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GIPE-017752-Contents.Pdf (2.037Mb) IMPERIAL GAZETTEER OF INDIA PROVINCIAL SERIES . NORTH-WEST FRONTIER I PROVINCE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING CALCUTTA Price Rs. 2-8, or 3s. 9d.] \ OXFORD: HORACE HART PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY PREFACE THE articles contained in this volume were originally j drafted by Mr. H. A. Rose, I.C.S., and were afterwards I examined by the District and Political Officers concerned. In 1 preparing the Provincial article valuable assistance was re~eived from heads of departments. l\Ir. E. B. Howell, I.C.S., who was in charge of the final revision, has added later statistics and much interesting information, especially in the articles on Tribal Areas. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE NORTH-WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE . 1-125 PHYSICAL ASPECTS , , 1-12 Position and boundaries • 1 Natural features and scenery Mountain systems • 3 R~ 4 Geology . 4 Crystalline, igneous, and metamorphic rocks . 4 Tanawals 5 Basic dikes . 5 The Attock slate series . 5 Mesozoic, Tertiary, and post-Tertiary rocks to the south 5 Infra· Trias (Devonian?) 5 Trias . 6 Jurassics 6 Cretaceous • 6 Nummulitic (eocene) 7 Post-Tertiary and recent 7 Flora 8 Fauna 10 Climate and temperature • II Rainfall • II HISTORY, . 12-26 The Persians 12 The Greeks 13 The Bactrians . 13 The Kushans . 14 Later Kushans and \Vhite Huns I4 The Muhammadans • IS The Ghorids IS 'lim fir . r6 The Afghans x6 The Mughals r6 Tribal rebellions I7 Decay of Mughal power 18 The Sikhs r8 The British 19 The Mutiny 19 Expeditions against frontier tribes 20 1849-57 20 r8s7-78 20 TABLE OF CONTENTS v PAGE Second Afghan War, r878-8o 21 Expeditions, 1878-97 . 21 Pathiin revolt, 1897 22 In Tochi . 22 In Swat . 22 The Mohmands 23 Tirah 23 Punitive operations 24 1898-1902 . 25 Durand line . 25 Formation of the North-West Frontier Province 26 ARCHAEOLOGY . 26-28 Buddhist remains 27 Later buildings 28 POPULATION • . 28-37 Census statistics 28 Density . 28 Towns and villages . 28 Growth of population 29 Age statistics . 29 Vital statistics . 29 Diseases . 30 Epidemics 30 Infant mortality. Sex statistics 30 Statistics of civil condition JO Language JI Castes and tribes 32 T~e Pathans 32 Awans, &c .• 33 Religions. 33 Christian missions 34 Occupations • 34 Food 3+ Dress 35 Dwellings . 35 hisposal of dead J6 Amusements . 36 Names and titles 36 Religious titles . 37 AGRICULTURE. 37-45 Soils and general agricultural conditions 37 Harvests • 38 Rotation of crops 39 Ploughing, harvesting, &c. 39 VI TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Population supported by agriculture . 39 Wheat 40 Barley 40 Gram 40 Maize 40 Spiked millet 40 Great millet 41 Rice 41 Pulses 41 Cotton 41 Oilseeds . 41 Total produce . 41 Fruit 41 Loans 42 Indebtedness . 43 Cattle 43 Sheep and goats 43 Camels • 43 Horses and donkeys. 43 Irrigation . 43 Canal revenue . 45 System of water distribution 45 RENTS, WAGES, AND PRICES • 45-48 Rents 45 Wages 46 Prices 47 Material condition of the people 47 FoRESTS. 48 MINES AND MINERALS • 49-50 Salt. 49 Other minerals . 49 ARTS AND MANUFACTURES . so-sz Cotton . so Afridi waxcloth so Wool so Silk. (. so Embroidery 51 Jewellery . sr Iron-work 51 Brass- and copper-work 51 Pottery . 5I Wood-work 52 Leather-work 52 Factories. 52 TABLE OF CONTENTS vii PAGE CO:I!MERCE AND TRADE • . 52-54 Trade routes • 52 Imports from across the border 53 Exports across the border . 54 Trade with other Provinces and States in India . 54 MEANS oF CoMMUNICATION • . 54-56 Railways . 54 Roads 55 Means of conveyance 55 Rivers so Post Office s6 FAMINE • s6 ADMINISTRATION , . 57-59 Administrative divisions . ss Political Agencies, &c. •. 59 Frontier chieftainships 59 LEGISLATION AND JUSTICE . 59-61 Customary law. 59 Legislation 59 Administration of justice . 6o Civil courts 6o Criminal courts 6o Revenue courts 6t Trans-border territories 6t Registration 61 FINANCE. 61 LAND REVENUE . 62-64 Tenpres . 62 Redistribution of land 62 Settlement 6J Alienations 64 MISCELLANEOUS REVENUE . 64-67 Salt. 64 Excise 6s Liquors and drugs 66 Hemp drugs. 66 l!ethod of vend , 66 Excise revenue 66 Stamps and income tax . 67 LOCAL AND MUNICIPAL , . 67-68 Village communities . 67 Municipal administration . 67 District boards 68 PUBLIC WORKS 68 AR)!Y 6g viii TABLE OF CONTENTS POLICE , , Proportion of police to area and population 70 Rural police • • 70 Municipal, cantonment, ferry, and railway police 7I Cognizable crime 71 Border military police 7I MILITIA AND LEVY CoRPS . 72-73 l\Iilitia 72 Chitrali Scouts • 72 Levy Corps 73 }AILS 73 EDUCATION . 74-76 Present organization . 74 Collegiate education . 74 Secondary education i4 Primary education (male). 75 Female education . 75 · Muhammadan education . 75 Statistics • 75 MEDICAL . 76-77 Hospitals and dispensaries 76 Lunatic asylums 76 Vaccination 76 SURVEYS 77 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 77 STATISTICS . 79-93 Table I. General Genealogy of the Pathan Tribes 79 11 II. Expeditions undertaken against Frontier Tribes since the Annexation of the Punjab , III. Temperature , IV. Rainfall , V. Distribution of Population, rgor . ,, VI. Statistics of Agriculture , VII. Trade with other Provinces (including the Punjab) and States in India 86 , VIlA. Trade with Countries outside India 87 , VIII. Statistics of Criminal Justice • 87 , IX. Statistics of Civil Justice 87 , X. Revenue and Expenditure . 88 , XI. Income and Expenditure of Municipalities 8g , XII. Income and Expenditure of District Boards go 11 XIII. Police Statistics . 91 , XIV. Education Finance 92 11 XIV A. Colleges, Schools, and Scholars 92 , XV. Medical Statistics . 93 TABLE OF CONTENTS ix PAGE MouNTAINS • 94-109 HIMALAYAS, THE 94-107 Name. 94 Extent of range 94 Political distribution . 94 Divisions of range 95 Scenery g6 Snow-line g6 Rivers. 97 Highest peaks 97 Valleys and lakes . 97 Geology 98 Age and origin of the range 98 The Siwalik series 99 Unfossiliferous rocks of Outer Himalayas • 100 The crystalline axis . 100 Fossiliferous rocks of the Tibetan zone tiOI Economic minerals • 102 Botany. 102 Fauna . 103 People. 104 Agriculture • 105 Forests 106 Means of communication xo6 Bibliography 107 BLACK MouNTAIN • 107 MAHABAN 108 SA!f!ANA RANGE 108 RIVERS . 109-120 INDUS 109-II6 Course in Tibet and Kashmir 109 In the Punjab and the North-West Frontier Pro- vince 110 In Sind 112 The Indus delta . II2 . ,Changes in the river course 113 Inundations and irrigation 114 Principal canals . 114 Navigation II5 Fish u6 SWAT u6 KABUL II7 BARA n8 KuRRAM. II9 X TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE TOCHI 119 GuMAL II9 CANALS • 120-122 SWAT RIVER IZO KABUL RIVER • I2I HISTORIC AREAS 122-125 AMB 122 DERAJAT. 122 GANDHARA 124 PAKHLI • 124 UND 125 HAZARA DISTRICT 126-143 Boundaries, configuration, and hill and river systems. r26 Geology . 12 7 Botany . 127 Fauna 127 eClimate and temperature . r28 Rainfall . 12 8 History . 128 Archaeology 129 The people 129 Castes and occupations . 130 Christian missions . 131 General agricultural conditions . 131 Chief agricultural statistics and principal crops . I3I Improvements in agricultural practice 132 Cattle, ponies, and sheep . 132 Irrigation ~. 132 Forests . 132 Mines and minerals . 133 Arts and manufactures 134 Commerce and trade 134 Means of communication . 134 Famine . 134 District subdivisions and staff . 135 Civil and criminal justice . '( 135 Land revenue administration 135 Local and municipal 136 . Police and jails 136 Education 136 Hospitals and dispensaries 137 Yaccination 137 Bibliography . 137 ABBOTT ABAD TAHSIL 137 TABLE OF CONTENTS XI PAGE HARiPUR TAHSiL 137 MA.NSEHRA T AHSlL • 137 TANAWAL 138 ABBOTTABAD TowN. 139 AGROR 139 BAFFA 140 BARA GALI 141 CHANGLA GALl 141 DuNGA GALI 141 GHORA DAKKA 141 HARIPUR TOWN 141 KAGAN 142 KALABAGH 142 KHAIRA GALI • 142 KHANS PUR 142 l\1A.NSEHRA TowN 142 NATHIA GALl • 143 NAWASHAHR 143 0GHI 143 THANDIANI 143 PESHAWAR DISTRICT 143-167 Boundaries, configuration, and hill and river systems. 143 Geology 145 Botany . 145 Fauna 146 Climate and temperature . 146 Rainfall . 146 History and archaeology 146 The people 149 Castes and occupations 150 Christian missions . I 5I General agricultural conditions . 15 r Chief agricultural statistics and principal crops . 15 1 Improvements in agricultural practice 152 Cattle, ponies, and sheep . r 52 Iij"igation Is 2 Forests . IS2 Mines and minerals. 153 Arts and manufactures 153 Commerce and trade IS3 Communications 154 District subdivisions and staff 154 Civil and criminal justice . 154 Land revenue administration 1SS xii TABLE OF CONTENTS P.,GE Local and municipal xs6 Police and jails xs6 Education 157 Hospitals and dispensaries I 57 Vaccination 157 Bibliography 157 PESHAWAR TAHSiL xs8 CHARSADDA TAHSiL. I 58 YusuFzAr I 58 MARDAN TAHSiL I 59 SWAB[ TAHSiL. r6o NAUSHAHRA TAHSIL x6o ABAZAI r6o CH.A.Rs .... DDA TowN r6r CHERAT . 161 HASHTNAGAR . 162 MACKESON, FoRT 162 MARDAN TowN 163 MICHNI • I63 NAUSHAHRA TOWN . 163 PESHAWAR CITY 164 PRANG 166 SHABKADAR 167 TANGI I67 KoHAT DISTRICT • r67-I82 Boundaries, configuration, and hill and river systems. 167 Geology 168 Botany • 168 Fauna 169 Climate and temperature . 169 History • I 69 The people I7 I Castes and occupations . r 72 General agricultural conditions . I 7z Chief agricultural statistics and principal crops . I 73 Improvements in agricultural practice ·t 173 Cattle, ponies, and sheep • q ..J. Irrigation . I 74 Forests • I7 4 Mines and minerals . 174 Arts and manufactures 175 Commerce and trade I75 Communications I75 Famine . 175 TABLE OF CONTENTS xiii District subdivisionS and staff . Civil and criminal justice . Land revenue administration Local and municipal Police and jails Education Hospitals and dispensaries Vaccination Bibliography . KOHAT TAHSiL TERI TAHSIL • THAL SUBDIVISION 179 HANGU TAHSiL 179 HANGU VILLAGE 180 KOHAT TowN • 180 KoHAT SALT QUARRIES • x8o LocKHART, FoRT • 181 SARAGARHI I8I THAL VILLAGE 181 BANNU DISTRICT • 182-195 Boundaries, configuration, and hill and river systems . 182 Geology . 183 Botany . 183 Fauna 183 Climate and temperature . 183 Rainfall • 184 History • 184 Archaeology 185 The people x86 Castes and occupations .
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