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The Use of Intelligence Led Policing in Crime Prevention

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The Use of Intelligence Led Policing in Crime Prevention THE USE OF INTELLIGENCE LED POLICING IN CRIME PREVENTION BY THE SOUTH AFRICAN POLICE SERVICE by NTJA PATRICK MASHILOANE Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF LITERATURE AND PHILOSOPHY in the subject of POLICE SCIENCE at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA PROMOTER: PROF M MONTESH SEPTEMBER 2014 DECLARATION I, NTJA PATRICK MASHILOANE, declare that this thesis: THE USE OF INTELLIGENCE LED POLICING IN CRIME PREVENTION BY THE SOUTH AFRICAN POLICE SERVICE, is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. ................................ 2014-09-11 Signature N.P MASHILOANE i AKNOWLEDGEMNTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the following persons for the assistance and support they provided during this study. Professor Moses Montesh, my supervisor for efficient guidance, enthusiasm and encouragement. My brother Prof David Masiloane for his encouragement. My colleagues in the South African Police Service who gave up their time to be interviewed for this thesis. Lastly, I want to thank my wife, Matsie Mashiloane, my son Papi Elliot Mashiloane and my daughter Relebohile Refiloe Disebo Mashiloane for their understanding when I was always glued to my books in the study room. Their understanding is appreciated because without their support, I would not be where I am today. Thank you very much. ii DEDICATION This study is dedicated to my late parents, Elliot and Matubatsi Josephine Mashiloane for raising me to be who I am today. “Mme le Ntate” you are and will always be my heroes and role models. iii ABSTRACT The advent of democracy in South Africa brought hope for freedom and prosperity for millions of South Africans. The country also experienced an increase in violent crime during those early years of democracy. In order to deal with the threat of crime the government had to develop policing strategies which would eradicate crime and fear of crime. As a young democracy South Africa had to look for policing models which has successfully decreased the high crime rate in developed countries. Fortunately the western democracies like the United Kingdom, United States of America and Australia had some of these answers. Firstly it was community policing, then sector policing, and finally intelligence led policing. This research focuses on the intelligence led policing model by discussing its building blocks in chronological order as follows. Firstly is the historical background of intelligence; Secondly, is information collection; Thirdly is crime analysis; and Fourthly is the Intelligence-cycle, with specific focus on the implementation process in England in the United Kingdom; New Jersey in the United States of America, South Australia State in Australia; and in the Republic of South Africa. A questionnaire was used to collect data on the implementation of intelligence led policing by the South African Police Service. iv OPSOMING Met die koms van demokrasie in Suid-Afrika het dit hoop en voorspoed vir miljoene Suid-Afrikaners gebring. Die land het „n styging in geweldsmisdade beleef in die skemer jare van demokrasie. Om in oorleg te tree met die dreigende stygende van misdaad, moes die staat polisieërings strategieë ontwikkel wat misdaad en die vrees daarvoor sou stop sit. As „n jong demokrasie, moes Suid-Afrika kyk na polisieërings modelle, van ander ontwikkelde lande, wat die misdaad kan laat daal. Gelukkig het die Westerse lande soos Vereningde Koningkryk, Vereningde State van Amerika en Australië die antwoorde gehad. Om die plaag van misdaad in Suid-Afrika op te los, moes Suid-Afrika, polisieërings modelle aanneem wat gewerk het in die Westerse demokrasië. Eerstens was die Gemeenskaps Polisieëring, tweedends, was dit Sektor Polisieëring en derdens Intilligensie gedrewe Polisieëring. Dié navorsing focus op die Intelligensie gedrewe polisieering. Die volgende bou blokke van van die model was volledig, in kronologies volgorde bespreek in verskillende hoofstukke, soos volg. Eerstens die historiese agtergrong van intelligensie; Tweedens is inligting versameling; Derdens is dit midaad anaalisering; Vierdends die intelligensie siklus en laastens, is dit die intelligensie gedrewe polisieërings model, met spesifieke focus op die implementerings proses in Engeland in die Veregde Koningkryk; New Jersey in die Vereningde State van Amerika, Suid Australiese Staat in Australië en in die Republiek van Suid Afrika. „N vraelys was gebruik om die data aangaande die implementering van die Intelligensie gedrewe Polisieëring in die Suid Afrikaanse Polisie Diens in te vorder. v KEY CONCEPTS Intelligence led Policing Intelligence Crime Analysis Intelligence cycle Crime Intelligence vi ABBREVIATIONS ABCI : Australian Bureau of Criminal Intelligence ACID : Australian Criminal Intelligence Database AD : Anno Domini (In the year since the birth of Christ) ACPO : Association of Chief Police Officers ASIO : Australian Security Intelligence Organisation ATM : Automated Teller Machine AZAPO : Azanian People Organisation ANC : African National Congress BC : Before the birth of Christ BCU : Borough Command Unit/ Basic Command Unit BOSS : Bureau for State Security CAS : Crime Administration System CIS : Crime Intelligence Station CCTV : Closed Circuit Television CFR : Code of Federal Regulations CIA : Central Intelligence Agency CIMO : Crime Information Management Office CIO : Crime Information Office COMPSTAT : Comparison of Computer Statistics CPF : Community Police Forum CPTED : Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design CRIM : Criminal Record System CSC : Community Service Centre DMI : Directorate of Military Intelligence DONS : Department of National Security ELINT : Electronic Intelligence ENATIS : Electronic National Traffic Information System FBI : Federal Bureau of Investigation FIB : Force Intelligence Bureaux FIFA : Fe‟de‟ration Internationale de Football Association FIRT : Force Intelligence Review Team vii GIS : Geographic Information System HMIC : Her Majesty‟s Inspectorate of Constabularies HUMINT : Human Intelligence ILP : Intelligence led Policing IQ : Intelligence Quotient ISIS : Individual Structure Information System KGB : Komitet gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti (Committee for State Security). KPM : Kent Policing Model MEC : Member of Executive Committee MISS : Minimum Information Security Standards MK : Umkonto Wesizwe NCIS : National Criminal Intelligence Service/ National Crime Investigation Service NIE : National Intelligence Estimate NIM : National Intelligence Model NICOC : National Intelligence Co-ordinating Committee NCIS : National Crime Investigation Service NIS : National Intelligence Service NSA : National Security Agency OIAC : Operational Information Analysis Centre OSINT : Open Source Intelligence PAC : Pan Africanist Congress RI : Republican Intelligence ROIC : Regional Operations and Intelligence Centre RSA : Republic of South Africa SACP : South African Communist Party SADF : South African Defence Force SAP : South African Police SAPS : South African Police Service SIGINT : Signals Intelligence SIMS : Statewide Intelligence Management System TECHINT : Technical Intelligence viii T & CG : Tasking and Co-ordination Group USA : United States of America ix TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Declaration i Acknowledgements ii Dedication iii Abstract iv Opsoming v Key Concepts vi Abbreviations vii CHAPTER 1: GENERAL ORIENTATION 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 2 1.3 HYPOTHESES 3 1.4 RESEARCH AIM AND OBJECTIVES 4 1.5 VALUE OF THE RESEARCH 4 1.5.1 Value to the Researcher 4 1.5.2 Value to the University 4 x 1.5.3 Value to the South African Police Service 5 1.5.4 Value to the Scholarly and Academic Community 5 1.6 KEY THEORETICAL CONCEPTS 5 1.6.1 Intelligence led policing 6 1.6.2 Crime Intelligence 6 1.6.3 Crime analysis 6 1.6.4 Information 6 1.6.5 Intelligence 7 1.6.6 Intelligence cycle 7 1.7 CHAPTER LAYOUT 7 1.8 CONCLUSION 9 CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2.1 INTRODUCTION 10 2.2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 10 2.2.1 Research approach and design 11 xi 2.2.2 Population and sampling 13 2.2.3 Sampling size 14 2.2.4 Method of data collection 15 2.2.5 Data analysis 15 2.2.6 Method used to ensure validity and reliability 16 2.2.7 Ethical considerations 17 2.3 LITERATURE REVIEW 17 2.3.1 Intelligence led policing in the United Kingdom 17 2.3.2 Intelligence led policing in the United States of America 18 2.3.3 Intelligence led policing in Australia 19 2.4 CONCLUSION 19 CHAPTER 3: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF INTELLIGENCE 3.1 INTRODUCTION 20 3.2 INTELLIGENCE AND THE HUMAN RACE 20 3.3 INTELLIGENCE IN THE ANCIENT WORLD 21 xii 3.3.1 Egypt 22 3.3.2 Rome 23 3.3.3 Greece 25 3.3.4 Ancient China 25 3.4 DARK AGES 27 3.4.1 Byzantine Empire 27 3.4.2 Mongols 28 3.5 MIDDLE AGES 29 3.6 RENAISSANCE 30 3.7 BIRTH OF MORDEN INTELLIGENCE 31 3.8 EVOLUTION OF CRIMINAL INTELLIGENCE IN AMERICA 32 3.8.1 Congressional inquiries into intelligence activities 35 3.8.2 Crime commissions 36 3.8.3 Introduction of intelligence led policing in the 41 United States of America 3.9 EVOLUTION OF POLICE INTELLIGENCE UNITS IN BRITAIN 41 3.10 INFORMATION COLLECTION IN AUSTRALIA 42 xiii 3.11 INFORMATION COLLECTION IN SOUTH AFRICA 42 3.11.1 Functions of the security branch 43 3.11.2 South African intelligence community 44 3.11.3 Regime change and policing 48 3.11.4 Crime intelligence division of the South African Police Service 49 3.12 CONCLUSION 50 CHAPTER 4: INFORMATION COLLECTION 4.1 INTRODUCTION 51 4.2 DEFINITION OF INTELLIGENCE 51 4.2.1 Crime intelligence
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