 11, 24n28 synchronous perspective of, 192 articulation of, 3, 5 in time, 188, 192 of arts and crafts, 5, 255 traditions, 3, 5 authorisation of, 3, 4, 68, 76, 88, transmission of, 11, 87, 186, 215, 99, 122, 145, 162, 186 217n3 books, 67 varieties of, 5, 67, 254 circle of, 235 Kongslie, Simen Tjøstelsen/Kiøstelsen collective knowledge fields, 104 (1797–1846), 52 conceptions of, 3, 10, 11, 86, 87, Konst, 143, 144, 149, 161, 162 151, 161, 172n67, 182, 184, See also Kunst; Kunnen 186, 205, 211, 213, 248, 259 Krog, August (1874–1949), 193, container of, 177, 185 197n35 contextualising the, 178 Kunnen, 143 ‘cooked’, 253, 254 See also Konst; Kunst cultural network of knowledge Kunst, 143, 144, 154, 164, 172n67 practices, 3 Kunstbog, 72, 255, 258 cultures of, 54–55 kunstbøger (art books), 5 democratisation of, 150, 166, 258 Kunstbüchlein, 5, 34, 35, 72, 151, digital, 16, 260 154, 164, 255, 258 digital promoters, 11, 24n28, 38 Kvam, 49, 70 division of the, 235 Kvitseid church, 87 forbidden, 54 history of, 7, 8, 10–18, 23n27, 24n29, 202 L history of knowledge management, Larsen, Arne, 44, 48, 49, 67, 89, 235 89n1, 250n23 identifying the, 3, 141–166, 177, 188 Latin interpretations of, 3, 11, 186 alphabet, 47 mediators of, 186 style, 79 orders of, 11, 258 Lauen, Lars, 190, 198n37 organisation of, 185 Layouts, 238, 248 practical, 34, 143–149, 161–164, Leaves, 18, 42, 46, 51, 68, 69, 71, 74, 172n67, 244–248, 255, 257, 75, 88, 113, 114, 123, 127n29, 258 127n30, 164, 194n7, 196n24, presentation of, 3, 16, 68, 89, 151, 211, 238, 257 152, 235, 248, 255, 260 Legendary traditions, 183 reflection of the, 3, 240, 254 See also Traditions a repertoire of, 45 Legends, 71, 87, 90n14, 95n46, 113, revitalisation of, 187 178–180, 182–184, 189–193, scholarly, 238 193n2, 259 INDEX 295

Legitimacy, 73, 122, 260 Luther, Martin (1483–1546), 180, Leipzig, 115, 182 182, 183 Lejune, Philippe, 13 Leo III, Pope (d. 816), 118 Levi-Strauss, Claude (1908–2009), M 253, 254, 261n2 Magic Libel, 212 abilities, 86 Libri di ricette (recipe/receipt books), arts, 6, 32–37, 149, 240 55n6 beliefs, 7, 212 Lillerusten, Paul Christensen, 102, books, 5, 6, 36, 71, 113, 115–118, 103, 125n11 120, 132n67, 132n68, 152, Limited and monitored circulation, 214, 216 40, 256 ceremonial, 105, 109, 110, 127n29, Lister, 189 128n30, 145, 148 Literary cures, 5 context, 88, 141 formulas, 4, 6, 205 conventions, 50, 69, 71, 73, 88, high, 148 216, 241, 260 love, 113 genre, 5, 8, 18, 85, 142 manuscripts, 149 products, 32 medical, 118 relationship, 4 natural, 240 sphere, 50, 88 objects, 6, 35 Literate performance, 6, 205 culture of book consumption, 9 popular, 7, 118 framework, 177 ritual, 118, 120, 133n76 Long, Pamela O., 24n28, 56n12, 165, symbol, 118, 148 170n41, 173n73, 173n74, systematic collection and publication 173n76 of magical, 7 Lønnskrift (secret language), 130n54, territory, 206 148, 157 texts, 6, 32, 161 Love, 12, 37, 208, 213, 231 Magic-religious perspectives, 7 Love, Harold (1937–2007), 10, Magus, 101 23n25, 45, 59n40, 99, 101, 103, Makers, 1, 4, 8, 17, 18, 69, 72, 73, 124n2, 125n7, 125n9, 126n16 88, 164, 216 ‘Lover of sciences’, 207 Mandal, 189, 197n35 Lucid tables, 3 Manufacturing process, 68, 74, 85, Lucifer, 111, 150, 169n29, 209 149 Lund, 47, 182 Manu propria (signed by one’s own Lutheran hand), 101 church, 6 Manuscript Reformation, 19, 180 authorship, 103 religion, 181 sub-cultures, 38 296 INDEX

Martin, Henri-Jean (1924–2007), 10, ‘Messy manuscript’ production, 10 55n1 Metamorphosis, 113 Material Metaphorical, 150, 165, 178 close reading, 13–15, 104 shift, 165 expression, 3 Middle ages, 32, 92n28, 103, features, 3, 15, 16, 18, 19, 45, 46, 114–118, 122, 132n67, 150, 68, 76, 88, 89, 177 152, 162, 166, 183, 184, 210, form, 3, 17, 68 259 literacy form, 4 Middle East, 34, 114 objects, 3, 9, 16, 88, 177, 259 Military Academy in Kristiania (Oslo), and textual expressions, 3 the, 48 Materialising, 188 Military personnel, 1, 190, 191, 258 Materiality, 15–17, 85, 260–261 Ministers, 1, 48, 145, 163, 166, Mazzio, Carla, 73, 89n3, 90n8, 179–181, 189–192, 210, 211, 259 92n24, 241, 250n24, 250n26, Minnis, Alistair, 122, 133n78 261n6 Miracles, 49, 211 McDowell, Paula, 213, 222n42 Mithras, 113 McKenzie, Donald F., 17, 25n46, 88, Mnemonic art, 147 94n39, 95n47 Mode of communication, 10, 31, 55 McKitterick, David, 23n24, 103, Moe, Moltke (1859–1913), 18 126n19 Moland, 1, 125n14 McNeely, Ian, 23n27, 253, 261n1 Møller, Ole, 53 Meaning, 3, 4, 7, 9, 15–17, 54, 68, Monastic scriptoria, 184 85, 101, 117, 124n5, 142, 143, Motifs, 75, 178–180, 184, 189, 192 148, 149, 151, 152, 156, 157, Mülertz, F. C., 1 161–166, 167n10, 172n67, Müller, Jan-Dirk, 185, 186, 197n29 173n72, 178, 244, 259 Mysticism, 147 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, 180 Mythical Media, 10, 39, 54, 79, 103 book, 192 Mediation process, 106, 109, 112, figures, 116, 216, 258 258 owner, 191 Mediators, 99, 101, 103–111, 120, Mythicising, 182 128n30, 186, 215, 258 Mythological studies, 6 Medical Mythology, 6 handbooks, 5 literature, 35, 72 Medicinal practitioners, 1 N Medicine, 7, 11, 26n50, 32–37, 49, Narratives, 40, 71, 87, 95n46, 114, 72, 152, 183, 211, 232, 259, 118, 120, 123, 162, 177–180, 261n5 184, 186–189, 192, 197n32, Medium, 31, 38, 50, 54, 79, 85, 154, 209, 214 258 of healing, 71 INDEX 297

Næss herregård (Næss Mansion), 48 O National Library of Norway (NB), 2, Obscenity, 212 18 Occult, 147, 148, 165, 183, 204, 240, Necromancy, 113, 118, 145, 148, 255 259 Netherlands, 181 Octavo, 68–70, 72, 73, 75, 91n20, Network of distributors, 37 92n22, 260 Networks, 3, 31, 37, 38, 45, 46, 54 Official fraktur kansellifraktur( ), 79, Newberry Library in Chicago, USA, 18 80, 83, 84 Nielszøn, Tyge (1610–1687), 37, Ohrt, Ferdinand (1873–1938), 7, 91n17 21n9, 21n10, 40, 114–116, Nøglevidenskaber (key sciences), 162 129n46, 130n51, 130n52, Nordfjordeid, 44, 52, 213 131n57, 131n59, 131n62, 154, Nordhus, Oluf, 86 170n47, 171n52, 180, 195n13, Nordic countries, 7, 35, 181 219n21 Nordic outskirts, the, 5 Old Norse religion, 6, 92n28 Nordland, 102 Ong, Walter (1912–2003), 88, Norway, 1, 3, 6, 9, 10, 18, 37, 38, 42, 95n47 44, 46, 48, 51–54, 67, 76, 80, Oppland, 52, 70, 109, 186 85, 87, 88, 91n17, 92–93n28, Orality, 9 93n37, 94n40, 101, 102, 110, Oral legends, 183, 184 116–118, 125n13, 129n45, 144, Organisational apparatus, 68 145, 151, 154, 157, 163, 166, Organisation of text, 215, 227 178, 181–183, 187, 193n2, Orientation tool, 228 195n7, 210, 213, 231, 239–241, Originality, 104, 185, 186 254, 257 Originators, 99–101, 103, 104, 112 Norwegian Black Books, 3, 4, 6–8, 16, Ornamental binding, 75 18, 31, 37, 40, 42, 47, 86, Oslo Cathedral School, 26n51 99–101, 103, 104, 109, 111, Østfold, 209 112, 117, 120, 123, 141, 152, Owner inscriptions, 47 154, 159, 162, 170n50, 178, Ownership, 44, 50–53, 71, 151, 165, 187, 202, 214, 238, 241, 244, 189–191, 257, 259 254 Oxford, 110, 127n30, 128n31, 194n7 Norwegian Folklore Archives (NFS), 18, 52, 80, 95n46, 193n2 Numbering, 232, 241, 242 P Numbers, 1, 4, 5, 9, 10, 22n17, 35, Pamphlets broadsheets, 32, 154 36, 44, 50, 69, 74, 85, 99, 101, Paragraph headings, 1, 44, 79, 80, 122, 123, 147, 148, 150, 156, 143, 227, 228, 231, 232, 236, 181, 182, 189, 190, 196n17, 239, 241, 242, 244, 248, 248n1, 201, 231, 236, 238–240, 254, 255, 256 258 Paratexts, 13–15, 24–25n40, 99, 102, Numerology, 152 112, 123, 144, 154, 177, 192, See also Numbers; Numbering 210, 215 298 INDEX

Paratextual Prayers, 5, 6, 12, 69, 70, 72, 85, 114, apparatus, 10, 17, 18, 45, 117, 216, 116, 117, 147, 189, 206 238, 244, 260 Prefaces, 3, 13, 15, 16, 41, 42, 46, elements, 11, 13–15, 17–19, 104, 56n9, 104–106, 109, 114, 105, 112, 147, 149, 154, 159, 127n30, 143, 150–152, 157, 177–180, 203, 205, 208, 214, 160–162, 168n12, 168n13, 216, 228, 242, 244, 256, 258, 172n68, 179, 186, 187, 259 202–205, 207, 209, 212–215, perspective, 13 217n5, 220n25, 227, 228, 244, Paris, 183, 259 248 Parish ministers, 1, 166 Principles, 4, 18, 19, 34, 46, 147, Passeron, Jean-Claude, 19, 26n53 156, 231, 232, 235, 239, 241 Past, 3, 19, 42, 145, 177, 179, Print, 8–10, 17, 31, 32, 35, 37–39, 184–189, 192, 193, 259 53, 54, 70, 88, 103, 127n29, Patron, 17, 38, 214 127n30, 154, 156, 164, 184, Patten, Robert L., 8, 22n16 185, 203, 213, 214, 256, 258, Perceptions of texts, 17, 185, 188 260 Peritext, 13, 177 authorship, 103 Perspectives Printing cultural, 3, 11, 178 conditions, 54, 238 social, 178 house, 37–39, 42 Physiognomy, 152 medium, 50, 85 Piemontese, Alessio, 34, 56n9 network, 54 Piety, 212 press, 4, 10, 31, 32, 37, 38, 100, Pontoppidan, Erik (1698–1764), 103, 150, 185, 201 172n68, 211, 212, 221n35, Private writings, 17, 216 222n36, 222n38 Privileged secrecy, 54 Popular sciences, 32 Production, 8–11, 17, 31, 32, 37, Powers 43–45, 49, 50, 53–55, 68, 69, conceptions of, 86, 205 71, 74, 79, 83, 100, 103, 117, exchange, 86 126n16, 133n74, 141, 142, 166, potent, 71, 86, 87, 260 178, 184, 212, 214, 217n3, 253, Practical performance of the black arts, 257, 260 6, 205 Professionalisation, 35 Practices, 1, 3, 6, 7, 11, 12, 19, Property, 5 26n50, 35, 38, 42, 46, 49, 53, Prophecy, 113 84, 86, 88, 99–101, 103, 115, Protestant church, 39 118, 119, 122, 123, 143, Protestantism, 180 147–149, 151, 160–166, Protestant Reformation, 9, 180 167n4, 173n74, 188, 193, Protracted writing process, the, 238 206, 208, 209, 212, 213, Provenance records, 46, 49, 51–53, 228, 232, 240, 244, 249n8, 60n50, 67, 94n45, 120, 257, 258 190–191, 218n7, 257 INDEX 299

Pseudonyms, 39, 40, 100, 109, 110, Religious 204 conformity, 54 Public writings, 9 virtue, 212 Publisher, 17, 31, 39, 93n37, 127n27, Remedies, 1, 12, 55n6, 57n17, 72, 154, 183, 212, 214 244 Rem, Tore, 15, 23n20, 25n41, 93n36, 93n37 Q Renaissance humanism, 100 Quarto, 68, 69, 72, 73, 75, 260 Research perspectives interdisciplinary, 8 multi-methodical, 8 R multi-theoretical, 8 Ravel, Jacques, 19 Reuchlin, Johannes (1455–1522), 147 Reader Reusch, Hans, 53 potential, 89–90n4, 106, 154, 156, Rhematically, 141, 162 166, 202, 228 Rhetorical tools, 212 response, 240 Ringerike, 70 Readership Ritual script, 12 desired, 149, 203, 206, 218n12 Rogues, 42 intended, 84, 203, 204, 207, 214, Roman Catholic faith, 6 216, 218n7 Romerike, 129n45, 150 the official, 203 Rønholdt, Jens Madsen, 117 Reading Rose, Jonathan, 9, 22n17, 23n22, device, 238, 241 55n3, 196n27, 218n7 instructions, 202, 214, 227 Rose, Mark, 100, 124n4, 125n6 modes of, 93n36 Rosenlund, Søren, 40–42, 58n29, perspective on, 11 59n32, 204, 218n13 process, 228, 239 Rosetti, Giovanni Ventura, 34, 56n7 situations, 70, 213 Rostock, 180, 182, 206 skills, 85, 93n36 Royal Fredrick University in strategies, 18, 155, 202, 248 Christiania (Oslo), 181 Recipes Royal privileges, 39 alchemical, 34 Runge, Laura, 22n13, 25n48, 95n48, for cures, 232 103, 126n18 Reciprocal, 177 Running titles, 241, 250n20 Reciprocity, 86, 87, 180 Ruscelli, Girolamo, 34, 56n13 Reformation, the, 38, 181, 183 Relationship intentional, 142, 254 S reflective, 207, 254 St. Cyprian, 116, 117 Religion, 7, 38, 113, 132n63, 148, See also Cyprian 181, 261n5 St. Michael Jesuit Monastery, Munich, Religiosity, popular, 6 111 300 INDEX

St. Peter´s Church, Munich, 111 Skaabu, 186 Salerno, 183, 259 Skåne, 117 Sandøya, 48 Skill, 19, 49, 50, 67, 79, 80, 82, 84, Satan, 209, 210, 220n25, 220n28 85, 113, 123, 143, 156, 158, Scandinavia, 116–120 163, 166, 172n67, 189, 191, Schive, Søren, 189, 190 192, 254, 255 Science, 11, 42, 48, 143, 147, 152, Smith, Helen, 13, 24n36, 25n40, 159–163, 172n67, 203, 207, 219n16, 248n4, 250n20 213, 235, 236, 248, 255, 257 Smith, Henrik, 35 Science lovers, 202–207 Sneedorff, Jens Schelderup ‘Science loving man’, 244 (1724–1764), 48 Scientia, 163, 255 Social Scientific revolution, the, 9, 163 authorship, 45, 53 Scribal context, 16, 48, 53, 54, 88, 188, communities, 10 202 culture, 9 exchange, 45 medium, 50, 54 function of writing, 185 publications, 10 history, 9 Scribe, 45, 46, 103, 126n16, 184, 185 Society, 11, 51, 52, 191, 210, 254 Script, 10, 32, 38, 54, 70, 88, 214, Sogndal, 87 241 Solomon, 111, 114, 118, 152, 163, Scriptor, 103 164 Secret Sorcerer, 1, 71, 85, 86, 117, 160, 187 alphabets, 118, 130n54 Sorcery, 1, 4, 5, 26n50, 49, 114, 161, histories, 39 210 Secreti, 34, 35, 72, 151, 164 Sorte-kunster (black arts), 161 books, 5, 151, 152, 154, 164, 255 Source Sections, 104, 111, 112, 142, 209, dialog, 109, 112, 122, 258 227, 239 hierarchy, 104 Sedition, 39 speech, 109 Self-help books, 35 text, 109 Semantic meaning, 143, 244 Specialisation, 35 Semantic aspects, 15 Spell/Spelling, 7, 19, 35, 46, 47, 110, Semi-mythical, 187 111, 113, 133n76 Serial writing, 44–47, 54, 192, 236, 257 binding, 161, 210 Sextodecimo, 68, 69, 71, 72 Spies, Johann, 183 Shapin, Stephen, 122, 133n79 Spiritual Sherman, William, 25n40, 95n48, condition, 6 205, 219n16 development, 6, 7, 205 Silvester II, Pope (c. 946-1003), 118 Standardised formulas, 207 Singularization, 61n63 Statements of authorship, 3, 9 Situating Stationary booksellers, 37 the books, 177, 179 Stavanger, 51, 117, 131n59, 161, process, 4 194n7, 204 INDEX 301

Stokker, Kathleen, 20n4, 86, 94n44, Texts, 3, 40, 71, 79, 100, 141, 185, 192, 195n11, 195n14, 198n42 202, 227 Storaker, Johan Theodor Textual (1837–1872), 189, 197n35 Features, 17, 18, 44, 46, 68, 154, Strategic literary motivations, 203 215 Strategies, 3, 4, 13, 14, 18, 68, 85, 110, style, 68 144, 159, 201, 202, 204, 260 universe, 202, 212 of verification and authorisation, 103 Thematic Strøm, Hans (1726–1797), 211, content, 6, 231 221n33 principles, 231 Structural Thematically, 162, 178, 240 elements, 15 Theurgi, 127n25, 168n16 form, 227 Thieves, 42, 150 Structure, 1, 7, 8, 34, 39, 44, 101, Time, 1, 3, 11, 16–19, 38, 40, 42–46, 124n5, 141, 170n44, 184, 188, 49, 52, 55, 67, 71, 73, 74, 227, 228, 232, 239, 240, 244, 91n17, 99–101, 104, 106, 110, 248 111, 113–115, 118, 122, 148, points, 228 151, 158, 177, 178, 181, 182, Struensee, Johann F. (1737–1772), 40 184–189, 191–193, 207, 215, Stylistic, 16, 82, 178 216, 228, 235, 241, 255, 258, Summoning, 35, 71, 113, 120, 148, 259 211 Titles, 1, 3, 13, 15, 34, 101, 112, 114, Supercelestial, 147 116, 118, 122, 141–143, 149, Supernatural, 4 154, 160, 162–164, 184, 186, arts, 5 (see also Arts) 188, 210, 215, 227, 228, 231, healing agents, 12 240–242, 244, 248, 253, 255 Superstitious beliefs, 7, 211 Titular apparatus, 228 Sweden, 7, 37, 47, 117, 222n41 Toledo, 183, 259 Sybrianus, 42, 59n32 Torsnes, 48 Sybrianus P.P.P., 40, 42, 110, 204, Traditions 205, 218n13 aura of, 186 Symbolic landscape, 177, 259 conception of, 185 Syntax, 46, 47 the grimoire, 5 Syv, Peder (1631–1702), 145, 168n14 legend, 194n5 legendary, 163, 183 magic book, 5 T Trained reader, the, 227 Table of contents, 143, 227, 228, 240 Transmission, 7, 11, 45, 53, 87, 104, Tangen, Hans Andreas Pedersen, 102, 161, 215, 253 103, 125n12 process, 186 Target groups, 242 Travellers, 1, 69 Technical handbook, 5, 32, 34 Trithemius, Johannes (1462–1516), Telemark, 1, 125n14 115, 185, 197n29 302 INDEX

Trondhjem (Trondheim), 37, 181 W Typology, 7 Wagner, Bettina, 16, 22n18, 25n44, 25n48 Wall, Wendy, 232, 248n4 U Walsham, Alexandra, 10, 23n25, 54, Unger, Carl Richard (1817–1897), 61n64, 125–126n15 47, 60n43 Wellcome Library (WL) in London, United States, 18, 86 18, 33 Universities of Halle, 182 Wille, Hans Jacob (1756–1808), 210, Universities of Kiel, 182 211, 221n31 Universities of Leiden, 182 Wilse, Jacob Nicolaj (1735–1801), Universities of Leipzig, 182 163, 172n69 Universities of Lund, 182 Wilson, Louise, 13, 24n36, 25n40, Universities of Oxford, 182 219n16, 248n4, 250n20 University of Copenhagen, 38, 181, Wisdom, 42, 87, 148, 172n67, 184, 182, 196n17, 211, 212 188, 189, 193, 211, 253, 254, University of Oslo, 18, 25n45, 80 259 University of Oxford, 110 Witches University of Rostock, 181 craft, 12, 39, 161, 211, 212, University of Wittenberg, 180 222n41, 231 hunts, 86 priest, 211 V trials, 94n40 Valdres, 183 Wittenberg, 179–184, 186, 188–190, Valle, 51 259 Värmland, 86 Wolverton, Lisa, 23n27, 261n1 Vedel, Anders Søffrenssøn World Wide Web, 253 (1542–1616), 144, 145, 167n11, See also Internet, the 168n14, 168n15 Writer roles, 103, 120 Venice, 34, 38 Writing Vernacular languages, 5, 32, 145, 151 modes, 44, 236 Vernacular technical handbooks, 32 process, 32, 44–46, 238, 239, 241 Verses, 4 style, 44, 46, 47, 76–85, 88, 93n37, Veterinary medicine, 49 215, 260 Vichtorinus, Georg, 106, 109, 110 Videnskab, 59n32, 143, 162, 172n67 See also Science Z Vingaard, Mads, 183 Zapata, Giovanni Battista, 34 Vinjeboken (the book from Vinje), Zeel, Johannes, 105, 106, 109, 110, 26n51, 47 127n25 Vinje Stave Church, 87 Voltaire (1694–1778), 48