Chapter 12 Education
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The Project for Comprehensive Planning and Support for Urgent Development on Social Economic Infrastructure in Malakal Town in the Republic of South Sudan CHAPTER 12 EDUCATION In this chapter, following perspectives regarding the Education Sector are presented and analysed; 1) Institutional Framework, 2) Policies and Strategies, 3) Financial Resources, 4) the Operation and Maintenance System, 5) Facilities and Staffing, 6) Findings from Relevant Survey(s), 7) Programmes and Projects, and 8) Needs and Issues. And then in section, 9) development plans are formulated based on the present situation, needs and issues, and in 10) projects are proposed from technical point of view. 12.1 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK In ROSS, the majority of adults and children have not had the opportunity to attend school due to decades of civil war. During this period, the development of basic services has been non-existent and accessing the education infrastructure was difficult. As a strategy for recovering education, The Ministry of General Education and Instruction (MOGEI) has constructed a parallel system of formal and alternative education systems. The educational system in Republic of South Sudan (ROSS) consists of early childhood development, primary education, secondary education, alternative education technical schools and higher education. ROSS is following an 8-4-4 education system (8 years of basic education, four years of secondary education and four years of tertiary education). The State Ministry of Education (MoE), Upper Nile State (UNS) is responsible for the implementation of basic, secondary and technical education as well as sharing in the governance of the tertiary education. Basic education and alternative education systems use the same curriculum though they have different systems for administering the syllabus. The MOGEI is also encouraging and supporting the community in establishing early childhood education to build a solid educational foundation before children join the formal education. Table 12.1-1 Education Ladder in ROSS (As of February 2013) Age 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Education Primary school P1 to P8 Secondary school Vocational S1 to S4 training Pre-service teacher training In-service teacher training University education Source: “Education Statistics for Southern Sudan 2011”, MoE, 2011 There are five departments in the MoE in UNS which are Planning & Budgeting, Finance & Administration, General Education, Quality Promotion and Gender & Social Change. Each department has sub-sections which carry out daily operations in each district. At the county level, there are subsidiary organizations which consist of a county education director and officers in various sectors. Figure 12.1-1 shows the organizational chart in MoE. Final Report 12-1 The Project for Comprehensive Planning and Support for Urgent Development on Social Economic Infrastructure in Malakal Town in the Republic of South Sudan Minister Executive director Director General Dir. of Planning Dir. of Finance and Dir. of General Dir. of Quality Dir. of Gender and and Budgeting Administration Education Promotion Social change 1. Construction 1. Procurement 1. Early childhood 1. National languages 1. Girls education 2. Building, data and 2. Staff establishment development 2. School inspection and life skills statistics and development 2. Primary education and standards 2. Peace and special 3. School feeding 3. Payroll 3. Secondary 3. Teacher needs education 4. Development management education development partner 4. Accountants, IT, 4. Sport, games and 4. Examination and coordinator storekeeper and physical education assessment secretaries 5. Alternative education system County Education Director Office in charge of Officer in charge of Officer in charge of Officer in charge of Officer in charge of planning, budgeting finance and school inspection basic education AES & statistics administration Guards Clerks Messengers Abbrevation Dir. : Directorate Source: “Education Policy for Upper Nile State 2011”, MoE, 2011 Figure 12.1-1 Organizational Chart of MoE, UNS 12.2 POLICIES AND STRATEGIES The MoE in UNS is committed to providing free and compulsory basic education to the children of UNS, through cooperation and partnership with the following agencies; MOGEI of central government, education development partners, Parents and Teachers Associations, Education Managers, other line Ministries, the education institutions and parents. The State Ministry is committed to developing strategies that will: (i) Facilitate increased participation of parents, communities and organizations in working to support the education system in UNS; (ii) Increase the capacity of the education system to respond to the learning and cultural needs of the people of UNS; (iii) Provide quality programs, services and resources to help create learning opportunities for the people of UNS and support as to improved academic achievement and identity building; and (iv) Ensure the provision of curriculum that facilitates effective teaching and learning that creates self-reliant and responsible citizens Table 12.2-1 below shows the education sector target for 2013 designed by MOGEI. 63% enrolment rate is the target number for primary school enrolment. Primary teacher student ratio will be reduced from 1:117 to 1:50. Final Report 12-2 The Project for Comprehensive Planning and Support for Urgent Development on Social Economic Infrastructure in Malakal Town in the Republic of South Sudan Table 12.2-1 SSDP* Education Sector Targets in ROSS (As of December 2011) Baseline Responsible Education Sector Target for 2013 Source 2010 Spending Agency 63% primary Net Enrolment Rate 44% MOGEI: EMIS MOGEI 8% secondary Net Enrolment Rate 1.6% 1:50 qualified teacher: student ratio in primary 1:117 MOGEI: EMIS MOGEI 1:16 qualified teacher: student ratio in secondary 1:24 600,000 adult learners enrolled in AES literacy programs 140,405 aged 16-26 MOGEI: EMIS MOGEI 70,000 children/youth in AES literacy programs 42,529 aged 5-15 80% of managers trained 20% MOGEI MOGEI 25% ROSS budget allocated toMOGEI 12% *SSDP:South Sudan Development Plan 2011-2013 Source: “Republic of South Sudan Education Sector Strategic Plan 2012/3-2016/7”, MoE, 2011 12.3 FINANCIAL RESOURCES 12.3.1 Budget Expenditure Item for MoE in UNS Table 12.3-1 below shows 2010 budget for MoE, UNS. There are three components which are salaries, operating and capital. Salaries accounts for a large portion of the budget. Salaries include basic salaries, job specific allowances, pension etc. Operating expenditure includes items such as contract employment and professional services, telecommunications and travel expenses. Capital is the main project cost including construction of schools, furniture and general equipment. The MoE does not have the enough budget from State Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, UNS (MoF&EP). Table 12.3-1 2010 Budget by Item in MoE UNS (As of October 2010) 2010 Expenditure 2010 Budget Category To end of September (SSP) (SSP) Salaries 14,060,776 25,751,072 Operating 144,420 1,312,602 Capital 8,367,000 5,672,810 Total 22,572,196 32,736,484 Source: “Sector Budget, Ministry of Education, Upper Nile 2011”, MoE, 2011 12.3.2 Budget Flow from MOF to MoE The budget originally comes from Ministry of Finance, ROSS (MOF,Central Level) to MoF&EP (State Level) and is based on project proposals from other Ministries (State level). MoF&EP (State Level) who distribute budget to each local administrative body. 12.3.3 Financial Structure in MoE Each department makes a project list and submits it to the Planning and Budgeting Department. The Planning and Budgeting Department examines the project lists and organize the projects in accordance with priority. The Planning and Budgeting Department submits selected project list to the Director General. Final Report 12-3 The Project for Comprehensive Planning and Support for Urgent Development on Social Economic Infrastructure in Malakal Town in the Republic of South Sudan The Director General of MoE approves the implementation plan of projects and returns it to the Planning and Budgeting Department. The Planning and Budgeting Department gives it to administration and finance department. Administration and Finance Department makes a budget request for projects to MoF&EP (district level). MoF&EP (district level) decides to accept or reject the projects. MoF&EP allocates the budget to each ministry for approved projects. 12.4 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE SYSTEM 12.4.1 Primary School (1) Current Situation Although school enrolment numbers have shown a significant increase, the existing learning spaces in the school system are unable to meet the overwhelming demand. This has led to an unacceptably high student classroom ratio of 120 to 180 pupils per classroom which severely compromises the quality of teaching and learning. (the standard ratio is 1:50). This lack of quality is indicated in the percentage of students passing primary school. Moreover, the education manager; head teachers and their deputies do not have the minimum academic and professional qualifications and experience. The primary school enrolment rate in Malakal Town is 70%. The situation is much better compared to that of UNS (60%) and ROSS (44.4%). Table 12.4-1 also shows three indicators for school environment; Pupils Teacher Ratio (PTR), Pupil Classrooms Ratio (PCR) and Pupil Text book Ratio (PTextR). PTR measures the quality of human resources in terms of number of teachers against the number of pupils. Table 12.4-1 Overview of Primary Education in Malakal Town, UNS and ROSS (As of 2010) Literacy Primary Primary PTR PCR PTextR Trained Untrained Area Rate GER NER English text Math text teacher teacher Malakal 45% 90% 70% 37.5 103.0 3.2 2.0 54.7% 9.8% UNS 45% 89% 60% 37.5103.0 4.2 4.0 44.9% 17.0% ROSS 28% 68.8% 44.4% 63.7 151.7 4.0 4.1 44.9% 27.5% Note: 1. GER is gross enrolment rate.