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The Two Worlds of Lake Tahoe Frontispiece: Cave Rock Ca

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The Two Worlds of Lake Tahoe Frontispiece: Cave Rock Ca The Two Worlds of Lake Tahoe frontispiece: Cave Rock ca. 3000 B.C. Illustration by Karen Beyers. NEVADA STATE MUSEUM ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS NUMBER 26 The Two Worlds Of Lake Tahoe: A Report On Cave Rock by WARREN L. d’AZEVEDO EUGENE M. HATTORI, Editor CARSON CITY, NEVADA OCTOBER 2008 NEVADA DEPARTMENT OF CULTURAL AFFAIRS DIVISION OF MUSEUMS AND HISTORY Jim Gibbons Michael E. Fischer Peter Barton Jim Barmore Governor Department Director Acting Administrator Museum Director © 2008 by the Nevada State Museum All rights reserved. iv To the Washiw Nation and the survival of a people v TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION……………………….………………………………………………….…. v TABLE OF CONTENTS….…………………………………………………………….…. vii LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………………... vii PREFACE……………………………………………………………………………….…. ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS……………………………………………………………….…. xi iNTRODUCTION…………………...……………………………………………….……. 1 THE WASHOE PERSPECTIVE…………………………………………………….…...... 5 The Meaning of a Place……….…………………………………………….……... 5 A Natural Shrine………………………………………………….………….…...... 8 More Washoe Voices……………………………………………………….……..... 10 Current Observances……………………………………………………….……..... 14 The Cautionary Space…………………………………………………….……....... 17 THE EURO-AMERICAN PERSPECTIVE……………………………………………...... 21 Unwelcome Predecessors………………………………………………....……...... 22 Let Them Eat Grasshoppers……………………………………………………….. 26 The Historical Rock……………………………………………………………….. 32 The New Folklore………………………………………………………………...... 37 And the Apocrypha……………………………………………………………….... 41 THE LEGACY OF CAVE ROCK…………………………………………………….….... 47 POSTSCRIPT…………………………………………………………………………….... 53 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………………...... 55 LIST OF FIGURES Cave Rock ca. 3000 B.C. ………………………………...………………………........frontispiece Figure 1. Washoe place names at Lake Tahoe …………………….................…………... 2-3 Figure 2. Cave Rock boat launch ca. 1957………………………………………………… 10 Figure 3. “Washoe Indians -- The Chief’s Family,” ca. 1866……………………………… 21 Figure 4. Historic Washoe camp at Lake Tahoe…………………………………………... 28 Figure 5. Cave Rock from the south ……………………………………………………… 32 Figure 6. Freight teams at the south end of Cave Rock, ca. 1870...……………………….. 34 Figure 7. View of Lake Tahoe: Cave Rock ……………………………………………….. 35 vii PREFACE There has been a deep interest in de ek wadapus or Cave Rock its significance and meaning to my people of the Washoe Tribe. It has also caught the attention of rock-climbing enthusiasts. Today, it still stands for the spirit of the Washoe and our way of life that has endured for hundreds of years despite predictions we would not survive. Medicine men and other spiritual leaders went to Cave Rock to seek and meditate for spiritual renewal. It required a complicated ritualistic process with special rules and restrictions. These practices and traditions are not compatible with sport rock- climbing. In the 1990’s, Warren d’Azevedo, Professor Emeritus and founder of the Anthropology Department at the University of Nevada-Reno, joined the team conducting a study to evaluate the impact of contemporary recreational uses to the living traditions and intellectual heritage of Cave Rock. In this publication, Professor d’Azevedo has chronicled all written material relating to Cave Rock from the earliest reports in newspapers, magazines, personal accounts of travelers, and interested parties, including cultural material from his own studies with Washoe people. Since the early 1950s Professor d’Azevedo has worked with members of the Washoe Tribe. He interviewed elders who still could recount the old traditions and customs as well as knowledge of fishing and hunting around da owga or Lake Tahoe. He was able to talk to elders who were comfortable telling him stories of the past and sharing their feelings of these traditions and of how they were changing or persisting. Among the most resilient of these traditions was their deep respect for de ek wadapus or Cave Rock. While making valuable contributions to the academic and scientific field of anthropology, Professor d’Azevedo has always been a friend to the Washoe Tribe. He will always be my mentor and dek mil lew or friend. I will always cherish his kindness and his encouragement as I continue my research of the wel mel ti or Northern Washoe. He has chronicled our history and captured the voices of our elders while increasing understanding between people with different points of view. A. Jo Ann Nevers Washoe Tribal Elder ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am beholden to Glenda Powell for skillful and tireless transcription of my original manuscript. Grateful acknowledgment is also extended to Eugene Hattori and the staff of the Nevada State Museum for meticulous editing of final content and format. There are many persons whose work and association over the years have stimulated the writing presented here. Among my colleagues Kay Fowler, William Jacobsen, Jr., Edgar Siskin, John Price, James Downs, Penny Rucks, and Jo Ann Nevers have been especially rich resources of advice. Then, of course, there are many Washoe friends and acquaintances to whom I owe an even greater debt of gratitude for entrusting me with their views. Fore- most among them, over the many years of my involvement, were Roy and Earl James, George Snooks, Hank Pete, Ramsey Walker, Amy Barber, Barton John, Laurence Christiansen, Clara Frank, Lloyd Barrington, Winona James, John Dressler, Franklin Mack, Steve James, Bertha Holbrook, Jean McNickle, Henry Rupert, Brian Wallace, Lynda Shoshone, Dariel Bender, and Allen Wallace. There have been others, but these I remember with especial respect and affec- tion. xi INTRODUCTION Cave Rock (De-ek Wadápuš, or “rock American notions about Lake Tahoe and its standing gray”) is a geographic feature at Lake environs are permeated by a romantic mystique Tahoe (dá’aw) of great spiritual significance to and syncretic folklore that has evolved under the the members of the Washoe Tribe of Nevada influence of Washoe beliefs. The role of Cave and California, but it also figures as a natural Rock at Lake Tahoe in the cultural setting of these formation of considerable import in the brief two worldviews exemplifies its significance as historical period of Euro-American presence an ancestral and historic monument. (fig. 1). The cultural setting of Cave Rock involves two relatively distinct worldviews, In the pages that follow the reader though each has been profoundly influenced by will become aware of the author’s reliance on the other during the 150 years of confrontation numerous direct citations from the press and and accommodation between the indigenous relevant historical documents. This format people and the intruders who soon overwhelmed derives from his view that the material under them. The Washoe perspective springs from discussion here is best explicated by its advent the ancient tradition of those who occupied the in the current media, the contemporaneous voice land for thousands of years and which continues unfiltered by time or latter-day interpretations today as a defining element of heritage and and revisions. In this way one is more likely to identity. For them, every aspect of the natural get the gist of the historical moment – as it was environment was represented by sentient beings thought and said at the time. It comes closest to to whom it was necessary to demonstrate respect providing the raw data replete with fact, belief and cooperation if humans are to survive and and deliberate or inadvertent lies in the jargon use the earth’s resources. It is in this sense that and unique accent of a moment in history – lest the earth--its terrain, its firmament and all living we forget. things – is considered sacrosanct. The term Washoe has been employed The Euro-American perspective with throughout this work rather than Washo, a usage regard to the environment is manifestly secular which appears in much of the anthropological and in orientation and motive. During the great linguistic literature. The former is the standard rush Westward, the land and its resources were spelling in English adopted by the Washoe viewed as objects of frontier opportunity and Tribe and comes closest to their own word for exploitation. Within decades the fisheries and themselves (Wá šiw). The word Washoe was forests were depleted. Commercial enterprise, probably pronounced as Wa shoo, Wa shoe, ranching, construction, recreation and population or Wa shiw by early western immigrants (cf., growth transformed the landscape while the Jacobson, 1996:ii). original inhabitants were deprived of livelihood and decimated by starvation and disease. The fate of Lake Tahoe Basin is a prime example of the consequences of this worldview and, though voices are increasingly raised against the destruction of its natural wonders, the trend continues with no abatement just as alarm is being raised about the burgeoning human exploitation of a vulnerable planet. At the same time, there is an irony in the fact that Euro- 1 2 3 THE WASHOE PERSPECTIVE The significance of Cave Rock in Washoe of island temples in the lake, and of the dangers tradition has been noted in the writings of of the deep waters. Of the cave, they write: travelers and scholars since the earliest Euro- American contact with Lake Tahoe. During the Upon the eastern side, about midway ten years after John Charles Frémont sighted from north to south, is a singularly “Mountain Lake” (or “Lake Bonpland”) from arched cavity or entrance, that leads the vicinity of Hope Valley in 1844 thousands of to dark and hitherto unexplored immigrants passed through Lake Valley on the recesses,
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