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L'universite BORDEAUX 1 DOCTEUR Ahmed BEN ATITALLAH N° d’ordre 3409 THESE présentée à L’UNIVERSITE BORDEAUX 1 ECOLE DOCTORALE DES SCIENCES PHYSIQUES ET DE L’INGENIEUR POUR OBTENIR LE GRADE DE DOCTEUR SPECIALITE : ELECTRONIQUE Par Ahmed BEN ATITALLAH Etude et Implantation d’Algorithmes de Compression d’Images dans un Environnement Mixte Matériel et Logiciel Soutenue le : 11 Juillet 2007 Après avis de : M. Noureddine ELLOUZE Professeur à l’ENIT, Tunis, Tunisie Rapporteur M. Patrick GARDA Professeur à l’Université Paris VI Rapporteur Devant la Commission d’examen formée de : M. Lotfi KAMOUN Professeur à l’ENIS, Sfax, Tunisie Président M. Patrick GARDA Professeur à l’Université Paris VI Rapporteur M. Noureddine ELLOUZE Professeur à l’ENIT, Tunis, Tunisie Rapporteur M. Philippe MARCHEGAY Professeur à l’ENSEIRB M. Nouri MASMOUDI Professeur à l’ENIS, Sfax, Tunisie M. Patrice KADIONIK Maître de Conférences à l’ENSEIRB M. Patrice NOUEL Maître de Conférences à l’ENSEIRB -2007- A mes parents A ma famille A tous ceux qui me tiennent à cœur REMERCIEMENTS Cette thèse s’est effectuée en cotutelle entre l’équipe circuits et systèmes du Laboratoire d'Electronique et des Technologies de l'Information (LETI) de l’ENIS à Sfax, Tunisie ainsi que dans l’équipe Circuits Intégrés Numériques du Laboratoire de l’Intégration du Matériau au Système (IMS) de l’Université de Bordeaux et de l’ENSEIRB. Je remercie Monsieur le Professeur Nouri MASMOUDI ainsi que Monsieur le Professeur Philippe MARCHEGAY pour m’avoir accueilli au sein de leur équipe et pour l’intérêt qu’ils ont porté au déroulement de mes travaux. Je tiens à présenter ma vive gratitude à Monsieur Patrice KADIONIK, Maître de conférences à l’ENSEIRB, co-encadrant de ma thèse et Monsieur Patrice NOUEL, Maître de conférences à l’ENSEIRB, qui ont contribué activement à la réalisation de mes travaux, d’une part pour leurs conseils efficaces, leurs grandes compétences mais aussi pour leurs grandes qualités humaines. Je remercie Monsieur le Professeur Lotfi KAMOUN, Professeur à l’ENIS, Tunisie pour l’honneur qu’il m’a fait en acceptant de présider le jury de cette thèse. Je remercie vivement Monsieur Noureddine ELLOUZE, Professeur à l’ENIT, Tunisie et Monsieur Patrick GARDA, Professeur à l’Université Paris VI, pour l’intérêt qu’ils ont porté à mes travaux en acceptant d’examiner ce mémoire et d’en être les rapporteurs. Je remercie vivement Monsieur Fahmi GHOZZI, Maître assistant à l’ISECS, Tunisie pour sa participation à la réalisation de ce travail. Enfin, mes remerciements vont aussi à tous ceux qui ont participé plus ou moins indirectement au bon déroulement de ma thèse. SOMMAIRE INTRODUCTION GENERALE .......................................................................................................................... 17 CHAPITRE I: LES NORMES DE CODAGE VIDEO .................................................................................... 23 I.1 INTRODUCTION :...................................................................................................................................... 23 I.2 PRINCIPE DE BASE : ................................................................................................................................. 23 I.2.1 Définition d’une image et des types d’images :............................................................................. 23 I.2.2 Changement d’espace de couleur : ............................................................................................... 24 I.2.3 Définition de la vidéo :.................................................................................................................. 24 I.2.4 La compression vidéo : ................................................................................................................. 25 I.2.5 Les données vidéo : ....................................................................................................................... 28 I.3 LES NORMES DE CODAGE VIDEO : ............................................................................................................ 29 I.3.1 Principes :..................................................................................................................................... 30 I.3.2 Les normes de l’UIT-T :................................................................................................................ 32 I.3.3 Les normes de l’ISO/MPEG :........................................................................................................ 33 I.4 ETUDE DE LA NORME H.263 : .................................................................................................................. 34 I.4.1 Introduction : ................................................................................................................................ 34 I.4.2 Le principe du processus de compression :................................................................................... 35 I.4.3 Estimation de mouvement : ........................................................................................................... 36 I.4.4 La Transformée de Cosinus Discrète (TCD/TCDI) : .................................................................... 40 I.4.5 Quantification : ............................................................................................................................. 41 I.4.6 Codage entropique :...................................................................................................................... 42 I.5 CONCLUSION :......................................................................................................................................... 45 CHAPITRE II: LA CONCEPTION DES SYSTEMES NUMERIQUES.......................................................... 47 II.1 INTRODUCTION :................................................................................................................................. 47 II.2 METHODOLOGIES DE CONCEPTION DES SYSTEMES NUMERIQUES :...................................................... 47 II.2.1 Généralités :.................................................................................................................................. 47 II.2.2 Réalisation d’un système sur puce SoC (System on Chip) ou SoPC (System on Programmable Chip) : 48 II.2.3 Les différentes familles de blocs IP (Intellectual Property) :........................................................ 49 II.3 LES CIRCUITS A LOGIQUE PROGRAMMABLE : ...................................................................................... 50 II.3.1 Types d'architectures et éléments des circuits FPGA : ................................................................. 50 II.3.2 Les différents éléments d’un circuit FPGA : ................................................................................. 50 II.3.3 Exemple de circuit FPGA : la famille Altera Stratix II :............................................................... 52 II.4 ARCHITECTURES RECONFIGURABLES EMBARQUEES : ......................................................................... 53 II.4.1 Architecture des processeurs : ...................................................................................................... 53 II.4.2 Les processeurs pour les SoPCs : ................................................................................................. 55 II.4.3 Le processeur embarqué NIOS : ...................................................................................................56 II.5 LES SYSTEMES NUMERIQUES EMBARQUES : ........................................................................................ 60 II.5.1 Définition : .................................................................................................................................... 60 II.5.2 Les contraintes des systèmes embarqués : .................................................................................... 60 II.5.3 Terminaux visiophoniques : .......................................................................................................... 61 II.5.4 Conception de systèmes embarqués dans l’approche codesign :.................................................. 63 II.6 LINUX POUR LES SYSTEMES EMBARQUES :.......................................................................................... 64 II.6.1 Le système d’exploitation Linux :.................................................................................................. 64 II.6.2 Linux et l’embarqué : .................................................................................................................... 64 II.6.3 Linux embarqué : .......................................................................................................................... 65 II.6.4 Mise en œuvre de µClinux sur NIOS II :....................................................................................... 66 II.7 CONCLUSION : .................................................................................................................................... 67 CHAPITRE III: PLATEFORME MATERIELLE DE TRAITEMENT VIDEO................................................ 71 III.1 INTRODUCTION :................................................................................................................................. 71 III.2 ENVIRONNEMENT DE DEVELOPPEMENT D’UN SYSTEME SOPC :.......................................................... 71 III.2.1 Conception d’un système SoPC :.............................................................................................. 71 III.2.2 Linux embarqué pour système SoPC
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