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“Villages” in Shenzhen Dissertation Bauhaus-Universität Weimar “Villages” in Shenzhen Persistence and Transformation of an Old Social System in an Emerging Mega City Dissertation Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor-Ingenieur an der Fakultät Architektur der Bauhaus-Universität Weimar vorgelegt von M.Arch. Ma Hang Geboren am 25. April 1974 in Ji lin Weimar, 2006 Mentor: Prof.Dr. phil.habil. Dieter Hassenpflug “Villages” in Shenzhen Contents Acknowledgments .................................................................................VI Introduction ............................................................................................1 1 Study Background ..............................................................................11 1.1 Concepts of Villages in China ........................................................11 1.1.1 Traditional Villages in China ................................................... 11 1.1.2 Urbanization in China............................................................ 19 1.1.3 Current “Villages” in China .................................................... 25 1.2 Concepts of Villages in Shenzhen .................................................30 1.2.1 History of Villages in Shenzhen .............................................. 30 1.2.2 From a Fish Village to Chinese Mega City ................................. 32 1.2.3 “Villages” as an Urban Corporate Community ........................... 39 2 Persistence & Transformation of Social Structures.............................53 2.1 Composition of Population & Social Stratification .........................53 2.1.1 Social Stratifications in Villages in Mao Period........................... 53 2.1.2 Status of Villagers in Modern China’s Social Order..................... 55 2.1.3 Dualistic Community............................................................. 64 2.2 National Power in Villages and Forbidding of Villages ..................76 2.2.1 Double-track Political System in Traditional Society ................... 76 2.2.2 Collective Deputing Mode under the People's Commune System.. 81 2.2.3 Rural Politics under the Villager Self-governing Background........ 88 2.3 Informal Systems & Social Networks in Villages...........................95 2.3.1 Formal Systems & Informal Systems....................................... 95 2.3.2 Restructuring of Social Network............................................ 100 2.3.3 Relationship between Villages and the Neighbour Villages ........ 106 2.4 From Family Culture to Extended Family Culture ........................108 2.4.1 Family Culture ................................................................... 108 2.4.2 Extensive Family Culture ..................................................... 124 2.4.3 Beliefs of Villagers & Marriage.............................................. 127 Summary ..........................................................................................135 3 Persistence & Transformation of Economic Structures .....................137 3.1 Persistence & Transformation of Land Structure ........................137 3.1.1 Differences of Land System ................................................. 137 3.1.2 Transformation of Agricultural Land in Shenzhen..................... 140 3.2 Persistence & Transformation of Economic Organizations ..........151 III “Villages” in Shenzhen 3.2.1 Formation of Collective Economy .......................................... 151 3.2.2 Management Systems in "Villages" ....................................... 153 3.2.3 Joint-stock Company .......................................................... 155 3.2.4 Protective-style Economy .................................................... 158 3.3 Informal Economies....................................................................163 3.3.1 Informal Economies in “Villages” .......................................... 163 3.3.2 Existence Rationalness to Economy Rationalness .................... 167 Summary ..........................................................................................173 4 Persistence & Transformation of Spatial Structures .........................175 4.1 Spatial Forms of Traditional Villages ..........................................176 4.1.1 Spatial Images of Traditional Villages .................................... 177 4.1.2 Spatial Forms of Traditional Villages ...................................... 181 4.2 Spatial Forms of Current Villages................................................185 4.2.1 Spatial Forms .................................................................... 185 4.2.2 Villager Houses.................................................................. 190 4.2.3 Case Study ....................................................................... 194 4.3 Traditional Buildings in Current Villages.....................................205 4.3.1 Torii ................................................................................. 205 4.3.2 Ancestral Temples and Temple Halls ...................................... 206 4.3.3 Other Traditional Buildings................................................... 208 Summary ..........................................................................................210 5 Reconstruction in “Villages” .............................................................213 5.1 Current Reconstruction...............................................................213 5.1.1 Reconstruction Modes ......................................................... 213 5.1.2 Policies on the Reconstruction by the Government .................. 220 5.1.3 Difficulties in the Reconstruction........................................... 227 5.2 Soft Reconstruction ....................................................................230 5.2.1 Causes for Soft Reconstruction............................................. 230 5.2.2 Rehabilitation Using a Soft Way............................................ 245 Summary ..........................................................................................257 Conclusion...........................................................................................260 Zusammenfassung ..............................................................................264 Selected Bibliography .......................................................................268 Figures .............................................................................................282 Tables...............................................................................................283 Plates ...............................................................................................284 Glossary ...........................................................................................289 IV “Villages” in Shenzhen Attached Plate: Important events of “villages” ................................290 Announcement ....................................................................................291 V “Villages” in Shenzhen Acknowledgments In writing the dissertation, I have benefited from the help of many individuals and institutions. I would like to take this opportunity to express my appreciation to all of them. This project began in 2003 after I started to study in Bau- haus-University Weimar. Some data were collected during the research in Shenzhen (2003-2006). The international PHD Programme provided supplemen- tary research funds in 2004. As this book is based on my Ph.D dissertation which I finished at Bau- haus-University Weimar. My first debt of gratitude is to the members of my dis- sertation committee: Professors Dieter Hassenpflug, Chen Yanping, Max Welch Guerra, Kurt Kiessl, Andrea Dimmig-Osburg. As my primary advisor, Prof. Dr. Dieter Hassenpflug, his thoughtful guidance, valuable comments, and consistent appre- ciation of my work help me to overcome the cultural and academic barriers be- tween Chinese and Western traditions in my intellectual journey in Bau- haus-University Weimar. Professor Chen Yanping and Professor Max Welch Guerra gave me valuable scholarly encouragement and taught me, through their keen questions and reflections. I would like to thank those who have generously given their advice: Professor Zhu Jiyi, Professor Gao Qing, Mr. Shen Xinjun, Miss Sun Mary, Miss Ma Yuan at Shenzhen University; Dr. Li Junfu at Zhongshan University; Dr. Bernhard. Strat- mann, Mr. Joern Weinhold, Mr. Florian Koch at Institute for European Urban Studies (IFEU), Bauhaus-University Weimar; Mr. Han Dang, and Mr. Jiang Juntao in Urban Planning & Design Institute of Shenzhen; Prof. Li Jingsheng, and Prof. Zhang Guanzeng at Tongji University; Mr. Wang Guodong at Shenzhen General Institute of Architectural Design & Research; Dr. Tan Gang in Shenzhen Party School. All of them have provided, in various ways, guidance, support, encouragement and as- sistance in every stage of my research and writing. I owe special thanks to Huang Wenbin for his extreme generosity in helping me polish the language. I would like to thank my family in Shenzhen, for their love and patience. I feel sad that my father did not have the opportunity to see the accomplishment of my dissertation. My deepest gratitude ultimately goes to the people in “villages” in Shenzhen, who shared with me the knowledge of what are going on in Chinese villages. VI Introduction Introduction “During the past century, the slow evolution of agriculture, unlike the accel- erated progress of industry, gave the impression of reassuring stability and per- petual equilibrium. In contrast with the fever of industrial growth, the depend- ability of the
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