Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-08305-9 — Tyrants Waller R

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-08305-9 — Tyrants Waller R. Newell Index More Information

Index

1848 revolutions, 12 , 136 , 154 , 157 , 158 Alexandria, 33 , 77 9/11, 13 , 71 , 191 , 195 , 201 , 228 library, 80 al-Farabi, 197 Achilles, 8, 9 , 10 , 15 , 17 , 18 – 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , Alfred (King), 86 26, 29 , 37 , 39 , 42, 45 , 46 , 49 – 50 , 51 , 52 , Algeria, 205 , 224 53 , 55 , 60 , 68 – 70 , 100 , 103 , 119 , 158 , Alhambra, 32 , 121 210 , 229 Ali, 207 Actium, Battle of, 61 , 64 al-Sisi, Abdel Fattah, 224 Acton, Lord, 122 American Civil War, 152 , 218 Aeschylus, 36 American Revolution, 2 , 7 , 116 , 131 , 136 , Afghanistan, 169 , 199, 217 , 222 140 , 142 , 143 , 147 , 149 , 154 , 183 Africa, 199 , 211 Amsterdam, 123 Agamemnon, 8 , 18 – 19 , 20, 21, 22 , 23 , 24 , 27 , Anabaptists, 5 , 150 , 151 29 , 46 , 49 , 55 , 69 , 93 anarchism, 12 , 144 , 156 , 159 , 172 , 179 , 183 , Agrippa, 62 , 65 , 66 , 120 186 , 219 , 228 Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 15 , 202 – 3 , Anatolia, 93 , 198 207 – 8 , 216 Angell, Norman, 191 Akrai, 40 Angola, 212 Al Fatah, 197 Anne of Cleves, 108 Al Qaeda, 8 , 13 , 195, 197 , 199 – 201 , 203 , 208 , Antioch, Patriarch of, 90 210, 213 , 228 anti-Semitism, 217 Declaration of War Against America , 199 Arab, 177 , 190 , 201 Alaric, 71 German pre-Nazi, 176 al-Baghdadi, Abu Bakr, 146 Iranian, 202 – 3 , 207 – 8 al-Banna, Hassan, 190 medieval, 83 Alcibiades, 15 , 17 , 18 , 38 , 45 , 46 , 47, 51 , 52 , Nazi, 135 , 144 , 148 , 167 , 173 , 175 , 178 , 70 , 192 , 193 180 – 82 , 186 , 203 , 221 Alexander Severus, 74 Wagner, 159 Alexander the Great, 2 , 4 , 7 , 8 , 15 , 18 , 34, Antwerp, 103 52 – 54, 58, 60 , 61 , 65 , 70 , 72 , 79 , 87, 88 , apocalypticism 92 , 93, 100 , 122 , 129, 145 , 152 , 165 , religious, 5 , 144 , 150, 151 , 207 – 8 192 , 230 , 231 secular, 5 , 7 , 13 , 144 , 146 , 150 , 151 , 160 , Alexander VI (Pope), 105 161 , 175 , 177 , 188

241

242 Index

Apollo, 31, 41, 48 , 64 , 70 , 122 Bavaria, 85 , 149 , 179 Arab Spring, 3 , 16 , 197 , 224 Bede, 80 Arafat, Yasser, 190 Belarus, 215 Arendt, Hannah, 182 , 187 Belloc, Hilaire, 136 , 142 – 43 , 150 Eichmann in Jerusalem , 182 Benevolent Despotism. See Enlightened Aristogeiton. See Harmodius and Aristogeiton Despotism Aristophanes Berchtesgaden, 179 The Clouds , 47 Berdyaev, Nikolai, 215 , 216 Aristotle, 3 , 9 , 15 , 16 , 53 , 73, 84, 87 , 90 , 91 , Beria, Lavrenti, 109 , 134 , 169 95, 192 , 225 , 226 , 231 Berlin, 13 , 28 , 30 , 127 , 174 , 186 , 187 Lyceum, 76 Bible, 23 , 28 , 33 , 34 , 79 , 109 , 195 Politics , 194 King James Version, 115 , 142 Armenia, 198 . See also genocide, Armenian Bin Laden, Osama, 11 , 14 , 191 , 193 , 199 , Aryanism, 177 , 181 , 215 214 , 229 Ashurnasirpal II, 28 , 35 Bismarck, Otto von, 158 , 174 , 180 , 215 Aslan, Rezla, 195 Blue Mosque (Istanbul), 88 , 91 Assad, Bashar al-, 3 , 37 , 185 , 192 , 197 , 219 , Boko Haram, 213 220 , 221 , 222 , 223 Boleyn, Anne, 104 , 105 Assyria, 28 , 29, 32, 35 , 37 , 53 , 59 Boleyn, Mary, 105 Ataturk, Kemal, 4 , 5 , 198 – 99 , 224 Bolshevism, vii , 11, 12, 13 , 14 , 15 , 133 , 135 , Athens, 5, 30, 36 , 38, 41, 42 – 49 , 69 , 70 , 128 . 143 , 146 , 147, 148 , 152 , 158 , 160 , See also Peloponnesian War 161 – 70 , 178 , 180 , 181 , 185 , 186 , 187 , democracy, 17 , 42 – 43 , 44, 45, 46 , 190 , 198 , 201 , 202 , 203 , 206 , 208 , 209 , 52 , 56 , 84 210 , 215 , 223 , 230 Augustine, St., 15 , 50 , 72 , 73 – 74, 84 , 85 , 95 , compared to Nazism, 174 – 77 97 , 227 Bolt, Robert Augustus (Octavian), 2 , 6 , 15 , 33 , 51, 60 – 63 , A Man for All Seasons , 109 64 – 66 , 67 , 70 , 71 , 74 , 78, 80, 81 , 93, 99 , Boothby, Robert, 179 120 , 122 , 152 , 192 Borgia, Cesare, 192 , 221 constitutional powers, 61 – 62 Boston Marathon, 8 personality, 66 Bourbon dynasty, 120 , 122 , 123 , 125 , 140 Prima Porta statue, 64 , 68 , 75 boyars, 124 , 126 , 198 Auschwitz, 136 , 147, 170 – 71 , 182 Bramante, Donato, 94 Australia, 212 Brezhnev, Leonid, 169 Austria, 109, 125 , 149 , 152 Brinton, Crane, 150 Austro-Hungarian Empire, 81 , 125 Britain, Battle of, 113 Averroes, 87 British Empire, 113 Avicenna, 197 British Museum, 28 , 35 Azov, 125 Bronze Age, 21 , 22 , 23 , 27 , 72 . See also kingship , Bronze Age Baathism, 184 , 185 , 197 – 98 , 211 Bruce, James, 123 Babel, 28 Brutus (Lucius Junius Brutus), 55 , 56 Babylon, 28 , 30 , 32, 34, 75 , 77 , 91 Brutus (Marcus Junius Brutus), 56 , 60 Bacon, Francis, 97 , 101 , 129 Bukharin, Nikolai, 162 , 166 , 168 , 177 The House of Solomon , 115 Burgundy (Duchy), 84 Baghdad, 87 Burke, Edmund, 15, 82 , 130 , 131 , 136 , 142 , Bakhunin, Mikhail, 144 , 148 , 159 , 172 , 183 143 , 147 , 148 , 154 , 155 , 156 Balkans, 74 , 78, 93 , 125 , 215 Refl ections on the Revolution in France , 155 Balzac, Honoré de, 205 Byzantine Empire, 32 , 77, 79 – 80 , 81 , 82 , 83, Barbarossa (Operation), 181 87 , 88 , 91, 105 , 121 , 123, 124 , 126 , 185 , Barbie, Klaus, 109 , 169 196 , 206 Barker, Sir Ernest, 30 model for Ottoman Empire, 88 – 89 Bauhaus, 186 Byzantium. See Constantinople

Index 243

Cabaret (fi lm), 13 sacred vs. secular authority, 79 – 80, 81 – 83 , Caesaropapism, 79 – 80 , 81 , 82 , 83, 88, 96 , 111 , 196 , 198 105 , 117 , 121 , 123, 163 , 206 separation of church and state, 196 Cairo, 88 weakening of Roman Empire, 71 – 74 Caligula, 6, 67, 92, 100 , 103 , 120 Church of England, 104 , 105 , 107 – 9 , 110 , Caliphate, 206 112 – 13 , 115, 116 , 118 , 131 Abbasid, 89 Churchill, Winston, 16, 65 , 154 , 164 ISIS, viii, 146 , 147 Cicero, 15, 55, 59, 60 , 61 , 64 , 68 , 72 Ottoman, 88 – 89 , 91 , 196 , 206 Dream of Scipio , 6 , 51 world-wide, viii, 5 , 172 , 197 , 208, 220, Cincinnatus, 51 223 , 226 Claudius, 67 Calpurnia, 60 Clement VII (Pope), 104 , 105 Calvinism, 131 Cleopatra, 60 , 61 , 64 , 65 Cambodia. See Khmer Rouge Code Louis, 120 Canada, 146 , 217 , 226 Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 120 Canterbury Cathedral, 108 Cold War, 154 , 168 , 169 , 191 , 216 , 230 capitalism, 149, 155 , 162 , 166 , 174 – 75 , 176, collectivism, 10, 17 , 138 , 144 , 146 , 149 , 156 , 184 , 188 , 197 , 201 , 209 , 219 , 227 162 , 187, 189 , 191 , 197 , 200, 201 , 203 , Carter, Jimmy, 224 204 , 209 , 216 , 219 , 223 , 224 . See also Carthage, 39 , 45 , 58 , 60 . See also Punic Wars communism Cassius Dio, 67 Columbine massacre, 226 Castro, Fidel, 11 , 169 , 190 , 192 , 211 – 12 Columbus, Christopher, 98 , 114 Cathars, 5 , 83 , 150 Commodus, 68 , 74 Catherine de Medici, 109 communism, 5 , 77 , 83 , 115 , 148 , 154 , 159 , Catherine of Aragon, 104 , 105 , 112 161 – 70 , 178 , 187 , 189 , 212 , 213 – 14 . Catherine the Great, 94, 119, 125 , 126 See also Chinese Communist Revolution ; Catholic Church, 95, 103 , 104, 110 , Maoism ; Marxism ; Russian Revolution ; 121 , 185 Third World Socialism Catholicism, 90, 108 , 109 , 110 , 112 , 113 , 115 , Confederation of the Rhine, 152 116 , 117 , 118 , 121 , 122 , 140 , 149 Confucianism, 189 , 212 Cato, 60 , 140 Congress of Vienna, 155 Ceausescu, Nicolae, 212 Conquest, Robert, 163 , 167 Cecil, William, 110 Constantine, 2 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 79 , 88 , Celts, 79 104 , 105 Charlemagne, 2 , 81 , 152 , 180 , 181 Constantinople, 32 , 75 , 77 , 87 , 89 , 91 , 93 Charles I (of England), 115 Patriarch of, 79 Charles II (of England), 115 , 122 Constantius II, 71 , 75 Charles V (of Holy Roman Empire), 82, 96 , Couperin, François, 120 103 , 105 Crassus, 57 , 59 Charles VI (of Holy Roman Empire), 122 Crimea, vii , 125 , 157 , 169 , 191 , 216 Charlie Hebdo, 8 Cromwell, Oliver, 108 , 114 , 116 , 117 , 118 , 150 Chauprade, Aymeric, 216 Protectorate, 116 Chavez, Hugo, 203 Cromwell, Thomas, 102 , 103 – 4 , 105, 106 , Chile, 224 107 , 108 , 110 , 120 , 123 China, 11 , 77 , 90 , 91 , 202 , 212 , 213 , 214, Crusades, 87 , 196 217 , 227 Cuba, 211 – 12 Chinese Communist Revolution, 141, 149 . Cuban missile crisis, 169 , 212 See also Mao Tse Tung ; Maoism Cyrus the Great, 29 , 30, 32 , 33 – 34 , 35 , 39 , 45 , Christianity 51 , 52 , 53 , 61, 75, 89 , 90 , 91 , 93 , 101 , conversion of Roman Empire, 76 – 77 145, 153 , 192 , 193 , 231 decline in nineteenth century, 158 Cyrus the Younger, 90 doctrine of transubstantiation, 107 Czech lands, 112 , 217 Machiavelli’s criticism of, 98 –99 , 100 Czechoslovakia, 186

244 Index

D’Alembert, Jean le Rond, 127 Elizabeth I, 2 , 94 , 103 , 108 , 110 , 112 – 13 , Danton, Georges, 140 118 , 154 Darius, 36 , 52 , 53 Elizabeth of Brunswick, 128 Dark Age (Europe), 2 , 80 – 81 , 191 Elton, G.R., 110 Darwinism, 158 , 182. See also Social Ely Cathedral, 108 Darwinism enclosure (agricultural), 118 David (King), 35 , 83 English Civil War, 115 , 116 David, Jacques-Louis Cavaliers, 115 The Oath of the Horatii , 139 New Model Army, 116 Davies, Norman, 167 Roundheads, 115 , 154 D-Day, viii , 231 English republic, 114 , 116 de Gaulle, Charles, 16 , 179 Enlightened Despotism, 4 , 119 – 30 , 145 , 153 , Delphi, 31 , 39 , 52 , 64 , 88 212 , 231 democracy. See also Athens , democracy Enlightenment, 2 , 7 , 9 , 81 , 94 , 117 , 124 , 127 , Aquinas’ views, 84 128 , 134 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 140 , 144 , 146 , and Catholicism, 82 – 83 148, 149 , 154 , 155 , 157 , 160 , 172 , 174 , democratic despots, 157 , 173 , 184 175, 176 , 188 , 191 , 193 , 200 , 201 , 208 , in Greek political thought, 37, 38, 50 , 194 209, 215 , 216 , 217 , 218 , 219 , 231 and Orthodox Church, 83 , 118 Ephesus, 21 and Protestantism, 118 – 19 Epicureanism, 64 , 72 resilience in America, 218 – 20 Erasmus, 50 , 95 , 105 , 109 transition from authoritarian rule, Education of a Christian Prince , 6 , 51 223 – 25 , 231 Estonia, 125 vs. tyranny, viii, 2 , 14 – 15 , 16 – 17 , 152 , 211 , Eugene (Pope), 105 213 , 217 – 18 , 231 – 32 Eugene of Savoy, 122 Desert Storm (Operation), viii Evans, Sir Arthur, 30 Diocletian, 74 , 75 , 76 existentialism, 187 – 88 , 190 , 204 , 206 Dionysius I, 38 Dionysius II, 51 Fanon, Frantz, 15 , 188 , 190 , 200 , 204 , 207 Domitian, 67 The Wretched of the Earth , 188 , 204 Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 124 , 161 , 215 fascism, 134 , 146 , 154 , 157 , 158, 173 , 200 , Crime and Punishment , 12 210 , 216 . See also neo-fascism Drake, Sir Francis, 113 compared to Nazism, 184 – 86 Dresden, 123 Fest, Joachim, 178 Dugin, Aleksandr, 215 – 17 feudalism, vii, 2 , 27, 75, 78 , 80 , 81 , 87 , 104 , Duma, 126 106 , 111 , 119 , 120 , 124, 126 , 130 , 136 , Dunkirk, Battle of, viii , 113 , 154 , 231 145 , 147 , 149 , 150 , 151 , 153 , 155 , Dutch Republic, 112 , 122 , 126 156 , 157 Duvalier family, 211 Feuerbach, Ludwig, 159 Duvalier, François (Papa Doc), 4 Fight Club (fi lm), 13 , 228 Dzerzhinsky, Felix, 162 , 168 Final Solution. See Holocaust Finland, 125 Edict of Nantes, 109 , 121 Flaubert, Gustave Edmund the Confessor, 84 Sentimental Education , 12 , 136 , 156 , 157 , Edward I, 83 161 , 164 , 184 Edward VI, 112 Florence, 61, 84 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 103 , 112 Egypt (ancient), 32 – 33 , 34 , 37, 53, 54 , 60 , 80 . Forbidden City (Beijing), 77 , 189 See also Pharaohs Ford II, Henry, 19 Egypt (modern), 17, 149 , 194 , 199 , 224 Forster-Nietzsche, Elisabeth, 160 Eichmann, Adolf, 167 , 171 , 181 , 182 Forum of Trajan, 68 Einsatzgruppen , 146 , 178 Foucault, Michel, 205 , 228 Eleanor of Aquitaine, 105 Fouche, Joseph, 134 , 135 , 146

Index 245

Fox, Charles James, 142 Germanic tribes, 27 , 78 , 79 Fox, Richard, 110 Gestapo, 109 , 186 Francis I, 102 , 103 Gibbon, Edward, 74 , 76 , 131 , 148 , 230 Franco, Francisco, 4 , 5 , 185 , 224 , 231 Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire , 68 , Franco-Prussian War, 71 , 154 131 , 191 Frederick the Great, 4, 15 , 94 , 119 , 127 – 28 , gigantomachia , 30 , 52 138 , 141 , 183 , 198 , 215 Glorious Revolution (1688), 2, 7 , 82 , 112 , Anti-Machiavel , 127 116 – 17, 119 , 130 , 131 , 136, 140 , 142 , Freedom House, 16 143 , 147 , 149 , 183 French Revolution, 7, 17 , 116, 119 , 122, 132 , God-builders, 13 , 161 , 163 , 215 133 – 36 , 139 – 43 , 149 , 152 , 153 , 155 , 157 , Goebbels, Joseph, 171 , 181 , 182 , 183 , 185 160 , 183, 192 , 219 , 223 , 230 . See also Goering, Hermann, 134, 172 , 180 , 185 Robespierre, Maximilien Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 149 Festivals of Virtue, 133 Goldhagen, Daniel Girondistes, 141 , 152 Hitler’s Willing Executioners , 182 infl uence of Roman Republic, 134, 135 , 139 Goldsworthy, Adrian, 64 Jacobins, 5, 7 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 133 , 134 , 135 , Gorbachev, Mikhail, 124 , 213 , 216 , 225 , 231 136 , 139 , 141 , 142 , 143 , 144 , 145 , 146 , Goths, 79 147 , 148 , 149 , 150 , 152 , 155 , 157 , 161 , Granada, 90 162 , 175 , 176, 181 , 189 , 190 , 198 , 199 , Great Chain of Being, 83 , 85 , 86, 110 , 137 200 , 201 , 202 , 203, 206 , 209 , 213 , 215 , Great Depression, 177, 179 , 184 219 , 223 , 228 Greco-Persian Wars, 16, 29 , 31 , 35 – 36 , 37 , 42 , National Assembly, 134 , 135 43 , 47, 51, 52 , 69 , 88 , 113 Terror, vii , 5 , 15 , 133 – 36 , 138 , 142 , 143 , Greco-Roman civilization, 7 , 41 , 63 , 68 , 72, 146 , 147 , 163, 175 , 190 75, 87, 91 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 127, 133 , 145 Thermidor, 163 Greece (ancient), vii , 5 , 6 , 8 , 16 , 17, 18 – 27 , Year One, 7 , 135 , 144 , 145 , 176 , 189 , 29 – 31 , 33 , 35 – 39 , 40 – 54 , 58 , 67 , 190 , 200 68 – 70 , 90 Fronde rebellion, 120 city-states, 16 , 30 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 39 , 40 , 43, Fulda, 80 45 , 51 , 52, 53, 69 , 151 Classical Age, 36 – 38 Gaddafi , Muammar, 197 , 224 Dark Age, 22 , 38 , 69 Gallipoli, 22 Macedonia, 53 , 58 Gaul, 59 , 78, 79 , 151 Minoans, 22 , 30 , 41 Gay, Peter, 136 model for Rome, 63 , 68 , 70 Gaza, 201 , 213 , 229 Myceneans, 19 , 22 – 23 , 27 , 30 , 41 , 79 , 158 Genghis Khan, 41 , 165 , 227 Greece (modern), 169 , 198 Genoa, 84 Green, John Richard, 86 genocide, viii, 3 , 14 , 17 , 131 , 144 , 146 – 47 , Grossman, Dave, 226 176 , 177 , 185 , 191 , 193 , 194 – 95 , 220 – 21 Guantanamo (Gitmo), 218 African slavery, 151 , 152 Guderian, Heinz, 179 Armenian, 198 Guevara, Ernesto "Che", 198 Cambodian, 190 Guicciardini, Francesco, 96 Iranian intentions, 201 – 3 , 207 –8 Guizot, François, 153 ISIS, 223 Gulag, 136, 147 , 166, 169 , 170 Jacobin, 7 , 135 , 140 , 155 Nazi, 175, 180 – 82, 183 , 208 Hadrian, 2 , 67 , 68 , 78 Soviet, 134 , 162 , 163 , 166 – 67 Hagia Sophia, 91 , 92 utopian, 4 , 140 , 146 , 157 , 163 , 180 , 195 , Haiti, 211 202 , 207 , 209 , 220 , 221 Hamas, 199 , 201 , 213 , 229 Georg, Stefan, 161 Hamilton, Alexander, 7 George III, 131 , 154 Hammurabi, 120

246 Index

Hannibal, 58 Holocaust, 167 , 170 – 71, 172 , 173 , 175 , 178 , Hanseatic League, 84 , 106 179, 180 – 82 , 185 , 193 , 195 , 208 , 220 . Hapsburg dynasty, 81 , 87 See also genocide , Nazi Harmodius and Aristogeiton, 46, 55 , Holy Roman Empire, 81 – 82 , 94, 96, 112 , 122 , 67 , 194 126 , 153 Harrington, James, 98 , 114 , 116 , 139 Homer, 15 , 27 , 29 , 30 , 32, 33, 34 , 37 , 38 , 39 , Oceana , 114 41 , 48 , 49, 50, 51 , 53, 60, 68 , 69 , 72 , 79 , Hartz, Louis, 219 129, 158 , 218 , 229 Hashemite monarchy, 211 Iliad , 8 , 9 , 18 – 21, 22 , 25 , 28 , 30 , 49 Hattusha, 23 , 27 – 28 Odyssey , 25 – 27 , 41 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 156 , 159 Horatius, 55 Heidegger, Martin, 13 , 148 , 156 , 187 – 88 , Horst Wessel song, 175 189 , 190 , 200 , 204 , 206 , 215 , 216 Hudson’s Bay Company, 113 Heiden, Konrad, 157 Huguenots, 109 Heine, Heinrich, 157 , 158 humanism, 95, 99, 105 , 107 , 110 Henry II, 82 Hungary, 88 , 214 , 217 , 218 Henry IV (of France), 109 Huns, 78 Henry VII, 2 , 104 , 106 Hussein, Saddam, 168 , 192 , 197 , 198 , Henry VIII, 2 , 6 , 15 , 27, 94, 101 – 9 , 110 , 112 , 219 , 220 115 , 117 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 124 , 126 , 138 , 145 , 153 , 198 , 231 Iacocca, Lee, 19 Herod, 67 Ibn Tamiyya, 197 Herodotus, 36 , 37 , 39 Illyria, 59 , 74 , 87 Hesse, Hermann India, 53 , 81 , 212 , 217 Demian , 12 , 160 Inquisition, 89 , 95 , 109 , 110 , 113 , 150 , Heydrich, Reinhard, 134 , 167 , 171 , 181 153 , 192 Hezbollah, 199 , 201 , 210 , 213 Iran, Islamic Republic of, 10 , 28 , 199 , 222 Hibbert, Christopher, 133 , 134 Iranian Revolution, 17 , 141, 149 , 187 , 202 , Hiero I, 4 , 192 203 , 208 , 213 , 224 Himmler, Heinrich, 134 , 167 , 177 , 180 , 181 , Ayatollahs, 202 182 , 193 , 194 , 195 destruction of Israel, 202 – 3 , 207 – 8 Hindenburg, Paul von, 174 nuclear weapons, 202, 204 , 207 – 8 , Hipparchus, 46 222 , 227 Hippias, 46 Republican Guard, 201 Hitler Youth, 13, 184 , 189 Iraq, viii, 59 , 197 , 199 , 222 Hitler, Adolf, 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 11 , 12 , 13, 15 , 37 , Iroquois, 151 99, 114 , 144, 145 , 146 , 148 , 151 , 154 , Ishtar Gate, 28 156 , 157 , 159 , 160 , 164 , 165 , 167 – 68, ISIS, viii, 16 , 136 , 146 , 147 , 148 , 154 , 172 , 169 , 173 – 74, 175 , 176 , 177 – 81, 182 , 195 , 196 , 198 , 199, 201 , 211 , 213 , 221, 183 , 184 , 185 , 186 – 87 , 190 , 191 , 192 , 222 – 23 , 226 193 , 201 , 202 , 203, 207 , 209 , 212 , 214 , Islam, 3, 90 , 93 , 145 . See also Caliphate ; 216 , 220 , 221 , 224 , 227 Iranian Revolution ; Jihad ; Mein Kampf , 180 , 208 Ottoman Empire Hitler–Stalin Pact, 167, 168 , 170 , 174 Hidden Imam, 204 , 205 , 206 , 207 Hittite Empire, 23, 27 – 28 , 30 , 35 preservation of learning, 81 , 87 Ho Chi Minh, 197 rise of, 87 Hobbes, Thomas, 5 , 9 , 10, 14, 15 , 50 , 114 , sacred vs. secular authority, 196– 97 , 198 117 , 121 , 139 , 214 , 221 , 226 , 230 Shia, 203 , 204 , 205 – 6 , 207 Leviathan , 114 Sufi mysticism, 205 social contract, 10 Sunni, 203 , 204 , 206 Hoess, Rudolf, 182 Israel, 150 , 188 , 190 , 195 , 197 , 199 , 201, Hohenstauffen dynasty, 81 202 , 213 , 217 , 222 . See also Iranian Holbein, Hans, the Younger, 102 Revolution, destruction of Israel

Index 247

Israelites, 34 – 35 feudal monarchy, 78 , 83 – 86 Istanbul, 77 , 88 , 90 , 91 god-kings, 34 , 35 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 65 , 70 , 75 , 80 , Ivan the Terrible, 80 89 , 101 , 120 , 129 , 183 Hellenistic monarchy, 53 , 61 , 65 , 77 , 80 Jackson, Stonewall, 219 hereditary, 24, 29, 38 , 40 , 54 , 61 , 68 , 83 , James I, 113 , 115 114 , 117 , 119 James II, 115 , 116 modern absolute monarchy, 94 – 95, 96 , 101 , Janissaries, 93 , 126 104, 112 , 114 , 115 , 123, 124 , 136 Japan, 38 , 77 , 177 , 183 , 212 , 225 , 231 Kirkpatrick, Jeanne, 223 – 24 Jefferson, Thomas, 137 , 219 , 222, 224 , 231 Kirov Ballet, 134 Jerome, St., 71 Kirov, Sergey, 134 Jesus Christ, 34 , 195 Kissinger, Henry, 222 , 224 Jihad, vii , viii , 4 , 7 , 8 , 10 , 12 , 15 , 143 , 147 , Kitzinger, Ernst, 75 172 , 176 , 187 , 195 – 210 , 212 – 13 , 215 , Klarfi eld, Geoffrey, 35 216, 219 , 220 , 222 – 23 , 226 – 27 , 228 Knossos, 30 John (King), 82 Korean War, 225 John of Gaunt, 86 Koresh, David, 202 , 219 Johnson, Lyndon B., 218 Kosovo, 220 Jonathan (of Israel), 35 Kravchenko, Viktor Jordan, 1 , 59 , 210 , 211 I Chose Freedom , 170 Judea, 78 , 91 Kremlin, 124 , 169 Jewish rebellions, 78 Kronstadt rebellion, 164 Julia the Elder, 64 Krupskaya, Nadezhda, 164 conspiracy against Augustus, 66 Krushchev, Nikita, 169 , 189 Julius Caesar, 4, 5 , 7 , 8 , 15, 17 , 18 , 56 , 58 , Kubizek, August, 178 59 – 61, 62, 63 , 65 , 74 , 99 , 100 , 103 , 112 , kulaks, 135 , 136 , 144 , 148 , 162 , 167 , 175 , 119 , 120 , 122, 129 , 140 , 145 , 152, 158 , 176 , 203 , 208 , 221 192 , 193 , 230 , 231 Jünger, Ernst, 160 , 200 , 215 La Fontaine, Jean de, 120 Justinian I, 76 , 77 , 79 , 80 , 120 La Salle, Robert de, 120 Lafayette, Marquis de, 7 , 140 , 161 Kant, Immanuel, 127 , 191 Lagarde, Paul de, 160 , 174 Karnak, 32 Lamballe, Princesse de, 133 Kerensky, Alexander, 149 , 161 , 164 Latvia, 125 Kerry, John, vii Le Brun, Charles, 120 Kershaw, Ian, 177 Lee Kuan Yew, 224 KGB, 146 , 166 , 169, 201 , 217 Leipzig, 123 Khameini, Ali, 207 Lenin, Vladimir, 11 , 14 , 15, 134 , 136 , 146 , Khatami, Mohammad, 202 147 , 148 , 149 , 151 , 161 , 162 , 163 , Khieu Samphan, 190 164 – 66 , 167, 168 , 169 , 176 , 184 , 188 , Khmer Rouge, vii , 12 , 15, 135 , 147, 149 , 191 , 197 , 201 , 214 , 220 , 227 , 229 190 – 91, 203 , 204 , 206 , 209 Leningrad, 134 Higher Organization, 146 , 190 Lepanto, Battle of, 94 Killing Fields, 136 Levelers, 115 Year Zero, 145 , 190 Lewis, Bernard, 195 , 200 , 206 Khomeini, Ruhollah, 146 , 149 , 199 , 201, 203 , libertarianism, 219 204 , 205 , 206 – 7 , 224 , 229 Libya, 199 Khrushchev, Nikita, 212 Liddell-Hart, B.H., 187 kingship Lifton, Robert J., 181 Bronze Age, 24 – 27 , 29 – 32 , 35 , 48 , 69 , 79 , Lin Piao, 188 93 , 151 , 218 Lincoln, Abraham, 8 , 17 , 64 , 152 , 218 , 230 Eastern universal monarchy, 27 – 29, 31 – 35, Linz, 178 52 , 53, 69, 89 , 91 , 93 , 129 , 144 , 153 Lithuania, 125

248 Index

Littell, Jonathan Marathon, Battle of, viii , 36 , 47 , 69, 154 , 231 The Kindly Ones , 181 Marcus Aurelius, 68 , 72, 73, 74, 75 , 98 , 128 Livia, 66 Marduk, 28 , 29 , 34 Livy, 54 Marie Antoinette, 133 , 140 , 142 Locke, John, 7 , 14 , 117 , 130, 131 , 136 – 37, Marius, 56 , 58 , 62 138 , 140 , 146 Mark Antony, 60 – 61 , 63, 64, 65 , 66 , 120 Second Treatise of Government , 131 Marlborough, Duke of, 122 Lollards, 105 Marlowe, Christopher London, 28 , 86 , 159 The Jew of Malta , 111 Long, Hughie, 185 Marquez, Gabriel Garcia Louis XII, 105 The Autumn of the Patriarch , 8 Louis XIV, 4 , 94, 109 , 119 – 22 , 123 , 124 , 125 , Marx, Karl, 15 , 138 , 148 , 155, 156 , 159 , 161 , 126 , 127 , 145 , 193 166 , 188 , 200 , 227 Louis XVI, 140 – 41, 149 , 161 Communist Manifesto , 154 – 55 Louisiana, 120 , 185 Marxism, 11 , 83 , 158 , 161 , 163 , 164 , 165, Louvre, 121 172 , 184 , 187 , 188 , 190 , 201 , 203 , 204 , Lovejoy, Arthur, 83 205 , 209 , 212 , 215, 225 , 227 , 228 Lucretia, 55 Marxism-Leninism, 124 , 176 , 200 , 205 , Ludwig II (of Bavaria), 159 212 , 215 Lully, Jean-Baptiste, 120 Mary I, 110 , 112 Luther, Martin, 95 – 96 , 104 , 106 , 107 , 110 Mary II, 130 Lycurgus, 41 Maundy Thursday, 86 , 111 Lyon, 134 Mazarin, Jules Raymond, 120 McVeigh, Timothy, 219 Machiavelli, Niccolò, 6 – 7 , 8 , 15 , 61 , 74, 94, medical technology as utopian extremism, 228 96 – 101 , 106 , 107 , 111 – 12, 114, 116 , 117 , Medicis, 97 119 , 120 , 121 , 123 , 126 , 128 , 132 , 138 , Medvedev, Roy, 167 139 , 169 , 186 – 87 , 218 , 221 , 226 , 230 Mehmed II, 87 , 89 Discourses on Livy , 98 , 114 Mehmed III, 92 The Prince , 6 , 97 , 101 , 103 – 4 , 114, Mehmed IV, 92 122 , 128 Melk, 109 Madison, James, 98 Mengistu Haile Mariam, 162 Maecenas, 62 Menshevism, 162 Mafi a, 184 , 186 Mesopotamia, 28 , 53 , 80 Magna Carta, 2 , 82 , 130 Messalina, 67 Mahdi. See Islam, Hidden Imam Messianism, 10 , 34 , 144 , 146 , 160 , 204 , 206 A Man for All Seasons (fi lm), 101 Metternich, Klemens von, 155 Manchester, 123 Michelangelo, 91 , 94 Manlius, 98 Middle Ages, 15 , 24 , 27 , 76, 78, 80 – 81 , Mann, Thomas, 178 82, 83 – 86 , 87 , 96 , 108 , 111 , 123 , 130 , Manson, Charles, 13 , 219 , 220 150 , 196 Mantel, Hilary, 109 , 110 Middle Passage, 151 , 170 Bring Up the Bodies , 102 Mikado, 183 Wolf Hall , 102 Milani, Mohammad Hadi, 205 Mao Tse Tung, vii , 3 , 4 , 7 , 11, 14 , 146 , 147 , Mill, J.S., 156 188 – 89, 191 , 192 , 214 , 220 , 227 Milton, John, 107 Little Red Book, 188 Mirabeau, Comte de, 140 Maoism, 11 , 12 , 15, 135, 188 , 212 Mithraism, 76 Cultural Revolution, 136 , 189 Moeller van den Bruck, Arthur, 160, 174 Red Guards, 189 , 190 Mohammed, 89 , 196 , 206 , 207 Marash, Battle of, 198 Molière, 120 Marat, Jean-Paul, 12 , 134 , 140 Moltke, Helmuth von, 174

Index 249

Mongols, 77 Necker, Jacques, 140 monotheism, 34 , 87 , 89 neo-fascism, 216 – 17 , 218 Montefi ore, Simon Sebag, 169 Nero, 4 , 6 , 67 , 68 , 72 , 92, 98 , 100 , Montesquieu, Baron de, 7, 98 , 130 , 139 , 141 121 , 193 More, Thomas, 101 , 102 , 104 , 109 – 10 Netanyahu, Benjamin, 202 Utopia , 114 New Economic Policy (NEP), 165 , 166 Morsi, Mohamed, 3 , 199 New World, 3 , 7 , 94 , 98, 103 , 113 , 114 , 118 , Moscow, 124 , 168 151 , 152 Patriarch of, 126 Newfoundland, 103 Moses, 98 , 101 Nicaragua, 185 , 224 Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 217 Nicene Creed, 79 , 118 Mubarak, Hosni, 3 , 4 , 149 , 185 , 197 , 224 , 225 Nicholas II, 134 , 149 , 161 , 164 Mugabe, Robert, 203 Nicias, 17 , 38 , 45 , 46 Mujahadeen, 199 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 13 , 14, 15 , 148 , 156 , 158 , Muluzi, Bakili, 211 159 – 60 , 161 , 163, 164 , 168 , 172 , 173 , Munich Conference, 186 200, 229 . See also superman Musharraf, Pervez, 198 , 199 On the Genealogy of Morals , 159 Muslim. See Islam Nigeria, 162 Muslim Brotherhood, 3 , 150 , 184 , 190 , nihilism, 12 , 42 , 151 , 164 , 172 , 174 , 175 , 183 , 197 , 224 198 , 200 , 203 , 226 , 228 Mussolini, Benito, 157 , 164 , 173 , 184 , Nikitchenko, Iona, 169 185 , 229 Nineveh, 28 Nixon, Richard, 67 , 218 Naipaul, V.S., 197 NKVD, 108 , 109 , 162 , 166 , 168 , 169 , 170 , Napoleon Bonaparte, 3, 4 , 8 , 17, 18, 37 , 53 , 177 , 220 81, 113 , 122 , 134 , 150 , 152 – 54, 155 , Norfolk, Duke of, 105, 106 , 107 158 , 165 , 186 , 192 , 223 , 230 Normans, 79 Napoleon III, 12 , 157 – 58 , 173 , 184 North Korea, 133 Napoleonic Code, 153 Novgorod, 124 Narva, Battle of, 125 Nuremberg Rallies, 133 , 179 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 197 Nuremberg Tribunal, 169 National Front (France), 216 National Socialism. See Nazism Obama, Barack, 9 , 223 nationalism, 155 , 176 Odoacer, 77 Arab, 177 Odysseus, 25 – 27 , 39 blood and soil, 154 , 157 , 182 oikonomia , 24 , 91 French, 157 One Percent protesters, 227 – 28 German, 149 , 159 , 161 , 175 , 177 , 178 , 181 , Orkney, 79 183 , 187 , 188 , 200 Ortega y Gasset, José, 154 , 173 Palestinian, 190 Orthodox Church, 80, 83, 89 , 90 , 118 , 124 , Russian, 176 , 215 – 16 125 , 126 , 161 Slavic, 124 , 161 , 215 – 16 Osman I, 87 Turkish, 198 – 99 Otto I, 82 Nazism, vii, 11, 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 36 , 119 , 135 , Ottoman Empire, 37 , 77 , 87 – 93 , 101 , 113 , 141 , 143 , 144 , 145 , 147 , 148 , 149 , 152 , 120 , 121 , 123 , 124 , 125 , 126 , 196 , 197 , 158 , 159 , 160, 161 , 168 , 170 – 87 , 190 , 198 , 206 . See also Caliphate, Ottoman 198 , 199 , 200 , 202 , 203 , 204 , 206 , 209 , Byzantine Empire as model, 88 –89 215, 216 , 219 , 220 , 221, 222 , 223 , 230 compared to fascism, 184 – 86 Pahlavi, Reza (Shah), 149, 201 , 205 , 224 , 225 Nebuchadnezzar, 4 , 28 – 29 , 32 , 75 paideia , 100 Nechaev, Sergey Pakistan, 199, 208 , 217 Catechism of the Revolutionist , 10 , 194 Palermo, 87

250 Index

Palestine, 177, 190 , 211 Poland, 90 , 94 , 125 , 127 , 128, 168 , 170 , 178 , Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 190 179 , 181 , 214 , 217 Palladio, Andrea, 91 , 94 Polar, Hernando de Soto, 225 papacy, 80 , 81 – 82 , 83 , 95 , 96 , 105 , 111 , 117 , Poltava, Battle of, 125 118 , 121 , 151 Polybius, 54 Paris, 12 , 71, 120 , 124, 133 , 135 , 141 , 152 , Pompey (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus), 158 , 159, 187 , 190 , 204 56 , 57 , 59 Paris Commune, 154 Portugal, 151, 185 , 224 Parliament (English), 2, 102 , 114 , 115 , 116 , Presbyterianism, 116 130 , 131 . See also English Civil War Prophet. See Mohammed Pasternak, Boris, 168 Protestantism, 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 112 , Doctor Zhivago , 13 115 , 116 , 117 , 118 – 19 , 121 , 122 , 128 , Pearl Harbor, 16 149, 152 . See also Church of England ; Peasants’ Rebellion (1536), 107 English Civil War ; Reformation Peisistratids, 38 , 45 – 46 Prussia, 81, 125, 127 – 28 , 152 , 158 . See also Peisistratos, 42 , 46 , 55 Franco-Prussian War Peloponnesian War, 37 – 38 , 40 , 43 – 44 , 46 , 47 , Prussian Academy, 127 48 , 49 , 69 Puccini Pergamon, 21 , 30 Tosca , 155 Pergamon Museum, 28 , 30 Punic Wars, 58 Pericles, 5 , 29, 38, 43 , 44 – 45 , 47 , 48 Puritanism, 109 , 112 , 115 , 116 , 118 , 121 , Peron, Juan, 185 131 , 150 Persepolis, 32 , 77 , 91 Putin, Vladimir, vii , viii , 37 , 124 , 125 , 157 , Persia, 29 , 31 , 32, 33, 35 – 36 , 69 – 70 , 75, 77, 167 , 186 , 191 , 211 , 213 – 17 , 218 , 225 80 , 90 , 92 Pyatakov, Georgy, 164 – 65 Peter the Great, 15 , 80 , 94 , 119 , 122 – 26 , 127 , Pyongyang, 133 141 , 198 , 199 , 231 Petrarch, Francesco, 96 Quakers, 151 Pharaohs, 4 , 32, 33, 34 , 35 , 53 , 65 , 70 , 75 , 77, Quran, 195 89 , 101 , 231 Pharsalis, Battle of, 59 Rafsanjani, Akbar Hashemi, 207 Phidias, 36 Rahe, Paul, 150 Philip II, 113 Raleigh, Sir Walter, 113 Philip IV, 83 Ramses II, 33 Philip of Macedon, 53 Rand, Ayn, 186 Philip V, 122 Rauschning, Hermann, 172 , 173 , 174 Philippines, 212 , 218 Ravenna, 71 Pilate, Pontius, 78 Reformation, 2 , 77 , 83 , 86 , 95 – 96 , 104 , 105 , Pindar, 49 106 – 8 , 109 – 11 , 114 , 115 , 117 , 123 , 126 , Pinochet, Augusto, 8 , 224 129 , 137 , 150, 196 , 214 , 217 Piranesi, Giovanni Battista, 127 Reichstag, 174 , 181 Plataea, Battle of, 36 , 88 religious tolerance Plato, 6 , 8 , 9 , 15 , 36 , 43 , 49, 51, 52 , 56 , 62 , Alexander the Great, 34 , 65 , 89 68 , 72 , 92, 95, 97, 100 , 129 , 192 , 194 , Church of England, 118 209 , 230 , 231 Cyrus the Great, 33 – 34 , 53, 89 Academy, 76 Dutch, 112 Laws , 5 , 50 , 51 Frederick the Great, 128 Republic , 3 , 5 , 8 , 16 , 50 , 51 , 93 , 97, humanist, 95 101 , 229 – 30 Locke, 117 Plutarch, 56 modern state-builders, 145 Pol Pot, 4 , 7 , 14, 146 , 187 , 190 , 191, 204 , 209 , Napoleon Bonaparte, 153 213 , 214 , 220 Ottoman Empire, 89 – 90

Index 251

paganism, 77 tribunate, 62 Roman Empire, 34 , 53 , 65 , 89 West–East division, 75 , 105 Renaissance, 2, 6 , 86 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 99 , 102 , 107 , Roman kingdom, 54 – 55 112 , 114, 115 , 117 , 121 , 123 , 126 , 127 , founding myths, 40 129, 137 , 138 , 196 , 214 Pontifex Maximus, 24 republicanism, 6 , 9 , 51 , 53 , 61 , 73 , 84 , 90, 95, Roman Republic, 7 , 54 – 61, 62 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 96 , 97 , 99 , 112 , 114 – 16 , 126 , 231 75 , 137 , 138 , 151 . See also Punic Wars Atlanticist, 114 , 151 constitution, 56 – 58 , 98 Restoration (English), 116 consuls, 56 , 57 , 59 Rhineland, 99 cursus honorum , 56 Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 168 , 174 dictatorship, 57 , 58 , 60, 98, 114 , 116 Ridicule (fi lm), 121 equestrians, 56 , 64 Riefenstahl, Leni fall, 59 – 61 Triumph of the Will , 173 – 74 , 175 , 183 , 184 founding, 54 – 55 , 67 Rilke, Rainer Maria, 200 Gracchi, 58 Rivarol, Marquis de, 154 imperium, 57 , 62 Roberts, Andrew, 153 infl uence on Machiavelli, 98 – 99, 100 , 101 Robespierre, Maximilien, 4 , 7 , 11 , 12 , 14 , 15 , infl uence on Rousseau, 138 – 39 114 , 134 , 136 , 138 , 139 , 140 , 142 , 143 , internal tensions (city-state vs. 146 , 150 , 152 , 156 , 160 , 163 , 190 , 191 , empire), 58 – 59 192 , 194 , 196 , 207 , 209 , 212 , 214 , 223 optimates, 58 Rogers, Elliot, 219 , 220 patricians, 56 , 57 , 58 Rohm, Ernst, 179 plebs, 56 , 57 , 58 Roman Empire, vii , 1 – 2 , 3 , 27 , 34 , 61 – 68 , 70, Pontifex Maximus, 24 71 – 78 , 79 , 87 , 92 , 96, 101 , 121 , 124 , 131 , populares, 58 , 62 145 , 151 , 186 , 191 , 196 proconsuls, 57 barracks emperors, 74 , 80 res publica , 56 Christianization, 71 – 74, 76 – 77 , 87 Senate, 56 , 57, 58, 59, 60 , 61 , 62 , 98 client-states, 78 tribunes, 57 , 58 , 62 compared to modern Enlightened Romanov dynasty, 163 Despotism, 129 – 30 Romanticism, 136 , 156 , 159 consuls, 66 storm and stress, 127 easternization, 75 – 76 Romulus, 56 , 58 , 60 , 62 , 64 , 98 , 101 economy, 90 Romulus Augustulus, 77 fall of the Western empire, 77 , Roosevelt, Franklin, 17 , 179 , 185 , 218 78 – 79 , 80 , 81 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 7 , 15, 74 , 134 , 135 , Flavian emperors, 68 136 – 40 , 141 , 142 – 43, 154 , 158 , 160 , 163 , Good Emperors, 68 , 74, 75 , 154 164 , 189 , 190 , 200 , 221 , 228 Hadrian’s tomb, 92 Discourse on the Arts and Sciences , 200 imperator, 62 Discourse on the Origins of Inequality , 138 Julio-Claudian emperors, 66 – 68 , 80 , 92 The Social Contract , 134 , 138 , 143 medievalization, 75 – 76 Royal Society, 115 military invincibility, 78 Rubicon, 59 , 61 model for medieval Europe, 78 , 81 Rudenko, Roman, 169 Pantheon, 92 Rumi, 205 patricians, 66 , 67 Russia, vii , 11, 13 , 14 , 37 , 80 , 83 , 91 , 152 , Pontifex Maximus, 62 153 , 212 , 217 , 218 , 225 . See also Praetorian Guard, 67 , 89 Bolshevism ; Russian Revolution ; Peter the proconsuls, 65 , 76 , 88 Great ; Putin, Vladimir ; Tsars property rights, 80 Russian Revolution, 17, 126 , 141 , 147 , 148 , sack of Rome (410), 71 – 72 149 , 161 , 163 , 164 , 183, 190 , 219 . See Senate, 62 , 63, 66 , 71 , 93 , 145 also Bolshevism

252 Index

Saba, St., 79 Sinan, 91 , 92 Sachs, Jeffrey, 214 Singapore, 224 Sadat, Anwar, 198 , 199 Social Darwinism, 179 sadism, 12 , 109, 133 , 135 , 146 , 168 , 169 , socialism. See communism; Marxism ; Maoism ; 181 , 195 Nazism ; Third World Socialism Saint-Simon, Henri de, 122 Socrates, 36 , 49 – 50, 51 , 52 , 63 , 229 – 30 Sakharov, Andrei, 124 Solidarity (Poland), viii Salamis, Battle of, viii, 36 , 154 , 231 Solomon (King), 35 Salazar, António de Oliveira, 185 , 224 Solon, 42 Sallust, 50 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 124 , 166 , 167 , Salome, 67 168 , 170 Samuel (prophet), 34 , 83 Lenin in Zurich , 13 , 164 Sandinistas, 190 Somoza family, 4 , 185 , 224 Sans Souci palace, 127 Sophists, 46 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 187 , 188 , 190 , 204 , 205 Sophocles, 15 , 36 , 68 Being and Nothingness , 204 Antigone , 55 Saudi Arabia, 91 Oedipus Tyrannus , 29, 38, 39 , 47 – 49 , 54 , Saudi monarchy, 211 , 218 119 , 230 Saul (King), 34 , 35 , 83 Sorel, Georges, 184 , 229 Savak, 205 South Korea, 225 Saxons, 79 Soviet Union, 83 , 125 , 134 , 138 , 154 , 161 – 70 , Schacht, Walter, 179 , 184 175 , 180 , 185 , 186 , 187 , 189 , 193 , Schama, Simon, 139 199 , 201 , 206 , 211 , 212 , 213 – 14 , 217 , Citizens , 136 225 , 231 . See also Bolshevism ; Russian Schell, Jonathan Revolution The Fate of the Earth , 227 model for Arab economies, 197 Schiller, Friedrich, 149 , 155 Spain, 2 , 4 , 65 , 78 , 87 , 94 , 95 , 110 , 112 , Letters on the Aesthetic Education of 113 , 118 , 122 , 126 , 145 , 151 , 177 , 185 , Man , 156 196 , 224 Schliemann, Heinrich, 19 , 21 , 158 Spanish Armada, 113 , 118 , 154 Schmitt, Carl, 215 Spanish Succession, War of the, Scipio Africanus the Elder, 59 , 98 122 , 125 Scipio Africanus the Younger, 58 Sparta, 33 , 41 – 42 , 43 , 46 , 48 , 51 , 55 , 56 , 69, Scotland, 1 127 , 128 , 130 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 156 , 184 . Sedan, Battle of, 158 See also Peloponnesian War Sejanus, 67 , 89 Spartacus, 57 , 59 Septimius Severus, 74 Speer, Albert, 13 , 179 , 180 , 186 Serbia, 89 Spengler, Oswald Serenus Sammonicus, 80 The Decline of the West , 184 Sextus Tarquinius, 55 Spinoza, Baruch, 14 Shakespeare, William, 47 , 86 , 230 SS (Schutzstaffel), 146 , 162 , 166 , 167 , 171 , Antony and Cleopatra , 65 172 , 173 , 177 , 178, 181 , 182 , 184 , 186 , Hamlet , 110 – 11 190 , 194 , 195 , 201 , 220 Richard the Second , 86 , 111 St. Magnus Cathedral, 79 The Tempest , 114 St. Petersburg, 124 , 126 , 159 Sharia law, 196 , 197 , 211 Stalin, Joseph, 3 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 11 , 12 , 15 , 37 , 83, Shariati, Ali, 15, 187, 203 – 6 , 207 103 , 108 , 114 , 120 , 125 , 136 , 144 , 146 , Shawnee, 151 148 , 151 , 156 , 161 , 162 , 165 – 69 , 176 , Shogun, 38 177 , 179 , 180 , 181 , 185 , 186, 187 , 189 , Shostakovich, Dmitri, 168 192 , 193 , 201 , 202 , 203 , 207, 209 , 212 , Sicily, 27 , 40, 45, 46 , 58 , 87 , 126 214 , 217 , 220 , 221 , 227 Silesia, 127 model for Baathist leaders, 197 , 198 Simonides, 224 Stangl, Franz, 182

Index 253

Star Wars Thomas Aquinas, St., 15 , 84, 85, 87 , 90 , Emperor Palpatine, 8 95 , 196 Steiner, George, 187 Thucydides, 15 , 17, 36, 37 – 38 , 41 , 42 , 44 , 45 , Stockhausen, Karlheinz, 13 , 228 46 , 47 , 48 , 68 , 69 , 114 Stoicism, 63 , 72 , 73 Tiberius, 1 , 2 , 66 , 67 , 89 , 179 Stormtroopers (Nazi), 172 , 179 Titus, 68 , 78 Strasser, Gregor, 175 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 140 , 156 , 158 , Strauss, Barry, 23 161 , 173 Streltsy, 124 , 125 Democracy in America , 157 Stuart dynasty, 112 , 113 , 114 , 115 , 116 , 117 , Toledo, 87 118 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 154 Tolstoy, Leo, 163 Sudetenland, 99 , 157 , 186 War and Peace , 153 Suetonius, 66 Topcliffe, Richard, 108 Suleiman Mosque (Istanbul), 91 Topkapi palace, 32 , 77, 91, 92 , 121 Suleiman the Magnifi cent, 87 , 88 , 91 Torquemada, Tomás de, 192 Sulla, 56 , 58 , 60 , 61 totalitarianism, vii , viii , 3 , 7 , 10, 11 , 15 , 131 , Sumer, 28 133 , 138 , 141 , 143 , 145 , 146 , 151 , 156 , superman, 13, 14 , 156, 159 – 60 , 161 , 162 , 164, 172 , 175 , 193 , 202 , 206 , 212 , 223 , 227 180 , 229 . See also Nietzsche, Friedrich Trajan, 63 , 67 , 68 Sverdlov, Yakov, 134 Treblinka, 171 , 182 Sweden, 125 Trotsky, Leon, 148, 161 , 162 , 164 , 165 , Swift, Jonathan 166 , 193 Gulliver’s Travels , 130 Troy (historic), 21 – 24 , 35 , 36 Syme, Ronald, 61 Tsars, 14 , 78, 80, 81 , 82 , 83 , 105 , 123 , 124 , Syracuse, 4 , 38 , 40 , 45 , 51 126 , 147 , 162 , 163 , 169 , 178 , 214 Syria, viii , 2 , 17 , 28 , 37, 58 , 65 , 78 , 145, 146 , Tudor dynasty, 2 – 3 , 4 , 86 , 94 , 101 – 14, 116 , 194 , 197 , 199 , 220 , 222 , 227 118, 119 , 120, 121 , 123 , 124 , 125 , 126 , 130 , 131 , 141 , 153 Tacitus, 66 , 67 , 151 Tudors, The (TV series), 102 Taine, Hippolyte, 154 Tunisia, 194 Taliban, 76 , 108 , 154 , 196 , 199 , 201 , 203 , Turenne, Vicomte de, 120 208 , 210 Turgenev, Ivan, 124 , 215 Talleyrand, Charles Maurice de, 7 , Fathers and Sons , 12 , 156 140 , 153 Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques, 140 Talmond, J.L., 138 Turkey, 198 – 99 . See also Ataturk, Kemal ; Tarquin, 54 – 55 , 56, 60 , 67 , 194 Young Turks Tawney, R.H, Tutmosis III, 88 Religion and the Rise of Capitalism , 115 tyranny. See also Enlightened Despotism Tecumseh, 151 garden variety, 3 – 4, 39 , 84 , 92 , 103 , 122 , Templars, 83 146 , 155 , 180 , 185 , 211 – 12 , 213 , 214 , Temple (Jerusalem), 35 215 , 220 – 21 Themistocles, 16 , 37 , 43 Great Books as antidote, 230 –31 Theodora, 77 , 79 millenarian, 4 – 5 , 6 , 7 , 131 – 32 , 135 – 36 , Theodosius I, 76 , 77 , 88 143 – 52, 154 , 155 – 57 , 158 , 161 – 210 , Thermopylae, 16 , 36 , 69 212 – 13, 215 – 17 , 220 – 21 , 222 Third Reich, 5 , 16 , 138 , 144 , 145 , 160 , 174 , personality of tyrants, 11 , 195 176 , 178 , 179 , 183, 185 , 187, 190 , 201 , reformist, 4 , 7 , 39 , 50 , 60, 65, 92, 93 , 94 , 215 , 217 , 225, 231 . See also Nazism 96 , 103 , 112 , 117 , 119 , 120 , 122 , 128 – 30, Third World Socialism, 176 , 187 – 91, 195 , 140 – 41, 144 – 45, 146 , 152 , 153 , 158 , 169 , 197 , 198 , 199, 204 , 208, 215 , 219 183 , 185 , 197 , 212, 213 , 215 infl uence on Jihadists, 199 – 201 righteousness as motivation for, Thirty Years’ War, 112 8 – 11 , 13 – 15 Thomas à Becket, 82 Tyrol, 149

254 Index

Ukraine, vii , 37, 83, 186 , 191 , 215 , 216 Walzer, Michael, 192 Terror Famine, 166 , 181 , 220 Wannsee Conference, 181 United States of America. See also American Warsaw Pact, 217 Civil War ; American Revolution Washington, George, 16, 67 , 140 , 222 Constitution, 57 , 99 , 218 , 219 Waterloo, Battle of, viii , 153 , 154 foreign policy traditions, 222 Weimar Republic, 178 , 216 Founding Fathers, 7 , 57 , 85 , 218 Wellington, Duke of, 113 , 153 –54 hatred of, 147 , 188 , 190, 197 , 198, 199 , West Germany, 231 201 , 202 , 203 , 209 , 213 , 216 , 219 , 222 , Westphalia, Peace of, 120 223 , 227 Whig theory of history, 2 , 110 , 131 risk of tyranny, 218 – 20 White Russians, 165 slavery, 151 , 152 , 218 , 219 , 230 Wilhelm I, 81 Untersberg, 180 Wilhelm II, 164 , 171 , 180 , 183 Wilhelmine Empire, 183 van Dyck, Anthony, 115 William III, 116 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 130 Venice, 84 , 88 , 89 , 91 , 94 William the Conqueror, 27 , 82 Versailles, 120 – 21 , 124 , 193 Wilson, Woodrow, 222 , 224 Vespasian, 73 Wiltshire, Earl of, 105 Vichy regime, 185 Wolsey, Thomas, 102 , 104 , 106 Victoria (Queen), 81 Woolf, Greg, 76 Vienna, 88, 94 , 123 Wordsworth, William, 12 , 141 , 142 , 155 Viet Cong, 190 , 200 World War I, 12 , 22 , 125 , 154 , 160 – 61 , 164 , Vietnam War, 218 , 225 171 , 174 , 176 , 177 , 178 , 180 , 183 , Vikings, 23 , 27, 79 , 151 191 , 197 Vikings (TV series), 79 , 151 World War II, viii, 36 , 99 , 125 , 167 – 68 , 177 , Villa Jovis, Capri, 1 , 179 , 180 179 , 180 – 81 , 188 , 191 , 207 , 217 , 224, violence 225 , 231 beautifi cation of, 12 – 13, 156 – 57 , 205 Wycliffe, John, 105 Virgil, 54 Aeneid , 39 , 40, 58 , 62 – 63 Xenophon, 51 , 52 , 53 Eclogues , 63 Education of Cyrus , 95 Virginia, 113 Hiero , 90 , 224 Virginia Company, 113 Xerxes, 36 Visigoths, 27 , 78 Vladimir the Great, 124 Yalta Conference, 168 , 169 Voltaire, 9 , 81 , 125 , 127 , 128 , 136 , 137 Yeltsin, Boris, 214 Yemen, 208 Wagner, Richard, 144 , 149 , 158 – 59 , 160 , 173 , Young Turks, 198 174 , 180 , 182 , 183 , 184 Götterdämmerung , 13 , 159 , 174 Zhukov, Georgy, 168 Rienzi , 13 , 173 Zinoviev, Grigory, 167 Ring Cycle , 158 Zionism, 177 Wagner, Winifred, 159 Zoroastrianism, 34 Wahhabism, 197 Zweig, Stefan, 154