Rok Putina, Obwód Kaliningradzki W

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Rok Putina, Obwód Kaliningradzki W O R O D E K ST U D I Ó W WS C H O D N I C H Center for Eastern Studies Prace OSW / CES Studies P R RokA Putina C E Putin’s Ye a r OSObwód kaliningradzkiW w kontekÊcie rozszerzenia Unii Europejskiej The Kaliningrad Oblast inC the context E of EU enlargementS S T U D I E S n u m e r 2 W a r s z a w a lipiec 2001 / W a r s a w J u l y 2 0 0 1 © Copyright by OÊrodek Studiów Wschodnich Seria ãPrace OSW” zawiera materia¸y analityczne © Copyright by Center for Eastern Studies przygotowane w OÊrodku Studiów Wschodnich The ‘CES Studies’ series contains analytical materials Redaktor serii / Series editor prepared at the Center for Eastern Studies Anna ¸abuszewska Opracowanie graficzne / Graphic design Wersj´ angielskoj´zycznà publikujemy Dorota Nowacka dzi«ki wsparciu finansowemu T¸umaczenie / Translation Departamentu Promocji Jim Todd Ministerstwa Spraw Zagranicznych RP The English version is published Wydawca / Publisher with the financial support OÊrodek Studiów Wschodnich of the Promotion Department Center for Eastern Studies of the Republic of Poland’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs ul. Koszykowa 6a Warszawa / Warsaw, Poland Materia¸y analityczne OSW mo˝na przeczytaç tel./phone: +48 /22/ 628 47 67 na stronie www.osw.waw.pl fax: +48 /22/ 629 87 99 Tam równie˝ znaleêç mo˝na wi´cej informacji o OÊrodku Studiów Wschodnich NaÊwietlanie / Offset The Center’s analytical materials can be found JML s.c. on the Internet at www.osw.waw.pl Druk / Printed by More information about the Centre for Eastern Studies Print Partner is available at the same web address Spis treÊci C o n t e n t s Marek Menkiszak Marek Menkiszak Rok Putina / 5 Putin’s Year / 29 Bartosz Cichocki Bartosz Cichocki Katarzyna Pe¸czyÄska-Na¸«cz Katarzyna Pe¸czyÄska-Na¸«cz Andrzej Wilk Andrzej Wilk Obwód kaliningradzki w kontekÊcie The Kaliningrad Oblast in the context rozszerzenia Unii Europejskiej / 12 of EU enlargement / 36 Obj«cie przez W¸adimira Putina w¸adzy w Rosji mia∏o przynieÊç, jak powszechnie oczekiwano, powa˝ne zmiany w sferze politycz- nej i gospodarczej. Tymczasem w pierwszym roku jego prezyden- tury podj´te zosta∏y g∏ównie dzia∏ania zmierzajàce do umocnienia w¸adzy prezydenta i kszta∏towania instrumentów kontroli nad sy- tuacjà w kraju. Osiàgni´to w tej dziedzinie umiarkowany sukces, zmniejszajàc politycznà rol´ oÊrodków stanowiàcych dotychczas hamulce dla w¸adzy prezydenckiej. Nadal jednak istnieje szereg czynników ograniczajàcych wp∏yw Kremla na sytuacj´ w Rosji. SpoÊród wielu deklarowanych wczeÊniej ambitnych reform wsfe- rze politycznej, spo¸ecznej igospodarczej zrealizowano do tej po- ry jedynie nieliczne – dotyczàce g∏ównie sfery administracyjnej i fiskalnej. W drugiej po¸owie roku zaznaczy¸ si« spadek dynamiki procesu reform i widoczny by¸ brak konsekwencji w¸adz w podej- mowanych dzia¸aniach. By¸o to spowodowane mi«dzy innymi obiektywnymi trudnoÊciami i ogromnà z∏o˝onoÊcià reform. Wa˝- nym czynnikiem by∏a jednak tak˝e niejednolitoÊç centralnego Rok Putina aparatu w∏adzy, podzielonego na nieformalne grupy orozbie˝nych Marek Menkiszak niekiedy interesach i odmiennych wizjach rozwoju kraju oraz nie- dostatek woli politycznej ze strony kluczowych decydentów zpre- zydentem Putinem na czele. Narasta∏y za to zagro˝enia dla wolnoÊci s∏owa, rzàdów prawa i kszta¸towania w Rosji spo¸eczeÄstwa obywatelskiego. Aby osiàgnàç deklarowane przez rosyjskie w¸adze cele Ð a zw∏aszcza przeprowadziç modernizacj´ kraju i osiàgnàç wyso- kie tempo wzrostu gospodarczego, które pozwoli na zmniejszenie dystansu dzielàcego Rosj´ od najbardziej rozwini´tych paƒstw Êwiata i zapewnienie jej godnego miejsca na arenie mi«dzynaro- dowej Ð konieczne by¸oby podj«cie zdecydowanych dzia¸aÄ. W szczególnoÊci przyciàgni´cie zagranicznego kapita∏u poprzez przyÊpieszenie niezb´dnych reform, a szczególnie zainicjowanie reform strukturalnych zmniejszajàcych mi´dzy innymi zale˝noÊç Rosji od koniunktury mi«dzynarodowej, deregulacja gospodarki i ograniczenie (rozbudowanych i nieefektywnie realizowanych) opiekuÄczych funkcji paÄstwa. Wpolityce wewn«trznej rozwojowi sprzyja∏oby zachowanie swobód obywatelskich, mechanizmów demokratycznych i stopniowe kszta¸towanie spo¸eczeÄstwa oby- watelskiego (model „liberalny”). Alternatywà sà kosmetyczne zmiany prowadzàce do gospodarczej stagnacji, dalsze umacnia- nie kontroli paƒstwa nad ˝yciem spo∏eczno-politycznym i gospo- darczym. W∏adze reagowa∏yby na wzrost napi´ç spo∏ecznych pró- bà konsolidacji spo∏eczeƒstwa w obliczu rzekomych wrogów ze- wn´trznych powodujàc wyraêny wzrost autorytaryzmu (model „zachowawczy”). Wydaje si´, i˝ pomimo sprzyjajàcych warunków P r a c e O S W politycznych i ekonomicznych: dobrej koniunktury gospodarczej I. Rosyjskie reformy: i wysokiego spo¸ecznego poparcia dla prezydenta, w¸adze nie z a m i e rzenia i ich realizacja zdecydowa∏y si´ jeszcze na konsekwentnà realizacj´ modelu „liberalnego”. Obecna polityka Kremla polega na lawirowaniu Zapowiedê podj´cia powa˝nych reform zarówno wsferze politycz- pomi´dzy tymi opcjami: ∏àczenia po∏owicznego autorytaryzmu no-administracyjnej, jak i spo¸eczno-gospodarczej zawiera¸y ko- (przy zachowaniu formalnych instytucji demokratycznych) zpo¸o- lejne wystàpienia programowe W∏adimira Putina: wystàpienie wicznym liberalizmem gospodarczym. Kontynuacja takiej polityki „Rosja na styku tysiàcleci” wyg¸oszone przez premiera Putina i niekonsekwentna realizacja reform z czasem, wraz z pogorsze- na zjeêdzie prokremlowskiego ruchu ãJednoÊç” 29 grudnia 1999 r. niem si´ koniunktury, mo˝e zepchnàç Rosj´ ku modelowi „zacho- [patrz Aneks I] oraz ãList otwarty W¸adimira Putina do rosyj- wawczemu”. Realizacja modelu ãliberalnego” (przynajmniej skich wyborców” og¸oszony 25 lutego 2000 r. Dominowa¸y w sferze gospodarczej) wcià˝ jest jeszcze mo˝liwa, lecz wymaga- w nich has∏a odbudowy Rosji, przezwyci´˝enia zjawisk kryzyso- ¸aby g¸«bokich zmian personalnych w aparacie paÄstwowym, je- wych, wzmocnienia paÄstwa i stworzenia efektywnej gospodarki go ideowo-programowego ujednolicenia, atak˝e porzucenia przez zapewniajàcej wzrost. Wszystko to mia∏o si´ odbywaç na drodze Kreml imperatywu politycznego konsensu w realizacji reform oraz ewolucyjnej, bez wstrzàsów. Deklarowanym imperatywem mia∏o zaakceptowania zwiàzanych z nimi czasowych kosztów spo∏ecz- byç niepogarszanie poziomu ˝ycia ludnoÊci. nych. Wiosna 2001 roku przynios∏a co prawda próby przyspiesze- Takie ogólnikowe has∏a nie mog∏y jednak zastàpiç prawdziwego nia wysi∏ków reformatorskich, aprezydenckie or´dzie przez Zgro- programu reform. Zosta¸ on opracowany wmaju 2000 r., po trwa- madzeniem Federalnym utrzymane by∏o wduchu ostro˝nego libe- jàcych oficjalnie pó∏ roku pracach. Jego autorami sà specjaliÊci ralizmu, jednak pytanie o wol´ politycznà w∏adz dla wprowadza- z Centrum Studiów Strategicznych stworzonego z inicjatywy pre- nia tych deklaracji w ˝ycie pozostaje nadal otwarte. miera Putina jesienià 1999 r. Na czele Centrum sta∏ – cieszàcy si« zaufaniem prezydenta Ð German Gref ito jego nazwiskiem sy- Minà∏ rok, od kiedy W∏adimir Putin zosta∏ zaprzysi´˝ony na prezy- gnowano najcz´Êciej przygotowanà ãStrategi« rozwoju FR do denta Federacji Rosyjskiej 7 maja 2000 r., pi´ç miesi´cy po prze- roku 2010”. Ten bardzo obszerny dokument (oko¸o 500 stron) za- j´ciu obowiàzków g∏owy paƒstwa od Borysa Jelcyna. Sk∏ania to do wierajàcy szczegó∏owy plan reform w sferze polityczno-admini- próby pewnego podsumowania zmian, jakie dokona∏y si´ w Rosji stracyjnej, spo¸ecznej i gospodarczej nigdy nie zosta¸ w ca∏oÊci pod rzàdami nowego przywódcy. opublikowany. W maju 2000 r. do prasy przedosta∏y si´ do∏àczo- Niniejszy tekst kreÊli obraz reform wprowadzonych w ˝ycie przez ne doƒ „Plany dzia∏aƒ priorytetowych”. Program Grefa po wpro- rosyjskie w∏adze wciàgu roku, atak˝e wskazuje na te deklarowa- wadzeniu poprawek zosta∏ wst´pnie przyj´ty przez rzàd (zjedno- ne wczeÊniej dzia∏ania reformatorskie, które bàdê to wprowadza- czesnym skierowaniem do dalszej dyskusji). Na jego podstawie ne sà zopóênieniem, bàdê te˝ nie zosta∏y dotychczas rozpocz´te. gabinet przyjà∏ w koÄcu lipca dokument „G∏ówne dzia∏ania rzà- Ocena dotyczy równie˝ sposobu wprowadzania reform. du FR w sferze polityki spo¸ecznej i modernizacji gospodar- Daje to podstaw´ do szerszego spojrzenia na g∏ówne kierunki ki na lata 2000–2001” (opublikowany). Dokument rzàdowy pre- zmian, jakie zarysowa¸y si« w Rosji w omawianym okresie, ab«- cyzowa¸ Ð w porównaniu z wersjà Grefa – niektóre plany dzia∏aƒ dàce zarówno wynikiem og∏aszanych reform, jak i rezultatem in- prawodawczych, zmienia∏ niektóre terminy, a przede wszystkim nych dzia¸aÄ w¸adz i procesów zachodzàcych w paÄstwie. wy∏àcza∏ ca∏kowicie cz´Êç politycznà programu (jako nie wcho- Tekst koƒczà ogólne wnioski zawierajàce równie˝ elementy pro- dzàcà w kompetencje rzàdu) [patrz Aneks II]. Okrojony „program gnozy. Grefa” sta∏ si´ programem rzàdu Michai∏a Kasjanowa. Natomiast prezydent Putin, po potwierdzeniu mandatu wwyborach w marcu 2000 r., wystàpi∏ z oficjalnà wyk∏adnià swojej polityki w swym ãOr´dziu do Zgromadzenia Federalnego” wyg¸oszonym 8 lipca P r a c e O S W 2000 r. Dalsze prace nad „programem Grefa” doprowadzi∏y do noczeÊnie rozpoczà∏ si´ proces tworzenia filii organów federal- wst´pnego przyj´cia przez rzàd w koÄcu marca 2001 r. nowej nych w OF, w pierwszym rz´dzie obejmujàcy organy Êcigania wersji programu Êrednioterminowego oraz programu krótkotermi- i s∏u˝by specjalne. Przedstawiciele prezydenta OF uzyskali – for- nowego na lata 2001–2004 (które majà byç nadal „dopracowy- malnie Ð uprawnienia kontrolne (ale nie w¸adcze) wobec admini- wane”). Nowe deklaracje dotyczàce
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