DOCSLIB.ORG

Inventory of National Practices in Estimating Hidden and Informal Economic Activities for National Accounts

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Inventory of National Practices in Estimating Hidden and Informal Economic Activities for National Accounts \ Economie Commission for Europe Statistical Division CONFERENCE OF EUROPEAN STATISTICIANS INVENTORY OF NATIONAL PRACTICES IN ESTIMATING HIDDEN AND INFORMAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES FOR NATIONAL ACCOUNTS UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE Statistical Division CONFERENCE OF EUROPEAN STATISTICIANS INVENTORY OF NATIONAL PRACTICES IN ESTIMATING HIDDEN AND INFORMAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES FOR NATIONAL ACCOUNTS UNITED NATIONS Geneva, 1993 INVENTORY OF NATIONAL PRACTICES IN ESTIMATING HIDDEN AND INFORMAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES FOR NATIONAL ACCOUNTS Table of contents 1. Introduction 2 2. Estimates of hidden and informal activities in the Austrian National Accounts 3 - 19 3. Pratiques nationales en matière d'économie souterraine dans la comptabilité nationale de la Belgique 20 - 40 4. Estimates of hidden economic activities and other imputations in the Finnish National Accounts 41 - 50 5. Estimates of hidden and informal economic activities in the Hungarian National Accounts 51 - 52 6. A summary of adjustments madî in the Irish estimation for hidden and informal economic activities 53 - 54 7. Compiling Dutch Gross National Product (GNP): Summary report on the final estimates after the revision in 1992 55-76 8. Problems in covering hidden and informal economic activities in Romanian statistics 77 - IS 9. Estimates of the hidden and informal economy in Turkey 79 - 81 10. "Evasion adjustment" in United Kingdom National Accounts 82-96 Introduction The Work Session on Statistics of the Hidden and Informal Economy, held by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN/ECE) in Geneva on 16-18 September 1991, decided to carry out an inventory of national practices in the collection and compilation of statistics on the hidden and informal economy for GNP purposes in ECE-member countries. Accordingly, on 4 February 1992 the Director of the ECE Statistical Division wrote to the Statistical Offices in member countries requesting detailed explanations of how the hidden and informal economic activities are reflected in the countries' national accounts. The EC-member countries were asked to provide the secretariat with the relevant parts of the Eurostat inventory of sources and methods of GNP calculations relating to adjustments made for the hidden and informal economy. The replies of the countries, received by the ECE secretariat and published in the present volume, do not relate exclusively to the hidden and informal activities. They cover a broader area of the estimates and imputations made in national accounts for those components for which existing statistical systems provide insufficient information. Estimates of hidden and informal activities in tlie Austrian National Accounts Introduction This paper presents the methcxis and techniques which allow, although partially and implicitly, to take account of hidden and informal activities in compiling National Accounts for Austria. It also describes the methods of imputing those components of national accounts which are not measured directly by the statistical system. The paper provides first a general overview of the Austrian National Accounts. It then gives a detailed description of the estimation of GDP by the output, expenditure and income approaches. Attached are tíie methodological summary published in the United Nations National Accounts Yearbook (Appendix 1), and the note on statistical surveys of small and medium-size enterprises (SME) prepared in response to the request of EUROSTAT (Appendix 2). General overview 1. The official annual estimates of the Austrian National Accounts (ANA) are prepared by the Austrian Central Statistical Office (ACSO). Based on the most recent ANA, the quarterly accounts and the first quick estimates are compiled and published by the Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO) in close cooperation with ACSO. 2. The ANA follow the SNA definitions and standards in principle and in almost all relevant details. This is particularly so for the classifications used. National accounts tables for Austria are regularly published by national and international agencies (UN, OECD). A summary methodological description is provided in the United Nations National Accounts Yearbook; further details are available in the national publications. 3. Statistical data base in Austria is well developed as regards production statistics. A system of quiquennial benchmark surveys (economic censuses) covers the whole of the business sector. Annual census-type or sample surveys cover manufacturing, construction, utilities (electricity, gas and water), wholesale and retail trade, and some parts of the business and personal market-type services. In addition, there is a range of monthly and quarterly commodity statistics in manufacturing, monthly statistics in foreign trade, statistics from company reports, tax statistics etc. VAT statistics have a particular importance for ANA. The statistical unit addressed is establishment rather than enterprise. This explains a number of peculiarities of ANA. 4. In view of the existing statistical data base, the primary method of calculating GDP/GNP draws on activity data (GDP by output approach). A full complementary set of estimates is prepared using the expenditure approach. The income approach is also applied. However, because of the relatively poor data base on income, other than wages and salaries, it has no significant impact on the level of GDP. 5. The reconciliation of the output and expenditure estimates of GDP results in a statistical discrepancy which is reduced, to the extent possible, using the data on changes in stocks. GNP is derived from GDP by referring to the balance of net property and entrepreneurial income with the rest of the world in the balance of payments (BOP). The similar balance of wages and salaries is assumed to be zero. 6. No comprehensive statistical framework has been developed so far to quantify the hidden and informal activities in the ANA. Tentative investigations made in the past showed the relative importance of the hidden activities in some branches of the economy. It should be noted that the existing statistical methodology in Austria covers, although implicitly and to a cenain extent only, some hidden economic activities. More details of conceptual character are provided below, particularly in the section on manufacturing. 7. The present document takes into account the recommendations contained in the Eurostat Inventory Guide (document EUROSTAT/Bl/CPNB/002-e) and consists of three major parts: A. Output estimates of GDP (origin of GDP) B. Expenditure estimates of GDP (final use of GDP) C. Income estimates of GDP (distribution of national income) In each of the pans the description is further split into five sections: (1) general description of the existing problems and the applicability of the concepts of the hidden and informal economy to the area under consideration; (2) statistical sources; they are described to the extent necessary to understand the methodology of dealing with the current topic in various contexts; (3) ANA methods of estimating the hidden and informal economy activities; (4) expected revisions; (5) outlook. Cross refences are made in the text to avoid overlapping descriptions. For more information see Diagram 1 below. Diagram 1. Presentation of Present Situation Outlook information in the paper (5) General Sources Methods Revision description (completeness, (2) (3) (4) applicability) (1) Origin of GDP (output approach) 1 m Specific questions (according to Inventory 2.2) Distribution of National Income - Answers are standardized and combined (Income at^roach) where possible 1 - Level of detail as suitable (i.e. n GNP/GDP more detailed if necessary SpeciTic questions (according to Inventory 2.4) for the purpose) Fmal use of GDP (expenditure approach) 1 0 Specific questions (according to Inventory 2.3) A. OUTPUT ESTIMATE OF GDP Agriculture and Forestry 1. The estimation of output in monetary terms has always been difficult in agriculture and forestry, if possible at all. ТЪе distinction between formal and informal/hidden economy in this branch is problematic for conceptual reasons. On the other hand, some of the physical indicators used in agricultural statistics allow to overcome omissions from the stan. This is particularly relevant for agricultural area under cultivation and for crops. It is much more difficult to fully cover ouфut in the livestock sector. It should also be pointed out that such measures of agricultural policy as favorable lump-sum or zero taxation of agricultural income and exemptions from the value added tax (VAT) create almost no incentives to hide revenues originated in this part of the economy. Of course, there are some special cases like vine-growing, for example. In the compilation of the value added of farms, explicit provisions for the elements of the informal economy are made only for the farmers' own-account production (production for own use). This is also done for own-account production of fruits and vegetables by non-agricultural households. 2. No explicit estimates are made for the informal production of crops and vegetables. Rough estimates are made for own use of animal products (milk, eggs and meat) and for farm sales outside the market. The MZ' occasionally includes additional questions about certain types of own-account production of private households (fruits, vegetables, etc.). 3. The estimates are based on physical indicators. Standardized market prices of agricultural products, of milk and grain in particular, are used for valuing output.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 16 Textiles in Defence* Richard a Scott Defence Clothing and Textiles Agency, Science and Technology Division, Flagstaff Road, Colchester, Essex CO2 7SS, UK
    16 Textiles in defence* Richard A Scott Defence Clothing and Textiles Agency, Science and Technology Division, Flagstaff Road, Colchester, Essex CO2 7SS, UK 16.1 Introduction To be prepared for War is one of the most effectual means of preserving Peace (George Washington, 1790)1 Defence forces on land, sea, or air throughout the world are heavily reliant on tech- nical textiles of all types – whether woven, knitted, nonwoven, coated, laminated, or other composite forms. Technical textiles offer invaluable properties for military land forces in particular, who are required to move, live, survive and fight in hostile environments. They have to carry or wear all the necessities for comfort and sur- vival and thus need the most lightweight, compact, durable, and high performance personal clothing and equipment. The life-critical requirements for protecting indi- viduals from both environmental and battlefield threats have ensured that the major nations of the world expend significant resources in developing and providing the most advanced technical textiles for military use. 16.2 Historical background Military textile science is not new, and one of the earliest documented studies can probably be credited to Count Rumford, or Benjamin Thompson. Rumford was an American army colonel and scientist who issued a paper in 1792 entitled ‘Philo- sophical Transactions’, which reported on the importance of internally trapped air in a range of textile fabrics to the thermal insulation provided by those fabrics.2 He was awarded the Copley Medal for his paper, as the significance of his discovery was recognised immediately. * Copyright MOD (1997) DCTA, Colchester, Essex CO2 7SS 426 Handbook of technical textiles 16.2.1 Pre-Twentieth century Up until the end of the 19th century military land battles were fought at close quar- ters by individual engagements.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Now PDF File 10.2 MB
    VOL 16 ISS 154 £3.50 sportsSPORTS OUTDOORS TRIATHLON RUNNINGinsight FITNESS TRADE sports-insight.co.uk INTERVIEW TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS YOU’VE GOT TO GET GONE WITH SMART DO I NEED NIKE THE WIND P45 P38 AND ADIDAS? P34 SEE PAGE 3 PROTECT YOURSELF TO WIN D3 page_SPORTS INSIGHT 25/10/2019 14:12 Page 1 BODY ARMOUR page_SPORTS INSIGHT 03/12/2019 11:41 Page 1 BODY ARMOUR NEW ZEALAND’S biggest selling headgear throughout the World! The Ventilator available exclusively NOW! For the full range go to bodyarmournz.co.uk North/Scotland/Ireland: Fraser Patterson 07894 964194 [email protected] South/South West Wales: James Lawrence 07712 345335 [email protected] UK BASED STOCK SERVICE AVAILABLE 4 WELCOME to this month's Sports Insight Canterbury renews British & Irish Lions partnership Specialist rugby brand “That is why we’ve introduced played a part in the 2013 & 2017 Canterbury will again partner the Lions Origin Club logo to our tours. with the British & Irish Lions Teamwear ranges for those clubs “Behind every player is a great to supply all of their on-fi eld kit who have identifi ed, nurtured and support network of people who and training wear for the tour developed a special talent who has have helped them reach the very of South Africa in 2021 after represented the Lions on the global top and, for me, that starts with renewing their deal as O cial stage. Hopefully, this can help Trebanos where I started seriously Apparel Partner. to inspire the next generation of playing rugby.
    [Show full text]
  • Water-Repellent and Breathable Clothing
    Water-repellent and breathable clothing Functional clothing and materials Nina Forsman 24.9.2019 Hydrophobicity? < 90° > 90° > 150° hydrophilic hydrophobic superhydrophobic Surface hydrophobicity vs absorption Water-proof -> diving Water-repellent -> rain absorption Water-repellency is not a problem, neither breathability. It is the combination that is tricky. What makes a surface hydrophobic? 1. Low surface energy -> oils, waxes etc. 2. High surface roughness How is this achieved on textiles? Existing water-repellent textiles Membranes, e.g. GoreTex - Microporous structure of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, Teflon) Other microporous polymer membranes and coatings Polyurethane, acrylics, polyamino acids … Closely woven fabrics Ventile, Poplin Existing water-repellent textiles Biomimetic fabrics Stomatex, closed cell foam neoprene, mimicking transpiration in plant leaves Sympatex, membrane made of polyether-ester block copolymer Super-Microft, microscale roughness like the lotus leaf Shoe sprays Wax bars Fjällräven What about eco-friendliness? Water-resistant and breathable Unmodified textile Wax particles Continuous wax film H2O H2O H2O vapor vapor vapor H2O H2O liquid liquid H2O liquid Cellulosic textile 24.9.2019 8 Wax particles 10μm Carnauba wax Wax dispersion Images: www.ehow.com www.newdirectionsaromatics.com www.sonicator.com Layer-by-Layer deposition of the coating 24.9.2019 10 Natural polycations (binding agents) Poly-L-lysine (PLL) Chitosan Cationic starch - Protein - Comes from - Comes from potato, - Antibacterial
    [Show full text]
  • 001 in SPRING 2017 COVER.Indd
    LONDON THE OFFICIAL LUXURY LIFESTYLE MAGAZINE £7 where sold in association with ® local guides worldwide London 30 Old Bond Street 020 77 58 80 60 Explore the Akris Boutique at www.akris.ch ©2017 COACH® A NOTE FROM THE EDITOR ay the word bohemian and for many it conjures entertained – however varied and incohesive one S up images of hippies in the 1970s swathed in might think these to be – still continue to inspire. brightly patterned, loose silhouettes adorned Lois Bryson-Edmett has been busy unearthing with embroidery and appliqué – a rather stereotypical fascinating characters who highlight this point and has vision that hints at the style’s gypsy origins. While hit upon a rich vein of talent that we are celebrating boho chic has certainly infl uenced the pages of this in this edition. On page 22, she meets Rosalind Wyatt, issue, there was an overwhelming desire from the a truly innovative maker who takes embroidery as her editorial team that IN London’s Spring 2017 edition medium and the needle as her tool to hand stitch should focus on the cerebral side of bohemianism. stories on to fabric. Turning traditional embroidery This subculture emerged, after all, in the new world on its head through the act of ‘writing with a needle’, order of post-Revolutionary France, and whether it Wyatt’s work will captivate you from the moment it is in musical, literary or artistic pursuits, those who is viewed. have gravitated towards a more carefree existence have Elsewhere, Emma Levine meets Nicola Beauman, often withdrawn from the conventions of their time founder of Persephone Books, to learn of her very 6 – with interesting results.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes on the Problems of Cargo Ventilation W.F
    WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION TECHNICAL NOTE No. 17 NOTES ON THE PROBLEMS OF CARGO VENTILATION W.F. McDONALD WMO-No. 63. TP. 23 Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization – Geneva – Switzerland THE WMO The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations of which 132 States and Territories are Members. It was created: to facilitate international co-operation in the establishment of networks of stations and centres to provide meteorological services and observations, to promote the establishment and maintenance of systems for the rapid exchange of meteorological information, to promote standardization of meteorological observations and ensure the uniform publication of observations and statistics, to fUTther the application of meteorology to aviation, shipping, agriculture, and other human activities, to encourage research and training in meteorology. The machinery of the Organization consists of the following bodies: The World lvIeteorological Congress, the supreme hody of the Organization, brings together the delegates of all Members once every four years to determine general policies for the fulfilment of the purposes of the Organization, to adopt Technical Regulations relating to international meteorological practice and to determine the Wl\iO programme. The Execu.trve Committee is composed of 24 directors of national meteorological services and meets at least once a year to conduct the activities ofthe Organization and to implement the decisions taken by its Members in Congress, to study and make recommendations on matters affecting international meteorology and the operation of meteorological services. The six Regional Associations (Africa, Asia, South America, North and Central America, South-West Pacific and Europe), which w'e composed of Member Governments, co-ordinate meteorological activity -..vithin theil' respective regions and examine from the regional point of view all questions referred to them.
    [Show full text]
  • Control of Infection in Hospital Wards
    J Clin Pathol: first published as 10.1136/jcp.14.1.18 on 1 January 1961. Downloaded from J. clin. Path. (1961), 14, 18. Control of infection in hospital wards ROBERT BLOWERS Public Health Laboratory Service, Middlesbrough sviNopsis Some of the problems of ward management are reviewed. Methods suggested for dealing with them are probably not the ideals that should ultimately be attained but minimum standards to serve as immediate objectives. They concern indications for and methods of isolation, control of infection from staff, environmental contamination, and a few technical procedures. A new type of dressing towel for wounds is described. Infection acquired in a hospital ward may directly mind, the physician or surgeon must choose the cause disease; or it may create a symptomless methods that he will apply in his own wards. carrier. Efforts to control infection must concern There are, perhaps, four basic principles of ward both of these processes, because though a symptom- procedure for the control of infection: patients who less carrier himself suffers no immediate harm, he are especially liable to spread infection and those remains a source from which others may be more who are especially susceptible to it should not be seriously infected; moreover, he may re-infect him- accommodated in the same ward; the ward staff self if the organisms find their way from the site of should not themselves be dangerous sources or carriage to some more susceptible tissue. The success vectors of pathogenic organisms; the patients' copyright. of preventive measures must therefore be judged not inanimate environment should not become a only by their immediate effect on disease but also reservoir of pathogens; and ward techniques must by their control of carrier rates for pathogenic be those least liable to convey pathogens.
    [Show full text]
  • Jackets and Bags Made to Be Handed Down
    Innovation > Fashion & Beauty > Jackets and bags made to be handed down JACKETS AND BAGS MADE TO BE HANDED DOWN FASHION & BEAUTY We’ve written about a few different recycling efforts to counter the forces of “fast fashion” and give used clothes another life. Welsh clothing brand Howies, however, is taking a different approach to the discarded-clothes problem by designing items to do a better job of withstanding the ravages of time in the first place. Howies’ Hand-Me-Down line includes jackets and bags that have been designed specifically to last for 10 or more years. To achieve that durability, the company crafts its products painstakingly, and using very high-quality components. Its GBP 400 jackets, for instance, are made from organic tweed and organic ventile—an extremely tightly woven cotton fabric that’s inherently water-resistant and uses 30 percent more yarn than conventional fabrics. With 24,000 strands of cotton, it takes 16 hours just to prepare the machine that will weave the fabric, the Hand-Me-Down site says. The company’s line of bags, meanwhile, includes a GBP 195 backpack, a GBP 185 messenger bag and a GBP 125 satchel crafted from heavy waxed canvas, die- cut leather, and rust-proof aluminium zips and hardware. Of course, whether consumers actually *want* to use the same jackets and bags for 10 years or more remains to be seen. Nevertheless, it’s a compelling twist on sustainability, and Howies’ emphasis on product stories and the unique features of its Hand-Me-Down products only add to their (still) made here appeal.
    [Show full text]
  • See Now Buy Now
    UNION GINGHAM FINAL LARGE SCALE BEN SHERMAN LAUNCHES SEASONAL COLLECTION This version of the Union Gingham Lock up is the final version and has been set up to allow the logo and flag to be scaled up. THIS LOCK UP CAN BE INCREASED IN SIZE. Always‘Spirit exported at maximum resolution of the Mod’ AUTUMN/WINTER 2017 SEE NOW BUY NOW Ben Sherman launches its AW17 collection with a nod to its heritage, celebrating the ‘Spirit of the Mod’ and launching a capsule collection of pieces available to Ben Sherman customers immediately following the brand’s AW17 show at London Fashion Week Men’s. THE ARMY PARKA An authentic 100% wool fishtail parka inspired by the M-1951 original and featuring a modern twist. Hand crafted in England using British Army wool cloth from the illustrious Abraham Moon mill, the parka also features Shearling wool trims and wax cotton paneling, with refined finishing touches including the signature gingham internals. The Army Parka has the original oversized fit to be worn over a suit, just as the original 1960s mods would have worn them. It’s the ultimate modern classic parka with a future mod twist. Each parka is from a limited production run of 20, and is numbered for authenticity. THE MA1 SATIN BOMBER A Luxuriously constructed item for AW17 comes in the form of this premium satin nylon bomber jacket. Using premium fabric from Italy, the jacket is hand crafted in England using traditional military techniques. The MA1 jacket has been reconstructed with underarm thorn-proof worsted wool material and also has the new Ben Sherman branding printed on the back; all finished with military grade copper hardware and lined with the signature Ben Sherman orange mini-check shirting.
    [Show full text]
  • Waterproof Breathable Active Sports Wear Fabrics
    Waterproof Breathable Active Sports Wear Fabrics Sanjay S. Chaudhari, Rupali S. Chitnis and Dr. Rekha Ramkrishnan The Synthetic & Art Silk Mills Research Association, Mumbai India is increasing total wealth and per capita income per head. The rapid spread of satellite television is globalising the vision of the healthy lifestyle and spreading knowledge of sports and leisure wears from country to country. Due to this consumers are becoming more and more conscious for the comfort of the garments that they are wearing. As a result new fibres and fabrics are emerging out for satisfying the stringent needs. The paper reviews various works done in development of waterproof, breathable sportswear textiles. The moisture transport properties and various factors affecting it are also discussed for sportswear fabrics using different fibres. The various branded fibres and fabrics have been described along with their constitutional elements and special characteristics. Introduction Waterproof breathable fabrics are designed for use in garments that provide protection from the environmental factors like wind, rain and loss of body heat. Waterproof fabric completely prevents the penetration and absorption of liquid water. The term breathable implies that the fabric is actively ventilated. Breathable fabrics passively allow water vapour to diffuse through them yet prevents the penetration of liquid water. High functional fabrics support active sportswear with importance placed on high functions as well as comfort. Finally, materials with heating and/or cooling property have newly attracted the interest of the market. All these materials do not pursue a single function, but different functional properties combined on a higher level. Fabrics that can convey water vapor from body perspiration out through the material while remaining impervious to external liquids such as rainwater are widely used in sportswear and similar applications.
    [Show full text]
  • Modern Mobility Textiles That Are Going Places
    TRENDS IN APPAREL + FOOTWEAR DESIGN AND INNOVATION • JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2020 • A FORMULA4 MEDIA PUBLICATION MODERN MOBILITY TEXTILES THAT ARE GOING PLACES textileinsight.com • @textileinsight STROKE of Introducing LYCRA® FitSense™ technology for lightweight, targeted support. A breakthrough innovation that can be printed onto any part of any fabric. Discover more at LYCRA.com LYCRA FitSense EcoMade AO Textile Insight Print Ad x 2.indd 1 10/28/19 8:28 AM ® TEXTILE INSIGHT Editor/Associate Publisher Emily Walzer [email protected] Editorial Director Cara Griffin Art Director Francis Klaess Contributing Editors Suzanne Blecher Kurt Gray Jennifer Ernst Beaudry Kathlyn Swantko Publisher Jeff Nott [email protected] 516-305-4711 Production Brandon Christie 516 305-4710 [email protected] JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2020 Advertising Katie O’Donohue [email protected] 828-244-3043 Sam Selvaggio [email protected] 212-398-5021 Subscriptions: store.formula4media.com One year, $24.00 (U.S. Funds) in the United States. All other countries, $54.00 (U.S. Funds). Formula4Media ® Formula4 Media Publications Footwear Insight Footwear Insight Extra Outdoor Insight Team Insight Team Insight Extra Textile Insight Textile Insight Extra Trend Insight sportstyle PO Box 23-1318, Great Neck , NY 11023 Phone: 516-305-4709 Fax: 516-305-4712 In the Market ...................................................... 6 Footwear ................................................................ 34 www.formula4media.com A roundup of what’s hot for F/W 20; test method for Industry expert Simon Bartold discusses the materials and microfiber shedding debuts; new wools to watch; and more. science behind Nike’s much talked about VaporFly shoes. Textile Insight® is a registered trademark of Formula4 Media, LLC. ©2020 All Technology ......................................................
    [Show full text]
  • INNOVATIVE PERFORMANCE of NATURE in TEXTILE WELCOME to Today‘S Expert Talks Live Webinar Series
    INNOVATIVE PERFORMANCE OF NATURE IN TEXTILE WELCOME to today‘s Expert Talks Live Webinar Series “INNOVATIVE PERFORMANCE OF NATURE IN TEXTILE An informative recap on latest developments of fabrics and treatments concerning natural fibers, renewable fibers, chemical fibers from biomass, in-yarn technologies and green treatments to inspire sustainable collection development.” created for „FUNCTIONAL FABRIC FAIR“ powered by PERFORMANCE DAYS April 13, 2021 © Alexa Dehmel active-sport-design & consulting “INNOVATIVE PERFORMANCE OF NATURE IN TEXTILE” INTRO As sustainable fabrics, local production and gentle natural finishings are becoming increasingly important and finally, the time has come! In recent years, fabric manufacturers have taken on special sustainable challenges and came up with fantastic developments. I'm sure you've heard of most of those new textiles or may already be using some of them. This webinar is designed to provide an informative overview to help you make the most time-efficient selection of the new innovative natural materials for your collection development. *1 © Alexa Dehmel active-sport-design & consulting “INNOVATIVE PERFORMANCE OF NATURE IN TEXTILE” INTRO The modern context of eco-design is taking over. Fabric mills are developing a variety of creative fabrics in natural fibers & blends, light & comfortable, easy to wear & care, catering for a new demand for ease & comfort: garments for everyday wear, allowing for seamless movement from sporting activity to leisure and to work, all developed in. Materials with a healthy
    [Show full text]
  • Attempts to Control Clothes-Borne Infection in a Burn Unit I
    J. Hyg., Camb. (1977),79, 193 193 With 1 plate Printed in Cheat Britain Attempts to control clothes-borne infection in a burn unit I. Experimental investigations of some clothes for barrier nursing BY ANNA HAMBRAEUS AND ULRIKA RANSJO Institute of Clinical Bacteriology and Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Uppsala, Sweden {Received 4 January 1977) SUMMARY Clothes-borne transmission is an important way of spread of infection from patient to patient which is not interrupted by common cotton gowns. New barrier garments were designed from spun-bonded olefin that, in particle pene- tration tests, was 100 times better as a filter than cotton cloth. Three designs, a gown, a loose coverall and a close coverall, were compared with each other and with conventional cotton gowns in experimental exercise and nursing procedures. Staphylococcus aureus from burned patients were used as markers. The close cover- all was 4-7 times better than the loose coverall or gown in preventing the soiling of clothes worn underneath it, but appeared to permit substantially more transfer from garments underneath it to a mock ' patient' and to the air than did the looser garments. A cotton gown reduced the soiling of clothes underneath it by more than 10 times and the contamination of a mock patient by more than 30 times as compared with no barrier garment. The close coverall further diminished the con- tamination of clothes but not the transfer to the patient. The possible mechanisms for the discrepancy between particle transmission tests and experimental pro- cedures are discussed. INTRODUCTION Cross contamination carried by clothing is an important problem in burned patients (Hambraeus, 1973), who often have exogenous infection rates of over 60% (Wickman, 1970).
    [Show full text]