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Manchus: a Horse of a Different Color
History in the Making Volume 8 Article 7 January 2015 Manchus: A Horse of a Different Color Hannah Knight CSUSB Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/history-in-the-making Part of the Asian History Commons Recommended Citation Knight, Hannah (2015) "Manchus: A Horse of a Different Color," History in the Making: Vol. 8 , Article 7. Available at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/history-in-the-making/vol8/iss1/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the History at CSUSB ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in History in the Making by an authorized editor of CSUSB ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Manchus: A Horse of a Different Color by Hannah Knight Abstract: The question of identity has been one of the biggest questions addressed to humanity. Whether in terms of a country, a group or an individual, the exact definition is almost as difficult to answer as to what constitutes a group. The Manchus, an ethnic group in China, also faced this dilemma. It was an issue that lasted throughout their entire time as rulers of the Qing Dynasty (1644- 1911) and thereafter. Though the guidelines and group characteristics changed throughout that period one aspect remained clear: they did not sinicize with the Chinese Culture. At the beginning of their rule, the Manchus implemented changes that would transform the appearance of China, bringing it closer to the identity that the world recognizes today. In the course of examining three time periods, 1644, 1911, and the 1930’s, this paper looks at the significant events of the period, the changing aspects, and the Manchus and the Qing Imperial Court’s relations with their greater Han Chinese subjects. -
Hwang, Yin (2014) Victory Pictures in a Time of Defeat: Depicting War in the Print and Visual Culture of Late Qing China 1884 ‐ 1901
Hwang, Yin (2014) Victory pictures in a time of defeat: depicting war in the print and visual culture of late Qing China 1884 ‐ 1901. PhD Thesis. SOAS, University of London http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/18449 Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non‐commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this thesis, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", name of the School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. VICTORY PICTURES IN A TIME OF DEFEAT Depicting War in the Print and Visual Culture of Late Qing China 1884-1901 Yin Hwang Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the History of Art 2014 Department of the History of Art and Archaeology School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 2 Declaration for PhD thesis I have read and understood regulation 17.9 of the Regulations for students of the School of Oriental and African Studies concerning plagiarism. I undertake that all the material presented for examination is my own work and has not been written for me, in whole or in part, by any other person. -
Mythologie Chinoise : Les Légendes Des Dragons Michel Maucuer Conservateur En Chef Au Musée Cernuschi - Département Japon
Mythologie chinoise : les légendes des dragons Michel Maucuer Conservateur en chef au musée Cernuschi - Département Japon Le dragon a été le symbole de l'Empereur de Chine pendant deux millénaires. Aujourd'hui encore, il est considéré comme un symbole national. Dans l'Antiquité, il faisait partie des quatre animaux magiques ou si ling, signes par lesquels le Ciel se manifestait aux hommes. Parmi les orients, il représente l'est. Il est aussi un des douze animaux cycliques du calendrier chinois. On retrouve des dragons dans la plupart des mythologies anciennes mais, alors que l'Occident chrétien a fait du dragon un animal maléfique, il est, en Chine, symbole d'énergie et signe de bon augure. Mythes, légendes, symboles, que de variétés de dragons le monde chinois n'a-t-il pas hébergé ! De l'origine des dragons On discute beaucoup sur l'origine du dragon chinois ; les théories les plus diverses ont été avancées ; elles ont toutes en commun de s'appuyer sur des preuves extrêmement minces et de méconnaître à peu près totalement les modes de pensée des hommes de l'Antiquité. Elles tiennent fort peu compte des textes anciens et s'appuient sur des raisonnements hasardeux à partir des données de l'archéologie. Depuis quelques années, les découvertes archéologiques ont montré en effet que le dragon jouait déjà un rôle majeur dans les cultures néolithiques de la Chine. Les plus anciennes représentations connues à ce jour datent du IVe millénaire avant notre ère. Elles ont été découverte en Chine du Nord, dans des sites de la culture dite de Hongshan, et en Chine centrale, dans un site appartenant à la culture de Yangshao. -
Did the Imperially Commissioned Manchu Rites for Sacrifices to The
religions Article Did the Imperially Commissioned Manchu Rites for Sacrifices to the Spirits and to Heaven Standardize Manchu Shamanism? Xiaoli Jiang Department of History and Culture, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China; [email protected] Received: 26 October 2018; Accepted: 4 December 2018; Published: 5 December 2018 Abstract: The Imperially Commissioned Manchu Rites for Sacrifices to the Spirits and to Heaven (Manzhou jishen jitian dianli), the only canon on shamanism compiled under the auspices of the Qing dynasty, has attracted considerable attention from a number of scholars. One view that is held by a vast majority of these scholars is that the promulgation of the Manchu Rites by the Qing court helped standardize shamanic rituals, which resulted in a decline of wild ritual practiced then and brought about a similarity of domestic rituals. However, an in-depth analysis of the textual context of the Manchu Rites, as well as a close inspection of its various editions reveal that the Qing court had no intention to formalize shamanism and did not enforce the Manchu Rites nationwide. In fact, the decline of the Manchu wild ritual can be traced to the preconquest period, while the domestic ritual had been formed before the Manchu Rites was prepared and were not unified even at the end of the Qing dynasty. With regard to the ritual differences among the various Manchu clans, the Qing rulers took a more benign view and it was unnecessary to standardize them. The incorporation of the Chinese version of the Manchu Rites into Siku quanshu demonstrates the Qing court’s struggles to promote its cultural status and legitimize its rule of China. -
João Marcelo Mesquita Martins
Universidade do Minho Instituto de Letras e Ciências Humanas João Marcelo Mesquita Martins Uma Visão Comparada sobre Diferentes Cosmogonias isão Comparada sobre Diferentes Cosmogonias Uma V tins a Mar uit celo Mesq João Mar 5 1 UMinho|20 outubro de 2015 Universidade do Minho Instituto de Letras e Ciências Humanas João Marcelo Mesquita Martins Uma Visão Comparada sobre Diferentes Cosmogonias Dissertação de Mestrado Mestrado em Estudos Interculturais Português/Chinês: Tradução, Formação e Comunicação Empresarial Trabalho efetuado sob a orientação da Professora Doutora Sun Lam outubro de 2015 À minha Mãe, Que sempre me apoiou !iii !iv Agradecimentos A palavra «obrigado» é certamente insuficiente para exprimir a gratidão que sinto pelo apoio recebido durante esta aventura. Primeiramente, gostaria de expressar o meu profundo agradecimento à Professora Doutora Sun Lam não só pela orientação e auxílio prestados durante a elaboração da presente dissertação, mas também pela confiança depositada em mim desde o início do meu percurso na Licenciatura em Línguas e Culturas Orientais até a esta última etapa do mestrado. O seu esforço, dedicação e amor pela cultura chinesa são certamente uma das mais-valias deste departamento. Ao Mestre Luís Cabral não só pelas conversas sempre oportunas e enriquecedoras, mas também pelo apoio, dedicação e sugestões dadas ao longo de todo o desenvolvimento deste trabalho. A devoção e apreço que nutre pelos seus alunos são incomensuráveis. Agradeço profundamente todos os gestos de amizade. Agradeço-lhes igualmente as oportunidades de enriquecimento pessoal e profissional que me concederam. Aos meus pais e aos meus avós maternos, pela paciência, confiança e, sobretudo, apoio incondicional. À Raquel Mendes, Vanessa Guerra, Carina Fernandes, Mariana Gomes e todos os outros amigos e colegas que, pela amizade demonstrada ao longo desta jornada, me proporcionaram animados momentos, sem os quais, certamente, não teria conseguido restabelecer forças e progredir na minha investigação. -
Nurhaci in Korean Sources, 1594-1622
International Journal of Korean History (Vol.21 No.1, Feb. 2016) 87 · Nurhaci in Korean Sources, 1594-1622 Seung B. Kye* Introduction Korean sources are very useful for the study of early Manchu history. Facing the growth of the Jianzhou Jurchen led by Nurhaci (1559-1626) around the turn of the century in 1600, government officials of the Chosŏn dynasty on the Korean peninsula began to monitor Nurhaci’s movements carefully for national security, subsequently recording Chosŏn’s relations with the Jurchen and their thoughts of Nurhaci. By referring to these Korean sources, which provide a window into southern Manchuria during Nurhaci’s rise as a new military power, we can better understand the balance of power in East Asia within the framework of the four polities, including Chosŏn Korea, Ming China, Nurhaci’s Jurchen (Later Jin), and the Mongols. The dynastic annals (Chosŏn wangjo sillok, Veritable Records of the Chosŏn dynasty) are by far the best of all Korean sources. Two Chosŏn kings witnessed Nurhaci’s remarkable growth and were deeply involved in a series of diplomatic communications with him: King Sŏnjo (r. 1567- 1608), before Nurhaci declared himself khan (a Jurchen/Mongol designa- tion for the supreme ruler, comparable to emperor in Chinese) in a letter sent to Chosŏn in 1607; and King Kwanghae (r. 1608-1623), after Nurha- ci proclaimed the establishment of his own dynasty, Later Jin, in 1616 * Professor, Department of History, Sogang University 88 Nurhaci in Korean Sources, 1594-1622 and began expanding power in all directions. The dynastic annals of those two reigns, Sŏnjo sillok and Kwanghaegun ilgi, are full of information on Nurhaci collected by the Chosŏn government, and thus indispensable to better understand Nurhaci’s diplomatic strategy within the larger context of East Asia, including the Korean peninsula. -
Dahai Dahai Beile About 1626
Dahai Dahai beile about 1626. Dudu took part in several translations in 1630 he was given a minor heredi campaigns of the T'ien-ts'ung period (1627~36) tary rank, being the first of the non-military and also participated in the civil administration. officials ever to be so honored. In the following In 1636 he was made a prince of the third degree year he was given the title, baksi, or "teacher". with the designation, An-p'ing :t(2Ji .ft:fb. Dahai systematized the Manchu written Dudu's eldest son, Durhu tf:fiJij (1615~1655), language, classifying the words according to was also a prince of the third degree. A descend Mongol practice under twelve types of opening ant of Durhu, named Kuang-yu J't~ (T.fa.J[, syllables C+---*UJt shih-er tzu-t'ou). These d. 1900), was posthumously given the rank of a types were differentiated according as they prince of the fourth degree after he committed ended in a simple vowel, a diphthong in i (ai, suicide in 1900 when Peking fell to the Allies. ui, etc.), a diphthong in o (ao, eo etc.), or in A grandson of Dudu, named Sunu [q. v.], was one of the nine consonants, r, n, ng, k, s, t, b, l, converted to the Catholic faith. and m. In 1632, with the encouragement of Abahai [q. v.], he made some improvements in [1/222/1a; 2/3/12b; Ch'ing T'ai-tsu Wu-huang-ti the Manchu writing which had been borrowed shih-lu (see under Nurhaci); *~.:E-*~*-1 from the Mongol in 1599. -
The Russo-Japanese War, Britain's Military Observers, and British
Born Soldiers Who March Under the Rising Sun: The Russo-Japanese War, Britain’s Military Observers, and British Impressions Regarding Japanese Martial Capabilities Prior to the First World War by Liam Caswell Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia December 2017 © Copyright by Liam Caswell, 2017 Table of Contents Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………… ii Abstract………………………………………………………………………………….. iii List of Abbreviations Used……………………………………………………………… iv Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………… v Chapter I Introduction……………………………………………………………………. 1 Chapter II “An Evident Manifestation of Sympathy”: The Relationship between the British Press and Japan at War………………………………………………………….. 25 Chapter III “Surely the Lacedaemonians at Thermopylae were Not Braver than these Men”: British Observers and the Character and Ability of the Japanese Soldier…………………………………………………………………………………... 43 Chapter IV “Russia’s Invincible Foe”: Estimations of British Observers Regarding the Performance of the Imperial Japanese Army…………………………………………… 77 Chapter V A Most Impressive Pupil: Captain William Pakenham, R.N., and the Performance of the Imperial Japanese Navy during the War’s Maritime Operations……………………………………………………………………………... 118 Chapter VI Conclusion………………………………………………………………... 162 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………... 170 ii Abstract This thesis explores how Japan’s military triumphs during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-’05 influenced British opinions regarding -
Making the Palace Machine Work Palace Machine the Making
11 ASIAN HISTORY Siebert, (eds) & Ko Chen Making the Machine Palace Work Edited by Martina Siebert, Kai Jun Chen, and Dorothy Ko Making the Palace Machine Work Mobilizing People, Objects, and Nature in the Qing Empire Making the Palace Machine Work Asian History The aim of the series is to offer a forum for writers of monographs and occasionally anthologies on Asian history. The series focuses on cultural and historical studies of politics and intellectual ideas and crosscuts the disciplines of history, political science, sociology and cultural studies. Series Editor Hans Hågerdal, Linnaeus University, Sweden Editorial Board Roger Greatrex, Lund University David Henley, Leiden University Ariel Lopez, University of the Philippines Angela Schottenhammer, University of Salzburg Deborah Sutton, Lancaster University Making the Palace Machine Work Mobilizing People, Objects, and Nature in the Qing Empire Edited by Martina Siebert, Kai Jun Chen, and Dorothy Ko Amsterdam University Press Cover illustration: Artful adaptation of a section of the 1750 Complete Map of Beijing of the Qianlong Era (Qianlong Beijing quantu 乾隆北京全圖) showing the Imperial Household Department by Martina Siebert based on the digital copy from the Digital Silk Road project (http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/II-11-D-802, vol. 8, leaf 7) Cover design: Coördesign, Leiden Lay-out: Crius Group, Hulshout isbn 978 94 6372 035 9 e-isbn 978 90 4855 322 8 (pdf) doi 10.5117/9789463720359 nur 692 Creative Commons License CC BY NC ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0) The authors / Amsterdam University Press B.V., Amsterdam 2021 Some rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, any part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise). -
The Interaction Between Ethnic Relations and State Power: a Structural Impediment to the Industrialization of China, 1850-1911
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Georgia State University Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Sociology Dissertations Department of Sociology 5-27-2008 The nI teraction between Ethnic Relations and State Power: A Structural Impediment to the Industrialization of China, 1850-1911 Wei Li Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/sociology_diss Part of the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Li, Wei, "The nI teraction between Ethnic Relations and State Power: A Structural Impediment to the Industrialization of China, 1850-1911." Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2008. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/sociology_diss/33 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Sociology at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sociology Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE INTERACTION BETWEEN ETHNIC RELATIONS AND STATE POWER: A STRUCTURAL IMPEDIMENT TO THE INDUSTRIALIZATION OF CHINA, 1850-1911 by WEI LI Under the Direction of Toshi Kii ABSTRACT The case of late Qing China is of great importance to theories of economic development. This study examines the question of why China’s industrialization was slow between 1865 and 1895 as compared to contemporary Japan’s. Industrialization is measured on four dimensions: sea transport, railway, communications, and the cotton textile industry. I trace the difference between China’s and Japan’s industrialization to government leadership, which includes three aspects: direct governmental investment, government policies at the macro-level, and specific measures and actions to assist selected companies and industries. -
A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment for the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Central Lancashire
China’s policy towards South Korea: 1961-2017 by Yin Xuan PENG A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment for the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Central Lancashire October 2020 1 2 Abstract In the realm of Chinese foreign policy, the majority of scholars and pundits analyze China’s policy towards South Korea from the perspective of China’s rational diplomatic thinking that caters to China’s national interest maximization. However, I argue that China’s diplomacy with South Korea from the late Mao Ze- dong era to the early Xi Jin-ping era should be considered as a combination of the influence of China’s national interest calculation, the Chinese leadership’s diplomatic thinking, the factional struggle among Chinese cadres. The thesis of mine, thereby, attempts to make a contribution to explanation of China’s policy towards South Korea from aspects of Mao’s pursuit of ‘pure’ communism and Deng’s success in the campaign against the Chinese radicals, even though the Sino-South Korean relationship has been viewed as an interest-oriented bilateral diplomacy. China’s new approach towards South Korea emerged from the year of 1961 as Park Chung-hee (1961-1979) became the de facto paramount political leader, as prepared to use developmental policies to promote its modernization programme – the “Miracle on the Han River”, which laid a foundation for a new economic relationship between China and South Korea. Deng Xiao-ping (1978- 1992) did not put forward the “Four Modernization Programme” (“四个现代化” – sige xiandaihua) until the Chinese reformists returned to power, which enabled China to promote secret business dealings with South Korea in the 1980s. -
History, Background, Context
42 History, Background, Context The history of the Qing dynasty is of course the history of hundreds upon hundreds of millions of people. The volume, density, and complexity of the information contained in this history--"history" in the sense of the totality of what really happened and why--even if it were available would be beyond the capacity of any single individual to comprehend. Thus what follows is "history" in another sense--a selective recreation of the past in written form--in this case a sketch of basic facts about major episodes and events drawn from secondary sources which hopefully will provide a little historical background and allow the reader to place Pi Xirui and Jingxue lishi within a historical context. While the history of the Qing dynasty proper begins in 1644, history is continuous. The Jurchen (who would later call themselves Manchus), a northeastern tribal people, had fought together with the Chinese against the Japanese in the 1590s when the Japanese invaded Korea. However in 1609, after a decade of increasing military strength, their position towards the Chinese changed, becoming one of antagonism. Nurhaci1 努爾哈赤 (1559-1626), a leader who had united the Jurchen tribes, proclaimed himself to be their chieftain or Khan in 1616 and also proclaimed the 1See: ECCP, p.594-9, for his biography. 43 founding of a new dynasty, the Jin 金 (also Hou Jin 後金 or Later Jin), signifying that it was a continuation of the earlier Jurchen dynasty which ruled from 1115-1234. In 1618, Nurhaci led an army of 10,000 with the intent of invading China.