Dahai Dahai beile about 1626. Dudu took part in several translations in 1630 he was given a minor heredi• campaigns of the T'ien-ts'ung period (1627~36) tary rank, being the first of the non-military and also participated in the civil administration. officials ever to be so honored. In the following In 1636 he was made a prince of the third degree year he was given the title, baksi, or "teacher". with the designation, An-p'ing :t(2Ji .ft:fb. Dahai systematized the Manchu written Dudu's eldest son, Durhu tf:fiJij (1615~1655), language, classifying the words according to was also a prince of the third degree. A descend• Mongol practice under twelve types of opening ant of Durhu, named Kuang-yu J't~ (T.fa.J[, syllables C+---*UJt shih-er tzu-t'ou). These d. 1900), was posthumously given the rank of a types were differentiated according as they prince of the fourth degree after he committed ended in a simple vowel, a diphthong in i (ai, suicide in 1900 when Peking fell to the Allies. ui, etc.), a diphthong in o (ao, eo etc.), or in A grandson of Dudu, named Sunu [q. v.], was one of the nine consonants, r, n, ng, k, s, t, b, l, converted to the Catholic faith. and m. In 1632, with the encouragement of Abahai [q. v.], he made some improvements in [1/222/1a; 2/3/12b; Ch'ing T'ai-tsu Wu-huang-ti the Manchu writing which had been borrowed shih-lu (see under Nurhaci); *~.:E-*~*-1 from the Mongol in 1599. Since in that script ~{I Tsung-shih Wang Kung kung-chi piao-chuan no distinction was made between a and e, o 9/7a; tilfll~llY~ Ch'ing Huang-shih ssu-p'u; and u, or h, g, and k, the correct reading of a Man-chou lao-tang pi-lu (see under Nurhaci).] word could be determined only from the context. Translations from the Chinese, as done by Dahai FANG CHAO-YING and others, showed the inadequacy of this D medium, particularly for the transliteration of personal and place names. A system of dia• DAHAI ~m, d. 1632, age 38 (sui), of the Plain critical marks was therefore added, consisting of Blue Banner, belonged to a family that had long a dot placed to the right of a letter to distinguish been settled in Giolca, home of Desiku (see under e from a, u from o, and g from k, and a small Anfiyanggll), the granduncle of Nurhaci [q. v.]. circle in the same position to distinguish h from His grandfather and his father early entered the k. After the introduction of these improve• service of Nurhaci where Dahai had opportunity ments the earlier unpainted manuscripts were to learn Chinese as well as Manchu. He de• referred to as documents without circles or dots voted himself to study, and after he came of age (~IIJJt!!Jj~:fi wu ch'uan tien lao-tang). Some was put in charge of written communications thirty volumes of these have been found in the with the Ming government and with Korea, Palace Museum, accompanied by translations involving the preparation of Chinese texts. His into the "modern" pointed script made during knowledge of the Chinese language was so the Ch'ien-lung period. Dahai invented in valuable that when condemned to death in 1620, addition a few new signs for the representation for being intimate with and receiving presents of unusual Chinese sounds like ts and ssii. from a maid-servant, he was reprieved by Equipped with these tools, the Literary Office Nurhaci on the ground that he could not be commenced translations of Mencius; the Mm1t spared. N urhaci commissioned him to translate Jl. Kang-chien hui-tsuan compiled by W aug into Manchu, in the system of writing developed Shih-chen (see under Ch'en Chi-ju); the =fjU;&. by Erdeni [q. v.} and others, the sections re• San-kuo chih; and a supposedly ancient treatise lating to the penal code in the *19Jfl.j{. on military science, the *~ Liu-t'ao. But Ta Jl'[ing hui-tien and two works on military the work of translation had not gone far when science-the '*if Su-shu (an edition of 1704 Dahai died in 1632 at the age of thirty-eight is extant) and the :=:.1113- San-lileh. When the (sui). He was granted the posthumous name Wen Kuan, or Literary Office, was established Wen-ch'eng :?cnX: in 1636, and his services were under Nurhaci's successor (sec under Abahai) commemorated by a tablet erected in 1669. Dahai was appointed with four others to con• The translation of the Kang-chien hui-tsuan tinue the translation of Chinese works. In 1629 was printed in 1664 in 80 volumes (ts'e). and 1630, when the Manchu attack penetrated the Great Wall and reached the gates of Peking [1/234/2b; 2/4/10a; 3/1/14a; 4/3/20b; 11/3/20b; (see under Man Kuei), he was responsible for the 34/175/3a; Man-chou lao-tang pi-lu (see under proclamations and messages in the Chinese Nurhaci) J::/Sb; Wylie, Chinese Researches language. On the completion of some of his (1897) pp. 253-271; Union Catalogue of Manchu 213 Daisan Daisan Books in the Nat. Lib. of Peiping and the Palace [q. v.]. Thus Abahai and his descendants owed Museum (1933) pp. 33, 36; Fuchs, Walter, Beitrage their accession to the throne to Daisan. zur Mandjurischen Bibliographie und Literatur It seems that Daisan never claimed power for (1936) p. 40 ff.] himself. In 1643 he led a council of princes to GEORGE A. KENNEDY appoint Jirgalang [q. v.] and Dorgon as co• regents during Emperor Shih-tsu's minority. DAISAN ftfi, Aug. 19, 1583-1648, Nov. 25, In 1644 he followed Dorgon to Peking where he the first Prince Li (iif~IEE.), was the second son died four years later. He was not accorded any of Nurhaci [q. v.], founder of the Ch'ing Dynasty. special posthumous honors such as he deserved, At first Daisan held the rank of H o8oi Beile except that the sum of 10,000 taels instead of ;Jtl{iftj{ tb, the highest that a Manchu prince the usual 5,000 was given his family for his could have before 1636. In 1607 he distin• funeral and that a tablet was erected to his guished himself by assisting Surhaci and Cuyen memory. His work for the dynasty and the [qq. v.] in a battle against the Ula tribe, and for ~mperial Family was more appreciated by later reward received the title, Guyen Baturu 1;~E, emperors. In 1671 he was given by Emperor IIJ;J; ("exploring hero"). Hence in Chinese Sheng-tsu the posthumous name Lieh ~. In accounts he is sometimes referred to as Kuei• 1754 Emperor Kao-tsung ordered that his name yung-chieh ft::il<.Jr. In 1613 he was again be celebrated in the Temple of Princes at Muk• prominent in warfare against the Ula. In 1616, den. In 1778, Emperor Kao-tsung lauded him when Nurhaci selected four men as beile of and Jirgalang, Dorgon, Haoge and Yoto [qq. v.] special rank to assist him in the administration, for their illustrious exploits in the establishment the first place was given to Daisan, the other of the dynasty and ordered that their names be places being filled by Amin, Manggultai, and celebrated in the Imperial Ancestral Temple. Abahai [qq. v.]. From 1618, when the cam• At the same time the princedoms of these five paign against China began, until 1622 Daisan heroes, as well as those of Dodo [q. v.], Surhaci, was the leading general and, as captain of the and Lekedehun, were given rights of perpetual Plain Red Banner, played an important part inheritance. The designation of Daisan's prince• in the capture of Fushun (1618), in the great dom, which, after his death, had been twice victory at Sarhu (1619), and in the occupation altered (see under Mandahai and Giyesu), was of Shen-yang (1621). In 1621 he and the other then restored to Li, and the inheritor ranked three ranking beile took turns monthly as assist• higher in the Court ceremonies than any other ants to Nurhaci in the direction of national prince. affairs. Five years later, when Nurhaci died, Daisan had eight sons. The seventh, Manda• Daisan used his influence to make the princes hai, inherited the first degree princedom which and generals agree to Abahai's accession to the passed to his son. But in 1659 the princedom throne. However, he and Manggultai and was taken from Mandahai's branch of the family Amin continued to take turns as assistant and given to Daisan's grandson, Giyesu, whose administrators until 1629. Thereafter their descendants held it till the close of the dynasty power was gradually curtailed (see under (see under Chao-lien). Of the other sons of Abahai). Daisan the eldest, Y oto, founded the prince• In the meantime Daisan took part in most of dom, K'o-ch'in C{imbtf!EE.), and the third, the campaigns of Abahai against China (1629- Sahaliyen, held the rank of Prince Ying emil 34). By 1636 Abahai assumed the title of ::E.). Sahaliyen's son, Lekedehun, was the emperor-so successful was he in centralizing founder of the princedom, Shun-ch'eng nlfi:Jk. the power in his own hands. Daisan was given Daisan's fourth son, Wakda XR:3$ (d. 1652), the rank of a prince of the first degree with the held the rank of a prince of the second degree designation Li (see above) plus the title "Elder with the designation, Ch'ien (ifltffS::E.). He was Brother" (~). In 1643 Abahai died and there canonized as Hsiang J(, but his princedom was was a conspiracy of princes to make Dorgon not accorded the right of perpetual inheritance. [q. v.] emperor instead of Abahai's son, Fu-lin (q. v., Emperor Shih-tsu). AgainDaisan decided [1/222/5a; 2/1/la; 3/ft 3/1a; m~~llYjff the issue by supporting Fu-lin and by exposing Ch'ing Huang-shih ssu-p'u; Chao-lien [g. v.], the conspirators-including his own son, Soto (see under Dorgon), and his grandson, Adali Hsiao-t'ing tsa-lu; Hauer, H., K'ai-kuo fang-lueh.] (see under Lekedehun), eldest son of Sahaliyen GEORGE A. KENNEDY 214