A Fish Habitat Partnership Strategic Plan for Fish Habitat Conservation in Midwest Glacial Lakes Engbretson Underwater Photography September 30, 2009 This page intentionally left blank. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 I. BACKGROUND 7 II. VALUES OF GLACIAL LAKES 8 III. OVERVIEW OF IMPACTS TO GLACIAL LAKES 9 IV. AN ECOREGIONAL APPROACH 14 V. MULTIPLE INTERESTS WITH COMMON GOALS 23 VI. INVASIVES SPECIES, CLIMATE CHANGE 23 VII. CHALLENGES 25 VIII. INTERIM OBJECTIVES AND TARGETS 26 IX. INTERIM PRIORITY WATERSHEDS 29 LITERATURE CITED 30 APPENDICES I Steering Committee, Contributing Partners and Working Groups 33 II Fish Habitat Conservation Strategies Grouped By Themes 34 III Species of Greatest Conservation Need By Level III Ecoregions 36 Contact Information: Pat Rivers, Midwest Glacial Lakes Project Manager 1601 Minnesota Drive Brainerd, MN 56401 Telephone 218-327-4306 [email protected] www.midwestglaciallakes.org 3 Executive Summary OUR MISSION The mission of the Midwest Glacial Lakes Partnership is to work together to protect, rehabilitate, and enhance sustainable fish habitats in glacial lakes of the Midwest for the use and enjoyment of current and future generations. Glacial lakes (lakes formed by glacial activity) are a common feature on the midwestern landscape. From small, productive potholes to the large windswept walleye “factories”, glacial lakes are an integral part of the communities within which they are found and taken collectively are a resource of national importance. Despite this value, lakes are commonly treated more as a commodity rather than a natural resource susceptible to degradation. Often viewed apart from the landscape within which they occupy, human activities on land—and in water—have compromised many of these systems. These threats can be grouped as the three C’s: Corn, Cabins, and Concrete. Corn (Agriculture) Agriculture is a dominant land use in much of this partnership’s geography. The graphic at right depicts all ecoregions that are dominated by agricultural land use. Lakes can be found in all eight states that are still suffering from the poor soil conservation practices of an earlier time. Further, previous soil and water conservation gains are being lost as lands once retired to perennial vegetation are being tilled again with today’s favorable biofuel economics. Cabins (Development) Much of the development in the Midwest is focused on lakes. While some areas of the region actually lost population in recent years, lake-rich counties, especially in forested ecoregions (see graphic at right) are seeing dramatic increases both in terms of year-round and seasonal residents. Projections for future growth show this trend will continue. As building occurs around lakes, the footprint of development and the activities that go with them (e.g., native vegetative buffers replaced with “city-scaped” lawns, water activities including shallow-water boating, the use of large docks and the removal of fish habitat) combine to have adverse impacts to fish habitats and water quality. Concrete (Urban impervious surfaces) Impervious surfaces in this region’s urban areas have dramatic impacts on lakes. Direct discharge of storm water into lakes carries nutrients and other pollutants into these systems. As algae blooms become more common, rooted aquatic plants— fish habitat—become scarcer. The Central Conrbelt Plains ecoregion exceeds 9 percent impervious surface and certainly is much higher when considering specific lakesheds. Many good conservation efforts are occurring in the respective states, however, the coordination of programs and exchange of information and successful actions does not occur to the fullest extent possible. This partnership is developing a regional strategy for addressing aquatic habitat protection and restoration in glacial lakes. Benefits of such an approach are many, not the least of which will be the first regionally based assessment of glacial lakes. This assessment will focus conservation activities and resources in areas that make the greatest use of limited funds. The partnership provides a forum for sharing programs, strategies, and techniques that have proven their worth but have not yet been applied at a larger, regional scale. 4 MIDWEST GLACIAL LAKES PARTNERSHIP GOALS Protect and maintain intact and healthy lake systems and fish habitats, including fishable populations of game (sport) fish, with an emphasis on native, naturally sustaining populations. Prevent further degradation of fish habitats that have been adversely affected. Reverse declines in the quality and quantity of aquatic habitats in lakes to improve the overall health of fish and other aquatic organisms. Increase the quality and quantity of fish habitats in lakes that support a broad natural diversity of fish and other aquatic species. OBJECTIVES and TARGETS Conduct a condition analysis and identify priority glacial lake fish habitats by 2010. Prepare a “Status of Fish Habitats in Midwestern Glacial Lakes” report in 2010 and every five years thereafter. Implement a Communications Strategy that effectively uses Outreach and Education by 2011. Protect 10,000 acres of intact and healthy lake habitats and 40,000* acres of intact watersheds by 2012*. Restore natural variability in 1,000 acres of lake surface elevations and reconnect 10,000 acres of fragmented lake habitats by 2015*. Reduce and maintain sedimentation, phosphorus and nitrogen runoff to lake habitats to a level within 10 percent of the expected natural variance in these factors or above numeric State Water Quality Criteria in 1,000 acres of affected lakes by 2020*. DEFINITIONS Protect: The removal of a threat to, or preventing the decline of, aquatic habitat by an action in or near a waterbody Restore: The manipulation of the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of a site with the goal of returning natural/historic attributes or functions to degraded aquatic habitat Enhance: The manipulation of the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of a waterbody that heighten, intensify, or improve specific function(s) or for a purpose such as water quality improvement, flood water retention or increased fish production/habitat. Source: Final Interim Strategies and Targets for National Fish Habitat Action Plan, November 8, 2007 *Interim target. Future coordination with partners will determine actual target upon completion of the resource assessment. 5 MIDWEST GLACIAL LAKES PARTNERSHIP OVERVIEW GUIDING PRINCIPLES -Habitat protection is the most cost-effective long-term conservation strategy. -The Partnership will help local and regional efforts acquire the necessary resources and provide decision analysis and other evaluation tools necessary to succeed. -Money spent on restoration, if done strategically, is a wise investment and will result in a positive return on that investment. -Our lake conservation efforts are most likely to succeed when we evaluate progress toward clear and measurable goals, adapting our methods as new information becomes available. PARTNERSHIP PROCESS Inventory Conduct an inventory and classification of the lakes resource using existing data. Prioritize Work with partners to identify priority areas for each system type: • Healthy and intact fish habitats in lakes • Impaired lake habitats • Engineered systems (with control structures) Identify System Influences What are the processes, condition factors, and stressors affecting the state of the resource (hydrology, connectivity, bottom form, material recruitment, energy flow)? • Hydrology • Land use (watershed) • In-lake use (riparian, shore land, in-lake structures, surface use) • Climate change (affects policy and priorities) • Organizational capacity, precipitating interest and social barriers Improve Provide guidance to partners for implementing lake protection and conservation strategies by focusing on the process and underlying system influences. Address the system influence that is negatively impacting the resource. Evaluate Measure the social, ecological, and economic response and benefits. In the event of failure, determine why the project did not meet expectations. Adapt Based on project evaluation, change strategies as warranted. 6 The State’s many lakes and ponds, forested hills and ridges, and gently rolling farmlands remind us of the glacier’s visit and beckon us to come, explore, and enjoy! —From the National Park Service Ice Age National Scenic Trail website http://www.nps.gov/archive/iatr/expanded/history.htm Photo courtesy of Steve Heiskary MPCA I. BACKGROUND Glacial lakes are an abundant and recognizable feature of the landscape over much of the upper Midwest. Retreating and melting of the the Wisconsin Glacial Episode—the last major advance of continental glaciers in the North American Laurentide ice sheet—formed the Midwestern glacial lakes. This episode began about 110,000 years ago and ended 10,000-15,000 years ago (Morton and Gawboy 2000). The resulting landscape features a diverse collection of lakes that range from the small fishless basins that are important to wildlife and waterfowl to the grand sizes of Winnebago, Mille Lacs and Lake of the Woods. Glacial lakes—40,000 by one count—occur in multiple ecoregions in the upper Midwest ranging from the Northern Glaciated Plains and Eastern Corn Belt Plains, which are now dominated by agriculture, to the Northern Lakes and Forests which is as its name implies (Omernik, 1987). The Prairie Pothole Region of the country constitutes portions of Iowa, Minnesota, and North and South Dakota