Appendix B Diamond DA42 Aircraft Data

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Appendix B Diamond DA42 Aircraft Data 2.2. | IL MARCHIO, IL LOGOTIPO: LE DECLINAZ IONI SCUOLA DI INGEGNERIA INDUSTRIALE E DELL’INFORMAZIONE M.Sc. Thesis FLIGHT MECHANICS MODELING AND CONTROL STUDY OF A THREE-SURFACE AIRCRAFT Relatore: Prof. Carlo E. D. RIBOLDI Co-relatore: Prof. Stefano CACCIOLA Tesi di Laurea Magistrale di: Andrea Bavetta Matr. 863302 Politecnico di Milano Anno Accademico 2017-2018 Ringraziamenti Questa tesi non è frutto del mio solo lavoro e impegno, ma è il risultato di una collab- orazione che mi ha sempre spronato a continuare la ricerca, soprattutto nei momenti di sconforto, quando i risultati ottenuti non erano quelli aspettati o sperati. Vorrei ringraziare sentitamente il mio relatore Prof. Riboldi e il mio co-relatore Prof. Cacciola per avermi seguito in questi mesi mostrando sempre interesse e disponibilità, in particolar modo per avermi fatto lavorare in un ambiente in cui mi sono sentito a mio agio. Ringrazio i miei gen- itori per essere stati sempre dalla mia parte anche nei momenti difficili, mostrando sempre pazienza e accettando senza indurre pressioni il mio modo di lavorare. Devo moltissimo a mio padre che ringrazio per avermi trasmesso fin da bambino la passione per il volo; a lui devo il coronamento del mio sogno di diventare pilota, avendomi avvicinato agli aeroplani sin da piccolo. Ringrazio mia madre per essere stata sempre comprensiva e per non aver mai mostrato apprensione nei periodi in cui mi sono messo in gioco, soprattutto durante gli ap- pelli d’esame. Ringrazio mio nonno che mi ha permesso di essere la realizzazione di un suo sogno, dato che non ha avuto la possibilità di intraprendere la carriera di pilota, dimostrando la stessa felicità e soddisfazione come se i miei risultati fossero stati suoi. Ringrazio i miei familiari, mio fratello Carlo, mia sorella Irene e i miei zii per avere sempre avuto stima del mio lavoro e del mio studio, cosa che ho apprezzato molto. Devo tanto ai miei amici, compagni di corso e non, conosciuti al primo anno in campus, con cui ho condiviso mesi di studio e momenti indimenticabili; agli amici conosciuti in università con cui ogni giorno ci si è ritrovati per studiare, pranzare o bere una birra. Se anche solo di questi tasselli fosse mancato, sicuramente non sarei riuscito a com- pletare questo mio percorso. i ii Abstract Aircraft design in the last decades, especially for what concerns the airline transport, has generally been based on the revision, modernization or partial re-design of well-consolidated products to reduce research, development and production costs. This design philosophy has led to some airliner families whose members feature some common characteristics or com- ponents as for example the wing, the system disposition or the passenger seat layout. This applies in general for conventional two-surface aircraft, the most common solution in civil aviation. The idea to employ a different configuration, as for example a canard arrange- ment, has always been a challenge; this because, even if canard configuration can lead to many advantages in terms of efficiency and fuel consumption, some issues occur as well; the solution of such issues cancels completely the above-mentioned benefits. The problems associated with the canard configuration will be shown, explaining why such lifting surface arrangement can be found mainly in little private airplanes or in model aircraft. This research thesis takes inspiration from the work done by Piaggio Aerospace in the 80s with the P180 Avanti. The company has found a configuration which could exploit the advantages offered by the canard without incurring into the relative problems. The resulting three-surface airplane has demonstrated to compete with business jets of the same class in terms of cruising speed and fuel consumption, even if featuring turboprop engines. The potential of the three-surface configuration may be enhanced by considering the forward wing to feature an elevator (movable surface); in this case the new degree of freedom may be used to search convenient trim solutions. The work starts with a model of the flight mechanics for a three-surface aircraft and moves on with a study on the advantages that an optimal trim solution may offer. The appli- cation of those studies on the configuration revision of an existing aircraft is investigated, specifying what are the conditions for which a change of configurations is convenient. Even- tually, a brief method on how to set up a preliminarily ab-initio design of a three-surface aircraft, from a point of view of pure mechanics, will be shown. The main purpose of this work is to show that, under certain conditions, the three- surface configuration offers some advantages in terms of better performance compared to two-surface solutions (tailed or canard), for a given set of performance requirements. That being said, this work may represent the starting point for the definition of three-surface aircraft design guidelines. Keywords: Aircraft design; three-surface configuration; flight mechanics; trim solutions. iii iv Sommario Negli ultimi decenni, specialmente in ambito di trasporto di linea, il progetto di velivoli si è basato principalmente sulla revisione, aggiornamento o riprogettazione parziale di de- sign consolidati, puntando alla riduzioni di costi di ricerca, sviluppo e produzione. Questa filosofia ha portato ad alcune particolari famiglie di velivoli, i quali membri presentano caratteristiche o componenti simili, come l’ala, la disposizione degli impianti e sistemi o dei sedili in cabina. Questo è in genere valido per velivoli a configurazione convenzionale a due superfici, la soluzione più comune in ambito civile. L’idea di utilizzare una configu- razione diversa, come ad esempio una soluzione canard, è stata sempre una questione dibat- tuta. La configurazione canard, pur promettendo numerevoli vantaggi tra cui una maggiore efficienza e risparmio di combustibile, comporta l’apparizione di alcuni problemi la cui soluzione annulla tutti i vantaggi aspettati. In questo lavoro i problemi associati all’adozione di una configurazione canard verranno brevemente esposti, spiegando per quale ragione una tale disposizione di impennaggi orizzontali viene trovata principalmente in velivoli di pic- coli dimensioni o aeromodelli. Questa tesi di ricerca prende spunto dal lavoro della Piaggio Aerospace negli anni ’80 con il modello P180 Avanti. L’azienda è riuscita a trovare una con- figurazione che riuscisse a sfruttare i vantaggi offerti dal canard senza incorrere nei problemi relativi a questa soluzione. Il modello a tre superfici che ne è risultato ha dimostrato essere un ottimo concorrente di velivoli a getto della stessa classe in termini di velocità di crociera e consumo carburante, pur montando propulsori turboelica. Il potenziale della configurazione a tre superfici può essere ulteriormente valorizzato considerando l’aletta canard come im- pennaggio dotato di equilibratore (superficie mobile); in questo modo il nuovo grado di libertà introdotto può essere sfruttato per ricercare soluzioni di equilibrio convenienti. Il lavoro inizia con la definizione di un modello della meccanica del volo di un velivolo generico a tre superfici e prosegue con lo studio dei vantaggi che soluzioni di equilibrio ottime possono offrire. In seguito, i risultati del modello della meccanica del volo di un tre superfici e dello studio di equilibri ottimi verranno applicati alla revisione di configu- razioni di velivoli già esistenti, specificando quali sono le condizioni per cui un cambio di configurazione risulta essere conveniente. Infine, verrà brevemente esposto un metodo per impostare il progetto preliminare ab-initio della configurazione di un velivolo a tre superfici da un punto di vista puramente meccanico. Lo scopo di questo lavoro è di mostrare che, sotto certe condizioni, la configurazione a tre superfici presenta dei vantaggi rispetto a una configurazione a due superfici (conven- zionale o canard), a parità di requisiti di progetto. Appurato questo, si propone un punto di partenza per possibili linee guida per la progettazione di velivoli a tre superfici attraverso il modello statico e l’algoritmo di trimmaggio ottimo. Parole Chiave: Progetto di velivoli; configurazione a tre superfici; meccanica del volo; soluzioni di equilibrio. v vi Contents List of Figures ix List of Tables xi List of Symbols xiii List of Abbreviations xxi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation . .1 1.2 Canard Configuration . .1 1.3 Overcome the Canard Issues . .2 1.4 Goals and Work Outline . .3 2 Three-Surface Model 5 2.1 Lift and Pitching Moment of the Whole Aircraft . .6 2.2 Lift of the Three Surfaces . .7 2.3 Pitching Moment of the Three Surfaces . .9 2.4 Stick-Fixed Neutral Point . 14 2.5 Maneuvering Flight of a Three-Surface Aircraft . 14 2.5.1 Angle of Attack Induced by Pitch Rate . 15 2.5.2 Change of the Lift Coefficient in Maneuvering Flight . 15 2.5.3 Pitching Moment Variation in Maneuvering Flight . 17 2.6 Stick-Free Static Stability . 17 2.7 Borri Formulation . 17 2.7.1 Two-Surface Aircraft . 17 2.7.2 Three-Surface Aircraft - Independent Elevator Deflections . 20 2.7.3 Three-Surface Aircraft - Dependent Elevator Deflections . 21 3 Trimmed Solutions of a Three-Surface Aircraft 23 3.1 Optimal Trim Solutions . 23 3.1.1 Variables . 24 3.1.2 Constraints . 24 3.1.3 Objective Function . 25 3.2 Aircraft Drag Polar . 25 3.2.1 Assumptions . 25 3.2.2 Drag Coefficient of the Three Surfaces . 27 vii 3.3 Drag Coefficient Minimization . 30 3.4 Validation of the Results . 33 3.5 Application of Optimal Trim Solutions . 34 3.6 Reformulation of the Trim Problem . 37 3.7 Stick-Free Static Stability . 38 3.7.1 Hinge Moment Coefficient . 38 3.7.2 Stick-Free Lift and Moment Coefficients . 39 3.7.3 Stick-Free Neutral Point . 40 3.7.4 Borri Formulation - Dependent Elevator Deflections . 42 4 Revision of an Existing Aircraft Configuration 45 4.1 Comparison Criteria of Aircraft Configurations .
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