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Richard G. Saull Department of International Relations London

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Richard G. Saull Department of International Relations London Rethinking Theory and History in the Cold War: The State, Military Power and Social Revolution Richard G. Saull Department of International Relations London School of Economics and Political Science Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D). University of London 1999 1 UMI Number: U121108 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U121108 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 r 765 9 fOUT*>L K 7II70Z Abstract This thesis provides a critique of existing understandings of the Cold War in International Relations theory, and offers an alternative position. It rejects the conventional conceptual and temporal understanding of the Cold War, which assumes that the Cold War was, essentially, a political-military conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union that originated in the collapse of the wartime alliance after 1945. Using a method derived from historical materialism, in particular the parcellization of political power into the spheres of ‘politics’ and ‘economics’ that characterises capitalist modernity, the thesis develops an alternative understanding of the Cold War through an emphasis on the historical and thus conceptual uniqueness of it. After the literature survey, Part One interrogates the conceptual areas of the state, military power and social revolution and offers alternative conceptualisations. This is followed in Part Two with a more historically orientated argument that analyses Soviet and American responses to the Cuban and Vietnamese revolutions. The main conclusions of the thesis consist of the following. First, the thesis suggests that the form of politics in the USSR (and other ‘revolutionary* states) was qualitatively different to that of capitalist states. This derived from the relationship between the form of political rule and the social relations of material production. Secondly, this conflict was not reducible to the ‘superpowers’ but rather, was conditioned by a dynamic associated with the expansion and penetration of capitalist social relations, and the contestation of those political forms that evolved from them. Finally, the relationship between capitalist expansion and the ‘superpowers’ rested on the distinctive forms of international relations of each superpower over how each related to the international system and responded to revolution. 2 Dedicated to the memory of my mother, Jane Irene Saull (1942-1987) 3 Acknowledgements I would like to take this opportunity to record my gratitude for the support I have received in completing this thesis from a number of sources. To begin with I would not have been able to pursue my doctoral research without financial support, initially a bursary from the LSE and later a scholarship from STICERD (Suntory and Toyota International Centres for Economics and Related Disciplines). I am very grateful for the generous financial support that I have received. I would also like to thank my father, Michael Saull, my grandfather, Jack Whitman, and in particular, my grandmother, Josephine Saull for the support they have given me through my doctoral studies. I have also been very fortunate to have worked in the stimulating and challenging environment of the Department of International Relations at the LSE. I have formed a number of close personal and intellectual relationships, and in this regard I would like to record my gratitude, in particular, to the participants in the Modernity Research Workshop, chaired by Mark Hoffman and Justin Rosenberg and the Historical Materialism Workshop, chaired by Justin Rosenberg. It was in these forum where many of the issues and ideas that came to frame my thesis were discussed. I would also like to thank my dear friend Alex Colas for his friendship throughout my time at the LSE, and for his injections of humour (of varying degrees of quality) through those many shared hours sat in front of a computer terminal. I would also like to thank my partner, Liza Burdett, for her support and encouragement, particularly in the later stages of the thesis. Lastly, I would like to reserve my final thanks to my supervisor Fred Halliday. Fred’s criticism and encouragement have guided me through the journey of writing a thesis. Much of what follows is inspired by Fred’s own work and his critical input. 4 Table of Contents Pages Abstract 2 Dedication 3 Acknowledgements 4 Chapter One Introduction: What was the Cold War ? 7 Chapter Two The Cold War and International Relations 14 Theory 1. Realism and the Cold War 15 2. Pluralism and Ideas-Based Approaches to the Cold War 27 3. Historical Materialist Approaches to the Cold War 33 Part One: Theory Chapter Three The Politics of the State in the Cold War 51 1. Realism, the State and the Cold War in International 52 Relations Theory 2. Reconstructing a Politics of the State in the Cold War 63 2.1 Capitalism and the State as a Contested Political Form 65 2.2 The ‘Revolutionary’ State as an Alternative Form of 73 International Politics 2.3 The Real Politics of the Cold War 80 3. Conclusions 85 Chapter Four Military Power and Strategic Conflict in 88 the Cold War 1. Capitalism, Military Power and War 90 2. Military Power in the Cold War 98 3. The American Form of Military Power in the Cold War 102 4. The Soviet Form of Military Power in the Cold War 111 5. Conclusions 124 Chapter Five Social Revolution and the Cold War 127 1 .Liberal Approaches to Social Revolution and the 129 Cold War 2. Marxist-Informed Approaches to Revolution and 136 the Cold War 2.1 American Revisionism 137 2.2 Isaac Deutscher 140 2.3 Fred Halliday 144 5 3. Social Revolution as a Dynamic of the Cold War 151 3.1 The Relationship Between Social Revolution and the 151 Cold War 3.2 The Nature of Social Revolution in the Cold War 155 4. Conclusions 163 Part Two: History Chapter Six The International Relations of the USSR 168 in the Cold War 1. The International Relations of the USSR, and the Cuban 170 and Vietnamese Revolutions 2. Cuba 175 3. Vietnam 187 4. Conclusions 195 Chapter Seven The International Relations of the USA 198 in the Cold War 1. The International Relations of the USA, and the Cuban and 199 Vietnamese Revolutions 2. Cuba 201 3. Vietnam 216 4. Conclusions 227 Part Three; Conclusions Chapter Eight Conclusion: Understanding the Cold War 229 and Its End 1. Politics and the State 232 2. Military Power as a Currency of Politics 237 3. Capitalism and Revolutionary Social Transformation 240 4. The Ends of the Cold War 243 Bibliography 248 6 Chapter One Introduction: What was the Cold War ? The Cold War as a focus of intellectual enquiry has occupied a rather unusual position within the discipline of International Relations. Although recognised as a distinct period in world history,1 its theorisation, at least in terms of traditional theories, did not recognise it as such. The acceptance of the transformation of world politics that World War Two and its end produced did not manifest itself in the form of a reconstitution of traditional IR theory. Rather, IR theory sought to downplay the uniqueness of the Cold War, instead subsuming it within a broader history of great power conflict, or limiting it to a discussion of strategic (nuclear) rivalry. This anomaly, the lack of a general theoretical recognition of the Cold War, is one of the principal concerns of this thesis. This thesis will also challenge the traditional temporal understanding of the Cold War by imbuing this period of international history with a new theoretical insight. The temporal perspective is important because it derives from certain historical and theoretical assumptions about what constituted the Cold War.2 This is most evident in the historical debates3 concerning who was to blame for the outbreak of hostility between the United States and the Soviet Union. And it is this core assumption of the traditional understanding of the Cold War, that it emerged between 1945-47 in Europe between the ‘superpowers’ that will be challenged. The traditional temporal definition of the Cold War rests on the identification of particular actors and currencies. These could be summarised as the state, particularly the USSR and the USA, and the characterisation of foreign policy in the currency of military power based on specific strategic or balance of power objectives. Although these concepts cannot be dismissed, in themselves they are conceptually weak in providing an understanding of the Cold War. What needs to be made clear is the qualitative distinction of these concepts in the Cold War in general, and more importantly with respect to the distinctive international 1 Generally accepted as 1947-89, from the Truman Doctrine to the collapse of the Soviet bloc, and also by the acceptance into the IR lexicon of ‘post-Cold War’ studies in security and so forth. 2 This is most obviously the case with arguments over the nature of the end of the Cold War. Although this thesis does not directly address this issue, it does implicitly raise issues, and is informed by the end of the Cold War. The conceptual arguments put forward amount to a specific understanding of what the Cold War was, and thus imply an understanding of its end.
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