DOCSLIB.ORG

Notes and References

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Notes and References Notes and References 1 The Invisible Migrants There have, however, been several short articles on exiled and other South Africans in Britain which have appeared in journals and news­ papers such as Race Today, New Society, Third World, the Guardian and the Independent on Sunday (Kozonguizi, 1969; Lapping, 1969; de Gier, 1987; Cunningham, 1988). 2 Apart from the plethora of autobiographies and two Hollywood films (Cry Freedom and A World Apart), a series of interviews with South African exiles appeared in the British press: with Hugh Masekela (Johnson, 1990), Peter Hain (Keating, 1991) and articles on South Africans in Britain by Freedberg (1990), Sher (1991) and Fathers (1992) . In addition, Anthony Sher appeared in a film written by Alan Cubitt for 'Screen Play' on BBC2, The Land of Dreams (transmitted 8 August 1990), and Christopher Hope (1990) presented a Kaleido­ scope programme on exile for Radio Four (transmitted 16 February 1990). 3 There have, of course, been exceptions. In a book published in 1994, Robin Cohen traced the relationship between Britain and Australia, New Zealand, Canada, South Africa and Rhodesia (Cohen, 1994). 4 None of these archives have been fully catalogued. Indeed, the mate­ rial in the IDAF and AAM collections will not be easily accessible for several more years. 5 The choice of 75 interviews seemed a reasonable compromise between my desire to obtain detailed accounts and a series of resource and time constraints. The sample size was chosen to give me enough information to study exiles as individuals as well as enough people to be able to consider what was going on among other exile groupings. The object of this study was not merely to gather descriptive data, but to develop a case study through which I might identify general prob ­ lems and explanations. Consequently, the typicality of subjects was less important than their ability to promote explanation (Mitchell, 1983). 6 Most older Johannesburg Congress and Communist Party activists knew this already. 2 State, Opposition and Exit Afrika! (the journal of the ANC Youth League) quoted in Advance, 17 December 1953, p. 1. Cited in Everatt (1991: 38). 2 The Congress Alliance comprised the South African Indian Congress (SAlC), the South African Coloured People's Organisation (SACPO), the COD, the ANC, and the South African Congress of Trade Unions (SACTU). 242 Notes and References 243 3 I interviewed people from two families as well as three single women who left in the 1940s and 1950s. None of them were simply forced out. 4 Some other African activists also left, though few came to Britain (see Abrahams, 1954; Hutchinson, 1960; Mphahlele, 1963; Anderson, 1970). 5 Described in more detail in Podbrey (1993 : 141-53). 6 Interview with Freda Katz. 7 Unpublished transcript of interview with Oliver Tambo by Hilda Bernstein. 8 Unpublished transcript of interview with Albie Sachs by Hilda Bernstein. Sachs was one of the Congress lawyers who helped people obtain exit permits. 9 K. Naidoo is a pseudonym. 10 Interview with Alexander Israel (my father). II Interview by Imruh Bakari. 12 Unpublished transcript of interview with Peggy Phango by Imruh Bakari. 13 Unpublished transcript of interview with Esme Matshikiza by Hilda Bernstein. 14 By 1968, this number had grown to 741. 15 From October 1962-3,24 people were placed under house arrest. Of these 24 people, II fled the country illegally, while two left under exit permits. By the end of 1966, about 125 banned people had left South Africa (Sachs, 1970: 21). 16 Hansard, 1965, col. 398. Cited in Albertyn (1991: 210). 17 See Pauline Podbrey's story. 18 Quoted in Africa Digest, 6 (jut--Aug. 1958) p. 30. 19 See Africa Digest in 1957 for various examples. 20 Sunday Express (South Africa) , 23 May 1965. 21 Unpublished transcript of interview with Albie Sachs by Hilda Bernstein. 22 Unpublished transcript of interview with Mac and Zarina Maharaj by Beata Lipman for Hilda Bernstein. 23 He later produced a fictional account of the collapse of the ARM (Driver, 1969). 24 There are various accounts of Harold Wolpe's first unsuccessful attempt to escape in 1963 (Kantor, 1967; Bernstein, 1994; Wolpe, 1994). 25 Assembly, Hansard, 1963, col. 7767. Amnesty International reported that 1200 refugees had passed through Bechuanaland (quoted in Barber and Barratt, 1990). 26 South African Institute of Race Relations 1964 Annual Report, p. 75. Quoted in Barber and Barratt (1990). 27 For an account of how Youssef Omar left South Africa, see Bernstein (1989) . 28 See Chapter 3. 29 Unpublished transcript of interview with Abdul Minty by Hilda Bernstein. 244 Notes and References 30 Unpublished transcript of interview with Edith Yengwa by Hilda Bernstein. 31 Quoted in Sachs (1968). 32 South Africa had introduced peacetime conscription for white males between the ages of 18 and 65 in 1957. In 1967 compulsory con­ scription replaced a ballot system of draft. 33 1966 General Law Amendment Act, s.22. 34 Evidence given at the Delmas Trial in 1988. Quoted in Albertyn (1991 : 276). 35 Sol Dubula was a pseudonym of J oe Slovo. 36 Unpublished transcript of interview with Dennis Goldberg by Hilda Bernstein. 37 Reprinted in Kitson (1987 : 297). 38 Extract from 'Instalment Two'. (Unnamed Debriefing Document held in Mayibuye Archive, University of Western Cape: African National Congress Papers, Boxfile 13.) 39 Letter to Jane Grant, 9 January 1977. Quoted in Grant (1979 : 236). 3 Accounts of Exit Quoted in Popular Memory Group (1982: 226). See also the work of Italian oral historians Luisa Passerini (1981, 1983) and Alessandro Portelli (1985). 2 For instance, Donald Woods' flight into exile received wide coverage in the British press in January 1978. 3 See Kitson (1987), Jenkins (1987), Kasrils (1993), Podbrey (1993), Bernstein (1994), Wolpe (1994), Press (1995), Slovo (1995). For earlier accounts, see Abrahams (1954), Hutchinson (1960), Segal (1963), Kantor (1967), Bernstein (1989). One ofthe few recent accounts of the experiences of black exiles in Britain was Resha (1992) while Ntantala (1992) has written of her life in the United States. There have also been fictional accounts such as Gillian Slovo's Ties ofBlood (1989). 4 Personal communication from Daso Iyer, 10 April 1998. 5 Robben Island, just west of Cape Town, was where most of the ANC and PAC black leadership were imprisoned. 6 On the other hand, husbands rarely attributed their political educa­ tion in South Africa to their wives. However, once outside South Africa, several men did note that they had learned about feminist politics through their female partners. 7 See, for example, unpublished transcript of interview with Esme Goldberg by Wolfie Kodesh, 5 August 1993. (Transcript held in Mayibuye Archive, University of the Western Cape.) 8 Unpublished transcript of interview with Harold Wolpe by Wolfie Kodesh, 16 December 1992. (Transcript held in Mayibuye Archive, University of the Western Cape.) 9 See Barrell (1991) for a discussion of the eventual shift in strategy by the ANC from military to legal, semi-legal and underground political struggle. Nales and References 245 4 South African Migration to Britain The concentration of South Africans in London was particularly marked, with 18500 South Africans living there (27 per cent of South Africans), including over 9000 (14 per cent) in Inner London while the inner part of the city only constituted four per cent of the British population. However, to put these figures in a different con­ text, those born in South-Africa made up only 1.2 per 1000 United Kingdom residents. Even in Inner London, South Africans only made up 3.7 per 1000 of the total local population. 2 For instance, we do know that there have consistently been more women than men, that in 1971 the age structure was skewed towards 20-30-year-olds (20 per cent) and away from under lOs (4.2 per cent). The 1971 census also provides a snapshot of when South African­ born United Kingdom residents entered the United Kingdom. Of those there in 1971, 8.6 per cent were known to have arrived in the 1940s, 19 per cent in the 1950s, and almost 32 per cent in the 1960s. 3 2737 residents of Great Britain who were born in South Africa were unemployed [CEN 91 EGCB Table F]. 4 A very rough population estimate of the ethnic composition of persons born in South Africa and living in Great Britain in 1991 can be obtained from multiplying by 50 the two per cent individual sample of Anonymised Records drawn from the 1991 Population Census. This sample of 1295 South Africans suggests that about 90 per cent of South Africans in Britain described themselves as white (approximately 58250), 3.4 per cent as Black African (approximately 2150), 1.2 per cent as 'Black other' (approximately 800 including, presumably, some of those who would have identified themselves as or been identified as Coloured in South Africa), 2.9 per cent as Indian (approximately 1900) as well as small numbers of 'Pakistani', 'Chinese', 'Other-Asian' (which may include some of those who might at one time have identified as Cape Malay), and 1.3 per cent 'Other-other' (approximately 850). 5 No figures are available for January-October 1993. 2880 people left for the United Kingdom in 1994. 6 433 HC Debs., col. 758 (14 February 1947). Reproduced in Miles (1989a : 433). 7 Report ofthe Royal Commission on Population (1949; Cmd. 7695 n. 49, p. 124). 8 637 HC Debs., col. 447 (22 March 1961). 9 Perhaps this might have been expected given the original motiva­ tions behind Dominion settlement (Seeley, 1883; Williams,1964; Cohen, 1994). 10 In 639 HC Debs., col. 1066 (1 May 1961). 11 Times, 22 March 1961. 12 Raymond Gower MP [639 HC Debs., col.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Complete Dissertation
    VU Research Portal Itineraries Rousseau, N. 2019 document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in VU Research Portal citation for published version (APA) Rousseau, N. (2019). Itineraries: A return to the archives of the South African truth commission and the limits of counter-revolutionary warfare. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. E-mail address: [email protected] Download date: 09. Oct. 2021 VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT Itineraries A return to the archives of the South African truth commission and the limits of counter-revolutionary warfare ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad Doctor aan de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, op gezag van de rector magnificus prof.dr. V. Subramaniam, in het openbaar te verdedigen ten overstaan van de promotiecommissie van de Faculteit der Geesteswetenschappen op woensdag 20 maart 2019 om 15.45 uur in de aula van de universiteit, De Boelelaan 1105 door Nicky Rousseau geboren te Dundee, Zuid-Afrika promotoren: prof.dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Malibongwe Let Us Praise the Women Portraits by Gisele Wulfsohn
    Malibongwe Let us praise the women Portraits by Gisele Wulfsohn In 1990, inspired by major political changes in our country, I decided to embark on a long-term photographic project – black and white portraits of some of the South African women who had contributed to this process. In a country previously dominated by men in power, it seemed to me that the tireless dedication and hard work of our mothers, grandmothers, sisters and daughters needed to be highlighted. I did not only want to include more visible women, but also those who silently worked so hard to make it possible for change to happen. Due to lack of funding and time constraints, including raising my twin boys and more recently being diagnosed with cancer, the portraits have been taken intermittently. Many of the women photographed in exile have now returned to South Africa and a few have passed on. While the project is not yet complete, this selection of mainly high profile women represents a history and inspiration to us all. These were not only tireless activists, but daughters, mothers, wives and friends. Gisele Wulfsohn 2006 ADELAIDE TAMBO 1929 – 2007 Adelaide Frances Tsukudu was born in 1929. She was 10 years old when she had her first brush with apartheid and politics. A police officer in Top Location in Vereenigng had been killed. Adelaide’s 82-year-old grandfather was amongst those arrested. As the men were led to the town square, the old man collapsed. Adelaide sat with him until he came round and witnessed the young policeman calling her beloved grandfather “boy”.
    [Show full text]
  • Remembrance African Activist Archive Project Documenting
    Remembrance African Activist Archive Project Documenting Apartheid: 30 Years of Filming South Africa By Peter Davis During April 2004 and beyond we were constantly reminded that this is the tenth anniversary of the first democratic all-race elections in South Africa. I was shocked by the realization that last year also marked the thirtieth anniversary of my first visit to that country, of my first experience with apartheid. After that first trip in 1974 as part of an African tour I was doing for the American NGO, Care, I was to devote a large part of my working life to the anti-apartheid struggle. For those of us who were involved in that struggle, it was such an everyday part of life that it is hard to grasp that there is already a generation out there that does not know the meaning of “apartheid”. The struggle against apartheid took many forms, from protests, strikes, sabotage, defiance, guerrilla warfare within the country to boycotts, bans, United Nations resolutions, rock concerts, and arms and money smuggling and espionage outside. Apartheid, which was institutionalized by the coming to power of the white National Party in 1948, lasted as long as it did, against the condemnation of the world, because it had powerful friends. Chief among these were the United States, which saw a South Africa governed by whites as a useful ally in the Cold War; a Britain whose ruling class had close links with South African capital; and German, French, Israeli and Taiwanese commercial interests that extended even to sales of weapons and nuclear technology to the apartheid regime.
    [Show full text]
  • Lesleywalker
    (3/10/21) LESLEY WALKER Editor FILM & TELEVISION DIRECTOR COMPANIES PRODUCERS “MILITARY WIVES” Peter Cattaneo 42 Rory Aitken Tempo Productions Ltd. Ben Pugh “THE MAN WHO KILLED DON Terry Gilliam Amazon Studios Mariela Besuievsky QUIXOTE” Recorded Picture Co. Amy Gilliam Gerardo Herrero Gabriele Oricchio “THE DRESSER” Richard Eyre BBC Suzan Harrison Playground Ent. Colin Callender “MOLLY MOON: THE Christopher N. Rowley Amber Ent. Lawrence Elman INCREDIBLE HYPNOTIST” Lipsync Prods. Ileen Maisel “HOLLOW CROWN: HENRY IV”Richard Eyre BBC Rupert Ryle-Hodges Neal Street Prods. Sam Mendes “I AM NASRINE” Tina Gharavi Bridge and Tunnel Prods James Richard Baille (Supervising Editor) David Raedeker “WILL” Ellen Perry Strangelove Films Mark Cooper Ellen Perry Taha Altayli “MAMMA MIA” Phyllida Lloyd Playtone Gary Goetzman Nomination: American Cinema Editors (ACE) Award Universal Pictures Tom Hanks Rita Wilson “CLOSING THE RING” Richard Attenborough Closing the Ring Ltd. Jo Gilbert “BROTHERS GRIMM” Terry Gilliam Miramax Daniel Bobker Charles Roven “TIDELAND” Terry Gilliam Capri Films Gabriella Martinelli Recorded Picture Co. Jeremy Thomas “NICHOLAS NICKLEBY” Douglas McGrath Cloud Nine Ent. S. Channing Williams Hart Sharp Entertainment John Hart MGM/United Artists Jeffery Sharp “ALL OR NOTHING” Mike Leigh Cloud Nine Entertainment Simon Channing Williams Le Studio Canal “SLEEPING DICTIONARY” Guy Jenkin Fine Line Simon Bosanquet "FEAR AND LOATHING IN Terry Gilliam Rhino Patrick Cassavetti LAS VEGAS" Stephen Nemeth "ACT WITHOUT WORDS I" Karel Reisz Parallel
    [Show full text]
  • For Southern Africa SHIPPING ADDRESS: POSTAL ADDRESS: Clo HARVARD EPWORTH CHURCH P
    International Defense and Aid Fund for Southern Africa SHIPPING ADDRESS: POSTAL ADDRESS: clo HARVARD EPWORTH CHURCH P. 0. Box 17 1555 MASSACHUSETfS AYE. CAMBRIDGE. MA 02138 CAMBRIDGE. MA 02138 TEL (617) 491-8343 BOARD OF TRUSTEES A LETTER FROM DONALD WOODS Willard Johnson, President Margaret Burnham Kenneth N. Carstens John B. Coburn Dear Friend, Jerry Dunfey Richard A. Falk You can save a life ~n South Africa. EXECUTIVE DIRECIDR Kenneth N. E:arstens ..:yOtl- e-an-he-l--p -ave-a h-i-l cl adul-t ~rom the herre-I"s- af a South African prison cell. ASSISTANT DIRECIDR Geoffrey B. Wisner You can do this--and much more--by supporting the SPONSORS International Defense and Aid Fund for Southern Africa--IDAF. John C. Bennett Lerone Bennett, Jr. Leonard Bernstein How do I know this? Mary F. Berry Edward W. Brooke I have seen the many ways in which IDAF defends political Robert McAfee Brown prisoners and their families in Southern Africa. Indeed, Shirley Chisholm I myself helped to deliver the vital services it provides. Dorothy Cotton Harvey Cox C. Edward Crowther You can be sure that repression in South Africa will not Ronald V. DeHums end until freedom has been won. That means more brutality Ralph E. Dodge by the South African Police--more interrogations, more torture, Gordon Fairweather more beatings, and even more deaths. Frances T. Farenthold Richard G. Hatcher Dorothy 1. Height IDAF is one of the most effective organizations now Barbara Jordan working to protect those who are imprisoned and brutally Kay Macpherson ill-treated because of their belief in a free South Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report: Volume 2
    VOLUME TWO Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report The report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission was presented to President Nelson Mandela on 29 October 1998. Archbishop Desmond Tutu Ms Hlengiwe Mkhize Chairperson Dr Alex Boraine Mr Dumisa Ntsebeza Vice-Chairperson Ms Mary Burton Dr Wendy Orr Revd Bongani Finca Adv Denzil Potgieter Ms Sisi Khampepe Dr Fazel Randera Mr Richard Lyster Ms Yasmin Sooka Mr Wynand Malan* Ms Glenda Wildschut Dr Khoza Mgojo * Subject to minority position. See volume 5. Chief Executive Officer: Dr Biki Minyuku I CONTENTS Chapter 1 Chapter 6 National Overview .......................................... 1 Special Investigation The Death of President Samora Machel ................................................ 488 Chapter 2 The State outside Special Investigation South Africa (1960-1990).......................... 42 Helderberg Crash ........................................... 497 Special Investigation Chemical and Biological Warfare........ 504 Chapter 3 The State inside South Africa (1960-1990).......................... 165 Special Investigation Appendix: State Security Forces: Directory Secret State Funding................................... 518 of Organisations and Structures........................ 313 Special Investigation Exhumations....................................................... 537 Chapter 4 The Liberation Movements from 1960 to 1990 ..................................................... 325 Special Investigation Appendix: Organisational structures and The Mandela United
    [Show full text]
  • POLICY for MANAGING ACCESS to INTELLIGENCE INFORMATION in POST-APARTHEID SOUTH AFRICA University of the Witwatersrand
    POLICY FOR MANAGING ACCESS TO INTELLIGENCE INFORMATION IN POST-APARTHEID SOUTH AFRICA Submitted by Sandra Elizabeth Africa In fulfilment of the requirements for the degree PhD in Management University of the Witwatersrand Supervisor: Professor Gavin Cawthra September 2006 TABLE OF CONTENTS Pages DECLARATION.................................................................................................... v ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………… vi TABLE OF ACRONYMS………………………………………………………. vii CHAPTER 1: AIM OF THE STUDY ………………………………………….. 1 Problem statement………………………………………………………………… 1 Background………………………………………………………………………... 1 Aim of the study…………………………………………………………………. 3 The research questions…………………………………………………………….. 5 Significance of the study………………………………………………………….. 7 Scope of the study………………………………………………………………… 9 Title of the dissertation…………………………………………………………… 12 Structure of the dissertation………………………………………………………. 13 CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY……………………………………………. 15 Introduction………………………………………………………………………. 15 Main methodological features of the study………………………………………. 16 Underlying assumptions of the study…………………………………………….. 20 The research process……………………………………………………………… 22 The research tools………………………………………………………………… 24 Interpretation of the research results……………………………………………… 28 Concluding remarks………………………………………………………………. 30 CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW …………………………………….. 31 Introduction………………………………………………………………………. 31 Conceptual approaches to secrecy……………………………………………….. 31 Balancing secrecy and access to information in international relations………….
    [Show full text]
  • Zimbabwe News, Vol. 18, No. 9
    Zimbabwe News, Vol. 18, No. 9 http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.nuzn198709 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org Zimbabwe News, Vol. 18, No. 9 Alternative title Zimbabwe News Author/Creator Zimbabwe African National Union Publisher Zimbabwe African National Union (Harare, Zimbabwe) Date 1987-09-00 Resource type Magazines (Periodicals) Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) Zimbabwe, Mozambique, South Africa, Southern Africa (region) Coverage (temporal) 1987 Source Northwestern University Libraries, L968.91005 Z711 v.18 Rights By kind permission of ZANU, the Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front. Description Editorial. Address to the Central Committee by the President and First Secretary of ZANU (PF) Comrade R.G.
    [Show full text]
  • SOUTH AFRICAN POLITICAL EXILE in the UNITED KINGDOM Al50by Mark Israel
    SOUTH AFRICAN POLITICAL EXILE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM Al50by Mark Israel INTERNATIONAL VICTIMOLOGY (co-editor) South African Political Exile in the United Kingdom Mark Israel SeniorLecturer School of Law TheFlinders University ofSouth Australia First published in Great Britain 1999 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-1-349-14925-4 ISBN 978-1-349-14923-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-14923-0 First published in the United States of Ameri ca 1999 by ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division. 175 Fifth Avenue. New York. N.Y. 10010 ISBN 978-0-312-22025-9 Library of Congre ss Cataloging-in-Publication Data Israel. Mark. 1965- South African political exile in the United Kingdom / Mark Israel. p. cm. Include s bibliographical references and index . ISBN 978-0-312-22025-9 (cloth) I. Political refugees-Great Britain-History-20th century. 2. Great Britain-Exiles-History-20th century. 3. South Africans­ -Great Britain-History-20th century. I. Title . HV640.5.S6I87 1999 362.87'0941-dc21 98-32038 CIP © Mark Israel 1999 Softcover reprint of the hardcover Ist edition 1999 All rights reserved . No reprodu ction. copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publicat ion may be reproduced. copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provision s of the Copyright. Design s and Patents Act 1988. or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency .
    [Show full text]
  • Cry Freedom Essay
    L.B. History Period 7 Feb. 2003 Cry Freedom; Accurate? Have you ever seen a movie based on a true story and wondered if it was truly and completely accurate? Many movies and books documenting historical lives and events have twisted plots to make the story more interesting. The movie Cry Freedom, directed by Richard Attenborough, is not one of these movies; it demonstrates apartheid in South Africa accurately through the events in the lives of both Steve Biko and Donald Woods. Cry Freedom has a direct relation to black history month, and has been an influence to me in my feelings about racism and how it is viewed and dealt with today. Cry Freedom was successful in its quest to depict Steve Biko, Donald Woods, and other important characters as they were in real life. Steve Biko was a man who believed in justice and equality for all races and cultures. The important points in his life such as his banning (1973), his famous speeches and acts to influence Africans, the trial (convicting the nine other black consciousness leaders) in which he took part, his imprisoning and ultimately his death were documented in Cry Freedom, and they were documented accurately. Steve Biko was banned by the South African Apartheid government in 1973. Biko was restricted to his home in Kings William's Town in the Eastern Cape and could only converse with one person at a time, not including his family (The History Net, African History http://africanhistory.about.com/library/biographies/blbio-stevebiko.htm). In the movie, this is shown when Biko first meets Donald Woods where he explains his banning situation.
    [Show full text]
  • Save Pdf (0.02
    In Memoriam May 1, 2006 - September 30, 2006 Hilda Bernstein Christine Messiant Leonard Robinson Frank Willett Carole Collins Mazisi Kunene Philip Shea Stephen Lucas Don Ohadike R.J. Snow Hilda Bernstein member of the ANC and a regular speaker for the Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM) group in Johannesburg, South Africa (AP) - Hilda Britain and abroad. Bernstein, an anti-apartheid activist and author The couple eventually settled in Britain whose husband was tried for treason alongside but returned to South Africa after the 1994 Nelson Mandela, has died. She was 91. democratic elections that made Mandela the Bernstein died of heart failure at her country’s president. home in Cape Town on Friday night, her son Hilda Bernstein was a founding member Keith said. of the Federation of South African Women, the “The liberation movement mourns a fi rst nonracial women’s organization in South tireless political activist whose lifelong commit- Africa. She also was a writer and artist whose ment to the cause of the South African people work has been used as book jackets and illus- will continue as an inspiration for generations to trations, posters and cards for the AAM. come,” the ruling African National Congress said Bernstein was born in London in 1915 in a statement. and emigrated to South Africa in 1932, work- Bernstein’s husband, Rusty, and Mandela ing in advertising, publishing and journalism. were tried along with other anti-apartheid activ- A fi ery orator, she served as a city ists in the infamous Rivonia Trial in 1964. Man- councilor in Johannesburg from 1943 to 1946 dela received a sentence of life imprisonment, as the only communist elected to public offi ce while Rusty Bernstein was the only defendant in a “whites only” vote.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rise of the South African Security Establishment an Essay on the Changing Locus of State Power
    BRADLOW SERIE£ r NUMBER ONE - ft \\ \ "*\\ The Rise of the South African Security Establishment An Essay on the Changing Locus of State Power Kenneth W. Grundy THl U- -" , ., • -* -, THE SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS The Rise of the South African Security Establishment An Essay on the Changing Locus of State Power Kenneth W, Grundy THE SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS August 1983 BRADLOW PAPER NO. 1 THE BRADLOW FELLOWSHIP The Bradlow Fellowship is awarded from a grant made to the South African Institute of In- ternational Affairs from the funds of the Estate late H. Bradlow. Kenneth W. Grundy is Professor of Political Science at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. Professor Grundy is considered an authority on the role of the military in African affairs. In 1982, Professor Grundy was elected the first Bradlow Fellow at the South African Institute of International Affairs. Founded in Cape Town in 1934, the South African Institute of International Affairs is a fully independent national organisation whose aims are to promote a wider and more informed understanding of international issues — particularly those affecting South Africa — through objective research, study, the dissemination of information and communication between people concerned with these issues, within and outside South Africa. The Institute is privately funded by its corporate and individual members. Although Jan Smuts House is on the Witwatersrand University campus, the Institute is administratively and financially independent. It does not receive government funds from any source. Membership is open to all, irrespective of race, creed or sex, who have a serious interest in international affairs.
    [Show full text]