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The Language of Rapa Iti: Description of a Language in Change

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THE LANGUAGE OF RAPA ITI: DESCRIPTION OF A LANGUAGE IN CHANGE A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN LINGUISTICS MAY 2015 By Mary E. Walworth Dissertation Committee: Yuko Otsuka, Chairperson Robert Blust Katie Drager Ken Rehg Terry Hunt Keywords: Rapa Iti, Polynesia, language change, language contact Dedicated to my god-daughter, Pākora, and to all of the other young people of Rapa Iti. You all are the reason I have done this project and I hope it serves you well. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS What an adventure this dissertation has been - linguistically, professionally, and personally. This path began for me five years ago, when, somewhat randomly, I chose to study a language spoken in the most faraway place I could find in French Polynesia. I now know that this choice was not random at all, but a critical decision for my life. My friend Tākura once told me as we were looking out over Ahurei Bay one afternoon in Rapa, “there are many secrets here for you, I can't tell them to you, but I hope you will tell me when you find them out.” She was right - the secrets of language and of life that were revealed to me in Rapa are invaluable. They have changed me and my perceptions of the world. I am not the same researcher nor am I the same person that I was when I first arrived there. I met friends for life on that island, and my partner for life there. I was loved, supported, and cared for by virtual strangers, who, because of their kindness, are now some of the most important people in my life. There are no words in any language that have the capacity to describe the love and the gratitude I have for that island and the people there, but I hope that this dissertation is a start. Tōku Rapa hoa, tongia roa. I am indebted to you all. So many people all over the world have made this undertaking possible. Among them are the following who I wish to acknowledge directly. This journey has been as much theirs as it has been mine: Above anyone else, my grandfather, Ray, who motivated me to pursue graduate school and made it possible for me to do so, even if he left this world before I began my first course in linguistics. He is always with me. My nana and my grandmother, for their wisdom and encouragement. My parents, who have always supported my choices and my dreams. Annie, James, Dan, and Amy (and soon Kelly), my brothers and sisters, who are my greatest support network even from a very long-distance. Matthew, for being a part of my Rapa experience, and for seeing Rapa with the same love and awe that I do. Tiffany Laitame, for trusting me and being my friend from the day we met. Thank you for making me a part of your family. You are my soul sister. Angel and Gerard Laitame - Thank you for inviting me in as a member of your own family and for giving me a true home in Tahiti. I cannot wait to be back there in Paea soon. Puatea, Angelo, and Mataiva – Thank you for taking a chance on me so many years ago on my first visit to Tahiti. My life would be so different and so much less bright without you three. Thank you for always being there for me. iii Ma chère copine Teuira Vahine - Thank you for taking me under your wing. For sharing your stories and your life with me. For your Nutella crepes, ukulele lessons, and our countless walks to the far corners of the island. “Mon prof” Te'a Tamata- Thank you for our Sunday morning lessons, for grasping the complexity of my work and always being patient with any question I had. For hours and hours of discussion at your kitchen table sharing your past and your stories, for always being available, and for being tōku karakua e tōku 'orometua. Dr. Jack Ward (Tihati) - Thank you for the semesters of pouring over the little bit of Rapa data I had, for your direction, for your support both in Hawaii and Tahiti, and above anything else, for your friendship. You are not only my mentor, but my dear friend. Mireille and Teraura Oitokaia - Tongia for welcoming me into your home so many times and for introducing me to Rapa life. Thank you Melanie, Barbara and Pura, for treating me like a sister. Hiroko Sato - Thank you for always being there to listen and offer advice about fieldwork, linguistics, and life. James Grama – Thanks for being there through the whole process, from Unit Mastery to writing our dissertations. I appreciate our friendship so very much and am so proud of how far we have come. Thank you for building my confidence when I felt unintelligent, for encouraging me when I stressed, and for reminding me to relax. Yuko, Dr. Otsuka, I cannot thank you enough for your guidance and support over the past years, and especially over the last few months. I really could not have done this without you. Thank you for pushing me and for being patient with me. Above all, thank you for encouraging me and for doing everything you could to help me succeed. To my committee members who have taken so much of their time to educate me and to make me a better linguist and researcher: Dr. Blust, Dr. Rehg, Dr. Drager, and Dr. Hunt. To Jen and Nora for always having the answers, and for always being willing to help. And for putting up with my never-ending mail! And for the following people, who have helped and supported me in a variety of ways over the past few years: iv Ma'urei Angia Tākura Angia Ta'i and Clara M. le Maire, Tua Nāri'i Mahao, Jeanne, Maiva, Mite Jackie and Tihoni Lionel Watanabe Roti Make Roti Oitokaia Dr. Gaby Cablitz Dr. Nick Thieberger President Eric Conte (UPF) Dr. Jacques Vernaudon Dr. Bruno Saura Dr. Elahe Mir-Djalali Pam and Pierre Omidyar Valerie and Herve J. Tongariki Marianne Flores Laurie Durand This project was funded by: the Bilinski Fellowship in Linguistics, the Chateaubriand Fellowship in the Humanities, the Jack Ward Graduate Scholarship, and the University of Hawai‘i Arts and Sciences Scholarship v ABSTRACT This dissertation presents the results of a language documentation project carried out in Rapa Iti, the southernmost island of French Polynesia. It first highlights the indigenous language of Rapa Iti (“Old Rapa”) as an endangered and under-documented Polynesian language and provides the first linguistic description of it. Second, this dissertation seeks to demonstrate that the language spoken today on Rapa Iti is a language undergoing rapid and visible change. Very little of Old Rapa is still spoken, the modern language (“Reo Rapa”) has become heavily Tahitianized, and a “new” Rapa (“New Rapa”) is emerging from revitalization efforts through which the Rapa Iti people are striving to define a unique Rapa identity. Through these two primary aims, this dissertation intends to contribute to typological studies of languages in general, language contact studies, knowledge of East Polynesian languages, and language change studies. This dissertation not only provides documentation of the Old Rapa language, thereby avoiding loss of the unique grammatical, phonological, syntactic and lexical phenomena of Old Rapa, but also provides a linguistic description in a cultural context, demonstrating how unique linguistic features provide insight into the unique culture and knowledge of the Rapa people. Furthermore, this dissertation addresses the sociolinguistic implications of the language's heavy contact with Tahitian, discussing the language change that has occurred as a result, as well as the ways in which language and the creation of a new Rapa language represent Rapa identity. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements....................................................................................................................iii Abstract.......................................................................................................................................iv Tables.........................................................................................................................................xv Figures........................................................................................................................................xvii Abbreviations.............................................................................................................................xviii Chapter 1 Introduction............................................................................................................1 1.1. Contributions of the dissertation.............................................................................2 1.2. Data collection methods..........................................................................................5 1.3. Consultant profiles..................................................................................................6 1.4. Dissertation structure..............................................................................................8 Chapter 2 Rapa Iti: The Island, the people, and the language............................................10 2.1. General facts............................................................................................................10 2.2. Life in Rapa.............................................................................................................13 2.3. Rapa identity............................................................................................................15 2.4. Language situation...................................................................................................17 2.4.1. History of cultural and linguistic contact.......................................................19
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