Felipe Medeiros Rangel

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Felipe Medeiros Rangel FACULDADE DE ECONOMIA E FINANÇAS IBMEC PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO E PESQUISA EM ADMINISTRAÇÃO E ECONOMIA DISSERTAÇÃO DE MESTRADO PROFISSIONALIZANTE EM ECONOMIA “PREÇO DE PETRÓLEO E MERCADO DE AÇÕES: EVIDÊNCIA DO MERCADO BRASILEIRO”. FELIPE MEDEIROS RANGEL ORIENTADOR: PROF. DR. OSMANI TEIXEIRA DE CARVALHO GUILLÉN Rio de Janeiro, 30 de janeiro de 2012. “PREÇO DE PETRÓLEO E MERCADO DE AÇÕES: EVIDÊNCIA DO MERCADO BRASILEIRO” FELIPE MEDEIROS RANGEL Dissertação apresentada ao curso de Mestrado Profissionalizante em Economia como requisito parcial para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Economia. Área de Concentração: Finanças ORIENTADOR: PROF. DR. OSMANI TEIXEIRA DE CARVALHO GUILLÉN Rio de Janeiro, 30 de janeiro de 2012. “PREÇO DE PETRÓLEO E MERCADO DE AÇÕES: EVIDÊNCIA DO MERCADO BRASILEIRO” FELIPE MEDEIROS RANGEL Dissertação apresentada ao curso de Mestrado Profissionalizante em Economia como requisito parcial para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Economia. Área de Concentração: Finanças Avaliação: BANCA EXAMINADORA: _____________________________________________________ Professor Dr. OSMANI TEIXEIRA DE CARVALHO GUILLÉN (Orientador) Instituição: IBMEC _____________________________________________________ Professor Dr. JOSÉ VALENTIM MACHADO VICENTE Instituição: IBMEC _____________________________________________________ Professor Dr. ALEXANDRE BARROS DA CUNHA Instituição: UFRJ Rio de Janeiro, 30 de janeiro de 2012. 336.76 Rangel, Felipe Medeiros. R196p Preço de petróleo e mercado de ações: evidência do mercado brasileiro. / Felipe Medeiros Rangel . - Rio de Janeiro: Faculdades Ibmec, 2012. 59f.; 29 cm. Dissertação de Mestrado Profissionalizante em Economia apresentado ao IBMEC como requisito para conclusão de curso. Área de concentração: Finanças. Orientador: Dr. Prof. Osmani Teixeira de Carvalho Guillén. 1. Preço de petróleo. 2.Choques de preço de petróleo. 3. Retornos de ações. 4.Setores da economia. 5.Precificação de ativos. I. Rangel, Felipe Medeiros. II. Dr. Prof. Osmani Teixeira de Carvalho Guillén. III. Preço de petróleo e mercado de ações: evidência do mercado brasileiro. DEDICATÓRIA À minha namorada Rebeca, pelo companheirismo e pela compreensão. vi AGRADECIMENTOS Aos meus pais, Edmundo e Maria Helena, pelo apoio e incentivo aos meus estudos e ao meu crescimento profissional e acadêmico. Aos meus avós e irmãos, pelo carinho e apoio em todos os momentos. À minha namorada Rebeca, pela paciência e pelas conversas, essenciais sempre. Ao Prof. Osmani Guillén, pelas contribuições no desenvolvimento deste trabalho e pela orientação objetiva. vii RESUMO O presente estudo investiga a relação entre os movimentos do preço do petróleo e dos retornos de ações de diversos setores da economia brasileira, compreendendo o período de janeiro de 1990 até setembro de 2011. Os resultados indicam que fortes aumentos do preço do óleo têm efeito positivo sobre os retornos de ações dos setores de Óleo e Gás, Papel e Celulose, Mineração e Siderurgia. Ações de outros setores também se mostraram positivamente sensíveis aos choques de preço de petróleo, mas a evidência não é tão forte nesses casos. As ações dos setores de Consumo, Material Aeronáutico e Telecomunicações não parecem sofrer qualquer influência do risco do óleo. Os achados fazem sentido com a proposição de que economias de países exportadores de petróleo são positivamente impactadas pelos choques de preço de tal commodity . Pouca evidência de assimetria entre os efeitos de choques positivos e negativos é encontrada. Ademais, a volatilidade do preço do óleo não parece impactar os retornos de ações no Brasil de forma diferenciada durante o período da auto-suficiência na produção de petróleo. Talvez a variável de choques de preço de petróleo seja proxy para choques de preço de commodities , pois o Brasil é tradicionalmente exportador desse tipo de produto. De uma forma geral, os resultados desta pesquisa mostram que a aquisição de ativos que possuam sensibilidade positiva em relação aos movimentos do preço do petróleo não demonstra ser razoável para o mercado acionário brasileiro como forma de proteção. viii Palavras Chave: Preço de petróleo, Choques de preço de petróleo, Retornos de ações, Setores da economia, Precificação de ativos ix ABSTRACT The present study investigates the relationship between oil price and equity returns from several Brazilian industry sectors. This analysis covers the period from January 1990 to September 2011. Results indicate that oil price shocks have a positive effect on stock market returns from the following sectors: Oil & Gas, Pulp & Paper, and Mining & Steel. Assets from other industry sectors are sensitive to oil price risk either, although the evidence is not so strong in such cases. Shares from Consumption, Aeronautic Equipment, and Telecommunications sectors do not seem to suffer any influence of oil price shocks. Our findings are consistent with the proposition that oil exporting countries are positively affected by oil price rises. Little evidence of any asymmetry between positive and negative shocks is found. Moreover, oil price volatility does not seem to affect equity returns differently in Brazil during the period of self-sufficiency in oil production. Maybe the oil price shocks variable is proxy for commodities price shocks as Brazil is traditionally an exporting country of that kind of product. In general, this search shows that acquisition of assets positively sensitive to oil price increases is not a good hedging strategy in Brazilian stock market. Key Words: Oil price, Oil price shocks, Equity returns, Industry sectors, Asset pricing x LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1- Evolução da cotação de petróleo Brent.....................................................................14 xi LISTA DE TABELAS Tabela 1 – Ações e setores .......................................................................................................20 Tabela 2 – Estatísticas Descritivas ...........................................................................................24 Tabela 3 – Resultados dos Testes de Raiz Unitária................................................................245 Tabela 4 – Retorno do Petróleo Modelado por um Processo AR(1)......................................246 Tabela 5 – Retorno do mercado x Volatilidade do Óleo ........................................................246 Tabela 6 – Resultados do Modelo de Mercado Aumentado pelo Fator Petróleo...................247 Tabela 7 – Resultados dos Testes de Assimetria....................................................................249 Tabela 8 – Resultados do Teste da Auto-Suficiência em Petróleo.........................................324 Tabela 9 – Resultados do Teste da Auto-Suficiência em Petróleo com Controle para a Crise Financeira de 2008............................................................................................................24 Tabela 10 – Termos ARMA Incluídos no Modelo de Mercado Aumentado pelo Fator Petróleo ........................................................................................................................................244 Tabela 11 – Termos ARCH/GARCH Incluídos na Equação da Variância do Modelo de Mercado Aumentado pelo Fator Petróleo.......................................................................244 xii LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS ADF Augmented Dickey-Fuller ARCH Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity ARMA Autoregressive – Move Average BM&F Bolsa de Mercados e Futuros BOVESPA Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo CAPM Capítal Asset Pricing Model DCC Dynamic Conditional Correlation FMI Fundo Monetário Internacional GARCH Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity IBOVESPA Índice BOVESPA IEA International Energy Agency OPEP Organização dos Países Exportadores de Petróleo PIB Produto Interno Bruto VAR Vetor Auto-Regressivo xiii SUMÁRIO 1 INTRODUÇÃO.....................................................................................................1 2 REVISÃO DA LITERATURA...............................................................................3 2.1 RELAÇÃO ENTRE PREÇO DE PETRÓLEO E VARIÁVEIS ECONÔMICAS................................. 3 2.2 RELAÇÃO ENTRE PREÇO DE PETRÓLEO E PREÇOS DE AÇÕES .............................................. 7 3 METODOLOGIA ................................................................................................12 4 DESCRIÇÃO DOS DADOS...............................................................................19 5 RESULTADOS ..................................................................................................22 5.1 ESTATÍSTICAS DESCRITIVAS ............................................................................................................ 23 5.2 RESULTADOS DO MODELO DE MERCADO AUMENTADO PELO FATOR PETRÓLEO....... 25 5.3 RESULTADOS DOS TESTES DE ASSIMETRIA................................................................................. 29 5.4 RESULTADOS DO TESTE DA AUTO-SUFICIÊNCIA EM PETRÓLEO ........................................ 32 6 CONCLUSÃO ....................................................................................................36 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS.........................................................................38 APÊNDICE A ............................................................................................................44 xiv 1 INTRODUÇÃO Esta pesquisa investiga a relação entre os movimentos do preço do petróleo e do mercado acionário brasileiro através de um Modelo de Mercado aumentado pelo fator petróleo. Tal modelo tem
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