The Polynesian Case

Home , Nukuoro, Oceanic languages, Polynesian languages

Lexicostatistics Compared with Shared Innovations: the Polynesian Case

jK=dÉääJj~ååI=fK=mÉáêçëI=pK=pí~êçëíáå Santa Fe Institute

The Polynesian languages, together with Fijian and Rotuman, consti- tute the Central Oceanic branch, which is usually included in a bigger Oceanic family, part of Austronesian. The Polynesian language family consists of 28 languages ([BIGGS 98]) most of which are fairly well known. The history of the family is also well investigated: we have the phonological reconstruction of its protolan- guage ([BIGGS 98], [MARCK 2000]), suggestions about morphology and syntax ([WILSON 982]; [CLARK 96]), and a detailed comparative dictionary of the family — probably one of the best etymological dictionaries for languages outside Eurasia ([BIGGS n.d.]) The Proto-Polynesian consonantal system is reconstructed as ([BIGGS 98: 08–09]): *p *m *f *w *t *n *s *l *r *k *ŋ (*h) `*ʔ Using the principle of «irreversible changes», one can see that the systems of daughter languages could be derived from Proto-Polynesian through a

sequence of simple innovations (mostly mergers):

. Proto-Tongan: *p *m *f *w *t *n *s > *h *l *r > *k *ŋ *h

*ʔ

.. Tongan p m f w

t n h l k ŋ

2. Proto-Nuclear Polynesian: *p *m *f *w

*t *n *s *l = *r

*k *ŋ *h > * GÉää-M~åå, PÉáêçë, S. Sí~êçëíáå. Lexicostatistics & Shared Innovations . . .

2. . Samoa p m f w t n s l *k > ʔ ŋ

2.2. East Polynesian *p *m *f *w *t *n *s > *h *l *k *ŋ *

2..3. Tahitian p m f v

t n h r

*k > ʔ *ŋ > ʔ

2. .5. NZMaori p m *f > wh w

ʔ t n h > r k ŋ On the basis of these changes some authors have suggested an innovation-based classification of the Polynesian languages: Proto-Polynesian: . Proto Tongan: Tongan 2. Nuclear Polynesian: 2.. Samoa. 2.2. East Polynesian: Tahitian, Maori. This classification is an abbreviated version of the generally accepted one (see Fig. ). The latter classification is supported by three kinds of evidence: . phonological innovations; 2. innovations in morphology, identified by A. PAWLEY ([966]); 3. a lexicostatistical matrix presented by K. EMORY ([963]). The phonological reasons are quite similar to those given above. An es- sentially similar subgrouping has been proposed by bäÄÉêí ([ELBERT 953]), primarily on grounds of comparative phonology (see [PAWLEY 966: 0]). A. PAWLEY has listed 6 morphological points to support his branching ([966: 3-]): () «PPN *kim(o)ura ‛2nd pers. dual, nuclear’ and *kimo(u)uto(l)u ‛2nd pers. pl., nuclear’ are replaced in PNP by *ko(u)lua and *ko(u)tou, respectively. PPN *m(o)urua ‛2nd pers. dual, possessive’ and *m(o)uto(l)u ‛2nd pers. pl., possessive’ are replaced in PNP by *o(u)lua and *o(u)tou, respectively.» Глл-Мнн, Пй, С. Сттин. Лексикостатистика и общие инновации... 5

Fig. ([BIGGS 98: 69], cf. also [GREEN 966]) (2) «PPN *eni ‛this, these’ is replaced in PNP by *tenei ‛this’ and *(ee)nei ‛these’. PPN *ena ‛that, those (near addressee)’ is replaced by PNP *teenaa ‛that (near addressee)’, and *(ee)naa ‛those (near addressee)’.» (3) «PPN *ni, a postposed marker meaning ‛near speaker in time or space’ is replaced in PNP by *nei.» () «PPN *ha ‛indefinite article’ is replaced in PNP by *se ‛indefinite article singular’ and *ni ‛indefinite article plural’.» (5) «PPN *taha / ha- ‛one, a certain one’ is replaced in PNP by *tasi / a-». (6) «PPN nominal articles, demonstratives, preposed possessive pro- nouns and certain other markers are replaced in PNP by equivalents (not necessary cognates) which make a distinction, not present in PPN, between singular and plural number.» Points (2) — (6) have been discussed by I. DYEN ([98]), who dismissed them as not decisive. He pointed out, in particular, that it is more plausible 6 GÉää-M~åå, PÉáêçë, S. Sí~êçëíáå. Lexicostatistics & Shared Innovations . . . to regard the distinction between singular and plural as an archaism and not an innovation — it is rather Tongan that produced an innovation by replacing singular forms by plurals, as in p. (2); that ha- and taha- in Tongan actually reflect *se and *tasi / a-, which therefore are not innovative in PNP; and that the distinction between the postposed markers *ni and *nei is certainly not significant enough to speak of an innovation in PNP. For () we may suggest the following explanation: There are two roots used in the Central Oceanic languages for the 2nd. person pronoun: *kamu (Fijian, Tongan) and *kou (Rotuman and most Polynesian, including Samoan). Both roots can be attributed to the Proto-Central Oceanic level, so the use of *kou is not a Nuclear Polynesian innovation. Dual affixes of all languages can be traced back to the same form: *rua: Fijian kee-mu-ru, Rotuman ’au-ra, Tongan kimo-ua, Samoan ’ou-lua, and thus also cannot represent a PNP innovation. The affixes of the plural are historically identical in Fijian kemutou and Samoan ’outou. It is not clear whether the Tongan affix (kimoutola) may be traced back to the same proto-form. The origins of the Rotuman affix must be different: ’ausa. If this explanation and aóÉå’s suggestions are accepted, no reliable morphological evidence is known so far to support the above mentioned classification. K. EMORY gives the following lexicostatistical matrix ([963: 8])1: Rap Tah Mao Haw Mng Mar Sam Ton Rapanui × 69 6 6 5 66265 Tahitian 69 × 92 88 83 83 26 Maori 692 × 86 86 82 066 Hawai’ian 68886 × 86 82 62 6 Mangarevan 58 86 86 × 86 66 66 Marquesan 683828286 × 60 6 Samoan 62 2 0626660 × 86 Tongan 65 6 66 6 66 6 86 × Fig. 2 The word lists and etymological identifications used to generate the matrix have never been published. However, on the basis of it one can work out a classification:

1 The order of languages in the matrix has been rearranged by us. Глл-Мнн, Пй, С. Сттин. Лексикостатистика и общие инновации...

Proto Polynesian: Eastern Polynesian Western Polynesian . Easter I. 3. Tongan 2a.Mangarevan . Samoan Marquesan b. Maori c. Hawai’ian d. Tahitian In 98 B. _áÖÖë presented a lexicostatistical matrix of 6 Polynesian languages which gives «percentages of basic vocabulary cognates among pairs of Polynesian languages. All percentages are calculated on a slightly modified 200-word Swadesh list of basic vocabulary. All vocabularies were col- lected by the approved method (most common conversational equivalent) from informants, not dictionaries, and cognacy was determined in the know- ledge of regular sound correspondences among all languages. This is almost certainly the most reliable lexicostatistical matrix available for Polynesian languages»2 ([BIGGS 8: 692]). The matrix, however, was used by B. _áÖÖë only «to dispel a once popular view that there is but one Polynesian language». No classification has been suggested and no data or etymologies have been published. Nevertheless a possible classification based on _áÖÖë’s matrix is: Eastern Polynesian Western Polynesian a. Tahitian a. Kapingamarangi b. Hawai’ian Nukuoru Marquesan b. Rennellese Maori: New Zealand Maori c. Samoan RaraTongan d. (i) Pileni Tikopia (ii) Ellician East Futunan East Uvean (iii) Tongan Niuean Several comments are appropriate: . % of shared forms between Tahitian and Maori seems doubtful to us; one would expect to get a much higher percentage, and indeed in Fig. 4 one does.

2 _áÖÖë probably meant bäÄÉêí’s and bãçêó’s data. Tah Haw Mqa Mao Rar Kap Nuk Ren Sam Pil Tik Ece Efu Euv Ton Niu Tahitian × 6 6 56 35 3 38 33 38 30 23 33 0

Hawai’ian 6 × 56 56 63 5 9 8 9 3 50

Marquesan 6 56 × 5 5 0393385 5 6 5 2 0 6 Maori 56 5 × 62 9 6 5 5 52 550

RaraTongan 56 6 5 62 5 5 5 53 56 59 53

× Kapingamarangi 35 3 0 9 5 5 50 58 6 3 5 5 Nukuoru 339 5 5 × 9 53 5 52 53 50 53 5 9

Rennellese 35 8 3 6 9 × 52 55 56 58 5 9 52 52 × Samoan 33 38 5 53 52 5 5 63 53 53 53 5 × Pileni 38 5 5 5 50 5 55 5 60 5 59 55 5 56 Tikopia 39 55 53 58 52 56 5 60 × 6 58 56 55 5 Ellician 0 8 65256 53 58 63 5 6 × 6 63 6 6 × East Futunan 2 9 5 50 6 50 5 53 59 58 6 69 6 58 × East Uvean 3 3 2 3 3 9 53 55 56 63 69 2 60 × Tongan 33 0 5 5 5 52 53 5 55 6 6 2 6 × Niuean 050 65053 5 9 52 5 56 5 6 58 60 6 Fig. 3 Глл-Мнн, Пй, С. Сттин. Лексикостатистика и общие инновации... 9

2. High percentages shown by Kapingamarangi with Pileni and Tikopia are equally doubtful; our calculations (Fig. 4) do not confirm them. 3. Percentages revealed by RaraTongan with Tahitian or Hawaiian are most likely results of borrowings into RaraTongan; . The high percentages between Ellician and Samoan, Ellician and Pi- leni, and Ellician and Tikopia may be induced by borrowings. We have conducted our own lexicostatistical study of Polynesian languages (data given in Appendix). It is summarized in the following matrix (see Fig. 4). The Polynesian classification based on it is3 as follows (see Fig. 5). Our tree shares several crucial features with the classification obtained from _áÖÖë’s matrix: ) the binary division of Polynesian languages into Eastern and West- ern groups; 2) the Tongan languages not forming a primary branch of Polynesian; 3) a complex structure of the Western Polynesian group. We see that lexicostatistical classifications do not agree with the innovation-based one. Presumably one of the classifications is false: the ques- tion is which one of them is preferable. The main phonological difference between Proto-Tongan and the rest of the Polynesian languages lies in the history of the *r — *l distinction. In the original words of Proto-Tongan it is retained, while in all other languages *r and *l have merged into either l or r. If one accepts the possibility that this merger indicates the first split within Polynesian, the lexicostatistical classification seems to be wrong. But what are the reasons to believe that this merger is a genetic rather than a contact-induced feature and that it is not a later process which somehow failed to affect the Tongan languages? We should keep in mind that the distinction between *r and *l is main- tained in Tongan in a peculiar way: *l is preserved, but *r > , cf.: *l:*langi ‛sky’ langi *r:*rama ‛torch’ ama *lomi ‛squeeze’ lomi *renga ‛turmeric’ enga *lili ‛angry’ lili *roo ‛go’ oo

3 The dates in the tree are in centuries BCE (negative figures) or CE (positive figures); they are generated by the STARLing computer program and are of course approximate. Fig. 4 Rap Tah Mao Haw Mng Mar Sam Ren Ont Tik Anu Niu Ton Tuv Nan Mak Fut MFa Kap Nun Nad Bau

Rapanui × 61 58 62 69 63 54 57 60 61 60 58 55 56 60 58 64 60 58 57 33 35 Tahitian 61 × 61 64 65 59 51 48 50 53 53 55 53 55 54 53 54 50 49 49 26 30

Maori 58 61 × 70 70 62 57 55 62 64 62 61 60 64 65 64 62 60 60 53 35 41 Hawai’ian

62 64 70 × 77 72 55 60 62 63 59 62 59 63 66 64 64 68 60 56 38 43

Mangarevan 69 65 70 77 × 81 59 64 68 71 63 67 64 67 69 66 70 70 60 60 40 44 Marquesan 63 59 62 72 81 × 53575659575756576057596456523639 Samoan 545157555953× 656667666869697068626359573540 Rennellese

57485560645765× 7577696669717175707168653741 Ontong Java 60 50 62 62 68 56 66 75 × 85 76 70 68 74 73 78 72 73 70 66 38 44 Tikopia

61 53 64 63 71 59 67 77 85 × 82 77 74 80 76 78 76 77 68 68 40 46

Anutan 60 53 62 59 63 57 66 69 76 82 × 75 76 73 72 69 65 73 68 62 40 45 Niue 58 55 61 62 67 57 68 66 70 77 75 × 81 81 75 76 71 71 63 63 39 47

Tongan

55 53 60 59 64 56 69 69 68 74 76 81 × 77 74 75 62 64 60 58 37 45 Tu va l u 56 55 64 63 67 57 69 71 74 80 73 81 77 × 87 81 69 70 65 66 39 45

Nanumea

60 54 65 66 69 60 70 71 73 76 72 75 74 87 × 81 71 72 68 66 40 46 Makatea 58 53 64 64 66 57 68 75 78 78 69 76 75 81 81 × 757668654048 W. Futunan 64 54 62 64 70 59 62 70 72 76 65 71 62 69 71 75 × 73 70 68 40 45 Mele-Fila 60 50 60 68 70 64 63 71 73 77 73 71 64 70 72 76 73 × 73 67 43 53

Kapingamarangi

58 49 60 60 60 56 59 68 70 68 68 63 60 65 68 68 70 73 × 72 37 44

Nukuoro 55 49 53 56 60 52 57 65 66 68 62 63 58 66 66 65 68 67 72 × 35 41 Nadrogaa

33 26 35 38 40 36 35 37 38 40 40 39 37 39 40 40 40 43 37 35 × 64

Bau 35 30 41 43 44 39 40 41 44 46 45 47 45 45 46 48 45 53 44 41 64 × -2.25 -2.00 -1.75 -1.50 -1.25 -1.00 -0.75 -0.50 -0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 W.Fijian Fijian (-0.44) Bau (EF) Western (-0.57) Samoan -0.08 Kapingamarangi Central Pacific (-2.16) Nukuoro -0.42 0.08 Sikaiana Rennell 0.68 Ontong Java -0.23 Tikopia 0.15 Anutan Polynesian 0.39 Niue Tongan -0.03 Mele-Fila W.Futuna 0.40 Makatea 0.71 Tuvalu Nanumea Tahiti Eastern (-0.58) Rapanui -0.20 Maori 0.09 Hawaiian 0.40 Mangareva Marquesas Fig. 5 22 GÉää-M~åå, PÉáêçë, S. Sí~êçëíáå. Lexicostatistics & Shared Innovations . . .

Let us suppose that: a) the merger of *r and *l took place at some time in the history of the Eastern Polynesian languages after the split of Proto-Polynesian, and it later spread, as a contact feature, to the Western Polynesian area; b) Proto-Western-Polynesian preserved the distinction of *r and *l. c) Tongan was already separated from the other Western Polynesian languages at the time of this diffusion of the r / l merger, and it was after the separation, but before the diffusion, that the change *r > occurred. In the outlined scenario the result of this diffusion would be the following: the Western Polynesian languages that had preserved *r would be ex- pected to merge it with *l, while Tongan would have had nothing to merge: its *r had already disappeared by that time. In fact, Tongan has quite a number of etymological doublets with and l reflecting Proto-Polynesian *r, e. g.: *qaro ‛front’ ao ‛front’ ’alo ‛belly (of fish)’ *riki ‛small’ iiki ‛small’ -iliki ‛small’ *rongo ‛hear’ ongo ‛heard’ longo ‛silent’ *fara ‛pandanus’ faa ‛pandanus’ fala ‛mat’ *rara ‛heat over fire’ aa ‛heat leaves over fire’ lala ‛half-cooked’, etc. (examples taken from [MARCK 2000]). The very existence of these examples proves that an *-l-language exer- cised its influence on Tongan, but here its influence could not result in a phonological merger because of the preceding change *r > . In other Western Polynesian languages we cannot easily detect traces of the presumed East Polynesian influence, because in most cases, due to the r/l-merger, it is im- possible to make a distinction between inherited and borrowed items. Glottochronology provides us with plausible dates for these events: (i) *r and *l merged in Proto-Eastern-Polynesian not earlier than the time when this group separated from Proto-Polynesian (around 000 BCE); (ii) the contact that caused the merger had to reach the area of Tonga after the first century CE, when Proto-Tongan separated from the rest of Western Polynesian. It is possible, however, that in other parts of Western Polynesia the distinction between *r and *l was lost earlier. The proposed hypotheses and glottochronology allow us to put for- ward the following scenario of Polynesian movements. . Proto-Polynesian came to the western islands of Tonga and Samoa about 3000 BP; Глл-Мнн, Пй, С. Сттин. Лексикостатистика и общие инновации... 23

2. The migration to Eastern Polynesia (Society Islands?) took place about 000 years later. During this migration or soon after it, the merger of *r and *l occurred. 3. The speakers of Eastern Polynesian languages continued their explora- tions and settled on other islands, including Easter Island and Hawai`i. As there is no contradictory linguistic evidence, we assume that there was a similar movement back to the west. It would be useful to review any non- linguistic arguments for or against such an assumption. A possible trace of this westward movement is seen in the *r and *l merger found in Western Polynesian languages roughly dated by the first century CE. . The movement of Western Polynesian speakers outside Polynesia must have begun only after the contacts with their Eastern Polynesian relatives, as in all Polynesian Outliers we can see the results of the merger of *r and *l. To sum up: the Polynesian situation does not seem, after all, to be incom- patible with the lexicostatistical method. The latter also does not contradict a classification based on shared innovations, as long as that classification is modified as outlined above (with a change in the position of Tongan).

References

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Lexicostatistical lists for Polynesian and Fijian languages (compiled by I. mÉáêçë)

Note: Etymological identifications are marked by identical numbers; borrowed items are marked by negative numbers; missing items are marked as «―».

all Rapanui : taʔatoʔa (3); Tahiti : taʔatoʔa (3); Maori : katoa (2); Hawai- ian : apan (); Mangareva : ― ; Marquesas : hakatahi (6); Samoan : ― ; Ren- nell : ― ; Ontong Java : ― ; Sikaiana : ― ; Tikopia : katoa (2); Anutan : katoa (2); Niue : katoa (2); Tongan : kotoa (2); Tuvalu : katoa (2); Nanumea : katoa (2); Makatea : pini (); W. Futuna : oči (5); Mele-Fila : ― ; Kapingamarangi : huakatoa (2); Nukuoro : alodahi (6); W. Fijian : ― ; Bau (EF) : ― . ashes Rapanui : ʔeo-ʔeo (8); Tahiti : rehu (); Maori : puŋarehu (); Ha- waiian : lehu (); Mangareva : reʔu (); Marquesas : ʔehu (); Samoan : lefu- lefu (); Rennell : ŋgehu (); Ontong Java : lehu (); Sikaiana : lehu (); Tiko- pia : refu (); Anutan : repu (); Niue : efu (); Tongan : efu-efu (); Tuvalu : lefu (); Nanumea : lefu (); Makatea : refu (); W. Futuna : namuLaŋa (−9); Mele-Fila : refu (); Kapingamarangi : nia rehu (); Nukuoro : lehu (); W. Fi- jian : rau (); Bau (EF) : drausaa (). bark Rapanui : kiri miro (0); Tahiti : paʔa raaʔau (3); Maori : hiako (2); Ha- waiian : ʔili (0); Mangareva : kiri (0); Marquesas : kiʔi (0); Samoan : paʔu (); Rennell : kiŋgi (0); Ontong Java : ʔili (0); Sikaiana : kili (0); Tikopia : raukiri (0); Anutan : raukiri (0); Niue : kili (0); Tongan : kiliʔi (0); Tuvalu : pakili (0); Nanumea : laukili (0); Makatea : ― ; W. Futuna : ― ; Mele-Fila : kiri (0); Ka- pingamarangi : kiri (0); Nukuoro : gili (0); W. Fijian : taba (); Bau (EF) : kuli (0). belly Rapanui : ― ; Tahiti : ʔoopuu (6); Maori : koopuu (6); Hawaiian : ʔoopuu (6); Mangareva : manava (5); Marquesas : kopu (6); Samoan : manava (5); Rennell : tinaʔe (); Ontong Java : maŋava (5); Sikaiana : maŋava (5); Tikopia : manava (5); Anutan : ma(a)nava (5); Niue : manava (5); Ton- gan : manava (5); Tuvalu : manava (5); Nanumea : tinae (); Makatea : na- kau (8); W. Futuna : činae (); Mele-Fila : ― ; Kapingamarangi : tinae (); Nukuoro : dinae (); W. Fijian : ― ; Bau (EF) : ― . big Rapanui : nui-nui (2); Tahiti : rahi (20); Maori : nui (2); Hawaiian : nui (2); Mangareva : nui (2); Marquesas : nui (2); Samoan : tele (22); Ren- nell : huaʔeha (6); Ontong Java : lahi (20); Sikaiana : nanui (2); Tikopia : lasi (20); Anutan : rai (20); Niue : lahi (20); Tongan : lahi (20); Tuvalu : lasi (20); Nanumea : lahi (20); Makatea : lasi (20); W. Futuna : sore (23); Mele- Глл-Мнн, Пй, С. Сттин. Лексикостатистика и общие инновации... 2

Fila : pwoulapa (−); Kapingamarangi : tamana (52); Nukuoro : laanui (2); W. Fijian : leu (25); Bau (EF) : leu (25). bird Rapanui : manu (26); Tahiti : manu (26); Maori : manu (26); Hawaiian : manu (26); Mangareva : manu (26); Marquesas : manu (26); Samoan : manu-lee (26); Rennell : manu (26); Ontong Java : maŋu (26); Sikaiana : manu (26); Tikopia : manu (26); Anutan : manu (26); Niue : manu lele (26); Tongan : manu-puna (26); Tu- valu : manu lele (26); Nanumea : manulele (26); Makatea : manu (26); W. Futuna : manu (26); Mele-Fila : manu (26); Kapingamarangi : manu (26); Nukuoro : manu-lele (26); W. Fijian : manumanu-δau (26); Bau (EF) : manumanuuka (26). bite Rapanui : ŋau (29); Tahiti : hohoni (28); Maori : uu (2); Hawaiian : ʔaki (30); Mangareva : ŋaʔuŋaʔu (29); Marquesas : kakahu (2); Samoan : uu (2); Rennell : uʔu (2); Ontong Java : ʔuu (2); Sikaiana : nunu (68); Tiko- pia : ŋaŋau (29); Anutan : uuti (2); Niue : ŋaŋau (29); Tongan : uʔu (2); Tuvalu : uu (2); Nanumea : ― ; Makatea : utia (2); W. Futuna : maŋošia (2); Mele-Fila : kaji (30); Kapingamarangi : khati (30); Nukuoro : kadi (30); W. Fijian : kasi (30); Bau (EF) : kata, kati (30). black Rapanui : ʔuri-ʔuri (3); Tahiti : uri (3), ʔereʔere (32); Maori : ma- ŋu (33); Hawaiian : ʔele (32); Mangareva : tikae (30); Marquesas : keʔekeʔe (32); Samoan : uliuli (3); Rennell : ʔuŋgi (3); Ontong Java : uli (3); Sika- iana : uli (3); Tikopia : uri (3); Anutan : uri (3); Niue : uli (3); Tongan : ʔuliʔuli (3); Tuvalu : uli (3); Nanumea : uli (3); Makatea : uri (3); W. Fu- tuna : uri (3); Mele-Fila : paku (3); Kapingamarangi : ruuri (3); Nukuoro : uliulu (3); W. Fijian : loo (35); Bau (EF) : loaloa (35). blood Rapanui : toto (36); Tahiti : toto (36); Maori : toto (36); Hawaiian : koko (36); Mangareva : toto (36); Marquesas : toto (36); Samoan : toto (36); Rennell : to- to (36); Ontong Java : koko (36); Sikaiana : haeko (0); Tikopia : toto (36); Anutan : toto (36); Niue : toto (36); Tongan : toto (36); Tuvalu : toto (36); Nanumea : toto (36); Makatea : toto (36); W. Futuna : toto (36); Mele-Fila : toto (36); Kapingama- rangi : toto (36); Nukuoro : dodo (36); W. Fijian : draa (3); Bau (EF) : draa (3). bone Rapanui : ivi (39); Tahiti : ivi (39); Maori : wheua (26); Hawaiian : iwi (39); Mangareva : ivi (39); Marquesas : ivi (39); Samoan : ivi (39); Rennell : ibi (39); Ontong Java : ivi (39); Sikaiana : ivi (39); Tikopia : ivi (39); Anutan : ivi (38); Niue : hui (38); Tongan : hui (38); Tuvalu : ivi (39); Nanumea : ivi (39); Makatea : sui (−); W. Futuna : ii (39); Mele-Fila : ivi (39); Kapinga- marangi : iwi (39); Nukuoro : ivi (39); W. Fijian : čua (0); Bau (EF) : sui (38). breast Rapanui : uu (); Tahiti : tiitii (2); Maori : uu (); Hawaiian : uu (); Mangareva : u (), titi (2); Marquesas : u (); Samoan : susu (); Ren- nell : baiu (); Ontong Java : uu (); Sikaiana : uu (); Tikopia : uu (); Anu- tan : uu (); Niue : huhu (); Tongan : huhu (); Tuvalu : uu (); Nanumea : 28 GÉää-M~åå, PÉáêçë, S. Sí~êçëíáå. Lexicostatistics & Shared Innovations . . . uu (); Makatea : mumu (−3); W. Futuna : u (); Mele-Fila : susu (); Kapi- ngamarangi : u (); Nukuoro : ― ; W. Fijian : δuδu (); Bau (EF) : suδu (). burn tr. Rapanui : tutu (3); Tahiti : tutuʔi te auahi (3); Maori : tahu (); Hawaiian : kuni (5); Mangareva : tutu (3); Marquesas : tutu (3); Sa- moan : faʔa muu (6); Rennell : tutu (3); Ontong Java : kuŋi (3); Sikaiana : vela (); Tikopia : kaa (3); Anutan : tutu (3); Niue : tuŋi (); Tongan : tutu (3); Tuvalu : tafu (); Nanumea : tafu (); Makatea : ― ; W. Futuna : ― ; Mele-Fila : tuuŋia (); Kapingamarangi : ura (2); Nukuoro : tutu (3); W. Fijian : tau-nia (); Bau (EF) : aa-kama-a (9). claw Rapanui : maʔikuku (53); Tahiti : maiʔuʔu (53); Maori : maikuku (53); Hawaiian : mikiʔao (52); Mangareva : matikuku, maekuku (53); Marquesas : maikuku (53); Samoan : maiʔuʔu (53); Rennell : ― ; Ontong Java : ― ; Sika- iana : ― ; Tikopia : maniia (5); Anutan : maminia (5); Niue : mahina lima (5); Tongan : pesi (50); Tuvalu : mania (5); Nanumea : maninia (5); Makatea : ― ; W. Futuna : ― ; Mele-Fila : tapwaalasi (−3); Kapingamarangi : mata-miha (22); Nukuoro : aŋaaŋa (5); W. Fijian : kuku (53); Bau (EF) : gugu (53). cloud Rapanui : raŋi (59); Tahiti : ata (58); Maori : kapua (5); Hawaiian : ao (55); Mangareva : aʔu (55); Marquesas : ao (55); Samoan : ao (55); Rennell : ʔao (55); Ontong Java : ― ; Sikaiana : ― ; Tikopia : kauao (55); Anutan : kauao (55); Niue : aolaŋi (55); Tongan : ʔao (55); Tuvalu : kaumana (56); Nanumea : kaumana (56); Makatea : pauri (−5); W. Futuna : poa (55); Mele-Fila : puao (55); Kapinga- marangi : kapua (5); Nukuoro : gili-liŋi (0); W. Fijian : o (55); Bau (EF) : oo (55). cold Rapanui : ― ; Tahiti : ― ; Maori : makariri (62); Hawaiian : huʔihuʔi (6); Mangareva : anu (28); Marquesas : anu (28); Samoan : ― ; Rennell : ŋgoŋgohi (5); Ontong Java : maliʔi (62); Sikaiana : saumalikitau (6); Tikopia : mariki (62); Anutan : mariki (62); Niue : momoko (60); Tongan : ― ; Tuvalu : moko (60); Nanumea : ― ; Makatea : ― ; W. Futuna : ― ; Mele-Fila : ― ; Kapi- ngamarangi : makariri (62); Nukuoro : ― ; W. Fijian : ― ; Bau (EF) : ― . come Rapanui : oho mai (63, 62); Tahiti : haere mai (63); Maori : haere mai (63); Hawaiian : hele mai (63); Mangareva : naumai (63); Marquesas : hoe mai (63); Samoan : sau (6); Rennell : aʔu (6); Ontong Java : haa mai (63); Sikaiana : hale mai (63); Tikopia : au mai (63, 6); Anutan : au (6); Niue : omai (63, 62); Tongan : haʔu (6); Tuvalu : o mai (63, 62); Nanumea : mai (63); Makatea : nu- mai (63); W. Futuna : hmai (63); Mele-Fila : fini mai (63); Kapingamarangi : hani moi (63); Nukuoro : humai (63); W. Fijian : laa maa (63); Bau (EF) : lako mai (63). die Rapanui : mate (66); Tahiti : pohe (6); Maori : mate (66); Hawaiian : make (66); Mangareva : mate (66); Marquesas : mate (66); Samoan : oti (68); Rennell : mate (66); Ontong Java : make (66); Sikaiana : mate (66); Tikopia : mate (66); Anutan : mate (66); Niue : matulei (66); Tongan : mate (66); Tu- valu : maate (66); Nanumea : mate (66); Makatea : mata (66); W. Futuna : ma- Глл-Мнн, Пй, С. Сттин. Лексикостатистика и общие инновации... 29 te (66); Mele-Fila : mate (66); Kapingamarangi : mate (66); Nukuoro : magau (69); W. Fijian : mase (66); Bau (EF) : mate (66). dog Rapanui : paiheŋa (2); Tahiti : ʔurii (); Maori : kurii (); Hawai- ian : ʔilio (); Mangareva : kani (98); Marquesas : nuhe, peto (29); Sa- moan : maile (3); Rennell : tokitoki (−20); Ontong Java : poi (−0); Sikaiana : kulii ();Tikopia : kurii (); Anutan : korii (); Niue : kulii (); Tongan : kulii (); Tuvalu : kuli (); Nanumea : kulii (); Makatea : kuri (); W. Fu- tuna : kuli (); Mele-Fila : korii (); Kapingamarangi : phana (32); Nuku- oro : gaadu (−); W. Fijian : čui (5); Bau (EF) : kolii (). drink Rapanui : unu (6); Tahiti : inu (6); Maori : inu (6); Hawaiian : inu (6); Mangareva : ʔainu (6); Marquesas : inu (6); Samoan : inu (6); Rennell : binu (6); Ontong Java : uŋu (6); Sikaiana : unu (6); Tikopia : inu (6); Anutan : inu (6); Niue : inu (6); Tongan : inu (6); Tuvalu : inu (6); Nanumea : inu (6); Makatea : inu (6); W. Futuna : numwia (−3); Mele-Fila : unu (6); Kapingama- rangi : inu (6); Nukuoro : inu (6); W. Fijian : homu (); Bau (EF) : ŋunu-u (6). dry Rapanui : paka (80); Tahiti : maroo (8); Maori : maroke (8); Hawaiian : maloʔo (8); Mangareva : magugugugu (8); Marquesas : moó (8); Samoan : maŋo (8); Rennell : mamala (−); Ontong Java : paupaʔu (9); Sikaiana : paku- paku (9); Tikopia : pakupaku (9); Anutan : pakupaku (79); Niue : maŋo (8); Tongan : moomoa (8); Tuvalu : maloo (8); Nanumea : ― ; Makatea : maro (8); W. Futuna : matu (82); Mele-Fila : maatuu (82); Kapingamarangi : hunu (333); Nukuoro : mmasa (83); W. Fijian : maδamaδa (83); Bau (EF) : maamaδa (83). ear Rapanui : tariŋa (8); Tahiti : tariʔa (8); Maori : tariŋa (8); Hawai- ian : pepeiao (85); Mangareva : teriŋa (8); Marquesas : puaika (8); Samoan : taliŋa (8); Rennell : taŋgiŋa (8); Ontong Java : akaliŋa (8); Sikaiana : kau- ralina (8); Tikopia : tariŋa (8); Anutan : tariŋa (8); Niue : teliŋa (8); Ton- gan : teliŋa (8); Tuvalu : taliŋa (8); Nanumea : taliŋa (8); Makatea : tariŋa (8); W. Futuna : tariŋa (8); Mele-Fila : tariŋa (8); Kapingamarangi : tariŋa (8); Nukuoro : daliŋa (8); W. Fijian : bebe (86); Bau (EF) : tariŋa (8). earth Rapanui : ʔoʔone (89); Tahiti : repo (88); Maori : one-one (89); Ha- waiian : lepo (88); Mangareva : repo (88); Marquesas : épo (88); Samoan : atulau-lau (90); Rennell : keŋge (8); Ontong Java : ʔeleʔele (8); Sikaiana : kelekele (8); Tikopia : kere (8); Anutan : kerekere (8); Niue : kelekele (8); Tongan : kelekele (8); Tuvalu : laukele (8); Nanumea : ― ; Makatea : kere (8); W. Futuna : kere (8); Mele-Fila : kere (8); Kapingamarangi : ― ; Nu- kuoro : gele-gele (8); W. Fijian : gele (8); Bau (EF) : gwele (8). eat Rapanui : kai (92); Tahiti : ʔamu (93); Maori : kai (92); Hawaiian : ʔai (92); Mangareva : kai (92); Marquesas : kai (92); Samoan : ʔai (92); Rennell : kai (92); Ontong Java : ʔai (92); Sikaiana : kai (92); Tikopia : kai (92); Anutan : kai 30 GÉää-M~åå, PÉáêçë, S. Sí~êçëíáå. Lexicostatistics & Shared Innovations . . .

(92); Niue : kai (92); Tongan : kai (92); Tuvalu : kai (92); Nanumea : kai (92); Makatea : kaikai (92); W. Futuna : kai (92); Mele-Fila : kai-na (92); Kapingama- rangi : kai (92); Nukuoro : kai (92); W. Fijian : kana (92); Bau (EF) : kana (92). egg Rapanui : mamari (9); Tahiti : huoro moa (96); Maori : hua (95); Hawai- ian : hua (95); Mangareva : mamari (9); Marquesas : mamai (9); Samoan : fuaa-moa (95); Rennell : hua (95); Ontong Java : hua (95); Sikaiana : hua (95); Tikopia : fuei (95); Anutan : puai (95); Niue : fua (95); Tongan : fuaʔi moa (95); Tuvalu : fuaamoa (95); Nanumea : fua (95); Makatea : fua-moa (95); W. Futuna : aaka moa (98); Mele-Fila : atolu (−); Kapingamarangi : ŋoko (03); Nukuoro : ŋago (03); W. Fijian : yaloka (00); Bau (EF) : yaloka (00). eye Rapanui : mata (0); Tahiti : mata (0); Maori : kanohi (02); Hawaiian : maka (0); Mangareva : mata (0); Marquesas : mata (0); Samoan : mata (0); Rennell : mata (0); Ontong Java : alemaka (0); Sikaiana : kalemata (0); Tikopia : mata (0); Anutan : mata (0); Niue : mata (0); Tongan : mata (0); Tuvalu : mata (0); Nanumea : mata (0); Makatea : mata (0); W. Futuna : foi-mata (0); Mele-Fila : mata (0); Kapingamarangi : koro- mata (0); Nukuoro : ganomata (0); W. Fijian : mata (0); Bau (EF) : mata (0). fat n. Rapanui : morii (05); Tahiti : ʔaʔo (03); Maori : ŋako (03); Hawai- ian : ʔaila (0); Mangareva : ŋaʔi (03); Marquesas : kiko (20); Samoan : ŋa- ʔo (03); Rennell : momona (369); Ontong Java : momoŋa (369); Sikaiana : momona (369); Tikopia : moomona (369); Anutan : momona (369); Niue : ŋako (03); Tongan : ŋako (03); Tuvalu : ŋako (03); Nanumea : ŋako (03); Maka- tea : ŋako (03); W. Futuna : peči (−); Mele-Fila : kanainai (0); Kapingama- rangi : kiriithi (335); Nukuoro : ― ; W. Fijian : uro (08); Bau (EF) : uro (08). feather Rapanui : hu-hura (09); Tahiti : huruhuru (09); Maori : huruhuru (09); Hawaiian : hulu (09); Mangareva : ― ; Marquesas : huú (09); Samoan : fulu (09); Rennell : huŋgu (09); Ontong Java : pala (9); Sikaiana : palaa (9); Tikopia : furu manu (09); Anutan : puru (09); Niue : fulu (09); Tongan : fulufulu (09); Tuvalu : fulufulu (09); Nanumea : fulu (09); Makatea : mbala (−); W. Futuna : fufuru (09); Mele-Fila : vaero (365); Kapingamarangi : ŋaahuru (09); Nukuoro : hulu manu (09); W. Fijian : ulu (09); Bau (EF) : uti (2). fire Rapanui : ahi (3); Tahiti : auahi (3); Maori : ahi (3); Hawaiian : ahi (3); Mangareva : aʔi (3); Marquesas : ahi (3); Samoan : afi (3); Rennell : ahi (3); Ontong Java : ahi (3); Sikaiana : ahi (3); Tikopia : afi (3); Anutan : api (3); Niue : afi (3); Tongan : afi (3); Tuvalu : afi (3); Nanumea : afi (3); Makatea : afi (3); W. Futuna : afi (3); Mele-Fila : afi (3); Kapingamarangi : ahi (3); Nukuoro : ahi (3); W. Fijian : gwaya (5); Bau (EF) : kama (6). fish Rapanui : ika (); Tahiti : iʔa (); Maori : ika (); Hawaiian : iʔa (); Mangareva : ika (); Marquesas : ika (); Samoan : iʔa (); Rennell : Глл-Мнн, Пй, С. Сттин. Лексикостатистика и общие инновации... 3 kaui (−8); Ontong Java : iʔa (); Sikaiana : ika (); Tikopia : ika (); Anu- tan : ika (); Niue : ika (); Tongan : ika (); Tuvalu : ika (); Nanumea : ika (); Makatea : ika (); W. Futuna : ika (); Mele-Fila : ika (); Kapingama- rangi : ika (); Nukuoro : mamu (−2); W. Fijian : ika (); Bau (EF) : ika (). fly v. Rapanui : rere (8); Tahiti : rere (8); Maori : rere (8); Hawaiian : lele (8); Mangareva : rere (8); Marquesas : ona (32); Samoan : lele (8); Rennell : ŋgeŋge (8); Ontong Java : lee (8); Sikaiana : lele (8);Tikopia : rere (8); Anu- tan : rere (8); Niue : lele (8); Tongan : puna (9); Tuvalu : lele (8); Nanumea : lele (8); Makatea : rere (8); W. Futuna : rere (8); Mele-Fila : rere (8); Kapinga- marangi : rere (8); Nukuoro : lele (8); W. Fijian : δau (2); Bau (EF) : βuka (22). foot Rapanui : vaʔe (23); Tahiti : ʔaavae (23); Maori : waewae (23); Ha- waiian : waawaa (23); Mangareva : vavae (23); Marquesas : vae (23); Sa- moan : vae (23); Rennell : baʔe (23); Ontong Java : vae (23); Sikaiana : vae (23); Tikopia : vae (23); Anutan : vae (23); Niue : vee (23); Tongan : vaʔe (23); Tuvalu : vae (23); Nanumea : vae (23); Makatea : ae (23); W. Fu- tuna : ae (23); Mele-Fila : vae (23); Kapingamarangi : wae (23); Nukuoro : vae (23); W. Fijian : laa (2); Bau (EF) : yaa (2). full Rapanui : ku ʔii ʔaa (2); Tahiti : ʔii (2); Maori : kii (2); Hawaiian : piha (26); Mangareva : pii (99); Marquesas : pi (99); Samoan : tumu (28); Rennell : honu (25); Ontong Java : pi (26); Sikaiana : pi (26); Tikopia : fonu (25); Anutan : pito (50); Niue : puke (30); Tongan : fonu (25); Tuvalu : fonu (25); Nanumea : tumu (28); Makatea : fonu (25); W. Futuna : ― ; Mele-Fila : fonu (25); Kapingamarangi : honu (25); Nukuoro : honu (25); W. Fijian : uga (30); Bau (EF) : siinai (3). give Rapanui : vaʔai, ʔavai (5); Tahiti : hoo, hooroʔa (32); Maori : hoo mai (32); Hawaiian : hoo (32); Mangareva : tuku ?, atu ? (33); Marquesas : tuku, tuú (33); Samoan : ʔave (5); Rennell : haiŋgaʔa (82); Ontong Java : auae (5); Sikaiana : kave (5); Tikopia : sori (38); Anutan : tori (38); Niue : atu (3); Tongan : fo-aki (6); Tuvalu : ave (−5); Nanumea : avatu (3); Makatea : fuana (35); W. Futuna : aaŋe (−8); Mele-Fila : no- (−5); Kapingamarangi : (w)aŋa < Mi- cronesian (−385); Nukuoro : gamai (36); W. Fijian : holi (38); Bau (EF) : soli (38). good Rapanui : riva-riva (2); Tahiti : maitaʔi (); Maori : pai (3); Ha- waiian : maikaʔi (); Mangareva : maarie (35); Marquesas : meitaí (); Sa- moan : lelei (0); Rennell : ŋgaoi (3); Ontong Java : laoi (3); Sikaiana : laoi (3); Tikopia : laoi (3); Anutan : rerei (0); Niue : mitaki (); Tongan : leilei (0); Tuvalu : ʔlei (0); Nanumea : lelei (0); Makatea : sumaria (5); W. Fu- tuna : rufwie (−9); Mele-Fila : marie (5); Kapingamarangi : humaria (5); Nu- kuoro : danuaa (); W. Fijian : inaa (8); Bau (EF) : inaka (8). green Rapanui : ― ; Tahiti : maatie (52); Maori : kaakaariki (5); Ha- waiian : maʔo (50); Mangareva : matie (−); Marquesas : me he óu ti teé (3); 32 GÉää-M~åå, PÉáêçë, S. Sí~êçëíáå. Lexicostatistics & Shared Innovations . . .

Samoan : ― ; Rennell : ʔusi (9); Ontong Java : kea (52); Sikaiana : ui (9); Tikopia : kefu (36); Anutan : kepu (36); Niue : lanu laufuti (55); Tongan : ― ; Tuvalu : usiusi (9); Nanumea : lanu lau niu (53); Makatea : ― ; W. Fu- tuna : ― ; Mele-Fila : kesakesa (36); Kapingamarangi : thea (52); Nuku- oro : nuui (56); W. Fijian : drokadroka (58); Bau (EF) : drokadroka (58). hair Rapanui : puʔoko (63); Tahiti : rouru (25); Maori : makawe (62); Ha- waiian : oho (6); Mangareva : oʔo, rouru (6); Marquesas : ouoho (6); Sa- moan : lau ulu (25); Rennell : ― ; Ontong Java : ― ; Sikaiana : ― ; Tikopia : rauuru (25); Anutan : rau-uru (25); Niue : lauulu (25); Tongan : lou-ʔulu (25); Tuvalu : lauulu (25); Nanumea : fulufulu (09); Makatea : fere-ure (09); W. Futuna : fufuru uru (09); Mele-Fila : rauru (25); Kapingamarangi : ŋaahuru (59); Nukuoro : ŋaŋaulu (0); W. Fijian : ulu (09); Bau (EF) : ulu (59). hand Rapanui : rima (65); Tahiti : rima (65); Maori : riŋariŋa (2); Hawaiian : lima (65); Mangareva : rima (65); Marquesas : ʔima (65); Sa- moan : lima (65); Rennell : ŋgima (65); Ontong Java : pulima (65); Sika- iana : lima (65); Tikopia : rima (65); Anutan : nima (65); Niue : lima (65); Tongan : nima (65); Tuvalu : lima (65); Nanumea : lima (65); Makatea : rima (65); W. Futuna : rima (65); Mele-Fila : rima (65); Kapingamarangi : rima (65); Nukuoro : lima (65); W. Fijian : lima (65); Bau (EF) : liŋa (2). head Rapanui : puʔoko (63); Tahiti : upoʔo (63); Maori : upoko (63); Ha- waiian : poʔo (63); Mangareva : oʔo (59); Marquesas : upoko (63); Samoan : ulu (59); Rennell : ʔuŋgu (−); Ontong Java : pohoulu (59); Sikaiana : pohou- lu (59);Tikopia : pokouru (59); Anutan : pokouru (63); Niue : ulu (59); Tongan : ʔulu (59); Tuvalu : ulu (59); Nanumea : piho (68); Makatea : na- uru (59); W. Futuna : uru (59); Mele-Fila : konoa (69); Kapingamarangi : ripoko (63); Nukuoro : biho (68); W. Fijian : ulu (59); Bau (EF) : ulu (59). hear Rapanui : ŋaroʔa (); Tahiti : faʔaloʔo (); Maori : roŋo-hia (); Ha- waiian : lono (); Mangareva : roŋo (); Marquesas : ono (38); Samoan : fa- ʔaloŋo (); Rennell : hakaŋgoŋo (); Ontong Java : haaloŋo (); Sikaiana : lono (); Tikopia : fakaroŋo (); Anutan : roŋo (); Niue : loŋo (); Tongan : fanoŋo (); Tuvalu : laŋona (); Nanumea : laŋona (); Makatea : fanoŋo (); W. Futuna : roŋona (); Mele-Fila : raŋona (); Kapingamarangi : roŋo (); Nukuoro : laŋona (); W. Fijian : roŋo-o (); Bau (EF) : roŋo-δa (). heart Rapanui : mahatu (6); Tahiti : maafatu (6); Maori : manawa (5); Hawaiian : puʔuwai (8); Mangareva : uopo (); Marquesas : huopo (); Sa- moan : fatu (6); Rennell : hinaŋaŋgo (83); Ontong Java : hakumaŋava (5, 6); Sikaiana : atepili (); Tikopia : fatumanava (5, 6); Anutan : patumanava (5, 6); Niue : atevili (); Tongan : mafu (5); Tuvalu : fatu (6); Nanu- mea : fatu (6); Makatea : mama (9), roto (8); W. Futuna : faretoto (80); Глл-Мнн, Пй, С. Сттин. Лексикостатистика и общие инновации... 33

Mele-Fila : ufi kaanoa (8); Kapingamarangi : hatu manava (5, 6); Nukuoro : hadu-manava (5, 6); W. Fijian : raota (82), nunu (83); Bau (EF) : uto (8). horn Rapanui : tara (86); Tahiti : tara = ‛thorn’ (86); Maori : haona (89); Hawaiian : kiwi (88); Mangareva : tara (86); Marquesas : niho (90); Samoan : nifo (90), seu (8); Rennell : ― ; Ontong Java : ― ; Sikaiana : ― ; Tikopia : ― ; Anutan : ― ; Niue : hoe (85); Tongan : meʔa-tui (9); Tuvalu : suki (−96); Nanu- mea : tui loa (9); Makatea : ― ; W. Futuna : tala (86); Mele-Fila : nifo (90); Ka- pingamarangi : ― ; Nukuoro : haŋa (95); W. Fijian : hii (92); Bau (EF) : i-leu (93). I Rapanui : au (9); Tahiti : vau, au (9); Maori : ahau (9); Hawaiian : au (9); Mangareva : au (9); Marquesas : au (9); Samoan : aʔu (9); Rennell : au (9); Ontong Java : aŋau (9); Sikaiana : anau (9); Tikopia : kuou (9); Anutan : koau (9); Niue : au (9); Tongan : au, ou (9); Tuvalu : au (9); Na- numea : aku, au (9); Makatea : kou (9); W. Futuna : au (9); Mele-Fila : avau (9); Kapingamarangi : au (9); Nukuoro : au (9); W. Fijian : jau (9); Bau (EF) : jau (9). kill Rapanui : tinaʔi (20); Tahiti : haʔapohe (200); Maori : whaka-mate (66); Hawaiian : pepehi aa make (66); Mangareva : ʔakamate (66); Marquesas : haá- mate (66); Samoan : fasi-oti (202); Rennell : taa (206); Ontong Java : kaa (206); Sikaiana : taa (206); Tikopia : tamate (66, 206); Anutan : ta mate (66, 206); Niue : taamate (66, 206); Tongan : taamateʔi (66); Tuvalu : tamate (66); Nanumea : taa mate (66); Makatea : teia-kemate (66); W. Futuna : čia (203); Mele-Fila : fakama- tea (66), taia (206); Kapingamarangi : matemate (66); Nukuoro : hagamagau (20); W. Fijian : a-mase (66); Bau (EF) : aka-mate-a (66). knee Rapanui : turi vaʔe (20); Tahiti : turi (20); Maori : turi (20); Hawai- ian : kuli (20); Mangareva : turi (20); Marquesas : muó (39); Samoan : tuli vae (20); Rennell : tuŋgi haŋoŋo (20); Ontong Java : pukuli (20); Sikaiana : tuli (20); Tikopia : turi (20); Anutan : turi (20); Niue : tuli (20); Tongan : tui (20); Tuvalu : tulivae (20); Nanumea : tuli vae (20); Makatea : turi (20); W. Futuna : turi (20); Mele-Fila : pwaatua (−9); Kapingamarangi : turiwae (20); Nukuoro : duli (20); W. Fijian : čuru (20); Bau (EF) : duru (20). know Rapanui : ʔite (20); Tahiti : ʔite (20); Maori : maatau (2); Ha- waiian : ike (20); Mangareva : kite (20); Marquesas : ite (20); Samoan : iloa (209); Rennell : naʔa (8); Ontong Java : ailoa (209); Sikaiana : iloa (209); Ti- kopia : iroa (209); Anutan : iroa (209); Niue : iloa (209); Tongan : ʔilo (209); Tuvalu : iloa (209); Nanumea : iloa (209); Makatea : iroa (209); W. Futuna : iroa (209); Mele-Fila : taaea (−22); Kapingamarangi : iroa (209); Nukuoro : ilo (209); W. Fijian : kila (2); Bau (EF) : kila (2). leaf Rapanui : raupaa (25); Tahiti : rauʔere (25); Maori : rau (25); Ha- waiian : lau (25); Mangareva : rau (25); Marquesas : au (25); Samoan : lau 3 GÉää-M~åå, PÉáêçë, S. Sí~êçëíáå. Lexicostatistics & Shared Innovations . . .

(25); Rennell : ŋgau (25); Ontong Java : laumea (25); Sikaiana : lau (25); Tikopia : raurakau (25); Anutan : rau (25); Niue : lau (25); Tongan : lau (25); Tuvalu : lau (25); Nanumea : lau (25); Makatea : raurau (25); W. Futuna : rau (25); Mele-Fila : rau (25); Kapingamarangi : rau (25); Nukuoro : lau (25); W. Fijian : rau (25); Bau (EF) : drau (25). lie Rapanui : moe (2); Tahiti : taʔoto (26); Maori : takoto (26); Hawaiian : moe (2); Mangareva : moe (2); Marquesas : moe (2); Samoan : taʔoto (26); Rennell : moe (2); Ontong Java : moe (2); Sikaiana : moe (2); Tikopia : takoto (26); Anutan : takoto (26); Niue : takoto (26); Tongan : tokoto (26); Tuvalu : takoto (26); Nanumea : moe ki lalo (2); Makatea : moe (2); W. Fu- tuna : moe (2); Mele-Fila : moe (2); Kapingamarangi : moe i rara (2); Nu- kuoro : bani (−33); W. Fijian : daro (220); Bau (EF) : dao (220). liver Rapanui : ʔate (); Tahiti : upaʔa (22); Maori : ate (); Hawaiian : ake (); Mangareva : ate (); Marquesas : ate (); Samoan : ate (); Rennell : ʔate (); Ontong Java : ake (); Sikaiana : ate (); Tikopia : ate (); Anu- tan : ate (); Niue : ate (); Tongan : ʔate (); Tuvalu : ate (); Nanumea : ate (); Makatea : ate (); W. Futuna : ate (); Mele-Fila : ate (); Kapingama- rangi : ate (); Nukuoro : ade (); W. Fijian : yase (); Bau (EF) : yate (). long Rapanui : roa (222); Tahiti : roa (222); Maori : roa (222); Hawaiian : loa (222); Mangareva : roa (222); Marquesas : oa (222); Samoan : ʔumi PN *kumi (223); Rennell : ŋgoa (222); Ontong Java : loloa (222); Sikaiana : loloa (222); Tiko- pia : roa (222); Anutan : roroa (222); Niue : loa (222); Tongan : looloa (222); Tu- valu : loa (222); Nanumea : loa (222); Makatea : lealea (−5); W. Futuna : palo (222); Mele-Fila : tootoe (225); Kapingamarangi : roa (222); Nukuoro : loloe (222); W. Fijian : balau (222); Bau (EF) : balau (222). louse Rapanui : kutu (226); Tahiti : ʔutu (226); Maori : kutu (226); Ha- waiian : ʔuku (226); Mangareva : kutu (226); Marquesas : kutu (226); Sa- moan : ʔutu (226); Rennell : kutu (226); Ontong Java : ʔuku (226); Sikaiana : kutu (226); Tikopia : kutu (226); Anutan : kutu (226); Niue : kutu (226); Ton- gan : kutu (226); Tuvalu : kutu (226); Nanumea : kutu (226); Makatea : kutu (226); W. Futuna : kutu (226); Mele-Fila : kutu (226); Kapingamarangi : kutu (226); Nukuoro : gudu (226); W. Fijian : kuču (226); Bau (EF) : kutu (226). man Rapanui : taŋata (229); Tahiti : taane (22); Maori : taane (22); Hawai- ian : kaane (22); Mangareva : tamaroa (229); Marquesas : énata (229); Samoan : taane (22); Rennell : taaŋata (229); Ontong Java : kaŋata (229); Sikaiana : tanata (229); Tikopia : taŋata (229); Anutan : taŋata (229); Niue : taane (22); Tongan : ta- ŋata (228); Tuvalu : taŋata (228); Nanumea : taŋata (228); Makatea : taŋata (228); W. Futuna : tane (22); Mele-Fila : taane (22); Kapingamarangi : taane (22); Nukuoro : daane (22); W. Fijian : tamata-δola (229); Bau (EF) : taŋane (22). Глл-Мнн, Пй, С. Сттин. Лексикостатистика и общие инновации... 35

many Rapanui : rahi (20); Tahiti : rahi (20); Maori : rau (233), maha (238); Hawaiian : lau (233), nui (2); Mangareva : nui (2); Marquesas : tini (23), nui (2); Samoan : tele (22); Rennell : eha (85); Ontong Java : komaʔi (86); Sika- iana : tamaki (86); Tikopia : rava (230), kapi (); Anutan : rai (88); Niue : lahi (20); Tongan : lahi (20); Tuvalu : uke (235); Nanumea : uke (235); Makatea : lasi (20); W. Futuna : sorehmafi (−0); Mele-Fila : toope (−9); Kapingamarangi : roko (236); Nukuoro : lagolao (236); W. Fijian : wara (23); Bau (EF) : leu (25). meat Rapanui : kiko (20); Tahiti : ʔiʔo (20); Maori : miiti (−8); Hawaiian : ʔiʔo (20); Mangareva : kiko (20); Marquesas : kiko (20); Samoan : ʔaʔano (239); Rennell : kanoŋguku (239); Ontong Java : poŋohi (239); Sikaiana : io (89); Tikopia : kanofi (239); Anutan : kanopi (239); Niue : kakano (239); Tongan : ka- kano (239); Tuvalu : ʔkano (239); Nanumea : kanofi (239); Makatea : kanmata (239); W. Futuna : napisi (−); Mele-Fila : viisiko (−); Kapingamarangi : koneika (239); Nukuoro : kano (239); W. Fijian : iδiko (2); Bau (EF) : lewe (25). moon Rapanui : mahina (26); Tahiti : ʔaavaʔe (2); Maori : maahina (26), marama (28); Hawaiian : mahina (26); Mangareva : marama (28); Marquesas : mahina (26); Samoan : maasina (26); Rennell : maahina (26); Ontong Java : malama (28); Sikaiana : malama (28); Tikopia : marama (28); Anutan : maa- ina (26); Niue : mahina (26); Tongan : maahina (26); Tuvalu : masina (26); Nanumea : mahina (26); Makatea : masina (26); W. Futuna : mrama (28); Mele-Fila : ŋaale (29); Kapingamarangi : mahina (26); Nukuoro : ― ; W. Fi- jian : ula (250); Bau (EF) : ula (250). mountain Rapanui : maʔuŋa (25); Tahiti : mouʔa (25); Maori : mauŋa (25); Hawaiian : mauna (25); Mangareva : maŋa (25); Marquesas : uta (3); Sa- moan : mauŋa (25); Rennell : oŋgo (9); Ontong Java : mouŋa (25); Sikaiana : mouŋa (25); Tikopia : mauŋa (25); Anutan : mauŋa (25); Niue : mouŋa (25); Ton- gan : moʔuŋa (25); Tuvalu : mauŋa (25); Nanumea : mauŋa (25); Makatea : mau- ŋa (25); W. Futuna : ausafi (−6); Mele-Fila : tafuu (−); Kapingamarangi : konotuu (60); Nukuoro : mouŋa (25); W. Fijian : yataŋa (252); Bau (EF) : delana (253). mouth Rapanui : haha (256); Tahiti : vaha (256); Maori : waha (256); Ha- waiian : waha (256); Mangareva : ʔaaʔaa (−2); Marquesas : fafa (−2); Samoan : ŋutu (255); Rennell : ŋutu (255); Ontong Java : ŋutu (255); Sikaiana : pukua (−92); Tikopia : puʔua (−92); Anutan : ŋutu (255); Niue : puu ŋutu (255); Tongan : ŋutu (255); Tuvalu : ŋutu (255); Nanumea : ŋutu (255); Makatea : ŋu- tu (255); W. Futuna : fafa (256); Mele-Fila : ŋutu (255); Kapingamarangi : ŋu- tu (255); Nukuoro : ŋudu (255); W. Fijian : ŋuhu (255); Bau (EF) : ŋusu (255). name Rapanui : ʔiŋoa (25); Tahiti : iʔoa (25); Maori : iŋoa (25); Ha- waiian : inoa (25); Mangareva : igoa (25); Marquesas : ikoa (25); Samoan : iŋoa (25); Rennell : iŋoa (25); Ontong Java : iŋoa (25); Sikaiana : mele (93); Tikopia : iŋoa (25); Anutan : iŋoa (25); Niue : hiŋoa (25); Tongan : 36 GÉää-M~åå, PÉáêçë, S. Sí~êçëíáå. Lexicostatistics & Shared Innovations . . . hiŋoa (25); Tuvalu : iŋoa (25); Nanumea : iŋoa (25); Makatea : iŋoa (25); W. Futuna : iŋoa (25); Mele-Fila : iŋoa (25); Kapingamarangi : iŋoa (25); Nukuoro : iŋoo (25); W. Fijian : yaδa (258); Bau (EF) : yaδa (258). neck Rapanui : ŋao (); Tahiti : ʔaʔii (); Maori : kakii (); Hawai- ian : ʔaaʔii (); Mangareva : kakii (); Marquesas : kaki (); Samoan : ua (5); Rennell : uʔa (5); Ontong Java : uua (5); Sikaiana : uua (5); Tikopia : ua (5); Anutan : ua (5); Niue : ua (5); Tongan : kia (6); Tu- valu : ua (5); Nanumea : ua (5); Makatea : ua (5); W. Futuna : kapup- wenaua (5); Mele-Fila : penaaua (5); Kapingamarangi : ua (5); Nuku- oro : ua (5); W. Fijian : domo (260); Bau (EF) : domo (260). new Rapanui : ʔaapii (262); Tahiti : ʔaapii (262); Maori : hou (26); Ha- waiian : hou (26); Mangareva : ʔou (26); Marquesas : hou (26); Samoan : fou (26); Rennell : hoʔou (26); Ontong Java : hoou (26); Sikaiana : hou (26); Tikopia : fou (26); Anutan : pou (26); Niue : foou (26); Tongan : foʔou (26); Tuvalu : fou (26); Nanumea : foou (26); Makatea : fou (26); W. Futuna : fou (26); Mele-Fila : foou (26); Kapingamarangi : hou (26); Nukuoro : hoou (26); W. Fijian : ou (26); Bau (EF) : ou (26). night Rapanui : poo (263); Tahiti : poo (263); Maori : poo (263); Hawai- ian : poo (263); Mangareva : poo (263); Marquesas : po (263); Samoan : poo (263); Rennell : poo (263); Ontong Java : poo (263); Sikaiana : poo (263); Tiko- pia : po (263); Anutan : poo (263); Niue : poo (263); Tongan : poo (263); Tu- valu : po (263); Nanumea : poo (263); Makatea : po (263); W. Futuna : tapo (263); Mele-Fila : poo (263); Kapingamarangi : po (263); Nukuoro : boo (263); W. Fijian : boŋi (263); Bau (EF) : boŋi (263). nose Rapanui : ihu (26); Tahiti : ihu (26); Maori : ihu (26); Hawai- ian : ihu (26); Mangareva : iʔu (26); Marquesas : ihu (26); Samoan : isu (26); Rennell : isu (26); Ontong Java : isu, ʔaaisu (26); Sikaiana : kaiusu (26); Tikopia : isu (26); Anutan : iu (26); Niue : ihu (26); Tongan : ihu (26); Tuvalu : isu (26); Nanumea : ihu (26); Makatea : isu (26); W. Fu- tuna : isu (26); Mele-Fila : usu (26); Kapingamarangi : uhi (26); Nuku- oro : usu (26); W. Fijian : ŋiδu (26); Bau (EF) : uδu (26). not Rapanui : kai (265); Tahiti : ʔaite (265); Maori : kaahore (265); Ha- waiian : ʔaʔole (265); Mangareva : eai (265); Marquesas : aua (265); Samoan : leai (26); Rennell : siʔai (268); Ontong Java : seai (268); Sikaiana : seai (268); Tikopia : siei (268); Anutan : kairo (265); Niue : naakai (265); Tongan : ʔikai (265); Tuvalu : e se (266); Nanumea : hee (266); Makatea : ee (266); W. Fu- tuna : čikai (−265); Mele-Fila : saai (268); Kapingamarangi : tee (269); Nuku- oro : de (269); W. Fijian : sikai (265); Bau (EF) : seŋa (266). one Rapanui : tahi (2); Tahiti : tahi (2); Maori : tahi (2); Hawaiian : ʔekahi (2); Mangareva : taʔi (2); Marquesas : tahi (2); Samoan : tasi (2); Rennell : ta- Глл-Мнн, Пй, С. Сттин. Лексикостатистика и общие инновации... 3 hi (2); Ontong Java : kahi (2); Sikaiana : kahi (2); Tikopia : tasi (2); Anutan : tai (2); Niue : taha (−2); Tongan : taha (−2); Tuvalu : tasi (2); Nanumea : tahi (2); Makatea : tasi (2); W. Futuna : tasi (2); Mele-Fila : tasi (2); Kapingama- rangi : tahi (2); Nukuoro : dahi (2); W. Fijian : tahila (−); Bau (EF) : dua (22). person Rapanui : taŋata (229); Tahiti : taʔata (229); Maori : taŋata (229); Ha- waiian : kanaka (229); Mangareva : taŋata (229); Marquesas : énana (229); Sa- moan : taŋata (229); Rennell : peŋgea (95); Ontong Java : kama (503); Sikaiana : tama (503); Tikopia : taŋata (228); Anutan : taŋata (229); Niue : taŋata (229); Ton- gan : taŋata (229); Tuvalu : tino (23); Nanumea : taŋata (229); Makatea : taŋata (229); W. Futuna : taŋata (229); Mele-Fila : taŋata (229); Kapingamarangi : taŋa- ta (229); Nukuoro : daŋata (229); W. Fijian : e-δola (232); Bau (EF) : tamata (229). rain Rapanui : ʔua (2); Tahiti : ua (2); Maori : ua ina (2); Hawaiian : ua (2); Mangareva : ua (2); Marquesas : ua (2); Samoan : ua (2), timu (2); Rennell : ʔua (2); Ontong Java : ua (2); Sikaiana : ua (2); Tikopia : ua (2); Anutan : ua (2); Niue : uha (2); Tongan : ʔuha (2); Tuvalu : ua (2); Nanumea : ua (2); Makatea : ua (2); W. Futuna : ua (2); Mele-Fila : ua (2); Kapingamarangi : ua (2); Nukuoro : bala laŋi (25); W. Fijian : luu (26); Bau (EF) : uδa (2). red Rapanui : mea-mea (280); Tahiti : ʔuraʔura (28); Maori : whero (29); Hawaiian : ʔula (28); Mangareva : kura (28); Marquesas : pukiki (); Sa- moan : muumuu (28); Rennell : uŋga (28); Ontong Java : mea (280); Sikaiana : ula (28); Tikopia : mero (280); Anutan : mero (280); Niue : kula (28); Tongan : kulokulo (28); Tuvalu : ʔkula (28); Nanumea : kula (28); Makatea : loa (−283); W. Futuna : mea (280); Mele-Fila : mmea (280); Kapingamarangi : mhee (280); Nukuoro : mmea (280); W. Fijian : dradra (3); Bau (EF) : damudamu (282). road Rapanui : ara (28); Tahiti : ʔeeʔa (286); Maori : huanui (285); Ha- waiian : ala (28); Mangareva : ara(nui) (28); Marquesas : áánui (28); Sa- moan : ala (28); Rennell : aŋga (28); Ontong Java : ala (28); Sikaiana : ala (28); Tikopia : ara (28); Anutan : ara (28); Niue : puhala (28); Tongan : hala (28); Tuvalu : ala (28); Nanumea : alatuu (28); Makatea : ara (28); W. Futuna : retu (5); Mele-Fila : ara (28); Kapingamarangi : ara (28); Nu- kuoro : haiava (29); W. Fijian : δalevu (28); Bau (EF) : ŋau-ni-sala (28). root Rapanui : aka (28); Tahiti : aʔa (28); Maori : pakiaka (28); Ha- waiian : aʔa (28); Mangareva : aʔa (28); Marquesas : aka (28); Samoan : aʔa (28); Rennell : aka (28); Ontong Java : pakiaʔa (28); Sikaiana : patiaka (28); Tikopia : vaiaka (28); Anutan : vaiaka (28); Niue : vaka (28); Ton- gan : aka (28); Tuvalu : aka (28); Nanumea : aka (28); Makatea : kai (rakau) (288); W. Futuna : kainea (288); Mele-Fila : koaakoa (−2); Kapingamarangi : aka (28); Nukuoro : aga (28); W. Fijian : waka (28); Bau (EF) : waka (28). 38 GÉää-M~åå, PÉáêçë, S. Sí~êçëíáå. Lexicostatistics & Shared Innovations . . .

round Rapanui : ʔohu (29); Tahiti : menemene (293); Maori : porotaka (292); Hawaiian : poepoe (29); Mangareva : poo- (292); Marquesas : kapoípoí (8); Samoan : laapotopoto (289); Rennell : ― ; Ontong Java : ― ; Sikaiana : ― ; Tikopia : ― ; Anutan : ― ; Niue : ― ; Tongan : fuopotopoto (289); Tuvalu : pukupuku (290); Nanumea : ― ; Makatea : ― ; W. Futuna : ― ; Mele-Fila : mwo- liimwoli (−9); Kapingamarangi : puŋupuŋu (5); Nukuoro : moe (295); W. Fi- jian : giligili (29); Bau (EF) : mokimokiti (298). sand Rapanui : ʔone (259); Tahiti : one (259); Maori : onepuu (259); Ha- waiian : one (259); Mangareva : one (259); Marquesas : one (259); Samoan : oneone (259); Rennell : one (259); Ontong Java : one (259); Sikaiana : keʔele (8); Tikopia : one (259); Anutan : kerekere (8); Niue : one (259); Tongan : ʔo- neʔone (259); Tuvalu : one (259); Nanumea : one (259); Makatea : one (259); W. Futuna : one (259); Mele-Fila : woraone (−9); Kapingamarangi : kerekere (8); Nukuoro : gelegele (8); W. Fijian : olioli (302); Bau (EF) : nuku (303). say Rapanui : vanaŋa (309); Tahiti : parau (308); Maori : kii (30); Hawai- ian : ʔoolelo (306); Mangareva : takao (9); Marquesas : tekao (9); Samoan : tautala (30); Rennell : heŋgeu (−55); Ontong Java : kakala (9); Sikaiana : ta- atala (9); Tikopia : muna (305); Anutan : karaŋa (56); Niue : lea (30); Ton- gan : lea (30); Tuvalu : muna (305); Nanumea : fai (32); Makatea : muna (305); W. Futuna : tukua (3); Mele-Fila : vaanaŋa (309); Kapingamarangi : herekhai (55); Nukuoro : ― ; W. Fijian : oha (3), tata (36); Bau (EF) : osa (3). see Rapanui : tikeʔa (20); Tahiti : ʔite (20); Maori : kite (20); Hawai- ian : ʔike (20); Mangareva : kite (20); Marquesas : ite (20); Samoan : vaʔai (38); Rennell : kite (20); Ontong Java : ʔike (20); Sikaiana : kite (20); Tiko- pia : pula (20); Anutan : mamata (0); Niue : kitia (20); Tongan : sio (3), ʔilo (39); Tuvalu : kite (20); Nanumea : kilo (39); Makatea : kutea (20); W. Futuna : katea (20); Mele-Fila : seia (320); Kapingamarangi : kitee (20); Nukuoro : gide (20); W. Fijian : daa-nia (32); Bau (EF) : rai-δa (32). seed Rapanui : ― ; Tahiti : huore (326); Maori : pua (325); Hawaiian : ʔanoʔa- no (239); Mangareva : ― ; Marquesas : kakano (239); Samoan : fatu = ‛stone’ (6); Rennell : hatu (6); Ontong Java : hua (325); Sikaiana : hatu (6); Tikopia : fatu (6); Anutan : teŋa (322); Niue : teŋa (322); Tongan : teŋa (322); Tuvaluu fuaŋa (323); Nanumea : fatu (6); Makatea : fatu (6); W. Futuna : noftu (6); Mele-Fila : ― ; Kapingamarangi : kore (−32); Nukuoro : -golee (32); W. Fijian : ― ; Bau (EF) : ― . sit Rapanui : noho (328); Tahiti : noho (328); Maori : noho (328); Hawai- ian : noho (328); Mangareva : noʔo (328); Marquesas : noho (328); Samoan : nofo (328); Rennell : noho (328); Ontong Java : ŋoho (328); Sikaiana : noho (328); Tikopia : nofo (328); Anutan : nopo (328); Niue : nofo (328); Tongan : nofo (328); Tuvalu : nofo (328); Nanumea : noho (328); Makatea : nofoiraro Глл-Мнн, Пй, С. Сттин. Лексикостатистика и общие инновации... 39

(328); W. Futuna : puku (329); Mele-Fila : nofo (328); Kapingamarangi : noho (328); Nukuoro : noho (328); W. Fijian : tadra (33); Bau (EF) : dabe (332). skin Rapanui : kiri (0); Tahiti : ʔiri (0); Maori : kiri (0); Hawaiian : ʔili (0); Mangareva : kiri (0); Marquesas : kií (0); Samoan : paʔu (); Rennell : kiŋgi (0); Ontong Java : ʔili (0); Sikaiana : kili (0); Tikopia : raukiri (0); Anutan : kiri (0); Niue : kili (0); Tongan : kili (0); Tuvalu : pakili (0); Nanumea : kili (0), pau (); Makatea : kiri (0); W. Futuna : kiri (0); Mele-Fila : kiri (0); Kapinga- marangi : kiri (0); Nukuoro : gili (0); W. Fijian : taba (33); Bau (EF) : kuli- (0). sleep Rapanui : haʔuru (336); Tahiti : taʔoto = ‛lie’ (26); Maori : moe (2); Hawaiian : moe (2); Mangareva : moe (2); Marquesas : hiamoe (2); Samoan : moe (2); Rennell : moe (2); Ontong Java : moe (2); Sikaiana : moe (2); Tikopia : moe (2); Anutan : moe (2); Niue : momohe (2); Ton- gan : mohe (2); Tuvalu : moe (2); Nanumea : moe (2); Makatea : moe (2); W. Futuna : mweroa (−5); Mele-Fila : moe (2); Kapingamarangi : khii (5); Nukuoro : seni (33); W. Fijian : moδe (2); Bau (EF) : moδe (2). small Rapanui : ʔitiʔiti (339); Tahiti : iti (339); Maori : iti (339); Hawai- ian : iki (339); Mangareva : iti (339); Marquesas : iti (339); Samoan : itiiti (339); Rennell : miʔimeʔa (99); Ontong Java : soliliʔi (338); Sikaiana : likiliki (338); Tikopia : vikilake (338); Anutan : riki (338); Niue : ikiiki (338); Tongan : siʔi (30); Tuvalu : foliki, toniki (338); Nanumea : foliki (338); Makatea : tiiti (30); W. Futuna : sisi (30); Mele-Fila : kekeela (−6); Kapingamarangi : tamaa (58); Nukuoro : masei (32); W. Fijian : hewa (3); Bau (EF) : lailai (33). smoke Rapanui : ʔau (35); Tahiti : auauahi (35); Maori : au (35); Ha- waiian : uahi (35); Mangareva : kakauaʔi, kavauaʔi (35); Marquesas : auahi (35); Samoan : asu (−); Rennell : ― ; Ontong Java : ― ; Sikaiana : ― ; Tiko- pia : au (35); Anutan : kokopu (60); Niue : ahu (35); Tongan : ʔahu (35); Tuvalu : au (35); Nanumea : au (35); Makatea : asu-afi (35); W. Futuna : ausafi (35); Mele-Fila : silaŋo (−3); Kapingamarangi : huiahi (59); Nuku- oro : use-ahi (35); W. Fijian : kobulu (36); Bau (EF) : kubou (36). stand Rapanui : maroa (39); Tahiti : tiʔa (38); Maori : tuu (3); Hawai- ian : kuu (3); Mangareva : tuu (3); Marquesas : tu (3); Samoan : tuu (3); Rennell : tuʔu (3); Ontong Java : kuu (3); Sikaiana : tuu (3); Tikopia : tu (3); Anutan : tu (3); Niue : tuu (3); Tongan : tuʔu (3); Tuvalu : tu (3); Nanumea : tuu (3); Makatea : tui ruŋa (3); W. Futuna : tu kake (3); Mele- Fila : tuu (3); Kapingamarangi : tuu (3); Nukuoro : duu (3); W. Fijian : uǯu (2); Bau (EF) : tuu (3). star Rapanui : hetuʔu (35); Tahiti : feetiʔa (35); Maori : whetuu (35); Ha- waiian : hookuu (35); Mangareva : ʔetu (35); Marquesas : fetu (35); Samoan : fetuu (35); Rennell : hetuʔu (35); Ontong Java : hekuu (35); Sikaiana : hetuu 0 GÉää-M~åå, PÉáêçë, S. Sí~êçëíáå. Lexicostatistics & Shared Innovations . . .

(35); Tikopia : fetuu (35); Anutan : petuu (35); Niue : fetuu (35); Tongan : fetuʔu (35); Tuvalu : fetuu (35); Nanumea : fetuu (35); Makatea : fetu (35); W. Futuna : fetu (35); Mele-Fila : mwasoi (−); Kapingamarangi : hatuu (35); Nukuoro : heduu (35); W. Fijian : ǯiliŋo (352); Bau (EF) : kalokalo (353). stone Rapanui : maʔea (355); Tahiti : ʔoofaʔi (356); Maori : koohatu (6); Hawaiian : poohaku (6); Mangareva : poʔatu (6); Marquesas : keá (50); Samoan : maʔa (355); Rennell : hatu (6); Ontong Java : hatu (6); Sika- iana : hatu (6); Tikopia : fatu (6); Anutan : patu (6); Niue : maka (355); Tongan : maka (355); Tuvalu : fatu (6); Nanumea : fatu (6); Makatea : fatu (6); W. Futuna : fatu (6); Mele-Fila : fatu (6); Kapingamarangi : hatu (6); Nukuoro : hadu (6); W. Fijian : aču (6); Bau (EF) : atu (6). sun Rapanui : raʔaa (35); Tahiti : mahana (39); Maori : raa (35); Ha- waiian : laa (35); Mangareva : ra (35); Marquesas : oumati (5); Samoan : laa (35); Rennell : ŋgaʔaa (35); Ontong Java : laa (35); Sikaiana : laa (35); Tikopia : ra (35); Anutan : raa (35); Niue : laaa (35); Tongan : laʔaa (35); Tuvalu : la (35); Nanumea : laa (35); Makatea : matara (0, 35); W. Fu- tuna : ra (35); Mele-Fila : reaa (35); Kapingamarangi : raa (35); Nukuoro : laa (35); W. Fijian : mata-ni-hiŋa (0, 360); Bau (EF) : siŋa (360). swim Rapanui : kau (362); Tahiti : ʔau (362); Maori : kaukau (362); Ha- waiian : ʔau (362); Mangareva : kau (362); Marquesas : kau (362); Samoan : aʔau (362); Rennell : ― ; Ontong Java : ― ; Sikaiana : ― ; Tikopia : kau (362); Anutan : kakau (362); Niue : kakau (362); Tongan : kakau (362); Tuvalu : ʔkau (362); Nanumea : kakau (362); Makatea : kaokao (362); W. Futuna : kau (362); Mele-Fila : kau (362); Kapingamarangi : khaukhau (362); Nukuoro : kau (362); W. Fijian : gau (362); Bau (EF) : galo (362). tail Rapanui : hiku (36); Tahiti : ʔaero (365); Maori : whiore (365); Hawai- ian : huelo (365); Mangareva : vero (365); Marquesas : veo (365); Samoan : si- ʔusiʔu (36); Rennell : siku (36); Ontong Java : mosuʔi (36); Sikaiana : muisuki (36); Tikopia : sikusiku (36); Anutan : tikutiku (36); Niue : hiku (36); Ton- gan : hiku, iku (36); Tuvalu : felo, velo (365); Nanumea : huelo (365); Makatea : siku (36); W. Futuna : siku (36); Mele-Fila : puupue (−9); Kapingamarangi : hu- ku (36); Nukuoro : sugi (36); W. Fijian : laulau (36); Bau (EF) : bui (366). that Rapanui : ― ; Tahiti : ― ; Maori : teeraa (3); Hawaiian : keelaa (3); Mangareva : tera (3); Marquesas : tena (3); Samoan : lea (3); Rennell : ― ; Ontong Java : ― ; Sikaiana : ― ; Tikopia : tera (3); Anutan : ena (30); Niue : anaa (30); Tongan : ― ; Tuvalu : tela (3); Nanumea : teelaa (3); Makatea : ira (3); W. Futuna : tera (3); Mele-Fila : ― ; Kapingamarangi : teeraa (3); Nu- kuoro : delea (3); W. Fijian : ― ; Bau (EF) : ― . this Rapanui : ― ; Tahiti : ― ; Maori : teenei (32); Hawaiian : keeia (3); Mangareva : ― ; Marquesas : nei (32); Samoan : lenei (32); Rennell : te nei Глл-Мнн, Пй, С. Сттин. Лексикостатистика и общие инновации...

(32); Ontong Java : ke ŋei (32); Sikaiana : te nei (32); Tikopia : tenei (32); Anu- tan : ieni (32); Niue : nei (32); Tongan : eni (32); Tuvalu : nei (32); Nanumea : teenei (32); Makatea : reni (32); W. Futuna : tenei (32); Mele-Fila : tenei (32); Kapingamarangi : nei (32); Nukuoro : de naa (33); W. Fijian : ― ; Bau (EF) : ― . thou Rapanui : koe (35); Tahiti : ʔoe (35); Maori : koe (35); Hawaiian : ʔoe (35); Mangareva : koe (35); Marquesas : koe (35); Samoan : ʔoe (35); Rennell : koe (35); Ontong Java : aʔoe (35); Sikaiana : akoe (35); Tikopia : koke (35); Anutan : kokoe (35); Niue : koe (35); Tongan : koe (35); Tuvalu : koe (35); Nanumea : koe (35); Makatea : akue (35); W. Futuna : koe (35); Mele-Fila : akoe (35); Kapingamarangi : koe (35); Nukuoro : goe (35); W. Fijian : iko (35); Bau (EF) : iko (35). tongue Rapanui : ʔarero (36); Tahiti : arero (36); Maori : arero (36); Ha- waiian : alelo (36); Mangareva : erero (36); Marquesas : éó (36); Samoan : laulaufaiva (38); Rennell : aŋgeŋgo (36); Ontong Java : alelo (36); Sika- iana : alelo (36); Tikopia : alelo (36); Anutan : arero (36); Niue : alelo (36); Tongan : ʔelelo (36); Tuvalu : alelo (36); Nanumea : alelo (36); Makatea : arero (36); W. Futuna : rero (36); Mele-Fila : liimena (−); Kapingamarangi : horore (36); Nukuoro : alelo (36); W. Fijian : maa (3); Bau (EF) : yame (3). tooth Rapanui : niho (90); Tahiti : niho (90); Maori : niho (90); Hawai- ian : niho (90); Mangareva : niʔo (90); Marquesas : niho (90); Samoan : nifo (90); Rennell : niho (90); Ontong Java : ŋiho (90); Sikaiana : niho (90); Ti- kopia : nifo (90); Anutan : nipo (90); Niue : nifo (90); Tongan : nifo (90); Tuvalu : nifo (90); Nanumea : nifo (90); Makatea : nifo (90); W. Futuna : niho (90); Mele-Fila : nifo (90); Kapingamarangi : niha (90); Nukuoro : niho (90); W. Fijian : basi (380); Bau (EF) : bati (380). tree Rapanui : tumu (38); Tahiti : tumu raaʔau (382); Maori : raakau (382); Hawaiian : laaʔau (382); Mangareva : rakau (382); Marquesas : tumu ákau (382); Samoan : laaʔau (382); Rennell : ŋgaʔakau (382); Ontong Java : laaʔau (382); Sika- iana : laakau (382); Tikopia : rakau (382); Anutan : raakau (382); Niue : akau (382); Tongan : fuʔu ʔakau (382); Tuvalu : lakau (382); Nanumea : laakau (382); Maka- tea : rakau (382); W. Futuna : rakau (382); Mele-Fila : raakau (382); Kapingama- rangi : rakau (382); Nukuoro : ― ; W. Fijian : uu (383); Bau (EF) : uu (383). two Rapanui : rua (386); Tahiti : piti (38); Maori : rua (386); Hawaiian : lua (386); Mangareva : tokorua (386); Marquesas : ua (386); Samoan : lua (386); Rennell : ŋgua (386); Ontong Java : lua (386); Sikaiana : lua (386); Tikopia : rua (386); Anutan : rua (62); Niue : ua (386); Tongan : ua (386); Tuvalu : lua (386); Nanumea : lua (386); Makatea : rua (386); W. Futuna : rua (386); Mele-Fila : rua (386); Kapingamarangi : rua (386); Nukuoro : lua (386); W. Fijian : rua (386); Bau (EF) : rua (386). 2 GÉää-M~åå, PÉáêçë, S. Sí~êçëíáå. Lexicostatistics & Shared Innovations . . .

walk (go) Rapanui : haʔere (390); Tahiti : haere (390); Maori : haere (390); Hawaiian : haele (390); Mangareva : ʔere (390); Marquesas : heʔe (390); Sa- moan : ― ; Rennell : hano (6); Ontong Java : haele (390); Sikaiana : heele (390); Tikopia : poi (390); Anutan : aru (390); Niue : fano (388); Tongan : ʔalu (389); Tu- valu : fano (388); Nanumea : haele (390); Makatea : saere (390); W. Futuna : fano (388); Mele-Fila : saaria (390); Kapingamarangi : hana (6); Nukuoro : lo (393); W. Fijian : laa (39); Bau (EF) : taubale (392). warm Rapanui : ― ; Tahiti : mahana (39); Maori : mahana (39); Hawai- ian : mahana (39); Mangareva : maʔana (39); Marquesas : mahana (39); Sa- moan : maafanafana (39); Rennell : mahana (39); Ontong Java : mahaŋa (39); Sikaiana : mahana (39); Tikopia : mafana (39); Anutan : mapanapana (39); Niue : mafana (39); Tongan : mafana (39); Tuvalu : maafanafana (39); Nanu- mea : ― ; Makatea : ― ; W. Futuna : ― ; Mele-Fila : ― ; Kapingamarangi : ― ; Nukuoro : mahana (39); W. Fijian : ― ; Bau (EF) : ― . water Rapanui : vai (395); Tahiti : vai (395), pape (39); Maori : wai (395); Hawaiian : wai (395); Mangareva : vai (395); Marquesas : vai (395); Samoan : vai (395); Rennell : bai (395); Ontong Java : vai (395); Sikaiana : vai (395); Tikopia : vai (395); Anutan : vai (395); Niue : vai (395); Tongan : vai (395); Tuvalu : vai (395); Nanumea : vai (395); Makatea : ai (395); W. Fu- tuna : ai (395); Mele-Fila : vai (395); Kapingamarangi : wai (395); Nuku- oro : vai (395); W. Fijian : wai (395); Bau (EF) : wai (395). we Rapanui : maatou (398); Tahiti : maatou (398); Maori : maatou (398); Hawaiian : maakou (398); Mangareva : matou (398); Marquesas : matau (398); Samoan : maatou (398); Rennell : kimaatou (398); Ontong Java : maakou (398); Sikaiana : maatou (398); Tikopia : matou (398); Anutan : matou (398); Niue : mautolu (398); Tongan : kimautolu (398); Tuvalu : maatou (398); Nanumea : maatou (398); Makatea : maatou (398); W. Futuna : akimea (399); Mele-Fila : maateu (398); Kapingamarangi : kimaatou (398); Nukuoro : gimateu (398); W. Fijian : kematou (398); Bau (EF) : keimami (398). what Rapanui : he aha (0); Tahiti : eaha, te aha (0); Maori : heaha (0); Hawaiian : aha (0); Mangareva : aʔa (0); Marquesas : aha (0); Sa- moan : aa (00); Rennell : nia, te aa (00); Ontong Java : ea, ke a (00); Sika- iana : hea (00); Tikopia : ea (00); Anutan : ea (0); Niue : se a (00, 02); Tongan : haa (00); Tuvalu : haa (00); Nanumea : aa (00); Makatea : rea (00); W. Futuna : taha (0); Mele-Fila : afa (0); Kapingamarangi : aha (0); Nukuoro : aha (00); W. Fijian : δaa (0); Bau (EF) : δaa (00, 0). white Rapanui : tea-tea (03); Tahiti : ʔuoʔuo (06); Maori : maa (05); Ha- waiian : keʔokeʔo (0); Mangareva : tea (03); Marquesas : tea (03); Samoan : paʔepaʔe (08); Rennell : susuŋgu (50); Ontong Java : maʔiŋi (502); Sikaiana : maa (05); Tikopia : tea (03); Anutan : tea (03), kena (63); Niue : tea (03); Глл-Мнн, Пй, С. Сттин. Лексикостатистика и общие инновации... 3

Tongan : hinehina (09); Tuvalu : tea (03); Nanumea : tea (03); Makatea : keŋo (0); W. Futuna : tetea (03); Mele-Fila : teetea (03); Kapingamarangi : khene (63); Nukuoro : tea (03); W. Fijian : buδo (); Bau (EF) : ulaula (2). who Rapanui : ko ai (3); Tahiti : ʔo vai (3); Maori : wai (3); Hawaiian : wai (3); Mangareva : ai (3); Marquesas : ai (3); Samoan : ai (3); Rennell : koai (3); Ontong Java : ʔoai (3); Sikaiana : koai (3); Tikopia : koai (3); Anutan : koai (3); Niue : ko oi (3); Tongan : hai (3); Tuvalu : ko hai (3); Nanumea : ai (3); Makatea : koi (3); W. Futuna : akai (3); Mele-Fila : kuai (3); Kapinga- marangi : ai (3); Nukuoro : go-ai (3); W. Fijian : δei (3); Bau (EF) : δei (3). woman Rapanui : viʔe (5); Tahiti : vahine (); Maori : waahine (); Ha- waiian : wahine (); Mangareva : toaʔaʔine (); Marquesas : vehine (); Sa- moan : fafine (); Rennell : hahine (); Ontong Java : hiŋe (); Sikaiana : hahine (); Tikopia : fafine (); Anutan : papine (); Niue : fifine (); Ton- gan : fefine (); Tuvalu : fifine (); Nanumea : fafine (); Makatea : fafine (); W. Futuna : fine (); Mele-Fila : ffine (); Kapingamarangi : ahina (); Nukuoro : hine (); W. Fijian : huna-ni-anua (6); Bau (EF) : yalewa (). yellow Rapanui : toua mamari (2); Tahiti : reʔareʔa (2); Maori : reŋa (2); Hawaiian : lena (2); Mangareva : reŋareŋa (2); Marquesas : ʔena (2); Samoan : samasama (22); Rennell : heŋgo (29); Ontong Java : helo (29); Sikaiana : helo (29); Tikopia : seŋa (8); Anutan : teteŋa (8); Niue : aŋo (20); Tongan : eŋeeŋa (2); Tuvalu : aŋo (20); Nanumea : sama (22); Makatea : ferofero (29); W. Futuna : ― ; Mele-Fila : mwonoomwono (−); Kapingamarangi : rou pukeʔ (6); Nukuoro : ganoaŋo (20); W. Fijian : dromodromo (22); Bau (EF) : dromodromo (22).

Word lists used in the lexicostatistical analysis are taken from:

. Comparative dictionaries of modern languages: Anutan: [TRYON & HACKMAN 983] Bauan: (Eastern Fijian) [TRYON ÉÇK 995], by P. dÉê~ÖÜíó Makatea: [TRYON 96] Mele-Fila: [TRYON ÉÇK 995], list by R. `ä~êâ Nadrogaa: (Western Fijian) [TRYON ÉÇK 995], by P. dÉê~ÖÜíó Ontong Java: [TRYON & HACKMAN 983] Rapanui: [TRYON ÉÇK 995], list by R. tÉÄÉê and N. tÉÄÉê Rennellese: [TRYON & HACKMAN 983] Samoan: [TRYON ÉÇK 995], list by U. jçëÉä Sikaiana: [TRYON & HACKMAN 983] Tahitian: [TRYON ÉÇK 995], list by Y. iÉã~áíêÉ GÉää-M~åå, PÉáêçë, S. Sí~êçëíáå. Lexicostatistics & Shared Innovations . . .

Tikopia: [TRYON & HACKMAN 983] Tongan: [TRYON ÉÇK 995], list by P. dÉê~ÖÜíó W. Futunan: [TRYON 96]

2. Dictionaries: Hawaiian: [PUKUI & ELBERT 9] Kapingamarangi: [LIEBER & DIKEPA 9] Mangarevan: [RENSCH 99] Maori: [BIGGS 990] Marquesan: [DORDILLON 932] Nanumea: [RANBY 980] Niue: [SPERLICH 99] Nukuoro: [CARROLL & SOULIK 93] Tuvaluan: [JACKSON 99]

Авторы рассматривают один из случаев, когда результаты традиционной генеало- гической классификации, опирающейся на т. н. «метод общих инноваций», не совпадают с результатами, полученными в результате лексикостатистической обработки данных по тем же языковым группам. Таким случаем оказывается классификация полинезийских языков; в частности, существенным ее отличием от лексикостатистической является тот факт, что, согласно первой, тонганская ветвь (тонга, ниуэ) наиболее рано отделяется от об- щеполинезийского «ствола», в то время как согласно второй она является лишь одной из нескольких подгрупп внутри западнополинезийской ветви рассматриваемой семьи. В ходе анализа ситуации выясняется, что традиционная классификация держится в первую очередь на том, что в тонганских языках сохраняется фонологическое различие между праполинезийскими фонемами *l и *r (вторая из них дает нулевой рефлекс), в то время как в остальных полинезийских языках их рефлексы совпадают. Авторы выдвига- ют альтернативную гипотезу, согласно которой совпадение рефлексов *l и *r могло быть специфической чертой восточнополинезийских языков, впоследствии распространив- шейся ареальным образом и на ряд западнополинезийских подгрупп. В этом случае лексикостатистическая классификация должна будет оказаться точнее традиционной.