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Canada and Its Provinces; a History of the Canadian People and Their

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Canada and Its Provinces; a History of the Canadian People and Their r-Sr UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES OBDinfJUtfff) (BHition CANADA AND ITS PROVINCES IN TWENTY-TWO VOLUMES AND INDEX VOLUME XXI THE PACIFIC PROVINCE PART I ^ The Edinburgh Edition of ^Canada and its Provinces' is limited to <?75 Impressions on All-Rag Watermarked Paper This Impression is Number. )M. </l j^rfiTn^i^^^^a^^^ GEORGE VANCOUVER From the original painthig iti the National Portrait Gallery CANADA AND ITS PROVINCES A HISTORY OF THE CANADIAN PEOPLE AND THEIR INSTITUTIONS BY ONE HUNDRED ASSOCIATES GENERAL EDITORS: ADAM SHORTT AND ARTHUR G. DOUGHTY VOLUME XXI THE PACIFIC PROVINCE EDINBURGH EDITION PRINTED BY T. £5f A. CONSTABLE AT THE EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY PRESS FOR THE PUBLISHERS ASSOCIATION OF CANADA LIMITED TORONTO 1914 _• oi '> -> .-1 o • i^y _ ) .5 w. U Copyright in all countries subscribing to the Berne Convention F ]O0% CONTENTS BRITISH COLUMBIA IN THE DOMINION : INTRODUCTION. By Sir Richard M"^Bride ..... 3 THE PERIOD OF EXPLORATION. By T. G. MARQUIS I. THE SPANIARDS . .13 II. CAPTAIN JAMES COOK AT NOOTKA SOUND . .23 III. WEST COAST FUR TRADE ...... 30 IV. THE NOOTKA AFFAIR ...... 39 V. THE NORTH-WEST COMPANY IN NEW CALEDONIA . 52 VI. THE REGIME OF THE HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY. 62 COLONIAL HISTORY, 1849-1871. By R. E. Gosnell I. THE FOUNDING OF THE COLONY OF VANCOUVER ISLAND . 75 IL THE COLONY OF VANCOUVER ISLAND AND JAMES DOUGLAS . 97 III. THE FOUNDING OF THE COLONY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA . 1 25 IV. THE PACIFIC COLONIES AND CONFEDERATION . .154 POLITICAL HISTORY, 1S71-1913. By ¥. W. Howay FORMATION OF THE FIRST LEGISLATURE . ., .179 THE MTREIGHT MINISTRY, 1871-72. 181 THE DECOSMOS-WALKEM ADMINISTRATION, 1872-76 . 182 THE RAILWAY DIFFICULTY . .184 THE CARNARVON TERMS ...... I93 THE DEFEAT OF THE WALKEM GOVERNMENT . -195 THE ELLIOTT MINISTRY, 1876-78 . .196 THE DEFEAT OF THE ELLIOTT MINISTRY .... 200 THE WALKEM MINISTRY, 1 878-82 . 202 THE SliCESSION RESOLUTION OF 1 878 . 202 THE THIRD APPE.\L TO HER MAJESTY , . .204 viii THE PACIFIC PROVINCE PAGE THE GRAVING-DOCK QUESTION 205 THE LAST DAYS OF THE WALKEM MINISTRY 207 THE BEAVEN MINISTRY, 1882-83 208 THE SMITHE MINISTRY, 1 883-87 209 THE CHINESE QUESTION .... 211 THE EXTENSION OF THE RAILWAY TO VANCOUVER 212 THE A. E. B. DAVIE MINISTRY, 1 887-89 214 THE ROBSON GOVERNMENT, 1 889-92 2IS THE THEODORE DAVIE MINISTRY, 1 892-95 . 218 THE TURNER MINISTRY, 1895-9S 220 THE SEMLIN MINISTRY, 1898-I900 . 224 THE MARTIN MINISTRY, MARCH I TO JUNE I4, I900 225 THE DUNSMUIR MINISTRY, I90O-3 . 226 THE PRIOR MINISTRY, NOVEMBER 21, 1902 TO JUNE I, 1903 228 THE M'^BRIDE MINISTRY .... 229 BETTER TERMS ..... 234 ECONOMIC HISTORY. By C. H. Lugrin THE FUR TR.\DE ..... 241 THE ORIENTAL QUESTION .... 250 TRANSPORTATION ..... 273 INDIAN TRIBES OF THE INTERIOR. By J. A. Teit TRIBES AND THEIR HABITAT 283 POPULATION, PAST AND PRESENT . 287 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND TEMPERAMENT 288 MIGRATIONS AND TRIBAL MOVEMENTS 292 INTERMARRIAGE .... 293 THE NATIVE SHELTERS AND DWELLINGS . 294 TRADE AND INTERCOURSE OF THE TRIBES 295 CLOTHING AND PERSONAL DECORATION 296 INDUSTRIES ..... 299 THE FOOD SUPPLY OF THE INTERIOR TRIBES 300 WAR : WEAPONS OF OFFENCE AND DEFENCE 302 GAMES AND PASTIMES 304 SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 305 CRADLES OF THE INFANTS . 308 TRAINING THE YOUNG 308 CONTENTS IX PAGB MARRIAGE ...... BURIAL CUSTOMS ..... RELIGION ...... 310 INDIAN TRIBES OF THE COAST. By E. Sapir GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS . 3IS LINGUISTIC STOCKS . 316 THE QUESTION OF ORIGIN . 321 PHYSICAL SUB-TYPES . 323 ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE 324 THE FOOD OF THE WEST COAST INDIANS 326 DWELLINGS .... 328 CLOTHING AND ORNAMENTATION . 329 INDUSTRIES .... 330 GAMES AND DECORATIVE ART 333 MUSIC ..... 335 CLASSES OF SOCIETY AND CLAN ORGANIZATION 336 MEDIA OF EXCHANGE AND THE POTLATCH 339 CEREMONIAL CUSTOMS AND TABOOS 340 BELIEF IN THE SUPERNATURAL 342 MYTHS ...... 344 ILLUSTRATIONS GEORGE VANCOUVER Frontispiece From the originalpainting in the National Portrait Gallery CALLICUM AND MAQUILLA (MAQUINNA), CHIEFS OF NOOTKA SOUND Facingfage 34 Photographed by Savannah from Jileares's ' Voyages' LAUNCHING THE NORTH-WEST AMERICA AT NOOTKA SOUND, 1788 ,,36 Photographedfrom Aleares's ' Voyages ' SIMON FRASER ,,56 From a portrait by Savannah JOHN M^LOUGHLIN ,,64 Photographed by Savannah from an oil painting SIR JAMES DOUGLAS ,,96 From a portrait hy Savannah THE FIRST LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF VAN- COUVER ISLAND „ 112 SIR MATTHEW BAILLIE BEGBIE . , „ 148 From a portrait by Savannah PREMIERS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA . „ 180 From photographs by Savannah A GROUP OF THOMPSON RIVER INDIANS . „ 288 From a photograph by Maynard xi xii THE PACIFIC PROVINCE INDIANS OF THE INTERIOR OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Facing ...... page i<fo SKIDEGATE, HAIDA INDIAN TOWN, QUEEN CHARLOTTE ISLANDS .... ,,316 KOSKINO INDIANS AT QUATSINO, VANCOUVER ISLAND 320 From a photograph by Maynard HAIDA INDIAN TOTEM -POLES AT SKEDANS, QUEEN CHARLOTTE ISLANDS . „ 328 A GROUP OF INDIANS NEAR NEW WEST- MINSTER, B.C ,,336 From a photograph by Maynard BRITISH COLUMBIA IN THE DOMINION: INTRODUCTION VOL, XXI BRITISH COLUMBIA IN THE DOMINION: INTRODUCTION recent years there has been abundant evidence that British Columbia bulks large in every way in the OFI federation of which it forms a part. The import- ance the province has attained is shown by the amount of space allotted to it in this work dealing with Canada and its provinces. The editors have seen fit to give the Pacific province the same prominence they have given to the older provinces of the Dominion. An examination of the contents of this section will show that the greatest care has been taken by the general editors with regard to the organization of the material and the selec- tion of the writers. No department of knowledge concerning British Columbia has been neglected. Trained specialists have been chosen for the preparation of the various articles —men who have made a close study of its general and political history, its ethnology, the administration of its laws, its educational development, its forestry, its mining, its fisheries and its agriculture. The names of the writers and the subjects are a guarantee that British Columbia has been dealt with in an accurate and exhaustive manner. It may be asked, why has British Columbia been studied at as great length as Ontario or Quebec ? Why should a province that has had a corporate existence of fewer than fifty years—a province that was formed out of two feeble colonies, the one but seventeen years old and the other but eight at the time of their union in 1866—be taken as seriously as provinces with several centuries of history behind them ? The answer is that the history of the Pacific province does 4 BRITISH COLUMBIA IN THE DOMINION not begin with the union of the colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia, or even with the organization of Van- couver Island as a crown colony in 1849. Its roots are in the remote past. Long before any political organization existed, its island stretches and its mainland were the theatres of empire-making events. The beginnings of the history of the north-west coast were in a way similar to those of the eastern seaboard of Canada. The explorations of the Cabots, of the Corte Reals, of Verrazano and of Gomez on the Atlantic coast had their counterpart in the voyages of Spanish captains who, from New Spain, timorously felt their way along the Californian shore until the island fringe of what is now British Columbia was reached. Then, in the year 1778, the greatest of the world's navigators. Captain James Cook, cast anchor in Nootka Sound. In the wake of Cook came the traders seeking sea-otter pelts. The codfish of the Atlantic waters attracted hundreds of mariners to the banks and bays dis- covered there by the early explorers, and the beaver during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries tempted the feet of traders and trappers to the Arctic seas and to the foothills of the Rockies. So the sea-otter turned the eyes of commerce to the north-west coast. This was the magnet that drew hundreds of sailors to its island-dotted shores. These sailors and scientific explorers such as Vancouver were to make this coast known to the world. Trade ever breeds strife, and as an outcome of trade rivalry rose the Nootka affair and the Oregon boundary question—the one before the mainland of British Columbia had been reached, and the other at a time when from Verba Buena (San Francisco) to Fort Dur- ham on Taku Inlet the north-west coast was uninhabited save by the aborigines, the employees of the Hudson's Bay Company, and a lonely, struggling settlement of Americans in the Willamette valley of Oregon. But the most in- teresting phases of early north-west coast history are the founding of New Caledonia and the Columbian district, and the overland journeys of such men as Mackenzie, Fraser and Thompson. The blare of the war bugle has never been heard on the INTRODUCTION 5 north-west coast, save for the faint, half-farcical note at the time of the San Juan affair ; but the soil of the Pacific province has been hallowed by the footsteps of a long line of heroes. Nothing in the history of exploration is more inter- esting than the dash of Alexander Mackenzie to the Pacific in 1793, or the tumultuous passage of Simon Fraser to the shores of the Strait of Georgia in 1808, or the quiet, unob- trusive scientific work of David Thompson on the Columbia between 1807 and 1811. The fur-trading explorers played an important part as empire-builders ; but for their work another flag than the British might now be waving over British Columbia and the western boundary of the Dominion might have been east of the Rockies, The Pacific Ocean having been reached, the next step was the establishment of trading-posts in the interior.
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