40 Years in Scotland
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^ THE INSTITUTION V OF HIGHWAYS AND TRANSPORTATION 40 YEARS IN SCOTLAND ith the advent of the Single The Government attaches very European Market in 1992, the high priority to road safety, and in WInstitution's members will be particular a reduction in road faced with some of their greatest casualties by one-third by the year challenges and opportunities, over 2000. With local authorities and the next few years. The Single police forces, we are tackling the Market will mean little however, problem on 3 fronts: engineering, without the free movement of people education and enforcement. The and goods. Therefore, the Scottish Office and all Regional Institution's members will be in the Councils have their own dedicated forefront of the developments taking Accident and Investigation and place. I am confident that they will Prevention Units. Education and respond to the challenge with the publicity are used to teach and raise customary enthusiasm and aptitude the awareness of everyone, from the which has been a hallmark of the youngest child to the elderly, of the Institution's first 40 years in importance of road safety. New Scotland. legislation will provide better road FOREWORD behaviour through new offences and The Government also has a major procedures to assist detection and role to play and we have taken the prosecution of offenders. lead in pressing for the maximum deregulation in the transport field. A serious and growing problem Much has been achieved to allow in all of Scotland's major towns and greater freedom to provide services cities is urban congestion. While new JAMES DOUGLAS-HAMILTON, MP to, from and between EC member road construction will help, the Minister for Roads and Transport The Scottish Office states. Government recognises the potential October 1993 As detailed in the policy of public transport systems document "Roads, Traffic and Safety including light rapid transit, buses 1992", our priorities remain and rail. Each form of transport has a Scotland's key trade routes, in role in contributing to a safer and particular, the upgrading of the A74 more efficient transport system and the Central Scotland motorway which respects the environment. network. Following our 1987 A very substantial rail investment manifesto commitment, work on the programme has already been A74 has progressed at the fastest rate undertaken during the lifetime of ever for any motorway project in this Government and the further Britain. Substantial improvement has investment planned by BR will also been made to the Central directly improve links to the south, Scotland motorway network with and enable advantage to be taken of the completion of the M80 Stepps the new competitive dimension Bypass last summer and the which will be added by the opening openings of the M74 Extension to of the Channel Tunnel. Cambuslang and M8 St James I welcome the Institution's Interchange, during 1993. The contribution to the past reconstruction of the A9 from Perth improvements which have been to Dornoch has opened up the made, and look forward with you to Highlands and the dualling of the the many exciting transport Perth-Dundee-Aberdeen road has developments ahead. helped sustain the economy of the North East. t is a great pleasure to have this The local roads authorities, in opportunity to publicly partnership with the Scottish Office, Icongratulate the Institution's are committed to further developing Scottish Branches and members on and improving their road and their achievements of the last forty transportation networks so that the years, which have resulted in major vital long distance commercial and improvements to the nation's industrial traffic which is essential transport infrastructure. The people for Scotland's future prosperity in of Scotland expect, and deserve, the Europe after 1992, will be safely and best transportation systems. This efficiently distributed to their means modern strategic networks various urban and rural destinations. which are designed to have the least The Institution has the talent and the possible environmental impact, the skills necessary to achieve these aims greatest possible safety specifications and we all look forward with you to and which result in quick and the challenges and successes of the comfortable journeys. next decade. MALCOLM WAUGH Chairman of The Highways and Transportation Committee of COSLA. The two new branches were established with a membership of 500 in the south and 85 in the north representing over a 15 fold increase in the 19 years since the Scottish Branch was inaugurated. The Institution became the Institution of Highways and Transportation in 1984 recognising the wider areas of interest and influence of its membership. Currently membership of the two Scottish Branches is over 900. The Institution has played an influential role in developing and THE INSTITUTION OF HIGHWAYS AND TRANSPORTATION he Institution of Highway promoting the understanding of the Engineers was founded in 1930 issues affecting Highways and Tas a learned society and seeks to Transportation both in the UK and bring together all those engaged in abroad. highways and transportation An international perspective is whatever their discipline. provided through active connections The stated objectives of the with practitioners abroad. In Institution are: particular: • to provide a forum for the exchange of technical information • China and views; • Hong Kong • to produce relevant and practical • Indonesia publications; • Malaysia • to provide specialist advice to government and other public The Institution is the leader in the bodies; presentation and organisation of • to encourage education and national/regional conferences and training for today's requirements; local branch meetings on all aspects and of highways and transportation - and • to make roads safer for the in doing so provides everyone travelling public. connected with the industry with a means of keeping abreast of current In 1951, the Scottish Branch of the development through papers, Institution was formed with a discussions and site visits and the membership of 37 at a time when opportunity to learn and air their total Institution membership stood at own views. 925. The success of the Scottish Much work is done on responses Branch resulted in the establishment to Government, Parliamentary in 1970 of the Central and Southern Committees and other national Scotland Branch and the North of bodies on major policy issues. Scotland Branch in recognition of the Members with specialisms who wish need to provide a service closer to to take part in this work are invited the membership. to do so. Throughout the life of the Institution, Scottish members have had an active input to a wide range of initiatives including: • Accident Reduction and Prevention Guidelines • Providing for People with a Mobility Handicap Guidelines • Pedestrianisation Guidelines • Guidelines for Traffic Impact Analysis • Responses to Government • Scottish Roads Heritage Project ny examination of transport The two rebellions of 1715 and infrastructure in Scotland must 1745 prompted the next major Astart with the reality of change. In order to impose their law Scotland's topography. It is a and order on the rebellious Scots, mountainous country with many sea the Hanoverians commissioned loch inlets. It also has a fairly General Wade to construct a series inhospitable climate which, together of military roads. These had the with the warlike nature of the same purpose as those built by the natives, deterred the Romans from Romans - to allow the speedy penetrating far beyond the Central movement of troops to quell any belt. Scotland was thus denied the uprising in the country. Wade high standard roads which the carried out his task speedily and Romans had built to connect many efficiently and many of the roads major cities and towns of Europe. and bridges which he built still stand today. In 1801 Thomas Telford returned HISTORICAL BACKGROUND to his native Scotland on a government commission to report on public works required. Over the It remained a series of relatively next 21 years, he produced a i tnkl'- IM^^L^' --MORAY isolated communities for at least prodigious amount of construction: another 1,000 years. the Caledonian Canal, 1,000 miles of M As trade in cattle and later sheep, roads, 1,200 bridges, 43 harbours as developed the demand for well as many buildings. infrastructure rose. At first it was Before his arrival most roads simple drove roads over which were only passable on horseback or herdsmen from remote areas drove on foot. The mail service, such as it their livestock to reach markets in was, consisted of a series of the south. The drove roads were footrunners in many places. When unsurfaced, undrained pieces of Telford died in 1834 most towns and land over which vast herds of cattle, cities in Scotland had roads up to 3,000 at a time, walked. connecting them capable of taking Because the herdsmen wished to coach traffic. get their cattle to market with the His construction of the Mid Scotland, 18th century Drove Roads least loss of weight and in the best Caledonian Canal during the period possible condition, they gradually 1803-1822 made trade in bulky found the easiest routes. These goods between the east and west tended to follow river valleys, coasts of Scotland much easier. Prior coastal plains and avoided the high to Telford's work all shipping had exposed hilltops and steep climbs. had to pass through the treacherous These location factors are still the Pentland Firth. most important in the choice of route for road or railways even today. WAOt b BKUJGE,Aberfeldy,built inl733 TELFORD BRIDGE, Craigellachie built 1815, THE CALEDONIAN CANAL at Fort Augustus 1803 -1822. Designed by T. Telford. one of his 1200 bridges in Scotland 1 ollowing Telford's example, further canals were built Fparticularly in the Central belt to serve the emerging industrial revolution. Good examples are the Forth and Clyde Canal and the Union Canal.