I ASPECTOS MORFOLOGICOS Y BIOLÓGICOS DE Leptopharsa

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I ASPECTOS MORFOLOGICOS Y BIOLÓGICOS DE Leptopharsa ASPECTOS MORFOLOGICOS Y BIOLÓGICOS DE Leptopharsa gibbicarina Froeschner (HEMIPTERA: TINGIDAE) EN EL CARIBE HÚMEDO MONTERIA, COLOMBIA FRANCISCO JAVIER CASARRUBIA HERRERA UNIVERSIDAD DE CÓRDOBA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGRÍCOLAS PROGRAMA DE MAESTRÍA EN CIENCIAS AGRONÓMICAS MONTERÍA – CÓRDOBA 2020 I ASPECTOS MORFOLOGICOS Y BIOLOGICOS DE Leptopharsa gibbicarina Froeschner (1976) (HEMIPTERA: TINGIDAE) EN EL CARIBE HÚMEDO MONTERIA, COLOMBIA FRANCISCO JAVIER CASARRUBIA HERRERA Tesis presentada como requisito parcial para optar el título de: Magister en Ciencias Agronómicas, énfasis Sanidad Vegetal Director: CLAUDIO FERNÁNDEZ HERRERA, M.Sc UNIVERSIDAD DE CÓRDOBA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGRÍCOLAS PROGRAMA DE MAESTRÍA EN CIENCIAS AGRONÓMICAS MONTERÍA – CÓRDOBA 2020 II A responsabilidad ética, legal y científica de las ideas, conceptos y resultados del trabajo de grado serán de los autores (Capitulo XI, articulo N°61 de Estatuto de Investigación y Extensión) III NOTA DE APROBACIÓN Firma del Jurado Firma del Jurado Firma del Jurado IV DEDICATORIA Dedico este trabajo principalmente a Dios, por haberme dado la vida y permitirme el haber llegado hasta este momento tan importante de mi formación profesional. A mi amada esposa, por su apoyo y ánimo que me brinda día a día para alcanzar nuevas metas, tanto profesionales como personales, a María Camilla Reyes Cogollo mi hija, a quien siempre cuidaré para verla una persona capaz y que pueda valerse por sí misma. A mi madre y mi padre, por ser el pilar más importante y por demostrarme siempre su cariño y apoyo incondicional sin importar nuestra distancia. V AGRADECIMIENTOS A Dios por guiarme y permitirme llegar hasta este momento tan importante de mi formación profesional. A la Universidad de Córdoba por brindarme los conocimientos pertinentes para mi formación como Magister en Ciencias Agronómicas. Al señor Emilio Restrepo Posada mi jefe, por su gran apoyo incondicional. Al Docente Claudio Fernández Herrera, por los conocimientos brindados, su constante apoyo y dedicación durante la realización de este proyecto. A Karol Darío Pérez por sus asesorías y valiosos aportes que contribuyeron al desarrollo de esta investigación. A mi compañero de maestría Omar Ríos Suarez y el estudiante Andrés Felipe Ojeda por su colaboración y compromiso. A mis compañeros de estudio Lorena Alviz Martínez, Lacides Gil Cuello, Naudith Urango Esquivel y Omar Ríos Suarez por presentarse en este proyecto de vida. A todos los amigos y personas que hicieron parte de esta trayectoria profesional. ¡Muchas Gracias! VI TABLA DE CONTENIDO 1. CAPITULO I. GENERALIDADES DEL CULTIVO DE PALMA DE ACEITE ...13 1.1 INTRODUCCIÓN .......................................................................................... 13 1.2 PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA ........................................................... 14 1.3 INFORMACIÓN SOBRE EL CULTIVO DE PALMA DE ACEITE (Elaeis guinnesis Jacq. 1897) ................................................................................... 15 1.3.1 Clasificación taxonómica de E. guineensis. .................................................. 16 1.3.2 Características morfológicas de E. guineensis .............................................. 16 1.3.3 Producción de la palma de aceite a nivel mundial y nacional ........................ 17 1.3.4 Insectos plagas asociados a E. guineensis. .................................................. 17 1.4 Generalidades de Leptopharsa gibbicarina Froeschner (1976) ..................... 18 1.4.1 Descripción morfológica de L. gibbicarina ..................................................... 19 1.4.2 Enemigos naturales de L. gibbicarina ........................................................... 20 1.4.3 Manejo químico de L. gibbicarina ................................................................ 21 1.5 REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRAFICAS .............................................................. 22 1.6 OBJETIVOS ................................................................................................. 27 1.6.1. Objetivo General ........................................................................................... 27 1.6.2. Objetivos Específicos ................................................................................... 27 2. CAPÍTULO II. IDENTIFICACIÓN MORFOLÓGICA DE LA ESPECIE DEL GÉNERO Leptopharsa ASOCIADO A LA PLANTACIÓN DE PALMA AFRICANA DE ACEITE (Elaeis guineensis Jacq. 1897) ............................... 28 2.1 INTRODUCCIÓN .......................................................................................... 30 2.2 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS ......................................................................... 31 2.2.1 Localización del área de investigación .......................................................... 31 2.2.2 Colecta del material biológico ....................................................................... 31 2.2.3 Identificación de los ejemplares .................................................................... 31 2.3 RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN ..................................................................... 32 2.3.1 Clasificación taxonómica .............................................................................. 32 2.3.1 Diagnosis de Leptopharsa gibbicarina y especies relacionadas .................... 34 2.4 CONCLUSIÓN.............................................................................................. 36 2.5 AGRADECIMIENTOS................................................................................... 36 2.6 BIBLIOGRAFÍA............................................................................................. 36 VII 3. CAPITULO III. ASPECTOS BIOLOGICOS DE Leptopharsa gibbicarina Froeschner, 1976 EN PALMA DE ACEITE (Elaeis guinnesis Jacq. 1763) .... 39 3.1 INTRODUCCIÓN .......................................................................................... 41 3.2 MATERIALES Y METODOS ......................................................................... 42 3.2.1 Localización .................................................................................................. 42 3.2.2 Fase de campo ............................................................................................. 42 3.2.3 Fase de Laboratorio ...................................................................................... 44 3.3 RESULTADOS Y DISCUCIÓN ..................................................................... 45 Ciclo de vida de L. gibbicarina ...................................................................... 45 Longevidad de vida de adultos de L. gibbicarina ........................................... 54 3.3.3 Ovoposición y Fecundidad de L. gibbicarina ................................................. 56 3.4 CONCLUSIONES ......................................................................................... 59 3.5 AGRADECIMIENTOS................................................................................... 59 3.6 REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRAFICAS .............................................................. 59 VIII LISTA DE TABLAS Tabla 1. Duración en días de los estados de L. gibbicarina en palma de aceite bajo condiciones de campo ................................................................................................... 46 Tabla 2. Longitudes en (mm) de L. gibbicarina en sus diferentes estados de desarrollo en palma de aceite bajo condiciones de campo ................................................................. 46 Tabla 3. Sobrevivencia y Mortalidad en (%) de los diferentes estados de L. gibbicarina en palma de aceite bajo condiciones de campo ................................................................. 47 Tabla 4. Longevidad en días de adultos de L. gibbicarina en el cultivo de palma de aceite bajo condiciones de campo ........................................................................................... 54 Tabla 5. Preoviposición, oviposición en (días), y viabilidad en (%) de huevos de L. gibbicarina en el cultivo de palma de aceite bajo condiciones de campo ....................... 58 IX LISTA DE FIGURAS Pág. Figura 1. Canal rostral Leptopharsa y Gargaphia torresi Stål ........................................ 32 Figura 2. Adulto de L. gibbicarina Froeschner, 1977 ..................................................... 33 Figura 3. Antenas de L. gibbicarina Froeschner, 1977 .................................................. 33 Figura 4. Ejemplar de diferentes especies de tingidos .................................................. 35 Figura 5. Aspectos metodológicos para ciclo de vida de L. gibbicarina bajo condiciones de campo. Cultivo de palma Caño Viejo Palotal, 2019 .................................................. 44 Figura 6. Descripción inicial de huevos de L. gibbicarina .............................................. 45 Figura 7. Diferentes estados del Ciclo de vida de L. gibbicarina .................................. 53 Figura 8. Último segmento abdominal de L. gibbicarina ............................................... 55 Figura 9. Inicio y daño foliar del complejo Leptopharsa - Pestalotiopsis ........................ 56 Figura 10. Foliolos sanos y con deyecciones ................................................................ 58 X RESUMEN El cultivo de palma de aceite E. guineensis, presenta como agente causal de daños el chinche de encaje del género Leptopharsa quien dentro de sus aspectos morfológicos y biológicos bajo condiciones de campo a temperaturas 29,6 ± 4,3 °C y humedad relativa 72,13 %, el cual se identificó la presencia de la especie L. gibbicarina
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