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Estimation of Feasibility and Economic Impacts of Proposed Native American Land Grant College in the State of Nevada Thomas R

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Estimation of Feasibility and Economic Impacts of Proposed Native American Land Grant College in the State of Nevada Thomas R Estimation of Feasibility and Economic Impacts of Proposed Native American Land Grant College in the State of Nevada Thomas R. Harris, Professor, Director, and Extension Specialist, University of Nevada, Reno College of Business Department of Economics, University Center for Economic Development ([email protected]) Staci Emm, Professor and Extension Educator, University of Nevada Extension Mineral County Office ([email protected]) Carol Bishop, Associate Professor and Extension Educator, University of Nevada Extension Clark County-Logandale Office ([email protected]) Brenda Freeman, Professor and Extension Specialist, University of Nevada, Reno College of Education Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology ([email protected]) Kari Emm, Director, University of Nevada, Reno Director of Transfer Programs ([email protected]) Buddy Borden, Associate professor and Extension Educator, University of Nevada Extension Clark County-Las Vegas Office ([email protected]) [email protected] Selected Paper prepared for presentation at the 2020 Agricultural & Applied Economics Association Annual Meeting, Kansas City, Mo, July 26-28, 2020. Copyright 2020 by [authors]. All rights reserved. Readers may make verbatim copies of this document for non-commercial purposes by any means, provided that this copyright notice appears on all such copies. Introduction Since the U.S. Congress authorization of the formation of 1994 Land Grant universities and colleges, there are 36 federally recognized tribal land grants colleges federally recognized tribal land grants in the United States. These universities and colleges are part of the land grant system that was first authorized by the Morril Act in 1862 for states and 1890 for Black Colleges. Legislation was approved in 1994 for American Indian land grants. Most of the Native American Land Grant universities are located in the plains and southwestern states of the nation. These universities and colleges are chartered by one or more American Indian tribes. The State of Nevada has 19 federal recognized American Indian tribes with 27 reservations and colonies, and currently does not have an American Indian Land Grant university or college. However, there is a possibility of a location of an American Indian land grant college on the Yerington Paiute reservation. At the request of the Yerington Paiute Tribe, a working committee, under the direction of the College of Agricultural, Natural Resources and Biotechnology came together to complete a feasibility and economic impact analysis for the creation of a tribal college in Nevada. The working committee was comprised of the Yerington Paiute Tribe, Nevada Indian Commission, UNR American Indian faculty and Nevada tribal members, and other UNR faculty from the UNR College of Education and College of Cooperative Extension. Economists from the University of Nevada Center for Economic Development and Cooperative Extension used results of a needs analysis and worked with the Yerington Paiute Tribe to complete a feasibility and economic impacts analysis on a facility located on their reservation. Currently, the facility is located on tribal lands as a school for troubled teen girls. The lease on the facility will be up soon and the Tribe would like to investigate the opportunity to turn the facility into a tribal college for Nevada Indian students. The goal of this report is to provide decision makers with the information needed to determine whether a tribal college at the Yerington Paiute Tribe site is economically feasible and the potential economic impacts of facility operations on the economy of Lyon County. Tribal College Framework Tribal colleges and universities (TCU) are chartered by a tribal government or respective group of tribal governments. There are over 75 campuses in 16 states that serve students from federally recognized tribes in the United States. TCUs vary in their educational focus, enrollment size, location and other characteristics. Graphic 1 is a map provided by the American Indian Higher Education Consortium (AIHEC, 2019) on the current locations of TCUs. (FIGURE 1 HERE) The project team visited Salish Kootenai College in 2017 to assist with understanding the dynamics of the tribal college framework. The existing college was extremely helpful and, provided a history of how Salish Kootenai College was started, offered to assist with accreditation, and shared best practices and documents on how to start a college. The team began to piece together the requirements that would be needed to not only start a tribal college in Nevada but be able to adequately prepare the Nevada tribal college for 1994 Land Grant status in the future. The major requirements to be considered for Land Grant status are congressional action, accreditation, chartered by tribal government, 50% or more of the Board of Regents must be American Indian, and a student population of 50% or more American Indian. Funding is available under land grant status for Education Equity, Extension Services, and Research. There is also Bureau of Indian Education funding available per American Indian served. American Indian Higher Education Consortium (AIHEC) was formed in 1973. AIHEC has a membership of 37 TCUs in the United States that are chartered by tribal governments to provide support to American Indians. Research (UNCE, CM-18-01) reported that culturally and holistically based higher education opportunities lead to overall success. AIHEC focuses on this goal and is instrumental in establishing a tribal college. Nevada Indian Tribes There are four major tribal groups located in Nevada, the Washeshu (Washoe), Numa (Northern Paiute), Newe (Western Shoshone), and the Nuwuvi (Southern Paiute). The Washeshu are located in extreme Western Nevada along the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, the Numa historically occupied west and north central Nevada, the Newe historically inhabited east and north central Nevada, and the Nuwuvi historically resided in southern Nevada. Within the four major tribal groups, there are 27 reservations and colonies throughout Nevada. Tribal enrollment ranges from 56 tribal members to over 2,000 members depending on the particular reservation and/or colony. The Paiute people historically was made up of many different bands of Indians that were located across a large part of the western United States. The Paiutes call themselves “Numu,” meaning “The People.” Over time, the bands were relocated and placed on land bases that we call reservations today. In Nevada, there are the Southern Paiutes and Northern Paiutes. Prior to contact with Europeans, the Southern Paiutes occupied more than 30 million acres of present-day southern California, southern Nevada, south-central Utah and northern Arizona. They lived a nomadic lifestyle in independent groups, moving frequently based upon food supplies. Spanish settlement greatly impacted the Southern Paiutes, introducing a slave trade, and as settlement increased, epidemics of smallpox, cholera and other diseases swept through the bands of Indians. The Southern Paiute in Nevada lived in about 15 bands across southeastern Nevada and neighboring states. There are two federally recognized tribes as a result of the bands in Nevada. The two bands are the Las Vegas Paiute and the Moapa Band of Paiutes. The Northern Paiute in Nevada lived in several bands that spanned across Oregon, California, Nevada and Idaho. There are five federally recognized tribes as a result of the bands in Nevada. These bands or “Tribes” as they are called today are the Lovelock Paiute Tribe, Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe, Summit Lake Paiute Tribe, Walker River Paiute Tribe and the Yerington Paiute Tribe. The Western Shoshone Indians are “Newe,” (Nu-wee) meaning “The People” with a traditional territory covering southern Idaho, the central part of Nevada, northwestern Utah and the Death Valley region of southern California. The Western Shoshone historically survived by hunting, gathering, fishing, foraging and some farming. They have a unique social structure stretching throughout their territories, with all groups meeting up at least once a year, but also breaking up into small groups to follow food sources. The different groups (villages) of Indians are connected or linked based on economic and social activities, and through marriage (Clemmer, 2004). There are four Shoshone Tribes located in Nevada, which are the Te-Moak Tribe of Shoshone, Duckwater Shoshone Tribe, Ely Shoshone Tribe and the Yomba Shoshone Tribe. There are several federally recognized tribes that are both Northern Paiute and Shoshone. The majority of the time, land was purchased, set aside or allocated for the Indians living in the area. At other times, they would relocate groups of Indians to a particular land base. This all resulted in Paiute and Shoshones making up the demographics of one tribe. The Paiute and Shoshone tribes in Nevada are the Duck Valley Tribe of Shoshone and Paiute Indians, Fallon Paiute- Shoshone Tribe, Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribe, and the Winnemucca Paiute and Shoshone Indian Colony. The Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California is located in western Nevada and eastern California around Lake Tahoe, specifically Cave Rock. Washoe or “Washo” is derived from “WA SHE SHU” meaning “The Washoe People.” The Washoe people historically were divided in three different groups. The groups are identified as “Wel mel ti,” (the northerners), “Pau wa lu” (lived in the Carson Valley), and “Hung a lel ti” (lived in the south). The groups would come together
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