Writing Witch-Hunt Histories Studies in Medieval and Reformation Traditions Edited by Andrew Colin Gow, Edmonton, Alberta In cooperation with Sylvia Brown, Edmonton, Alberta Falk Eisermann, Berlin Berndt Hamm, Erlangen Johannes Heil, Heidelberg Susan C. Karant-Nunn, Tucson, Arizona Martin Kaufhold, Augsburg Erik Kwakkel, Leiden Jürgen Miethke, Heidelberg Christopher Ocker, San Anselmo and Berkeley, California Founding Editor Heiko A. Oberman † VOLUME 173 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/smrt Writing Witch-Hunt Histories Challenging the Paradigm Edited by Marko Nenonen and Raisa Maria Toivo LEIDEN • BOSTON 2014 Cover illustration: “Still Wordless”, block print by Pirjo Heino, 2009. Courtesy of the artist. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Writing witch-hunt histories : challenging the paradigm / edited by Marko Nenonen and Raisa Maria Toivo. pages cm. — (Studies in medieval and Reformation traditions, ISSN 1573-4188 ; VOLUME 173) Includes index. ISBN 978-90-04-25790-0 (hardback : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-25791-7 (e-book) 1. Witch hunting—Historiography. I. Nenonen, Marko, editor of compilation. BF1566.W83 2013 133.4’30722—dc23 2013027248 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 1573-4188 ISBN 978-90-04-25790-0 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-25791-7 (e-book) Copyright 2014 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. 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CONTENTS List of Illustrations .......................................................................................... vii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................ xi Contributors ..................................................................................................... xiii 1 Challenging the Paradigm of Witch-Hunt Historiography ......... 1 Marko Nenonen and Raisa Maria Toivo 2 The Dubious History of the Witch-Hunts ....................................... 17 Marko Nenonen 3 Images and Witchcraft Studies: A Short History ........................... 41 Charles Zika 4 Gender, Sex and Cultures of Trouble in Witchcraft Studies: European Historiography with Special Reference to Finland ... 87 Raisa Maria Toivo 5 Russian Witchcraft on Trial: Historiography and Methodology for Studying Russian Witches .............................................................. 109 Marianna G. Muravyeva 6 Witchcraft and Ethnicity: A Critical Perspective on Sami Shamanism in Seventeenth-Century Northern Norway ............. 141 Rune Blix Hagen 7 Topics of Persecution: Witchcraft Historiography in the Iberian World ........................................................................................... 167 Gunnar W. Knutsen 8 Witchcraft and Modernity .................................................................... 191 Ronald Hutton Index of Names and Subjects ...................................................................... 213 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Chart 4.1. The number of accused witches and the percentage of men in them in Finland 1540–1699 ................................................... 92 Tables 5.1. Gender of practising witches in Russia, 1700–1785 (reported cases) ...................................................................................... 124 5.2. Witchcraft cases in Russia ................................................................... 129 Figures 1.1. Wolfgang Behringer, Witches and Witch-Hunts: A Global History. (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2004). Cover illustration: The burning of twenty-one witches at Waldsee, 10 June 1587. 4 2.1. H. C. Erik Midelfort, Witch-Hunting in Southwestern Germany 1562–1684. The Social and Intellectual Foundations. (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1972). Cover illustration: information not given ........................................................................... 22 2.2. 17th-century beggar-figure collecting donations for the poor in the church of Hauho, Finland. Photo Ville Vuolanto. By courtesy of the photographer ....................................................... 25 2.3. Bengt Ankarloo and Gustav Henningsen, Häxornas Europa 1400–1700. (Lund: Institutet för rättshistorisk forskning grundat av Gustav och Carin Olin 1987). Cover illustration: Lucas Granach S., The Wild Hunt ...................................................... 32 3.1. Alan C. Kors and Edward Peters, Witchcraft in Europe 400–1700: A documentary History, 2nd edition (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001). Cover illustration: Hans Baldung Grien, A group of female witches, woodcut, 1510 42 3.2. Émile Grillot de Givry, Witchcraft, Magic & Alchemy, trans. J. Courtenay Locke (New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1971). Cover illustration: The Hermetic Androgyne, colored viii list of illustrations miniature from a late seventeenth-century German manuscript Dritter Pitagorischer Sinodas von der verborgenen Weisheit ..................................................................................................... 46 3.3. Bibliothèque nationale, ed. Les sorcières, Maxime Préaud (Paris: Bibliothèque nationale, 1973). Cover illustration: Jacques de Gheyn II, Preparations for a Witches’ Sabbath, engraving, 1610 ......................................................................................... 50 3.4. Lyndal Roper, Oedipus & the Devil: Witchcraft, Sexuality and Religion in Early Modern Europe (London and New York: Routledge, 1994). Cover illustration: Hans Baldung Grien, The Weather Witches, panel painting, 1523, Städelsches Kunstinstitut, Frankfurt am Main ..................................................... 53 3.5. Richard van Dülmen, Hexenwelten: Magie und Imagination (Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, 1987). Cover illustration: Frans Francken the Younger, The Witches’ Sabbath, panel painting, 1606 ............................................................. 62 3.6. Rita Voltmer and Franz Irsigler eds., Incubi Succubi: Hexen und ihre Henker bis Heute; Ein historisches lesebuch zur Ausstellung (Luxembourg: Musée d’Histoire, 2000). Cover illustration: Witches Cooking up a Storm, woodcut, in Ulrich Molitor, De lamiis et phitonicis malieribus, Cologne, c.1495 ...... 64 3.7. Claudia Swan, Art, Science, and Witchcraft in Early Modern Holland: Jacques de Gheyn II (1565–1629) (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005). Cover illustration: Jacques de Gheyn II, Insects and Flowers, watercolor and gouache on vellum with traces of silverpoint and chalk, 1600, in Lugt Album, fol. 11r. Collection Frits Lugt, Institut Néerlandais, Paris. Photo: Courtesy Institut Néerlandais, Paris ................................................................................... 67 3.8. Linda C. Hults, The Witch as Muse: Art, Gender, and Power in Early Modern Europe (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005). Cover illustration: Hans Baldung Grien, The Weather Witches (detail), panel painting, 1523. Städelsches Kunstinstitut, Frankfurt am Main ............................. 75 3.9. Charles Zika, The Appearance of Witchcraft: Print and Visual Culture in Sixteenth-Century Europe (London and New York: Routledge, 2007). Cover illustration: The Devil Abducts the Witch of Berkeley and Consigns her to the Fires of Hell, pen and ink and water colour, in Wickiana, MS F. 12, fol. 9r. Zentralbibliothek Zurich ........................................................ 77 list of illustrations ix 4.1. The devil and two men gossiping. Late medieval mural in the church of Siuntio, Finland. Photo: P. O. Welin 1969–1970. Neg. 104074. National Board of Antiquities in Finland .............. 94 4.2. Devils and men tending or trading horses. Post 1514 mural in the church of Lohja, Finland. Photo: P. O. Welin 1979. Neg. 151813. National Board of Antiquities in Finland ................ 101 5.1. The Prophesy Book, XVI century—The Illuminated Chronicles of the XVIth century, Russia (National Library of Russia, F. 550, F.IV.151, f. 881rev.) ................................................................................... 116 5.2. Baba Iaga rides the pig to fight with a crocodile—Russian wooden painting (lubok), 1766—from Rovinsky, Russkie narodnye kartinki ................................................................................... 120 5.3. Monk Feofil makes a pact with the Tsar of Demons, Fresco from the Church of Ilyia the Prophet, Yaroslavl’, 1715–1716 ...... 133 6.1. “Domen”: During the winter of 1662/63 more than thirty women accused of harmful witchcraft, of which some were mere girls, were brought before the court in eastern Finnmark. Of these, nineteen women were found guilty and burned at the stake. Many of the women