Introduction to High Speed Rail

T. Kobayashi Shinkansen Traction Substation

Gauge and Operation of HSR Track Gauge of conventional rail in Asia

Broad gauge

Europe Standard gauge Standard gauge

Japan 1067 mm Narrow gauge

Broad gauge

Meter gauge

Track Gauge Shinkansen Traction Substation

HSR Network in the world HSR Network in Europe

Conventional rail in EU is Standard gauge TGV network in France

Conventional rail is Standard gauge

Many TGV trains operate on existing lines by mixed services with conventional passengers trains. LGV; New line for HSR New line for HSR Conventional line with TGV operation HSR (ICE) Network in Germany

Conventional rail is Standard gauge

Many ICE trains operate on existing lines by mixed services with conventional passengers and freight trains.

NBS; New line for HSR (Vmax = 300 km/h) NBS; New line for HSR (Vmax = 250 km/h) ABS; Improved conventional line (Vmax = 200 m/h)~ 230 k SFS; High speed line including new and conventional rail (Vmax < 160 km/h) HSR (Shinkansen) network in Japan

New line, V =300 km/h

New line, V =275 km/h L = 27,600 km New line, V =260 km/h Re-gauged conventional line, V =130 km/h Lines under construction or planned Conventional rail is Narrow gauge

Shinkansen trains operate on dedicated lines.

Shinkansen is Standard gauge HSR Plan in

Chiang Mai Existing SRT rail is

Nong Meter gauge Khai Phitsanulok Thai HSR shall be dedicated rail.

Bangkok Existing SRT network will be used for • Commuter services • Regional transport • Freight services Hua Hin (NE); ~ Nong Khai, 610 km (S); Bangkok ~ Hua Hin ~ Padang Besar, 980 km (E); Bangkok ~ Rayong, 220 km (N); Bangkok ~ Phitsanulok ~ , 680 km

Padang Maximum speed; 250 ~ 300 km/h Besar Travel time; Bangkok ~ Chiang Mai = about 3 hours Shinkansen Traction Substation

Operation and Capacity of HSR Speed and Line Capacity dedicated rail and mixed operation with conventional rail 1. HSR only on dedicated track

300 km/h ~ 350 km/h

2. HSR + conventional passenger train Pattern 2

Pattern 1

160 km/h 160 km/h 160 km/h

300 km/h

3. HSR + conventional passenger + freight train 80 km/h

Allowable speed of passing each other 160 km/h 160 km/h with freight train is lower (ex.160 km/h). Change in train diagrams

2 trains / hour Tokyo ~ Osaka Headway at peak time 13 trains / hour 3 minutes interval

1964 2011 60 336 trains / day trains / day Wide body and Narrow body

Wide body EMU Narrow body EMU (E2, N700, Velaro CN, CRH3 etc.) (E3, AGV, ICE3 etc.)

5 seats/row with big capacity 4 seats/row 5/4 = 25 % up

Narrow body is mainly used in Europe to meet narrow loading profile of UIC because of mixed operation with existing conventional rail of standard gauge. Seat pitch and capacity

1040 mm

Shinkansen 700

Rotatable

Short pitch Increased capacity 1040/920 = 13 % up

ICE-3 920 mm

Fixed seat Line Capacity of HSR

1. The average number of passengers per 25 m car (P). Shinkansen ( ４４４ ~ 5 seats/row); P = 64 ~ 83 (passengers/car) ICE-3 (4 seats/row); P = 54 ~ 58 (passengers/car)

2. The number of cars per train (N) N = 6 ~ 16 cars/train

3. The number of trains at peakhour per direction (T) T = 6 ~ 11 trains/peakhour/direction trains / day

Line Capacity = P x N x T = 1,944 ~ 14,608 = 2,000 ~ 15,000 (passengers/peakhour/direction)

Expected Demand 27,000 ~ 200,000 (passengers/day) at busy section. Shinkansen Traction Substation

Market share of HSR in Railway business Target of HSR (Market share of railway)

ShareShare andand journeyjourney distancedistance 100 %

80 300 1,000 km Railway has more than 50 % share VehicleVehicle AirAir 500 60 50 % HSR has more than 50 % share 40 HSRHSR 20 OtherOther railrail 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 km Bangkok Korat Nong Khai Chiang Mai Sungai Kolok Competition with Airlines Before and After HSR service started Tokyo ~ Akita (663km) Tokyo ~ Aomori (675km) 1996 2011 Aomori 2002 2011

Akita 29% 34% 66% 43% 52% 48% 57% 71%

Niigata Yamagat a 301km

Tokyo ~ Yamagata (360km) 100 % Nagano 226km 1991 2011 10% Tokyo 24% Shinkansen 76% 90% Airlines Travel time and share

Rail is dominant over air for shorter than 3 hours’ travel.

Tokyo ~ Osaka 76% (515km) Europe 40% 60% London 19% 1hr 54 min Brussels 81% Tokyo

Osaka 2 hr 25 min 2hr 15 min 100% Japan Tokyo ~ Hakata 30% hr min 1 22 (1069 km) 70% 14 % Hakata Paris Osaka Nagoya Tokyo 86%86% Shorter Travel time is the key in HSR design. Shinkansen Traction Substation

Thank you !