Animal-Testing Alternatives Valuesin
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PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/151524 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2021-09-27 and may be subject to change. lost in technication lost in technication Meggie Pijnappel Meggie Pijnappel lost in technication VOORKANT (WORDT APART AANGELEVERD) Why do so many research practices still use research animals, despite the societal wish to decrease the number of research Meggie Pijnappel animals, the existence of public policy that uncovering aims to stimulate the development of the alternative methods to animal experimen- latent tation and the sky-high potential of emerging technologies? In Lost in Tech- clash of societal nification - Uncovering the latent clash of societal values in Dutch public policy values in Dutch public on animal-testing alternatives, Meggie Pijnappel oers a critical reection on the technical promises of the established policy discourse on discourse coalition on animal-testing alternatives in the Netherlands. Her animal-testing alternatives research focuses on the intersection of policy, research funding and research practices in translating abstract societal values on health, safety and animal welfare Meggie Pijnappel into concrete research programmes. This research not only shows the diculties that the transition towards an animal-free research world entails, but it also provides a means to stimulate more sustainable policy change. LOST IN TECHNIFICATION Uncovering the latent clash of societal values in Dutch public policy discourse on animal-testing alternatives Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof. dr. Th.L.M. Engelen, volgens besluit van het college van decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op donderdag 4 februari 2016 om 10:30 uur precies ISBN door 978-90-9029393-6 Design Ewan Clark Meggie Ceciel Pijnappel Lay-out geboren op 4 december 1983 ExNihilo Communicatie & Vormgeving te Olst Print Ipskamp Drukkers © 2016 Meggie Pijnappel All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be produced on any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior written permission of the author. Promotor Prof. dr. H.A.E. Zwart Index Copromotor PART I Introduction and theoretical framework ............................................................... 9 Dr. W. Halffman 1 Public values at stake ..................................................................................... 13 Manuscriptcommissie 1.1 Animal experimentation: a persistent policy problem ............................. 13 Prof. dr. M. Ritskes-Hoitinga (voorzitter) 1.2 Questioning the rational approach of Dutch animal research policy ....... 17 Prof. dr. J. Grin (Universiteit van Amsterdam) 1.3 Research objective, relevance and research questions ............................ 26 Prof. dr. B.J.R. van der Meulen (Universiteit Leiden) 1.4 Research outline ....................................................................................... 28 2 Theoretical framework and approach ........................................................... 31 2.1 An interpretive account of policy ............................................................. 31 2.2 Interpretive policy analysis ....................................................................... 33 2.3 Ordering through discourse .................................................................... 34 2.4 Frames as sense-making devices.............................................................. 39 2.5 Expectations as guiding structures of the present .................................. 43 2.6 Putting theory to use: complementing discourse theory with framing theory and STS ........................................................................................ 47 2.7 The study of meaning along the science-policy nexus: case selection ..... 52 Part II Empirical chapters ........................................................................................... 55 3 Studying policy frames .................................................................................. 59 3.1 Policy frames, frame shifts and frame characteristics.............................. 60 3.2 Frame punctuations in Dutch policy discourse ....................................... 62 3.3 Shifting interpretations ............................................................................ 79 3.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................... 83 4 Technification of policy issues ....................................................................... 87 4.1 Frames, policy reflection and technification ........................................... 88 4.2 Policy development: the construction of a technical policy problem ..... 91 4.3 Frame shifts in ZonMw’s programmes on animal-testing alternatives ... 92 4.4 Factors driving the technification process ............................................. 102 4.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................. 108 This thesis was made possible through the kind support of the Willy van Heumen Fund and 5 Societal relevance in research programmes ................................................ 113 the Netherlands Graduate Research School of Science, technology and Modern Culture. 5.1 Promises, performance assessment, and societal relevance ............... 115 5.2 A short introduction into risk assessment, toxicology and toxicogenomics .. 118 5.3 Tension on the public level: animal-testing alternatives as ‘business case’ 122 5.4 Tension over science assessment: valorisation of research .................. 127 List of figures 5.5 Tension in the execution: developing ‘animal-testing alternatives’ ...... 133 Figure 3‑1: Overview of the frame shifts in Dutch policy discourse 5.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 139 between 1970 and 2011 ....................................................................................... 80 Figure 7‑1: Backbone of chapter as divided into three policy instruments Part III Assessment and conclusion ........................................................................... 143 per approach ....................................................................................................... 169 6 Vulnerability of discourse coalitions ............................................................ 147 6.1 Discourse, discourse coalitions and the co-creation of promises and expectations ................................................................................... 148 List of tables 6.2 The creation of a new discourse coalition and its technological promise . 149 6.3 Discursive processes binding the new discourse coalition ................... 152 Table 2‑1: Analysing framework of frames, promises and expectations .............. 50 6.4 Discourse coalition under pressure? ..................................................... 159 6.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 163 Table 2‑2: Summary of the empirical part of this research; studying the science-policy nexus .............................................................................................. 54 7 Sustainable policy change ............................................................................ 167 7.1 Policy evaluation, reflection, and policy instruments .......................... 168 Table 4‑1: ZonMw’s programmes on animal-testing alternatives and 7.2 Technical-analytic discourse: development of relevant 3R-alternatives 171 relevant documents .............................................................................................. 92 7.3 Contextual discourse: connecting to stakeholders’ values .................. 176 7.4 Systematic discourse: responsible use of research animals ................ 181 Table 7‑1: The chapter’s theoretical backbone and outline. ............................... 170 7.5 Ideological discourse: reflection on societal values that guide animal experiments .............................................................................. 185 Table 7‑2: Some viable policy instruments to stimulate, motivate, or force 7.6 Concluding remarks.............................................................................. 189 scientists to involve users in their research practice. .......................................... 175 8 Lost in technification ................................................................................... 195 Table 7‑3: Some viable policy instruments to stimulate, motivate or force 8.1 Answering the research questions ........................................................ 195 (re)framing of three-R alternatives...................................................................... 180 8.2 Scientific contributions and societal relevance .................................... 202 8.3 Remaining questions and challenges for future research .................... 207 Table 7‑4: Some viable policy instruments to encourage responsible use of 8.4 Call for a sense of urgency ................................................................... 209 research animals. ..............................................................................................