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Alien,· Elements in the Gondwana Flora of India

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Alien,· Elements in the Gondwana Flora of India Alien,· elements in the Gondwana Flora of India A. K. Srivastava Srivastava AI< 1992. Alien elements in the Gondwana flora of India. Palaeobotanist 40 147·156. The occurrence of northern hemispheric taxa in Gondwana is considered as alien to the Glossopteris and Dicroidium floras of Southern Hemisphere. The morphology, evolutionary lineages, and stratigraphic distribution of Euramerian, Cathaysian and Angaran forms in the Gondwana flora of India are examined in view of their latest discoveries in the Permian and Triassic sequences. The study indicates that some of the elements of contemporaneous floras possess characteristic affiliation with the Gondwana flora, likewise some of the Gondwana elements exemplify the comparative characters of northern forms. Possible linkages, association, existence and ancestry of the Gondwana flora vis a vis Northern floras are discussed. " Key-words-Alien., elements, Evolutionary linkage, Gondwana flora, A K. Srivastava, Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, 53 University Road, Lucknow 226007, India. ~T ~ ~ ~ ~;1' 'l'lWf<1 ..iil if 3Nlfll' '* ~~~ , ,l ~ I( I ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ l<'1htTc~F<(1 ~ <:I~il~~ll'l 'l'1W~"11(11 ~ if <$ ott mroft <$ 1) 3RltiliTll' ~<$-.r'l'R ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 'l'l14~"1ld ~, <t~ ~ ~ ~, 1Tt t I 'K4t if 'lIT«f <$ 1) ailm:'1' ott ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 'l'114~"1l<il ~~ ~3if Cf?lT 'iN 3fanr-r 11m tl 3fanr-r.r 0<f'fCf itcrr t f'q; <$ 3l'<fll'Cl' ~~t 3ltt>$~~~ 3l'<fll'Cl'~~<$~O<f'fCf~tl ~ 'l'114~"1iil Cf?lT~ 'l'1l4fc1"1ld.r w:IR"i\T ~ 'l'114Fd"1ldl <$ lltli W'llfC2l ~3if, ~'Cf?lT ~ ott ott 1Tt tl ruE Indian Gondwana flora, makes its appearance in Carboniferous and beginning of Permian there the Early Permian strata and develops as the existed four more or less well·defined botanical Glossopteris flora and in the Triassic Period it provinces, The Glossopteris flora occupies the succeeds as the Dicroidium flora, Earlier, the southern land-mass, i.e" Gondwana including India, Ptilophyllum flora considered as Jurassic in age was Australia, South America, South Africa and Antarctica, recognized as the uppermost flora of the Indian The Euramerian flora dominated by lepidodendrids, Gondwana (Lele, 1964, 19700) but recent cal'a mites, sphenophylls and pteridosperms investigations suggest that continental Jurassic flourished in the North America and Europe, The deposits are absent in India and the Ptilophyllum Angara flora characterised by Cordaitales and flora in all probability belongs to Lower Cretaceous pteridosperms covered the Siberian region from the (Garg et al, 1988; Krishna, 1988; Acharyya & Lahiri, Petchora Basin, north-west of Urals to the Pacific 1991; Venkatachala & Maheshwari, 1991), Coast of the USSR and south into the north-west It is believed that there was a uniformity in the China, The Cathaysian flora, commonly known as Carboniferous flora of northern and southern Gigantopteris flora developed in China and hemispheres before Glossopteris flora came into extended to the south of Sumatra, Chaloner and existence (Seward, 1903; Sahni, 1939; Halle, 1937; Ulcey (1973) sorted out characteristic genera of each Jongmans, 1954; Edwards, 1955; Archangelsky, 1970, floral provinces as follows: North American floral 1971; Chaloner & Meyen, 1973), The wide spread Gondwana glaciation resulted into the Four Decades of Indian Palaeobouny differentiation of world floras and by the close of Editors, B. S. venkatachala & ,H. P. Singh Publisher' Birbal Sahni Institute of PalaeobOlany, Lucknow 148 THE PAlAEOBOTANIST province, referred by them as fifth flora, is \~ considered here under Euramerian flora for broader 3I,NV comparison of floras: ~') tl .~'" , ,,,\60 \U f)!9 c v .'!J 's'-'''' .~ v "0~,) ~ 'Vi'" 0. ~'" v >- 0 E 1:: o .c '" '"00 t .c'" 0 Cr6 "t":" :;'" 0 (;i '" Q 0 " LLl ~ z u (3 V o?l"~ \, __\__ ' ~ ./ Alethopteris + K., Calamites + 0"- ~rO(,.$'J/'/ "\ ::J Sigillaria + ' \ I I Cordaites + + + + n- I o Pecopteris + + n \ / Callipleris + + + ~ o Neuropleris/Odonlopteris + + ? / t:: ~ '-./\/' ~~ Sphenophyllum + + + + 0';;' ",---- \ 0 Annularia + + c.'\;'1'-:,o e",' '- \ <'.... Walchia + + + t>-< o~ ,/ " . ~o c; Taeniopteris + + + ~,~ , \'vrA' Intia ' 0,, Tschernovia + ' Anger Annulina + /G---~ Viatscheslavia + Angaridium + EUR p.. ",\ ~ Paragondwanidium + Rujloria + Vojnovskya + Text-figure 1 Supaia + Glenopteris + Russelliles + been discussed by many workers (Surange, 1975; Giganotopteris + + Lele, 1976b; Maheshwari, 1976; Srivastava, 1986) and Protoblechnum + + they strongly favoured the idea of endemism in the Tingia + Gondwana flora. However, during the last ten years, Lobalannularia + the knowledge of the Indian Gondwana Gondwanidium + Noeggerathiopsis + palaeobotany has increased rapidly and the Gangamopleris + discoveries of newer elements having comparative Glossopteris + similarities with the northern hemispheric forms Trizygia + proVide evidence to consider the Gondwana flora in Lycopodiopsis/Cyclodendron + Schizoneura + a broader perspective rather than conservative flora of its own domain. Sahni (1935) explained the distribution of each There are several limitations to know the exact flora by viewing the globe from the Arctic Pole affinities of Gondwana plants because most of them (Text-figure 1). are known only by their sterile foliage characters, While discussing the Permo-Carboniferous floral however, the organization and venation pattern of provinces with special reference to India, he leaves demonstrate their positive affiliation with indicated that the floras of Northern Hemisphere, different groups o( plants. Discovery of male and i.e., Euramerian, Cathaysian and Angara are more in female fructifications of glossopterid has enabled us common than anyone of them has with the to identify it as a distinct plant group of the Gondwana flora. The compilation of the floras by Gondwana flora. Its unequivocal affinity with Chaloner and Lacey (1973) also reflects such pteridosperms and other groups of gymnosperms association with certain reservation. signifies a unique position in the taxonomy of plants. PERMIAN GONDWANA FLORA VIS A VIS Earlier investigators considered the Gondwana NORTHERN HEMISPHERIC FLORAS records of Phyllotheca, Schizoneura, Noeggera­ thiopsis, Cordaites, Sphenophyllum, Pecopteris, Morphology, affinities and distribution of the Sphenopteris, Alethopteris, Ptychocarpus as the flora in different formations, i.e., Talchir, Karharbari, representatives of northern hemispheric flora Barakar; Barren Measures and Raniganj have earlier (Zeiller, 1896, 1902; Feistmantel, 1879-90; Arber, SRIVASTAVA-ALIEN ELEMENTS IN GONDWANA FWRA 149 1905; Srivastava, 1955; Surange, 1964). Later, many of types of fructification favours the idea of similar leaf them proved to be gondwanic in nature. The fern morphology in two botanically distinct identities. like pinnules have been considered to be true But when we are dealing with a fraction or part of pteridophytes and accordingly they are placed into plant, it is very difficult to get associated or attached several new genera-Neomariopteris, Damudopteris, fertile specimens and the problem is much more Dichotomopteris, Asansolia, Dizeugotheca, Santhalea serious in the Gondwana flora of India where we and Leleopteris (Maithy, 1974a, b, 1975; Pant & lack permineralized fossils and preserved fertile Khare, 1974; Pant & Misra, 1976, 1977; Srivastava & structures. Even the nature and affinities of Chandra, 1982). The forms placed under Phyllotheca dominant genus Glossopteris could be established robusta have been transferred to a new genus only after a lapse of about 120 years since its first Lelstotheca Maheshwari (= Stellotheca Surange & discovery by Brongniart (1828-1830). Though, Prakash 1962) and Sphenophyllum like foliage have Feistmantel in a series of monographs (1879-1890) been identified as Trizygia (Maheshwari, 1968). described many glossopterid leaf assemblages from Latest discoveries of plant fossil assemblages India and Australia but did not find sufficient fertile from Rajmahal, Raniganj, South Rewa Gondwana specimens. It was only in the year 1952 that basins and Handapa areas indicate that the flora is Plumstead (1952-1958) discovered a large number much more diversified and contains many forms of fertile specimens enabling us to understand the showing morphological similarity with the northern distinct taxonomic status of Glossopteris. Now many floras (Singh, Srivastava & Maheshwari, 1986; types of glossopterid fructifications are known in the Chandra, 1984; Chandra & Singh, 1988; Bajpai & Indian Gondwana flora (Surange & Chandra, 1978; Maheshwari, 1991; Maheshwari & Bajpai, in press). Maheshwari, 1990 and references cited therein). Critical assessment of the plant fossil However, the Indian Gondwana flora is devoid of assemblages amply demonstrates the fair fructifications of plants belonging to other groups representation of northern form in the Indian and in such state of knowledge if we restrict our Gondwana flora. The follOWing genera of Eurameria, interpretation to the availability of fertile structures, Cathaysia and Angara floras are known in the almost all the groups of plant excepting glossopterid Permian flora of Indian Gondwana: and pteridophyte, remain without a fair deal. Paucity of fertile specimens do not necessarily .~ warrant us to correlate the leaf or other parts of plant 't ~ ~ 'Vi'" a. fossils and one is obliged to derive maximum >- 0 E '"~ ..c:'" '" ... 0() '"0 information from available fossil specimens (Paul, '"::l (;I ~ ~ U \3 1982; Pant, 1982). Ignorance of such elements in the Schizoneura + + floral scene
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