Generic Classification of North American Tingoidea (Hemiptera-Heteroptera) Margaret Eva Poor Hurd Iowa State College
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Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1945 Generic classification of North American Tingoidea (Hemiptera-Heteroptera) Margaret Eva Poor Hurd Iowa State College Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Hurd, Margaret Eva Poor, "Generic classification of North American Tingoidea (Hemiptera-Heteroptera) " (1945). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 13982. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/13982 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. UMI GENERIC CLASSIFICATION OF NORTI! AMERICAN TINGOIDEA (HEMIPTERA-HETERO PTERA) by Margaret Bsor Hurd A Thosis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Majos -S"ub'Js6t; •••'EhVOinblogy Approved: Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. Majoffj Departmen Signature was redacted for privacy. Dean of (Jraduate GollBge Iowa State College 1945 UMI Number: DP12775 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI UMI Microform DP12775 Copyright 2005 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Q1.5LS li O TABLE OP CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION........ 1 REVIEW OP LITERATURE 3 GENERAL DISCUSSION 6 Materials and Procedure........... 6 Diagnostic Characters 9 Dimorphism. 14 Host Plants..15 Bibliographic Notes 15 CLASSIFICATION. 16 Superfamily Tingoidea Reuter, 1912.................... 16 Key to the Families of Tingoidea...•••«•••••••••••• 16 Family Piesmidae Amyot et Serville, 1843..»*»... 17 Genus Piesma Le Peletler et Serville.....•••• 18 Family Tingidae Laporte, 1332. 20 Key to the Subfamilies of Tingidae.20 Subfamily Cantacaderinae (Stal), 1873..... 20 Key to the North American Ganera of Cantacaderinae 21 Genus Phatnoma Fieber......•..*..••• 21 Genus Eocader Drake and Hambleton... 23 Genus Zetekella Drake 24 Subfamily Serenthiinae (Stal), 1873.... 26 Subfamily Tinginae (Stal), 187326 -lil- JE^ge Key to the Genera of Tlnginae*27 Genus Alveotlngls Osbom and Drake... 39 Genus Melanorhopala Stal*.*..«..••••. 40 Genus Hesperotlngls Parshley, 41 Genus Teleonmia Costa 43 Genus Tlgava Stal46 Genus Monanthia Le Peletier et Serville48 Genus Physatoche11a Pieber..........# 52 Genus Leptodiotya Stal...54 Genus Dlohooysta Champion..57 Genus Calotlngls Drake.....58 Genus Eotlngls Scudder... 60 Genus Amblystlra Stal.........61 Genus Leptoypba Stal.63 Genus Goryoera I^ake...65 Genus Acysta Champion. 67 Genus Pseudaoysta Blatehley....68 Genus Atheas Chaiapion.70 Genus Dlctyonota Curtis. 72 Genus Acalypta Westwood 74 Genus Tlngis Pabrlclus 78 Genus Leptopharsa stal 81 Genus Dyapharsa Drake and Hambleton.. 84 Genus Hybopharsa, geaa., noT...•.•••••• 85 Genus Eurypharsa Stal 87 Genus Macrotlngis Champion.88 -iv- p&g® Genus Acanthooheila Stal 90 Genus Pleseobyrsa Drake and Poor...*. 91 Genus AllotlnKls Drake 93 Genus Arlstotoyrsa Drake and Poor..... 95 Caloloma Drake aynd Bruner.,,,,, 96 Genus Stenocysta Champion 97 Genus Pachyoyata Champion.......99 Genus Megalooysta Champion...... 101 Genus Ambyoyata Drake and Hurd....... 103 Genus Phymaoysta Monte. 104 Genus Dicyata Champion. 106 Genus Aepyoyata Drake and Bondar..... 108 Genus Galeatua Curtis 110 Genua Gargaphla stal....... Ill Genus Corythalca Stal114 Genus Stephanltla Stal............... 116 Genus Oorythuoha Stal...... 118 SELECTED RBPSRENCES 122 ACKNOWLBDGBJSNTS. 134 -V- LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Page Pig. 1. Lateral view of hood, median carina and paranota. Dloyata««».» 27 Pig. 2. Paranota: a. Aoantheoheila, b, Caloloma, Go^thucba 30 Pig. 3. Faranota, Corythalca 31 Pig. 4. Paranota, Leptodictya 32 Pig. 5. ParanotaJ a. Calotingia, b. Dlchocyata 32 Pig. 6. a» Dlscoidal area, Monanthia. b. Rostral channel, Gargaphia. 33 Pig. 7. Antennal segment IV, no. 55... 35 Pig. 8. Lateral view of hood, carinae and paranota, Megalocysta. 36 1 INTRODUCTION Although there may be disagreement as to the extent to which the species is a natural entity or an artificial category of classification, there is rather general agreement that the genus and all other higher systematic division are wholly artifical and serve merely as convenient means of grouping related species together. This concept in no way lessens the value of these divisions of classification, which serve the same important function as any efficient filing system or index of bringing order to an otherwise chaotic con glomeration of facts and ideas. The advantages of a binary nomenclature over the use of specific names alone are too apparent to require enumeration. As an example, in identify ing a North American species in the family Tingidae, let ua consider the relative difficulties between comparing it with 295 different species with no generic divisions and first classifying it in one of 45 different genera, no one of which contains, in this area, more than 53 species and only nine of which have ten or more species. In order for the genus to serve thes0 highly useful fxxnctlons to the taxonomist of time saving and error reduction it is necessary that generic limits be redefined from time to time to keep abreast of changes which are constantly occurring within them. With each new species described in a genus there is -2- likely to be some change, slight or great, in the boiuidaries of that genus. Sometlmas two genera, clearly distinct as origi nally described, converge as more species are added iintil it becomes apparent that no clear cut division can be made between th®3i and they must be consolidated into a single genus. In other en es the limits of a genus may continue to spread until it becomes unwieldy in size and scope and a division into smaller, more limited genera is desirable. It is to serve this function of delimiting existing genera that this work has been undertaken. At the time of this writing the status of the family Tingidae is such that without an extensive and representative collection of named specimens for comparison it is very difficult to make accurate detemi- aations. It Is hoped that the following key to genera of North America will enable the taxonomist to classify to genus the tlngids in his collection. The next step to be looked forward to is the intensive study of each genus and the publication of monographs upon them. Because of the magnitude of the task it seemed advisable at the outset of this problem to set definite geographic boundaries within which to work. For this reason the continent of North America was selected as the region to be considered. Ecologically speaking there is no distinct line of demarcation between Panama and Colombia as this selection of region might suggest. There are. In fact, many species which are distributed widely on both sides of this arbitrary boundary, but only the •3- genera found in Canada, the United States, Mexico, Central America and the West Indies are considered In this paper. Revisions in classification cannot satisfactorily be undertaken within definite geographical boundaries unless all the members of the group to be revised are located within that area. That |)hase of the problem must be attacked on a world-wide basis. Therefore no attempt has been made to dls- entagle such confusions as exist in genera like Tingls, Leptopharsa, Teleonemia, MonantMa and others the boundaries of which have become distended beyond the limits of practi cability. That task remains for the monographers of the separate genera. Some of these problems will be presented here with the hope of future solution but their disposal cannot be attempted in this study. REVIEW OP LITERATURE The first North American species of Tlngldae were described by Pabrlcius in 1794, thereby antedating the family Itself by 38 years. These species were Acanthia gossypll, now Included in the genus Gorythucha, and Acanthia sacchar1, now Teleonemia, both distributed throughout the West Indies and Central America and extending Into South America and into southern United States. Thus the tlngids had an early taxonomic start on this continent. The genus Tingls, type of the family, was described, also by Pabrlcius, ten years later. The first of the Piesmldae frcan North America was described by Say in 1831 as Tlngis cinerea. and the same year this pioneer American entomologist, con sidered the father of taxoncralc entomology in America, also described Tingis mutica, now in Leptoypha, T. plexus, now Fhysatocheila, T. cillata and T. arcuata, both Corythucha. The first really extensive work on the tingids of the V/estern Hemisphere was done