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A Review on Candidiasis: Types and Medications 36 ISSN: 2347-7881 Review Article A Review on Candidiasis: Types and Medications V. Sravanthi*1, Mayure vijay kumar1, Donthineni Kalyan2, C.P.Meher1, G.J.Finny1 1Department of pharmaceutical chemistry, Maheshwara College of Pharmacy 2Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Saraswathi College of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India *[email protected] ABSTRACT Candida albicans are the most effective organism that makes quite an yeast infection to form a inflammation in the different parts of the body like oral, vaginal, hepatic, renal etc…, During the infection of Candidiasis there are less chances of human death can occur, but in patient with damaged immune systems there is a chance of death, but to the Candidiasis flow to the blood streams and kills. In this review the full outline of the Candidiasis and the types and medication are put forth to be aware on the diseases caused by Candidiasis. According to FDA approval, the Ketoconazole is the first-line drug used for the treatment of the different types of Candidiasis. Keywords: Candidiasis, Candida species, oesophageal or vaginal infections INTRODUCTION The following are the two types of Candidiasis The following are the types of candidiasis that that are spreading in the current disease are related to the mucosal candidiasis: conditions. Oropharyngeal Candidiasis: I) MUCOSAL CANDIDIASIS The fungal infection of Candida species of Opportunistic pathogens of the genus Candida mycosisca uses the oral candidiasis. In the is named as Mucosal candidiasis. It can be presence of Candida albicans were the half the discussed as in two name mucosal and populations are caused by this candidiasis [5]. disseminated candidiasis [1]. According to oral, oesophageal or vaginal infections, is common in Pseudomembranous Candidiasis: HIV/AIDS Mucosal candidiasis which varies from It is also a class of oral candidiasis referred as 7-93% infection [2]. The disseminated candidiasis trush. Around 35% of candidiasis are come named as a remarkably uncommon in AIDS. due across these category. Sometimes there will be to relatively adequate neutrophil function in an occurance of bleeding beneath the mucosa most HIV-infected individuals. as named as "curdled milk", the location of pseudomembranous candidiasis occurs on the RISK FACTORS: Neutropaenia, Parenteral tongue, buccal mucosae or palate [6]. nutrition, Abdominal surgery, Broad spectrum antibiotics, Cancer and corticosteroid use [3,4] The following are the cases that come under pseudo membranous Candidiasis: Vaginal candidiasis Vaginal candidiasis is an infection of the vagina involving overgrowth of a How to cite this article: V Sravanthi, VK Mayure, K Donthineni, CP Meher, GJ Finny; A Review on Candidiasis: Types and Medications; PharmaTutor; 2014; 2(9); 36-45 PharmaTutor Magazine | Vol. 2, Issue 9 | magazine.pharmatutor.org 37 ISSN: 2347-7881 yeast, or fungus, known as Candida. Over one million women are suffering with this type of candidiasis Oral candidiasis Oral candidiasis known as thrush, causes white, curd-like patches in the mouth or throat Deep organ candidiasis Candidiasis is a serious systemic infection that can affect the esophagus, heart, blood, liver, spleen, kidneys, eyes, and skin. Erythematous Candidiasis: also described by some as chronic hyperplastic The type of candidiasis which appears as a red, candidosis. The Group I lesions consist of the raw-looking lesion is assayed as Erythematous classic triad—pseudomembranous, (atrophic) candidiasis. Sub-types of erythematous, and hyperplastic variants [11] Erythematous candidiasis are denture-related stomatitis, angular stomatitis, median rhombiod Denture Related Stomatitis: glossitis, and antiobiotic-induced stomatitis[7]. Denture sore mouth/ chronic atrophic Two types of candidiasis can be studied as: candidiasis/ denture-associated erythematous The candidiasis occuried in the dorsum of the stomatitis is a common condition where mild tongue in persons taking long term inflammation and redness of the oral mucous corticosteroids or antibiotics is called as Acute membrane occurs beneath a denture. common erythematous candidiasis. This is usually termed form of oral candidiasis (a yeast infection of the "antibiotic sore mouth", "antibiotic sore mouth). It is more common in elderly people. tongue",[8] or "antibiotic induced stomatitis" The following are the types of Denture related because it is commonly painful as well as red. stomatitis [12-15]: Chronic erythematous candidiasis is more ·Type 1- Localized inflammation or usually associated with denture wearing (see pinpoint hyperemia. denture-related stomatitis). ·Type 2- More diffuse erythema (redness) involving part or all of the mucosa which is Hyperplastic Candidiasis: covered by the denture. According to candidiasis, it is formation of white ·Type 3- Inflammatory nodular/ papillary patch on [9] the commissures of the oral mucosa hyperplasia usually on the central hard palate were behaved as variant of oral candidosis. The and the alveolar ridge. major etiologic agent of the disease is the oral fungal pathogen Candida predominantly Angular Stomatitis: belonging to Candida albicans, although other Inflammation of the corners of the lips is systemic co-factors, such as vitamin deficiency termed angular stomatitis or angular cheilitis. and generalized immune suppression. Lesions · Children = repeated lip-licking. are the major formation in this type of · Adults = iron deficiency anemia, or vitamin candidiasis, if untreated it demonstrate B deficiencies dysplasia and develop into carcinomas, all this · Areas: jaws conditions are occurred in the Chronic According to this type of candidiasis, the skin hyperplastic candidosis/candidiasis. According folds around the angle of the mouth which are to cernea et al, many oral leukoplakias are kept moist by saliva, which in turn favours associated with Candida infections [10]. chronic infection; mostly by Candida albicans or similar mucocutaneous candidal lesions, encountered species [16]. in patients with endocrine and immune defects, and affecting the skin and other mucosae, were Medications: nystatin, etc; PharmaTutor Magazine | Vol. 2, Issue 9 | magazine.pharmatutor.org 38 ISSN: 2347-7881 Median Rhomboid Glossitis: DRUGS: fluconazole, griseofulvin, and nystatin. Central papillary atrophy is the other name of Median rhomboid glossitis here condition Candidal Paronychia: characterized by an area of redness and loss of Infection of nails and skin are known as candidal lingual papillae. paronychia. Area: dorsum of the tongue, circumvallate Sudden infection = Acute paronychia papillae [17-19] Gradual infection = Chronic paronychia [30-32] Candidal Vulvovaginitis(CV): DRUGS: clindamycin or cephalexin It is the another type of candidiasis caused by candida albicans which causes infection to the Perianal Candidiasis: vaginal mucosa membranes. Disease can be It is the another type of skin infection present identified by vaginal itching or pain, burning as pruritus anicaused by Candida albicansand with urination etc., it is also known as Vaginal named as Perianal candidiasis. [33] thrush. The main reason to cause Candidal vulvovaginitis was hormonal imbalance. Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis: clotrimazole and fluconazole are used in the An immune disorder of T cellsis Chronic severe treatments [20-23]. mucocutaneous candidiasis. It is caused by also 75%= Affected by CV other type of infection called human papilloma 5% = Recurring episodes virus [34]. Candidal Balanitis: Inflammation in the Glans Congenital Cutaneous Candidiasis: Also known refer to the Candidial Balanitis, as Beck-Ibrahim disease, occurs in newborn RISK FACTORS: babies caused by premature rupture of · Uncircumcised penis membranes [35] · Antibiotic use · Corticosteroid use Erosio Interdigitalis Blastomycetica: Infection · Immunocompromised extends on the sides of fingers [36]. · Poorly controlled diabetes DRUGS: Clotrimazole, Miconazole, Onychomycosis : Nail infection, "tinea unguium. Anticoagulants [24-26]. This condition may affect toenails or fingernails, 10% of the adult population are suffered with Esophageal Candidiasis (Candid esophagitis): Onychomycosis [37] It is an esophagus inflammation, caused by immune compromised states, also called as Distal subungual onychomycosis = Tinea monilial esophagitis. [27,28] unguium White superficial onychomycosis = 10 percent DRUGS: nystatin, itraconazole, caspofungin, of onychomycosis amphotericin etc…, Proximal subungual onychomycosis = Tinea unguium Candidal Intertrigo: Candidal onychomycosis = Damage of the nail Inflammation between intertriginous folds of [38,39] adjacent skin is known as Candidal intertrigo. Invasive Candidiasis: Invasive candidiasis is a Intertrigo is also a known symptom of vitamin fungal infection that can occur when Candida B6 deficiency [29]. yeasts enter the bloodstream. PharmaTutor Magazine | Vol. 2, Issue 9 | magazine.pharmatutor.org 39 ISSN: 2347-7881 II) DISSEMINATED CANDIDIASIS typically occur as intertrigo in skin folds, Antibiotic Candidiasis (iatrogenic candidiasis): especially in obese and diabetic patients. It is a Candidal infection caused by antibiotic DRUGS: Azoles and polyenes, clotrimazole, use. like overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics, miconazole, and nystatin [48], which are used for control of body pains. [40,41] Mammary Candidiasis: Genitourinary Tract Candidiasis: Nipple or breast pain in nursing mothers has It is common fungal infections which lead to been linked to the presence of C. albicans, life-threatening
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