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Thesis Shenzhen Marie Krop ␡ൣࡋ᜿ӗъ IMPLEMENTATION FROM ABOVE? !"#$%&'()*)&'+$,&-$%./*)01*)'2$*"#$ %-#1*)0#$3'(.+*-4$)'$5"#'6"#'7$%")'1$ $ !"#$%&'()%#*#'+&,"-'"-.'/%0*1-"2'32"--*-0'+-*4%&#*$5'16'78#$%&."8'81-)#$9-&:$;.2.+*$<=>? Colophon Master Thesis Graduate Degree Urban and Regional Planning Title Implementation From Above? The Conditions for Cultivating the Creative Industry in Shenzhen, China Student Marie F. Krop Student ID 6157769 Zuiderzeeweg 36e 1095 KJ Amsterdam [email protected] UvA University of Amsterdam Department of Human Geography, Planning & International Development Studies Plantage Muidergracht 14-16 1018 TV Amsterdam Project in Collaboration With INTI International New Towns Institute Grote Markt 43 1315 JB Almere Supervisor Prof. Dr. Ig. A. (Arnold) Reijndorp Co Tutor C. (Chingwen)Yang MSc 16 August, 2013 The Conditions for Cultivating the Creative Industry in Shenzhen, China | 2 Implementation From Above? The Conditions for Cultivating the Creative Industry in Shenzhen, China The Conditions for Cultivating the Creative Industry in Shenzhen, China | 4 The Conditions for Cultivating the Creative Industry in Shenzhen, China | 5 Abstract Since Shenzhen became a Special Economic Zone in the 1980s, the city has experienced enormous economic growth and is currently in the shifting process from a manufacturing economy into a service based economy and developed already from a rural town to a ten million mega city in only thirty years. In doing so, the government, like many other cities, tries to promote itself as a creative city resulting in a proliferation of creative industry parks. This thesis explores the conditions under which creative industry is being developed in Shenzhen by doing qualitative research. Because current theory available on creative industry is mainly derived from a western context, this thesis puts to question to what extent current theory on the conditions for creative industry to emerge is also applicable to the distinctive case of Shenzhen. To do so, the development processes of six different cases of creative industry that represent the development process of creative industry in Shenzhen were reconstructed. In conclusion, conditions for creative industry in Shenzhen differ and therefore it is impossible to predict what conditions are required to become a creative city. Keywords Creative Industry, Creative City, Conditions, Development Process, Stakeholders, Shenzhen, China The Conditions for Cultivating the Creative Industry in Shenzhen, China | 1 The Conditions for Cultivating the Creative Industry in Shenzhen, China | 2 Acknowledgements This thesis is the final step to complete my master programme Urban and Regional Planning. Being part of a research project organised by the University of Amsterdam and the International New Town Institute (INTI) in Almere, I stayed in Shenzhen (China) for a period of two months, together with a group of ten fellow students Human Geography and Urban Planning, where each of us conducted his/her own independent research. Although the time of going abroad did further increase the time pressure during the process of writing back in Amsterdam, I do not regret to have taken part in this wonderful opportunity. There are a few people I would like to thank for helping me through this process. First of all, I would like to thank Linda Vlassenrood from INTI and Jochem de Vries and Bas Hissink Muller from the University of Amsterdam for organising this project and making me able to take part. Furthermore, I would like to thank INTI for their financial support, as well as giving me access to their local network. I also thank Tat Lam and Becky from Urbanus and Doreen Heng Li from Node for welcoming us to their office and Becky for introducing me to her research in Hong Kong. I also am grateful to the students from Shenzhen University and PKU University, especially Kevin, Sherry, Rosamond and Sean for translating, making phone calls and introducing me to life in Shenzhen, as well as my fellow students for making my time in Shenzhen enjoyable and unforgettable, but also giving me advice and feedback. I also thank all the respondents that have taken their time to participate in my research and often have been very helpful. For support during the writing process I am especially thankful to Yara, Lysanne, Floortje, Patrick and Jack who dragged me through the last weeks and kept me motivated until the last second. I very much thank Ima, Kim and Lisa for commenting on my thesis and their support, as well as my parents. Last but not least, I would like to thank my supervisors Arnold and Chingwen, who helped me throughout the whole process and took their time to discuss my progress and kept me focused on the topic. Marie F. Krop Amsterdam. August 2013 The Conditions for Cultivating the Creative Industry in Shenzhen, China | 3 The Conditions for Cultivating the Creative Industry in Shenzhen, China | 4 “Yes, everything is called ‘creative’ because creative means policy and funding.” Jane Zhang, architect, 2013 “Something is called creative (art) depending on its context.” William, philosophy student (UK) travelling through China, 2013 The Conditions for Cultivating the Creative Industry in Shenzhen, China | 5 Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 11 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 13 Part One Research Framework ......................................................................................... 17 2 Theoretical Background .............................................................................................................. 18 2.1 Introduction to Creative Industry ....................................................................................................... 18 2.2 The Creative City ................................................................................................................................ 19 2.3 How to Become Creative? – The Role of Actors in Urban Development Processes ......................... 22 2.4 The Conditions for the Creative Pathway .......................................................................................... 25 2.6 Creative Industry in a Chinese context .............................................................................................. 30 2.7 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................ 31 3 Research Methodology ................................................................................................................. 32 3.1 Research Questions ............................................................................................................................ 32 3.2 Operationalization .............................................................................................................................. 34 3.4 Constraints and Limitations ............................................................................................................... 39 Part Two Research Findings ............................................................................................... 43 4 Shenzhen’s Pathway Towards the Creative City ...................................................................... 44 4.1 Political and Economic Development from the 1980s ....................................................................... 44 4.2 Steps Towards Becoming a Creative City .......................................................................................... 46 4.3 Shenzhen: Current City Profile .......................................................................................................... 49 5 The Cases of Creative Clusters ................................................................................................... 50 5.1 The Case of OCT Loft ......................................................................................................................... 51 The Conditions for Cultivating the Creative Industry in Shenzhen, China | 6 5.2 The Case of Shekou ............................................................................................................................ 58 5.3 The Case of Dafen Art Village ........................................................................................................... 63 5.4 The Case of Wutong Mountain Art Village ........................................................................................ 66 5.5 The Case of Da Lang Fashion District .............................................................................................. 69 5.6 The Case of ID Town .......................................................................................................................... 73 5.7 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................ 78 6 The Development Process: Role of Stakeholders ...................................................................... 79 6.1 National and Local Government ........................................................................................................ 79 6.2 The Developers ................................................................................................................................... 82 6.3 Creative Businesses and Supporting Businesses
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