Compte Rendu
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Ancient Babylon: from Gradual Demise to Archaeological Rediscovery
Dr. J. Paul Tanner Daniel: Introduction Archaeol. Rediscovery of Babylon Appendix P Ancient Babylon: From Gradual Demise To Archaeological Rediscovery by Dr. J. Paul Tanner INTRODUCTION: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND The Neo-Babylonian Empire was founded under the rule of Nabopolassar (Nabu-apla-usur), who reigned from 626-605 BC . For several hundred years prior to his rule, the Babylonians had been a vassal state under the rule of the Assyrians to the north. In fact Babylon had suffered destruction upon the order of the Assyrian king Sennacherib in 689 BC .1 Following the death of the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal in 627 BC , however, the Assyrian Empire rapidly decreased in power until finally in 612 BC the great city of Nineveh was defeated by the combined forces of the Babylonians, Medes and Scythians. A relief from the palace of Ashurbanipal (669-627 BC ) at Kuyunjik (i.e., Nineveh). The king pours a libation over four dead lions before an offering table and incense stand. 1 Klengel-Brandt points out that the earliest mention of the tower (or ziggurat) in a historical inscription comes from the records of Sennacherib, in which he claims to have destroyed Esagila and the temple tower (Eric M. Meyers, ed. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1997), s.v. "Babylon," by Evelyn Klengel-Brandt, 1:251. Sennacherib's son, Esarhaddon (r. 680-669 BC ), rescinded his father's policy and undertook the rebuilding of Babylon (though retaining the image of Marduk in Assyria that Sennacherib had removed). May 14, 2002 App. -
Redescoperirea Asiriei În Secolul Al Xix-Lea
REDESCOPERIREA ASIRIEI ÎN SECOLUL AL XIX-LEA. SAPATURILE ARHEOLOGICE INTREPRINSE DE VICTOR PLACE LA KHORSABAD REDESCOPERIREA ASIRIEI ÎN SECOLUL AL XIX-LEA. SĂPĂTURILE ARHEOLOGICE INTREPRINSE DE VICTOR PLACE LA KHORSABAD THE REDISCOVERY OF ASSYRIA IN THE 19TH CENTURY. THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS OF VICTOR PLACE AT KHORSABAD Alexandra Mărăşoiu∗ Abstract The purpose of this article is to present the archaeological activity of French diplomat Victor Place. During 1851-1855, when he was consul in Mosul, Victor Place had also an archaeological mission, having been charged by the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres in Paris with undertaking excavations at Khorsabad, the site of the ancient city of Durr-Sharukkin, built by Assyrian king Sargon II in the 8th century B.C. Place managed to uncover the palace of Sargon II and collected various Assyrian antiquities which were intended to be exhibited at the Louvre. But unfortunately most of his findings were lost in a shipwreck that took place in April 1855. After his post in Mosul, Victor Place was named consul in Moldova (1855-1863) where he met his wife, Louise Emmeline Ballif, and where he settled after his retirement in 1873. Thanks to his connections with Romania, the National Museum of Romanian History is today owner of an Assyrian cylinder-barrel, with an inscription recounting the reign of Sargon II, that was acquired from a descendant of Victor Place’s. Keywords: archaeology, Victor Place, Khorsabad, Assyrian antiquities, 19th century. Victor Place, care în calitate de consul al Franţei în Moldova între 1855- 1863 a sprijinit crearea Principatelor Unite ale Ţării Româneşti şi Moldovei şi dubla alegere a lui Alexandru Ioan Cuza, a fost nu numai un bun diplomat, ci şi-a câştigat şi un loc de seamă în istoria arheologiei universale, datorită săpăturilor întreprinse la Khorsabad între 1851-1855, în urma cărora a dezvelit ruinele ∗ Documentarist, Secţia Istorie. -
Les Tombes Royales D'ur
Les tombes royales d'Ur Lorsque l'archéologue britannique Léonard Woolley découvre, en 1927, ce qu'il appela les « tombes royales d'Ur », en basse Mésopotamie, il est conscient d'avoir mis au jour un ensemble exceptionnel qui reste encore aujourd'hui une source de documentation fondamentale sur la période des dynasties archaïques. Situation de la ville d'Ur Historique des fouilles et de la découverte d'Ur Description et histoire de la cité Le cimetière d'Ur Un mobiliers luxueux et un rite funéraire unique L'architecture des tombes les plus importantes Le poignard d'Akalamdug La perruque d'apparat de Meskalamdug La tombe de la reine Puabi L'étendard d'Ur Conclusion Ur, les tombes royales 1 Situation de la ville d'Ur Ur (ou Our), une des grandes cités-États du pays de Sumer, se trouve dans la plaine alluviale de basse Mésopotamie qui a vu naître il y a plus de 5000 an la première civilisation urbaine et l'écriture. À cette époque, les eaux du Golfe Persique remontaient à plus de 200 km à l'intérieur des terres. Ur en « Chaldée » est également un nom mentionné dans la bible : Terah engendra Abram, Nahor et Aram […] Haran mourut en présence de son père Terah dans son pays natal, Ur des chaldéens […] Terah prit son fils Abram, son petit-fils Lot et sa bru Saraï […] Il les fit sortir d'Ur des chaldéens pour aller au pays de canaan […] Ur, les tombes royales 2 Historique des fouilles et de la découverte d'Ur À partir d'inscriptions que Taylor y avait trouvées, le site a été identifié par Henry Rawlinson comme étant la cité antique d'Ur, rapidement perçue comme étant « Ur de Chaldée », lieu d'origine d'Abraham selon la Bible. -
The Lagash-Umma Border Conflict 9
CHAPTER I Introduction: Early Civilization and Political Organization in Babylonia' The earliest large urban agglomoration in Mesopotamia was the city known as Uruk in later texts. There, around 3000 B.C., certain distinctive features of historic Mesopotamian civilization emerged: the cylinder seal, a system of writing that soon became cuneiform, a repertoire of religious symbolism, and various artistic and architectural motifs and conven- tions.' Another feature of Mesopotamian civilization in the early historic periods, the con- stellation of more or less independent city-states resistant to the establishment of a strong central political force, was probably characteristic of this proto-historic period as well. Uruk, by virtue of its size, must have played a dominant role in southern Babylonia, and the city of Kish probably played a similar role in the north. From the period that archaeologists call Early Dynastic I1 (ED 11), beginning about 2700 B.c.,~the appearance of walls around Babylonian cities suggests that inter-city warfare had become institutionalized. The earliest royal inscriptions, which date to this period, belong to kings of Kish, a northern Babylonian city, but were found in the Diyala region, at Nippur, at Adab and at Girsu. Those at Adab and Girsu are from the later part of ED I1 and are in the name of Mesalim, king of Kish, accompanied by the names of the respective local ruler^.^ The king of Kish thus exercised hegemony far beyond the walls of his own city, and the memory of this particular king survived in native historical traditions for centuries: the Lagash-Umma border was represented in the inscriptions from Lagash as having been determined by the god Enlil, but actually drawn by Mesalim, king of Kish (IV.1). -
Early Sumerian Cities
Y 28 NEAR EASTERN, EGYPTIAN, AND AEGEAN CITIES enjoyed more starus, privileges, and possesions than orhers. Evenrually hierarchy would prevail- CHAPTER 2 Managemenr of food sources seems ro have been responsible for rhis, with excess production, which en be stored and sold or traded, providing accumulared wealch and power for some. Religion may have offered an ideological justification For such inequaliry. These periods were Early Sumerian cities marked in addi¡ion by innovations in technology (wheelmade pottery, sheer meral), rrans- ponarion (boats wirh sails), and agriculture (tree crops). Trade neworks conrinued, as rhe broad distribution of Hdaf and Ubaid pottery indicates, from Medirerrmean Turkey to Inn. Litrle by linle rhe rechnologiel, commerciel, and social wo¡ld of rhe Ancienr Near Easr wæ preparing irself for rhe rise of full-fledged ciries. The Sumerians (firsr period of dominarion): Ubaid period: a. 5000-3500 Bc Proroliterare (Uruk) period: ca.3500-2900 ¡c Early Dynasric period: ca. 2900-2350r;c The Êrs¡ ciries in the Near Easr-Mediletranean basin appeared in souchern Mesoponmia, or Sumer, rhe crearion of a people we call rhe Sumerians (Figure 2.1). \Ve have seen that environrnental changes in south-west fuia during rhe previous 5,000 years led to human control over food production; with this masrery came major social changes, including Êxed setdemen¡s. The socio-economic developmenr of these towns and villages is marked by the gradual appearance ofthe ten criteria proposed by Childe as a mark of rhe rrue ciry. AII ten factors finally emerge in Sumer during the later fourth millennium Bc. This chapter will explore early Sumerian ciries. -
Chavalas Assyriology and Biblical Studies
ASSYRIOLOGY AND BIBLICAL STUDIES: A CENTURY AND A HALF OF TENSION Mark W. Chavalas What is the reason for these efforts in remote, inhospitable, and dangerous lands? What is the reason for this expensive rooting through rubble many thousands of years old, all the way down to the water table, where no gold and no silver is to be found? What is the reason for the competition among nations to secure excavation rights to these deserted mounds, and the more the better? Moreover, what is the source of the ever-increasing, self- sacrificing interest, on both sides of the Atlantic, allotted to the excavations in Babylonia and Assyria? To these questions there is one answer, even if not the whole answer which points to what for the most part is the motive and the goal, namely, the Bible (Delitzsch 1906: 1). So began F. Delitzsch's famous inaugural lecture for the German Oriental Society entitled, 'Babel und Bibel', 13 January 1902, in Berlin. However, those who believed that the excavations in Mesopotamia had the primary purpose of illuminating the Bible and verifying its historicity were to be disappointed with the remainder of Delitzsch's first and succeeding lec- tures, as he spoke from the standpoint of an Assyriologist who attempted to show the primacy and superiority of Babel (Mesopotamia) over the Bible. The tension between the two disciplines of Assyriology and biblical studies in the past century and a half has often been acute and has never adequately been defined. In fact, any comparative study of issues concern- ing the two has often been considered a hazardous affair.! Assyriology, of course, is by definition a new discipline, and has often been considered an intruder by biblicists (Kraus 1969: 69-73). -
The Civilization of Babylonia and Assyria Morris Jastrow, Jr
THE CIVILIZATION ; BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA • JASTROW PS7I LIPPINCOT-T THE CIVILIZATION OF BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA MORRIS JASTROW, JR. HC THE LIBRARIES THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA Presented by The Estate of Mrs. Walter McElreath THE CIVILIZATION OF BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA LECTURES DELIVERED CHDEBTHC BICHARD B. WESTBROOK LECTURESHIP FOUNDATION AT TBC WAGNER FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE PHILADELPHIA THIRD IMPRESSION PLATE I Sir Austen Henry Layard Ernest de Sarcec Georg Friedrich Grotefend Sir Henry C. Rawlinson Rev. Edward Hincks Jutes Oppert George Smith John Henry Hay DCS EXPLORERS AND DECIPHERERS THE CIVILIZATION OF BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA ITS REMAINS, LANGUAGE, HISTORY, RELIGION, COMMERCE, LAW, ART, AND LITERATURE BY MORRIS JASTROW,* JR., PH.D., LL.D. PBOFXMOB iii ram umrcuiTT WITH HAP AND 164 ILLVBTRAT1ON8 PHILADELPHIA AND LONDON J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY COPYRIGHT. 1915. BY J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY PRINTED IN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA To JOSEPH GEORGE ROSENGARTEN. A.M.. LL.D. SCHOLAR AND FBIEND OF BCBOLAB8 PREFACE To my knowledge this is the first time that the attempt has been made on a somewhat large scale to cover the entire subject of Babylonian-Assyrian civili zation for English readers. The aim of this work is to present a survey of the remarkable civilization which arose in the Euphrates Valley thousands of years ago and which, spreading northwards, continued to flourish till close to the thresh old of the Christian era. As a result of the combined activities of explorers, decipherers and investigators of many lands during the past seventy years, we can follow the unfolding of the growth of the centres of settlement in the south which led ultimately to the formation of the Babylonian Empire, and of the off shoot of Babylonian civilization which resulted in the rise of a rival empire to the north, known as Assyria. -
THE NEAR EAST: ARCHAEOLOGY in the ‘CRADLE of CIVILIZATION’ EXPERIENCE of ARCHAEOLOGY Series Editor: Andrew Wheatcroft
THE NEAR EAST: ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE ‘CRADLE OF CIVILIZATION’ EXPERIENCE OF ARCHAEOLOGY Series Editor: Andrew Wheatcroft The Archaeology of the Arabian Gulf Michael Rice The Near East Archaeology in the ‘cradle of civilization’ Charles Keith Maisels Classical Archaeology of Greece Experiences of the discipline Michael Shanks THE NEAR EAST: ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE ‘CRADLE OF CIVILIZATION’ Charles Keith Maisels London and New York To my wife Jennifer for being there First published 1993 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “ To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/.” Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 First published in paperback 1998 © 1993 Charles Keith Maisels All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Maisels, Charles Keith The near east: archaeology in the ‘cradle of civilization’ I. Title 930.1 Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Maisels, Charles Keith The near east: archaeology in the ‘cradle of civilization’/Charles Keith Maisels p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Archaeology-Middle East-History-19th century. 2. Middle east- Civilization. To 622. -
Routledge Worlds : Sumerian World
THE SUMERIANᇹᇺᇻ WORLD The Sumerian World explores the archaeology, history and art of southern Mesopotamia and its relationships with its neighbours from c.3000 to 2000BC. Including material hitherto unpublished from recent excavations, the articles are organised thematically using evidence from archaeology, texts and the natural sciences. This broad treatment will also make the volume of interest to students looking for comparative data in allied subjects such as ancient literature and early religions. Providing an authoritative, comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the Sumerian period written by some of the best-qualified scholars in the field, The Sumerian World will satisfy students, researchers, academics and the knowledgeable layperson wishing to understand the world of southern Mesopotamia in the third millennium. Harriet Crawford is Reader Emerita at UCL’s Institute of Archaeology and a senior fellow at the McDonald Institute, Cambridge. She is a specialist in the archaeology of the Sumerians and has worked widely in Iraq and the Gulf. She is the author of Sumer and the Sumerians (second edition, 2004). THE ROUTLEDGE WORLDS THE REFORMATION WORLD THE ROMAN WORLD Edited by Andrew Pettegree Edited by John Wacher THE MEDIEVAL WORLD THE HINDU WORLD Edited by Peter Linehan, Janet L. Nelson Edited by Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby THE BYZANTINE WORLD THE WORLD OF THE Edited by Paul Stephenson AMERICAN WEST Edited by Gordon Morris Bakken THE VIKING WORLD Edited by Stefan Brink in collaboration THE ELIZABETHAN WORLD with Neil Price Edited by Susan Doran and Norman Jones THE BABYLONIAN WORLD THE OTTOMAN WORLD Edited by Gwendolyn Leick Edited by Christine Woodhead THE EGYPTIAN WORLD THE VICTORIAN WORLD Edited by Toby Wilkinson Edited by Marin Hewitt THE ISLAMIC WORLD THE ORTHODOX CHRISTIAN Edited by Andrew Rippin WORLD Edited by Augustine Casiday THE WORLD OF POMPEI Edited by Pedar W. -
Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
SURESHKUMAR MUTHUKUMARAN AN ECOLOGY OF TRADE: TROPICAL ASIAN CULTIVARS IN THE ANCIENT MIDDLE EAST AND THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN SURESHKUMAR MUTHUKUMARAN Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History, University College London 2016 SUPERVISORS: K. RADNER D. FULLER 1 SURESHKUMAR MUTHUKUMARAN DECLARATION I, Sureshkumar Muthukumaran, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. __________________________________________________________ 2 SURESHKUMAR MUTHUKUMARAN ABSTRACT This thesis offers an ecological reading of long distance trade in the ancient world by investigating the anthropogenic movement of tropical Asian crops from South Asia to the Middle East and the Mediterranean. The crops under consideration include rice, cotton, citrus species, cucumbers, luffas, melons, lotus, taro and sissoo. ἦhἷΝ ‘ὈὄὁpiἵaliὅaὈiὁὀ’Ν ὁἸΝ εiἶἶlἷΝ EaὅὈἷὄὀΝ aὀἶΝ εἷἶiὈἷὄὄaὀἷaὀΝ aἹὄiἵὉlὈὉre was a sluggish process but one that had a significant impact on the agricultural landscapes, production patterns, dietary habits and cultural identities of peoples across the Middle East and the Mediterranean by the end of the 1st millennium BCE. This process substantially predates the so-called tropical crop-ἶὄivἷὀΝ ‘χἹὄiἵὉlὈὉὄalΝ ἤἷvὁlὉὈiὁὀ’Ν ὁἸΝ ὈhἷΝ ἷaὄlyΝ ἙὅlamiἵΝ pἷὄiὁἶΝ pὁὅiὈἷἶΝ ἴyΝ ὈhἷΝ hiὅὈὁὄiaὀΝ χὀἶὄἷwΝ WaὈὅὁὀΝ (1974-1983). The existing literature has, in fact, largely failed to appreciate the lengthy time-scale of this phenomenon whose origins lie in the Late Bronze Age. In order to contextualise the spread of tropical Asian crops to the Middle East and beyond, the history of crop movements is prefaced by a survey of long distance connectivity across maritime (Indian Ocean) and overland (Iranian plateau) routes from its prehistoric beginnings to the end of the 1st millennium BCE. -
National Geographic History 1 Executive Editor Amy E
Needlepoint kit from the Victoria and Albert Museum YUZEN PINES 16.5” x 16.5”. 42cm x 42cm. 12 holes to the inch canvas. The kit uses Ehrman wools. $125.00 This wonderful design is adapted from a pattern found on a 19th century kimono in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London. The V&A is the world’s leading museum of art and design with collections unrivalled in their scope and diversity. Stitching is a great way to relax and the kit comes complete with everything you need: the 100% cotton canvas printed in full color, all the wools required (100% pure new wool), a needle and color chart along with an easy to follow guide to get you underway. hr n Toll Free Order Line: 888 826 8600 www.ehrmantapestry.com FROM THE EDITOR Alexander Hamilton is having a moment. He has taken center stage in the American consciousness, thanks to two men: Ron Chernow, Pulitzer Prize–winning author and historian, and Lin- Manuel Miranda, Tony-winning playwright, composer, and performer. The two came together to create a Broadway musical about the “ten- dollar Founding Father” that brilliantly combines hip-hop with history. At the heart of the show is the question of who tells a person’s story after death. Chernow and Miranda owe a debt of gratitude to both Alexander and Eliza Hamilton for ensuring that Hamilton’s story endures. Alexander’s prolific writings left behind a massive record of his adult life: his thoughts, beliefs, and actions. Eliza curated and preserved this material after his death, a massive undertaking that took decades. -
Vorderasiati E
Vorderasiati e BegrOndet von E. Ebeling und B. Meissner fortgefOhrt von E. Weidner, W. von Soden und D. O. Edzard herausgegeben von M. P. Streck unter Mitwirkung von G. Frantz-Szab6 . M. Krebernik . D. Morandi Bonacossi J. N. Postgate . U. Seidl· M. Stol . G. Wilhelm Redaktion S. Ecklin . S. Pfaffinger Band 13 . 3./4. Lieferung Steuer. E - Susa. B 2012 Sonderdruck ~ ________________D_e __ G_ru_y_te_r _________________! SUMER, GESCHICHTE 297 Soldt 2005, 316-332. - Sallaberger W. 1997: southern Babylonia was excavated at Tall Nippur als religioses Zentrum Mesopotamiens h im historischen Wandel, in: G. Wilhelm (ed.), Die al-'UwailI" and was dated to the i milL orientalische Stadt: Kontinuitat, Wandel, Bruch in its lowest levels. Older settled life in this (= CDOG 1),147-168. - van Soldt W. H. (ed.) part of Mesopotamia could have been cov 20°5: Ethnicity in ancient Mesopotamia (= ered by alluvium, or was perhaps almost CRRAI 48 = PIHANS 102). - Steiner G. 2005: Gibt es ein vor-sumerisches Substrat im sudlichen nonexistent due to difficult environmental Mesopotamien?, in: van Soldt 20°5, 340-355. conditions. Tall al-'UwaiII belonged to the Streck M. P. 1998: The tense systems in the so-called 'Ubaid period (ih to 4th mill.), Sumerian-Akkadian linguistic area, AS] 20, 181- also attested, e. g., at Tall al-'Ubaid *, Ur" 199. - Tuna O. N. :1990: Sumer ve Turk dilleri nin tarihi ilgisi ile Turk dili'nin ya§l meselesi (= and Eridu". Urbanization and agriculture Turk Dil Kurumu Yaymlan 56:1). - Whittaker significantly developed during its second G. 2005: The Sumerian Question: reviewing the phase, when an expansion - perhaps of issues, in: van Soldt 2005, 409-429.