A Week at the Fair; Exhibits and Wonders of the World's Columbian

; V "S. T 67>0

CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY ""'""'"^ T 500.A2R18" '""''''^

"^"fliiiiWi'lLi£S;;S,A,.week..at the fair

3 1924 021 896 307

'RAND, McNALLY & GO'S

A WEEK AT THE FAIR

ILLUSTRATING THE

EXHIBITS AND WONDERS

World's Columbian Exposition

WITH

SPECIAL DESCRIPTIVE ARTICLES

Mrs. Potter Palmer, The C6untess of Aberdeen, Mrs. Schuyler Van Rensselaer, Mr. D. H. Burnh^m (Director of Works), Hon. W. E. Curtis, Messrs. Adler & Sullivan, S. S. Beman, W. W. Boyington, Henry Ives Cobb, W,

J. Edbrooke, Frank W. Grogan, Miss Sophia G. Havden, Jarvis Hunt, W. L. B. Jenney, Henry Van Brunt, Francis Whitehouse, and other Architects OF State and Foreign Buildings

MAPS, PLANS, AND ILLUSTRATIONS

CHICAGO

Rand, McNally & Company, Publishers

1893 T . sod-

EXPLANATION OF REFERENCE MARKS.

In the following pages all the buildings and noticeable features of the grounds are indexed in the following manner: The letters and figures following the names of buildings in heavy black type (like this) are placed there to ascertain their exact location on the map which appears in this guide.

. Take for example Administration Building (N i8): 18

N- -N

On each side of the map are the letters of the alphabet reading downward; and along the margin, top and bottom, are figures reading and increasing from i, on the left, to 27, on the right; N 18, therefore, implies that the Administration Building will be found at that point on the map where lines, if drawn from N to N east and west and from 18 to 18 north and south, would cross each other at right angles. With this extremely simple arrangement at his command, the visittiwill experience but little difficulty in speedily and surely locating any sought-for building or spot within the Exposition grounds. For those seeking a similar useful arrangement in regard to the city, streets, and parks of Chicago itself, reference may be made to " The City Railway Directory and Street Number Guide " issued by the publishers of this book.

1 !':i I'l —

Prefa ce

HE aim of this guide is to afford to its readers the fullest, clearest, most concise, and, above all, the most re/zai/emioTmaiion upon every subject embraced -within its scope. Its space is too limited to admit of verbose descriptions or discursive famblings (even were such desirable), and mere dull, ^ry cataloguing of details has been equally avoided. With those who will require its aid, the most important questions are: ist. How can I best reach the Expositionf 2d. What are the objects of interest there ? 3d. How can I most easily and understandingly see and enjoy the sights? ' , These questions are, we hope, fully and satisfactorily answered by this guide, in the following manner: Assuming that the visitor has but a week at his disposal, and in that time desires to do the greatest amount of sight-seeing possible, with the least trouble and expense, the "Week at the Fair "has been compiled with the view of enabling him, without further information To reach the Fair grounds frojn any part of the city. To find his way about the grounds and locate any building, or other object of interest, without trouble. , To understandfully each and every exhibit and its location. To post thoroughly to the himself as architecture , size, cost, and decorations of all buildings; the name and description of each statue, fountain, obelisk, etc., with the names of the architects, artists, and sculptors who designed them. To enable him at the close of each day to select the nearest and best route to his home in the city.

More than a year's experience in and careful study of the grounds, buildings, and ' exhibits by a competent corps of compilers (residents of the city of Chicago) insure the

, accuracy and guarantee the completeness of the information herein contained. The cuts with which this work is profusely illustrated were in nearly every case obtained' from photographs or drawings made upon the spot, and are accurate and artistic. Authen- tic ground-plans of the floors of buildings, showing the locations and classifications of exhibits, are inserted, and will be found of great value and service in tracing particular- displays. Added to all this is a thoroughly accurate indexed map.

It may be well to mention that in everything felating to the city of Chicago itself " The Handy Guide to Chicago "and " Bird's-eye Views and Guide to Chicago," issued by the publishers of this work, give the most complete and accurate information. In almost every instance the architects of the chief buildings and the artists and sculptors themselves have described their work, and in such clear, forcible style that even the technical terms of their different arts are made plain to all. In this way alone was it possible to secure thoroughly accurate descriptions of their masterpieces. Realizing that whatever success this guide may attain will be largely due to this expert aid, the thanks of the publishers are hereby tendered to the eminent contributors whose names appear either upon the title page or included in the following list: \:

Mesdames Julia M. Bracken and J. Loughborough Douglass. Messrs. Lorado Taft,

Karl Bitter, M. A. Waagen, Edward Kemeys, C. B. Atwood, A. P. Proctor, J. A. Blanken- ship, Seymour Davis, J. W. McLaughlin, J. S. Silsbee, Henry Voss, G. B. Howe.^C. A.

Gifford, A. P. Brown, Gunn & Curtis, F. J. Rucavade, C. Ravn, W. C. Whitney, Baldwin & Pennington, C. S. Frost, F. W. Putnam, Maury & Dodd,. Cutter & Poetz, W. M. Walter, Josselyn & Taylor, Stone, Carpenter & Willson, T. F. Lonsdale, H. T. E.

Wendell, J. R. Gordon, Dallas & Hedges, Skillings & Corner, William Waters, R. A. Denell, and R. E. A. Dorr. (9)

——————

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE Explanation of Reference Marks -.1- 8 Preface 9

Map ^ 13 [Calendar 6f the Fair _ :.. ^. 14

Chapter I.—Arrival at the World's Fair City i 17 Information regarding railway depots; baggage checking; hack and carriage fares; where and how to find accommodation in hotels, boarding-houses, or private rooms, and the rates charged thereat; location of restaurants, theaters, and other places of amusement; list of foreign consuls, etc.

.Chapter II. The Way to the World's Fair and Its Historiy .... 26 Information regarding all land and water routes, fares, etc., from the city and suburbs to the F3.ir grounds; a concise history of the conception, execution, and completion of the Exposition, with a sketch of some of the prominent persons Connected therewith; statistics, etc.

Chapter III. First Day at the Fair _.. - 42 Itinerary of visit to the Transportation, Mines and Mining, Administration, Electricity, Anthropological, Machinery, Live Stock, Forestry, and Dairy buildings; the Convent of Santa Maria de la Rabida; the Golden Doorway; Royal Coaches; the Old-time Locomotive; the Fair Grounds; the Main Basin; Oil Industries; Great White Horse Inn; French Colonies; Model Workingman's Home; Cliff Dwellers;

' " ' Old Times Distillery; Sewage Cleansing Works; Power House; Ruins of Yucatan; Etainographical Exhibit; Whaling Bark " Prog;ress ";' Historical Exhibit; Intramu-

ral Elevated Railroad, etc. \

Chapter IV. Second Day at the Fair - - .-- 118 Itinerary of visit to the Agricultural, Manufactures and Liberal Arts, and United " " States Government buildings; Battle-ship Illinois ; Main Columbian Pier; Mova- ble Sidewalk; Rolling Chairs; Columbian Guards.

Chapter V. Third Day at the Fair -. - i54 Itinerary of visit to the Horticultural, Fisheries, Art, and Woman^s buildings; Puck Building; Official Photographer; Festival Hall; Wooded Iffland; -Hunter's Island; Australian Squatter's Hut; Baur's Sphinx; Home of Izaak Walton; " Woman and Her Work"; " Fire Queen"; Gondolas; a trip on the lagoon; Hoo-den:

Chapter VI.—Fourth Day at the Fair - 185 Itinerary of visit to the foreign buildings; architecture of many nations; flags etc. of many lands; ' a trip on Lake Michigan; the Clam Bake,

Chapter VII. Fitfh Day at the Fair..: ^ - 201 Itinerary of visit to State buildings; Esquimau Village; products of every quarter of the United States; as seen from the lagoon; Liberty Bell, etc.

Chapter VIII. Sixth Day at the Fair t 230 Itinerary of visit to the Midway Plaisance. Natives from all land? and their modes

of life. Chinese Theater, Captive Balloon, Irish Village, etc. The Austrian jostles the Zulu; Lapland adjoins torrid Africa; Volcano of Kilauea.

General Index - - 249

(ii;

. . , . ,

56TH STREET ir INDEX TO FOREIGN SITES AND BUILDINGS.

Brazil E-17 East India E-18 Haiti E-19 Spain D-19 Canada E-20 France C-18 Japan (j.jb Sweden Wales _ E-1& Ceylon C-18 Germany D-19 New South e_i9 Turkey E-17 Colombia E-21 Norway < D-18 Great Britain D-19 Venezuela E 18 Costa Rica D-18 Guatemala D-18 Siam D-19 CL INDEX TO MIDWAY PLAISANCE

Adams Express Company G-13 French Cider Press G-5 Javanese Settlement G-10 Persian Concession F-7 Algeria and Tunis F-5 German Village F-8 Lapland Village G-3 Railroad Station G-U Brazilian Music Hall F-3 Glass Spinning G-6 Libbey Glass (.'ompany F-12 Restaurant G-7 Cairo, Street F-7 Hagenbeck Animal Show G-11 Military Encampment F-2, G-2 Samoan Islanders G-10 z Captive Balloon F-4 Home Restaurant G-10 Moorish Palaee g-7 South Sea Islanders G-10 Chinese Village and Theater ¥-4 Hungarian National Orpheum G-2 Natatorium G-9 St. Peter, Model G-5 Combination Booth F-5 Ice Railway G-* New England I/ig Cabin G-12 Turkish Village G-8 Village Dahomey G-4 Indian Bazar F-5 Nursery Exhibit F-13, G-13 U. S. Submarine Exhibit G-12 o Diamond Match Company F-14 International Dress and Costume CoF-13 Old Vienna G-4 Venice Murano Company G-U -Eiffel To*er, Model F-S Irish Industries G-14 Ostrich Tarm F-3 Vienna Cafe F-5 .Electric Scenic Theatre F-12 Irish Village F-11 Panorama of Bernese Alps G-9 Workingman's Home. F-14 Ferris Wheel F-6 Japanese Bazar F-11 Panorama of thi^ Volcano of KilaueauF-5 Zoopraxiscope—Lecture Hall F-7 Fire and Guard Station F-14, G -5

71NGS.

Arkansas B-16 Maine B-18 Ohio D-15 California D-15 Maryland B-17 Pennsylvania B-16 Colorado D-14 Massachusetts B-17 Rhodelsjand B-17 l-^Connecticut B-18 Michigan D-15 South Dukota C-15- Delaware B-17 Minnesota B-15 Territorial, Joint(Ariz., N. Max., Okla.) B-16; Florida B-15 Missom-i B-16 Texas...., A-15_ Idaho A-17 Montana A-16 Utah.... A-16 Illinois E-16 Nebraska B-15 Vermont B-18 Indiana D-15 New Hampshire B-18 Virginia A-17 Iowa A-18 New Jersey B-17 Washington C-15 Kansas A-15 New York C-17 W^est Virginia B-16 Kentucky B-16 North Dakota B-15 Wisconsin D-15 Louisiana B-15 GENERAL INDEX.

.Administration N-18 Hunters' Camp K-17 Portable Houses... Admissions and Collections BIdg 1-15 Hygeia Cooling Plant N-16 Posse G.v-mnasiiun . Agricultural lmpl<-nie]its 0-22 Illinois Ct-n. R. R. 59th and 60th St. Sta.G-13 Power Hou.se Agriculture 0-22 Illinois Cen. R. K. South Park Sta Public A13 Comfort Building A- 1.5, Anthl-npolu^'i'.-a! Q-2o III. Cen. R. R. Woodlawn Park Sta .... L-ll Puck Iluspital K Army H-IH Indian School 0-'.^l Pump Houses P-20, Art Galleries C-17 Intramural (Ell ) F-19, A-17, B-14, r-14, J-14, Railroad Depot Art (;;alleries, East«-m Anm-x C-IH R. R. Stations I M-1.5, 0-16, P-21, and Q-25 Restaurant Forest King . Art Galleries, Western Annex C-15 Isabella . Booth . .K-21 Rolhng (Hair Co Australian Squat ters' Hut K-17 Izaak Walton's House D-18 Rosbach Co Band Stand 1-21, ]\I-19, N-10 Jackson's House P-14 Rose Ga rden Banquet HaU E-19 Japanese Tea House E-17 Ruins of Yucatan Basm l-l.-i, M-20 Kitchen R-14 Russian Kiosk Bernheim Bros. ' Whisky Exhibit Ci-2.3 Krupp's Gun Exhibit 0-24 Sawmill -Blacksmith Shop Q-18 Lagoon K-18 Scales Cifflce z Blooker's Cocoa Windmill Q-23 Land.seape Department S-25 Service Building -Boat Landing G-Ki, H-10, J-16, K-17 Leather Exhibit P-24 Sewage Cleansing Works. Buffalo Bill's Wild West K-13 Life Saving Station ... E-19 Signal Station Cafe de Marine F-17 Lighthouse Exhibit; F-19 Silos ; Carpenter Shop Q-14 Log Cabin Q--33 .Smith Car Shops C' arrogating Co K-25 Loggers' Camp P-20 Smith, Crimp & Eastman's Shop. Casino M-2.3 Lumber Yard Q 15 Soda Pavilion Charging Station for Launches 0-23 3Iachinery P-19 South C^nal Children's Building G-15 Machinery Annex P-17 South Inlet Chocolate Menier N-IH Machine Sbr,p and Boiler House Q-19 South L'oop Choral Building J-15 Manitoba Exhibit C-14 South P(|>nd Clara Bake E-19 Manufactures and Liberal Arts K-20 .South Side Rapid Transit R. R. Station,' Clifl-DweUers Q-24 Merchant Tailoi's' Exhibit E-16 Statue, j\merica.... Coal Shed Q-18 Merck & Co., Drugs F-14 Statue of Franklin .... Cold Storage 0-15 Midway Platsance F-6 Statue o;t the Republic. Colonnade P-21 Mines L-17 Statue o^ William Penn., Columbian Fountain N-19 Model Sunday Sch(x)l Building D-14 Stereoty-pe Building Combination Booths .... 1-20, J-21 Movable Sidewalk L-2'> Stock E.-tchibit . Concassionaries' Clearing House Q-15 Music Hall L-22 Stock Pavilion Convent of I^a Rabida N-23 Naval Exhibit P-21 Swedish' Restaurant. Crane Co.'s Store .< Q-18 Naval Observatory F-20 Terminal Railroad. Dairy Q--J4 News Stand K-21 Terminail Station , Dairy Barns R-24 North Canal L-19 Transportation Distillery R-25 North Inlet E-22 Tj-pe Life Boats Ducker Hospital North G-14 Loop G-18 United .^States Bonded 'Warehouse (A). Dwelling : ... S-24 North Pond . D-17 United States Government Building. . "Electric Fountains Mig Northwest Pond B-14 U. 8. WSnd Engine and Pump Co . .Electricity L-18 N. Y. Workingman's Home Q-24 \ anderlljilt Railroad Exhibit . Engle's Garbage Furnace S-27 (.(belisk P-21 Van Hoiiiten & Zoon Esquimaux Villa;re . . .» A-14 Office Electrical Department P-20 Walter feker&Co Ethnographical E.xhiWt 0-24 Oil House P-14 Walter M. Lowney Co.'sPavilion E.xpress Buildiug and Barn It-16 Oil Industries Q-19 Wareholise Q-15 Fire and Guard Station Oil Tank Vault S-26 W^arehojuses (B and O A-16, H-18, N-2;j, 0-11, E-19 Old Times Distillery Co R-24 Wareho uses for Packing Ca*es. Fisheries F-18 Ore Mining Company N-15 *V. C. E Barn Fish Storage Yard E-19 Outside Exhibitof Germany Q-21 Weathe • Bureau Forestry Outside Q-23 Exhibit of Germany, Machinery P-19 Welling ton Catering Co ... French Bakery Exhibit P-22 Outside Exhibit of Machinery Q-19 Westing house Co.'s Office French Colonies Q-24 Outside Exhibit Transportation Dep't. .K-14 Westing house Co.'s Storehouse. Government Plaza H-19 Paint Shop P-14 Whaling, Bark "Progress" 'GreatWTiite Horse Inn Q-2i Pennsylvania Railroad Exhibit N 15 White S tar Line. -Greenhouse 1-14 Peristyle K-23 AVindmi lis , Harbor L-24 Perron 0-17 Woman ^s Building. Hayward Restaurant M-lfi Photo Building J-14 Woodeflj Island Homeftpathic Headquarters G-14 Pier L-26 Yards of Buildings and Grounds. Horticulture H-15 Polish Cafe.,

MtP mmm -oTttrcr-

CALENDAR OF THE EXPOSITION.

Being a list of the principal events taking place on the several days mentioned. arises. dates are subject to change by the Exposition authorities if necessity ,.;|

Orchestral Concert, Music Hatt. • May I. —Opening Ceremonies; Rose Show, May 30— Horticultural Building; the Thomas June I.—Dedication of Kentucky State Orchestra, Music Hall; Dedication Mon- Building; opening of Steele Mackaye's tana and Woman's buildings. Spectator! um; preliminary hearing sol Temperance to be held. ... May 2. —Banquet to the Duke of Veragua at Sons of j Hotel Metropole, by President Palmer; June 5. —Commencing to-day and for semiP Inaugural Concert, Music Hall. days, a Russian Choir will g^ve concert directioaflP* May 3. —Orchestral Concert, Music Hall. in Festival Hall, under the May 4. —Utah Dedication. Madame Eugenie Lineff; Denmark, ne May 5. —Orchestral Concert, Music Hall. constitution granted by King Frederi> May 6. —Public Reception for the Duke of VII., 1849; commencement Teiajpe Veragua and brother. Marquis de Bar- ance Congress, continuing one mont boles, in Administration Building; Or- Sportsmen's Contest; Nebraska FSte ' chestral Concert, Music Hall; first ex Day. hibition of Electric Fountain. June 7. —Eastern Choral Societies' Festival, May 8. —Unveiling Montana's Silver Statue. Festival Hall. May g. — Catholic Knights of America; Or- June S. —Nebraska Day; Eastern Choral chid Show, Horticultural Building; Or- Societies' Festival; Primary Congress of chestral Concert, Music Hall. Charity and Philanthropy. May 10. —Vermont Day; Travelers' Protect- June g. —Orchestral Concert, Music Hall, ive Association. une 10. —Travelers' Protective Associa- May 12. —Orchestral Concert, Music Hall. tion. May 15. —Boston Symphony Orchestra, June 12. —Commencement Moral and Sod Music Hall; Woman's Progress Con- Reform Congress; Congress Charity a: gress, Art Institute; commencement of Philanthropy; !Max Bendix String Qui Congresses of Education, Industry, Liter- tette, Recital Hall. ature, and Art; Moral and Social Reform; June 13. —Max Bendix String Quartette Philanthropy and Charity; Civil Law Recital Hall. and Government and Religion. June 14. — Handel's " Messiah," Music HaH May 16. —Boston Symphony Orchestra, France Day. Music Hall; Woman's Progress Con- June 15. —Germany, accession of emperi gress, continuing two weeks; National to throne. Editorial Association Convention. June 16. — Bach's " Passion," Music Hall May 17. —Washington Day; Norway Day. June 17. — Massachusetts Day. May 18. —Dedication Illinois and \Vashmg- June ig. —Indianapolis Choral Festival Assi ton State Bvrildings. elation. Festival Hall; Congress Banl May ig. —New York Symphony Orchestra ers and Financiers; Boards of Tradi Concert, Music Hall. Railway Commerce; Building Associi May 20. —Closing day for Entries for Dog tion and Insurance Congresses. Show; New York Symphony Orchestra June 20.—North Dakota Day; St. Paul antf Concert, Music Hall. Minneapohs Choral Association, Mus'C May 22. —Kneisel Quartette Concert, Festival Hall. Hall; beginning of Congresses of the June 21 .—New Hampshire, on this day of th, Public Press, Public Health, Religious year 17SS, voted to ratify the Constit Press, Trade Journals; Address bv Clara tion; Western Choral Societies, Festiv k Morris, i on "Women on the Stage"; Hall; Women's Amateur Musical Clubs, Orchestral Concerts to June 30th; con- Music Hall, lastinj;- until the 24th. certs in Music Hall by Sousa's band, June 22. — Western Choral Societies, Festival Ly 23. —Wisconsin, forty-fifth annivL'rsarv Hall. of admission into statehood; Kneisel June 23.—Sweden (,S\vedish Midsommaraf- Quartette Concert, Festival Hall; Or- ton); Western Choral Societies, Festival chestral Concert, Music Hall. , Hall. May 24. Maine Day; Kneisel — Quartette, June 24.—Cincinnati Festival Association, Festival Hall; Apollo Club Concert. Music Hall ; midsummer afternoon. ^ May 25.— Kneisel Quartette, Festival Hall; June 27. — Arion Society Concert, Music Chicago Apollo Club, Festival Hall. Hall. May 26.—Exposition Children's Chorus, June 2S.— Handel's " Messiah," Music Hall. 1,400 voices. Festival Hall; Orchestral June 2g. — Millers' Day. Concert, Music Hall. June 30.—Bach's "Passion," Music Hall. May 27, Wagner Concert, Festival — Hall; July I. —National Congress of Socialists. Orchestral Concert, Music Hall. July 3.— First day of Musical Congress. May 29. —Congress Medicine and .Surgery, " July 4. — Calladium Show, Horticultural Music Hall. Building. (14) '

Calendar of^the exposition. 15

July 7. —New York Liederkranz Concert, tinuing until September 25th; a Parlia- Music Hall. ment of Religion. July S.^New York Liederkrafiz Concert, August 28. — Commencerrient of Hebrew Music Hall; International Congress of Religious Congress; also Labor and

Brewers. Economic Science Congresses. . July 10. —New York Liederkranz Concert, August 31. —Netherlands F@te Day; thir- Music HaU; commencement Literary teenth anniversary of coronation of Congress. queen. July II. —Concert by Cleveland Vocal So- September i.-:-Nicaragua. ciety, Music HaU. September 2. —Catholic Educational Day. July 12.—Western Choral Association, Fes- September 4. —New York F§te Day; com- Mission tival HaU. mencement of Religious and ,

July I2. —Confectioners' Day; Western Congress to be held in the 1 different Choral Association, Festival Hall. chin-ches in Chicago. July 14.—France Fgte Day; Western Choral Septeniber 5.—Continuing until the follow-, Association, Festival HaU. ing Friday, the Jewish Women's Con- July '15. —^^Concert by Junger Maennerchor gress; Catholic Congress, continuing (Philadelphia), Music HaU. untU the gth. July 17. —Congress of Stenographers; first September 7, —Brazil F6te Day; Anniversary day of Educational Congress; Youths' of Independence. Congress, lasting three half-days. September g. —California Day; admission of July 20. —Colombian Anniversary df Inde- State to Union Anniversary. ' pendence of Colombia; College Frater- Septeinber 1 1 . —Beginning of concerts under I - i nities meet; Swedish Societies' Concerts, the . direction of Doctor Mackinzie,, extending period of two weeks; , Festival Hall. over a July 21.—Swedish Concert, Festival Hall. beginning of Religious Congress. July 22.—Swedish Concert, Festival Hall. September 12.—Maryland FSte Day. July 24. —Utah Day, the first Mormons September 13.—Michigan F8te Days, ex- marched into the vaUey; gathering of tending to the 15th. Commercial Travelers' Association. September 14. —Meeting of Amateur Ath-' J tly 26. —Liberia, forty-seventh anniversary letic Club, continuing -for three days; of the establishment of the free repub- Handicap Athletic Field Games. lic; Commercial 'Travelers' Grand Con- September 15. —Kansas Fgte Day; Conven- cert, Festival HaU] tion of Theosophists; Mexico E8t,e Day; July 27. —Turner Bund; Scandinavian Con- Amateur Athletic Club; team contests; cert, Festival HaU. Costa Rica Fgte Day. Jtily 28. —Scandinavian Concert, Festival September 16. —New Mexico "P^tt Day; Con^ ' HaU. vention.of Theosophi.sts; Arcateair Ath- jly 31 to August 6. —The Scottish Days; letic Club; Track and Field rieeting. first day of Congresses of Engineers, September 18. —Nevada. ;, Art and Architecture; Congress of Pho- September 19. —Colorado Fgte Day; Dbg tographers, lasting until October 5th. Show. ligust I. —Fgte Day, New South Wales; September 20. —Montana Fgte Day; Patri- Constitution Day; the band of the otic Order Sons of America. Guarde Republique of Paris will give September 21. —Iowa F^te-Day. concerts- every other day throughout September 25.^-Sheep and Swine Show to ^, this month in Festival HaU. October 14th; continuing for three ligust 2. —National Union. weeks from this date, concerts under the, ^Btgust 7. —Commencement of Congresses direction of Mr. Saint-Saeris. 28. - of Government, Law Reform, Political ^September —Commencement of Sunday - * Science; Invpntors, for one week. Rest Congress; commencement of Mis- August 9. —Knights of Pythias; Virginia sion Congress, continuing until Octo-

' las,t- ber 5th. . State Day; Angling Tournament, , ing twelve days. October i. —Sunday; Missionary Day. August 12;—Independent Order of Forest- October 5. —Rhode Island F8te Day. ' 9. — Fgte»Da.y. - - ers. October ^Virginia 11. August 14. —Commencement General Con- October —Connecticut FgteDay. .; gress; also Africa and her people; Den- October 12. —Discovery of America 1492; tal, Pharmaceutical, Medical Jurispru- Italian Societies; four hundred and dence,, Horticulture Congresses. first anniversary Columbus' lalnding;

August 16.—Haiti. PubUc Health Congress. ' August 18. —North Carolina, in ho:6or of October 13. —Minnesota, date the Constitu- Virginia Dare's memory, the first white tion was adopted; Congress Public * child born on American soil; Austria Health. , Fgte Day, anniversary birth of Em- October 16. —Poultry, Pigeons, and Pet peror Francis Joseph. Stock Show to October 28th; Fat Stock August 21. —Cattle and Horse Show to Sep- to October 28th; commencement Agri- tember 2 1st; commencement Congress cultural Congress. of Science and Philosophy. October 25. —Homing Pigeon Contest, ex- August25.—Colored People FSte Day, con- tending through October.

—

A WEEK AT THE FAIR.

CHAPTER I.

THE ARRIVAL IN THE WORLD'S FAIR CITY.

fe^HICAGO, as 7. Baltimore & Ohio.—Grand Central De- Wit/ Julian Ralph pot, Fifth Avenue and Harrison Street; city rightly re- ticket-office, Clark 'I (tW 193 Street. 'lC5/> marked in a 6. Chicago & Erie.—Depot, Polk Street W^( recent maga- and Third Avenue. General offices, Phenix zine article, Building, comer Clark and Jackson streets will be the main and Pacific Avenue; city ticket-offices, 242 exhibit of the Clark Street. World's Columbian 3. Chicago & Alton.— Union Depot, Ca- Exposition." And, nal and Adams streets (West Side). Gen- reiterating this, a eral office, Monadnock Building, corner noted English jour- Jackson and Dearborn streets; city ticket- nalist exclaims: office, 195 Clark Street. ' ' She is one of the 6. Chicago & Eastern Illinois.—Depot, wonders of the Polk Street and Third Avenue. General world." In trans- offices, First National Bank Building, cor- portation facilities ner Dearborn and Monroe streets; city alone the World's ticket-office, 204 Clark Street. Fair City would 6. Chicago & Grand Trunk.—Depot,; Polk make a singularly Street and Third Avenue. General office, substantial s h o w- Monadnock Building, corner Jackson and in^. Puny indeed Dearborn streets; central ticket-office, 103 appear the cities of the entire civilized world Clark Street. when compared with one wherein thirty- 7. Chicago & Northern Pacific—Grand seven railroads, with an aggregate of 76,865 Central Depot, Fifth Avenue and Harrison miles of track, center and discharge pass- Street. General offices. Grand Central De- engers; wherein any of the 88,000,000 of pot, Harrison Street and Fifth Avenue. inhabitants of an entire continent of 8,000,000 2. Chicago & North-Western.—Depot, square miles can, without a single change of Wells and Kinzie streets (North Side). Gen- cars, be safely landed in the heart of the eral offices, northwest corner Fifth Avenue city, or at the very gates of the Columbian and Lake Street; central ticket-office, 206- Exposition itself, over a system of railroads 208 South Clark Street. without equal and beyond comparison. 3. Chicago, Burlington & Quincy.—Union For the excursionist of asingie day (whose Depot, Canal and Adams streets (West Side). inspection of the wonders of the World's General offices, Adams and Franklin streets. Fa^r will be necessarily as superficial as City ticket-offices, 211 Clark Street, Quincy his time is short) the Central Railroad De- Building. pot of the World's Columbian Exposition I. Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. will necessarily be the main objective point. Louis (" The Big 4 ").—Illinois Central De- No matter by what line he travels, a mar- pot. Central ticket-office, 234 Clark Street. velous system of tracks will convey him to 3. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul. the point he aims to reach. For the ma- Union Depot, Canal and Adams streets (West jority of visitors, whose stay in the Garden Side). General'offices, Rand-McNally Build- City will be of a week's duration at least, ing, 166 Adams Street; central ticket-ofSce, the terminal railway depots of the city will 207-209 Clark Street. be the spots where Chicago first greets them. 4. Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific.— Seven in number, these depots, with their Depot, Van Buren and Sherman streets. respective ticket-offices, are located as fol- General office. Van Buren Street Station; lows, and as indicated on the key-map on central ticket-office, southwest corner Clark the following page: and Washington streets. 6. Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe.—De- I. Chicago & West Michigan.—Depot, pot, Polk Street and Third Avenue. Cen- Illinois Central Depot. General office, Mo- tral ticket-office, 212 Clark Street. , nadnock Buildingrcorner- Jackson and Dear- (17) — 18 A WEEK AT THE FAIR.

Illinois Central born streets; city ticket-office, 67 Clark I. Michigan Central. — streel Street, southeast corner Randolph Street. depots, foot of Lake and Randolph Row. Gei Chicago Great Western (Chicago, St. and Twelfth Street and Park Building, cornel Paul & Kansas City), " The Maple Leaf." eral offices, Monadnock Grand Central Depot, Harrison Street and Jackson and Dearborn streets; city ticket- comer Ran- Fifth Avenue. General offices, Phenix office, 67 Clark Street (southeast Building, Jackson Street and Pacific Avenue; dolph Street). Westei city ticket-office, 188 Clark Street. Milwaukee, Lake Shore & City ticket- I. Illinois Central.—Depots, foot of Lake (Chicago & North-Western).— and Randolph streets, and Twelfth Street office, 197 Clark Street. Dear- and Park Row. General offices, 78 Michi- New York, Lake Erie & Western.— g;an Avenue, near passenger depot; central born Station, corner Polk Street and Third offices, Phenix ticket-office, 194 Clark Street. Avenue. Chicago general Jackson streets; 4. Lake Shore & Michigan Southern.— Building, corner Clark and Depot, Van Buren and Sherman streets. city ticket-office, 242 Clark Street. Central De- Chicago general office, Van Buren Street 7. Northern Pacific—Grand Station; central ticket-office, 66 Clark Street. pot, Harrison Street and Fifth Avenue. Street. 6. Louisville, New Albany & Chicago City ticket-office, 210 Clark lines, and (" Monon Route "). —Depot, Polk Street and 3. Panhandle, Pennsylvania Third Avenue. General office, Monon Block, Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago.—Unioa 320 Dearborn Street; city office, 73 Clark Depot, Canal and Adams streets. City Street. ticket-office, Grand Pacific Hotel, comer Clark and Jackson streets. 6. Wabash. — Depot, Polk Street and Third Avenue. City ticket-office, 201 Clark Street. 7. Wisconsin Central Line.—Grand Cen- tral Depot, Harrison Street and Fifth Ave- nue. City ticket-office, 205 Clark Street. Two hundred and sixty-two through express and mail trains arrive in or leave Chicago each day. In the same period 660 local, suburban, or accommodation trains arrive or depart; 274 merchandise trains, andi64grain, stock, and lumber trains reaching Chicago or leaving it in every twenty- four hours; thus making a grand total of 1,360 as the average daily movement of all classes of trains, an aggregate reached by no other city in the universe. Seven terminal depots accommodate the trains of thirty-five different companies, and about one hundred way-stations within the city limits provide for the convenience of local passengers. The Union Depot, Canal and Adams streets, used by the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago, the Chicago, Burlington & Quin- cy, Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, and other railroads; the depot of the Michigan Southern and Rock Island roads, Van Bureu Street; that of the Chicago & North-West- ern, Wells and Kinzie streets; Dearborn Sta- tion, Dearborn and Polk streets, and the Grand Central Depot, are among the most prominent buildings in the city. The first named is one of tne finest railroad depots in the world. Fronting on Canal Street, and extending from West Madison Street to West Adams Street, a distance of 1,200 feet, it occupies four entire blocks. Alighting under cover, passengers enter the lofty, commodious, and richlv decorated ticket-office, from which they pass either to the platforms or to any of the waiting-rooms, retiring-rooms, or restaurants with which this model depot is provided. An arrival at a railroad depot, veritable vortex of haste and whirl of traffic as it ARRIVAL IN THE WORLD'S FAIR CITY. 19 always is, may, to the average visitor, seem of your hand-baggage, and do not be per- an ordeal to be dreaded, and an experience suaded to do anything by their eloquence. indeed to be feared. They are harmless but persistent individ- Well ordered, ample, and spacious as uals, and if they perceive you know ybur Chicago's palace depots are, the troubles of business and pay no attention to them will a traveler are reduced to the least possible soon let you alone, and in less than a minute degree. Ofl&cials, suave and courteous, stand you will be clear of even the sound of their ready to minister to his every want, while voices. the inevitable policeman looms up on the If you want to know anything while walk- slightest suspicion of serious trouble, ready ing the streets of Chicago ask questions of and willing at all times to take the part of the nearest uniformed policeman. There is the tourist if imposition is likely to be prac- one or more on every corner, or in that ticed upon him. vicinity. He is paid to be a fountain of Baggage and Baggage-Checking on In- knowledge, and you can rely upon his knowl- coming Trains.—One of the principal cares edge of locations, street-car lines, etc. of the visitor is the safe delivery of his Street-car fares in Chicago are five (5) impedimenta, be they gripsacks or great cents per passenger. boxes, and in this respect an excellent sys- Omnibus fares to hotels are fifty (50) cents tem of baggage-checking is in vogue in per passenger. Chicago. Hack or cab fares are as follows: If you do not expect to make a very long Two-Horse Hacks.—One passenger, not visit, try to get along without bringing a exceeding one mile, $1.00; one passenger, trunk, or other baggage that has to be not exceeding two miles, I1.50; each addi- checked. Put what you need to wear, tional passenger, 50 cents. besides the clothes you have on, into a bag Hansom or Cab.—One or two passengers, or small valise, and carry it with you into one mile, 50 cents; each additional passen- the car in which you travel. It will save ger, one mile, 25 cents; one or two passen- you a great deal of trouble and annoyance, gers, per hour, 75 cents. as no one depot baggage-room in Chicago Where to Stay in Chicago.—The visitor is large enough to hold all the trunks which to the World's Columbian Exposition will will have to be handled each day; and unless have the choice of three ways of living dur- the passenger is able to claim his baggage ing his stay: as soon as it arrives at Chicago, by the 1. Taking rooms, with or without board, train upon which he travels, it will probably at some one of the many hotels in or near have to be looked for at a conveniently the business part of the city, and going by located warehouse, not far from the depot. rail or boat to the Fair each day. If, therefore, you do not find your trunk at 2. Living at one of the hotels, clubs, or the station baggage-room when you apply boarding-houses near the grounds. for it, you will surely be informed by the 3. Obtaining rooms through the Bureau baggage-man at what place it can be easily of Public Comfort, and eating at restaurants found, and by surrendering your " duplicate in the Fair. baggage-check," so called, and paying a The first of these will probably be the small fee for its care, there will be no delay most expensive. He who chooses it will in its delivery to you, or to the authorized have the advantage of accommodations at agents of Parmelee's Omnibus & Baggage a regular hotel, but he will have the dis- Transfer Co. This transfer company is advantage of traveling seven miles every a responsible one, and its agents go out morning to the Fair and seven miles back from Chicago, meet all in-coming trains, and at night, and -probably in a crowd. will deliver your baggage to any place Of the many good hotels in Chicago, the within reasonable distance in the city for best in point of location are the Auditorium, 50 cents per trunk; and you can safely sur- the Richelieu, the Victoria, and the Leland. render your baggage-checks to such agents, They are close together on Michigan Avenue, receiving their " claim checks " in exchange. looking out upon the lake, with a narrow If you do not know, before you arrive in park under the windows. Across this park Chicago, where you are going to stay, hold is the Van Buren Street station of the Illi- on to your checks, and after you have located nois Central Railroad, and here one may yourself call at the office of the Parmelee find frequent trains for the Fair grounds, Company, at 132 Adams Streets-near the twenty or thirty minutes away. Steam- post office—and there make arrangements boats for the Fair start from a pier adjoin- for the prompt delivery of your baggage. ing this station. Most of the best hotels in Don't trust your checks with unauthorized Chicago are within ten blocks of this point, individuals. "When you desire to return and in these ten blocks are the railway sta- home, go again to 132 Adams Street and tions, the principal business buildings, and ' arrange to have your baggage sent for. the theaters ; it is what they call ' the intense Pay no attention to " runners " or solicitors business portion," or "the heart of Chicago." for second-rate hotels and boarding-houses Churches are farther away, to the north, who may be on the outside of the Chicago south, and west of this district, where the depots awaiting the arrival of trains. Say people live. Jackson Park, the site of the "No," and walk quickly along until you are Fair, is at the extremity of the southern out of their reach. Don't let them take hold suburban district. 30 A WEEK A T THE FAIR.

Many people will prefer to be close to the who do not desire ,4^/^/ accommodations Exposition gates, for the " White City" is a do no better than to address their inqui: city of magnificent distances, and, in spite to Mr. W. Marsh Kasson, Chief of the Burej of all the elevated railroads, steamboats, of Public Comfort, Room 509 Rand-McNi gondolas, rolling-chairs, and other aids to Building, Chicago. locomotion withm the grounds, a visitor will It is only to those who arrive in a strange be tired out when night comes. When one city without having secured proper accoite has walked around the outside of the Manu- modations in advance that any difl5cultyis factures and Liberal Arts Building alone, he likely to occur. has covered a mile. A pamphlet giving 10,000 addresses of furnished rooms in various parts of the city is THE HOTELS OF CHICAGO. forwarded by the Bureau of Public Comfort Palatial in appearance, luxurious in sur- on request. • roundings, the 1,400 hotels of the Garden More than twenty thousand persons can be City are well able to care for all of the accommodated in the best parts of the citj, myriad visitors flocking to the Columbian lying between North Avenue and Seventy- Exposition. ninth Street, at the following reasonable Located in every conceivable quarter, of rates: the city itself or in close proximity to the Prices of rooms ^vith board: per day. World's Fair grounds, a complete or even Single room, single bed, one person $1.35 partial enumeration of them would require Double room, double bed, one person. 2.12 more space than the limits of a guide to the Double room, double bed, two persons. 2.70 Exposition could in justice aflford. Double bedded room, two double beds, It may be sufficient for the purpose of the two or three persons 3.50 present work to briefly state the hotel capa- Double bedded room, two double beds, city of Chicago, to enumerate a few of the three persons 4.15 principal hostelries and their location and Double bedded room, two double beds, rates, and refer the traveler in quest of fourpersons _ 5.50 further information to the pages of the city These prices surely do not indicate tiiat directory or the efficient assistance of the citizens of Chicago intend to practice extor- Bureau of Public Comfort, conducted, for the tion on visitors ; nor do the rates above quoted benefit of all visitors to the city or Expo- apply to the large hotels, or to the new build- sition, by the World's Columbian Exposition ings in course of erection around Jackson ' itself. . Park. In regard to this institution it is advisable Hotels.—The following list is fairly repre- to say at once, in order to avoid possible, sentative of the hotels in the heart of the nay, even probable, disappointments and city: inferior accommodations, that as the hotel Atlantic Hotel (American), Van Buren accommodations of Chicago, while ample in and Sherman streets. Rates S2 to $4. the extreme (having frequently accommo- Auditorium Hotel (Americari), Congress dated 200,000 visitors at conventions or simi- Street and Michigan Avenue. Rates $5 to lar occasions), are to be taxed to their utmost $20. capacity durmg the continuance of the Expo- Auditorium Hotel (European), Congress sition, travelers, visitors, and tourists will Street and Michigan Avenue. Rates $5 to do well to secure suitable rooms and board $20. before starting for the World's Fair City. Bradford Hotel (American), 30-32 Wells At the Centennial and Paris Expositions Street. Rates Si. 25 to $2. hundreds walked the streets or slept in the Briggs House (American), Randolph parks, but they were the careless and im- Street and Fifth Avenue. Rates |2.i;o to provident ones, who came without having $3-50. previously attempted to secure accommoda- Bro^^^^'s Hotel (American), Van Buren tions. and State streets. Rates $1.50 to While S2.50. there is little chance for any such Brunswick Hotel (American), Adams fate in Chicago, the Exposition authorities Street and Michigan Avenue. Rates S2.!;o have been most careful of the welfare and to $4. comfort of visitors. They have created an Burke's Hotel (European), 140-142 Madi- official Bureau of Public Comfort for the son Street. Rates Si to $2.50. purpose of contributing, as far as possible, Clifton House (American), Wabash Ave- to the wants and comfort of expected visit- nue and Monroe Street. Rates $2. 50 to $",.50. ors. The most ample provisions have Ijeen Commercial Hotel (American), Lake and made for food and refreshments witkin the Dearborn streets. Rates S2 to $-, Exposition grounds, fully detailed in the Continental Hotel (American), Wabash pages descriptive of the Fair itself; but Avenue and Madison Street. Rates $2 to Sv primarily the duty of this bureau was to Crescent Hotel (American), Fifth Aveniie organize a hotel and rooming department, and Harrison Street. Rates Si..;o to S2.W. so as to secure suitable and desirable lodg- Dowhng House (European), ^v Canal ing accommodations at fair and suitable Street. Rate $2. rates for all who should apply. Gault House (American), Madison and thebureau has already accommodations As Clinton streets. Rates $2 to $-,. for 30,000 visitors on its registers, tourists Germania House (European) i So-ill ARRIVAL IN THE WORLD'S FAIR CITY. 21

Randolph Street. Rates |i to $2. (Ger- Nicollet Hotel (European), Fifth Avenue man). and Randolph Street. Rates 75 cents to Goldston's Hotel (American), 284-288 Wa- $1.50. bash Avenue. Rates $2 to $3. (Jewish.) Ogden House (American), Franklin and Gore's Hotel (European), 266-274 Clark Washington streets. Rates $1.25 to $2. Street. Rates $1 to $3. Old Metropolitan Hotel (American), Ran- Granada Hotel (European and American), dolph Street and Fifth Avenue. Rates $1.25 Rush and Ohio streets. (Private and high- to $2. priced.) Oxford Hotel (American), Canal and Grand Central Hotel (European), Madi- Adams streets. Rates $2 to $3. son and Canal streets. Rates 75 cents to Palmer House (American), Monroe and $1.50. State streets. Rates $3 to $15. Grand Pacific Hotel (American and Euro- Revere House (American), Clark and pean), Clark and Jackson streets. Rates Michigan streets. Rates $2. 50 to $4. $3 to $15. Richelieu Hotel (European), Michigan Grand Palace Hotel (European), 81-103 Avenue near Jackson Street. Rates $3 to North Clark Street. Rates $1 to $3. $17- Grand Union Hotel (European), 148-1-56 Saratoga Hotel (European), 155-161 Dear- Dearborn Street. Rates $1 to $2.50. born Street. Rate $1. Great Northern Hotel (European), Jack- Sherman House (American), Clark and son and r>earborn streets. Rates $2 to $8. Randolph streets. Rates $3.50 to $6. Hamburg House (American), 184-186 Tremont House (American), Lake and Randolph Street. Rates $1.50 to $2. 50. (Ger- Dearborn streets. Rates $3 to $5. man). Victoria Hotel (American), Van Buren Hotel Bordeaux (European), 339 Michigan Street and Michigan Avenue. Rates $4 to Avenue. Rates $2.50 to $5. $8. Hotel Brevoort (European), 143-145 Madi- Virginia Hotel (American), Rush and son Street. Rates $1 to $3. Ohio streets. (Private and high-priced.) Hotel Brewster (European), corner Dear- Washington Hotel (European), Madison bom and Van Buren streets. Rates 75 cents and Canal streets. Rates 75 cents to $1.50. to $2. Wellington Hotel (European), Wabash Hotel Cortland (American), 16-22 Adams Avenue and Jackson Street. Rates $3 to Street. Rates $2 to $3. $15. Hotel Grace (European), Clark and Jack- Windsor Hotel (European), 145-153 Dear- son streets. Rates $1 to $3. born Street. Rates $1 to $2.50. Hotel Henrici (European), 70-72 Randolph Wood's Hotel (American), Van Buren Street. Rates 75 cents to $2. Street and Wabash Avenue. Rates $2 to $3. Hotel Imperial (European), Twelfth In the World's Fair district and along Street and Michigan Avenue. Rates $3 to the boulevards leading to the Exposition $15. very many handsome hotels are in opera- Hotel La Fayette (American), Desplaines tion, with scores in close proximity to the and Madison streets. Rates $2 to I3. World's Fair grounds. Hotel Lansing (European), 133-135 Adams As regards all hotels the only safe plan Street. Rates fi to $2.50. is to secure accommodations in advance, Hotel Le Grand (American), 35-45 Wells and before leaving for Chicago. The char- Street. Rates $1.75 to $3. acteristics of and many interesting data Hotel Midland (European), 167-169 Madi- concerning Chicago's noted hostelries will son Street. Rates $1 to $3. be found more fully dwelt upon in the Hotel Queen (European), Harrison Street "Handy Guide to Chicago," issued by the and Wabash Avenue. Rates 75 cents to $2. publishers of this guide. Hotel Stamford (European), Thirteenth The following list of the hotels outside Street and Michigan Avenue. Rates $2.50 the business district, along the road to or in to $5.. close proximity to the World's Fair grounds, Kuhn's Hotel (European), 165-169 Clark win be useful to the traveler. They will Street. Rates $1 to $3. accommodate 50,000 visitors or more with- Leland Hotel (American), Michigan Ave- out overcrowding: nue and Jackson Street. Rates I3 to $10. Alabama Hotel (American and Euro- McCoy's Hotel (European), Van Buren pean), Bowen and Berkley avenues. Rates and Clark streets. Rates $1 to $3. $2.50 to $3. McEwan's Hotel (European), 81-95 West Alhambra Hotel (American), State Street Madison Street. Rates 75 cents to $1.50. and Archer Avenue. Rates $2.50 to $3.50. Madison House (European), 164-166 Madi- Boston Hotel (American and European), son Street. Rates 75 cents to $1.50. Madison Avenue and Fifty-seventh Street. Marquette Hotel (European), Adams and Chicago Beach Hotel, Fifty-first Street Dearborn streets. Rates $1 to $3. and East End Avenue. Rates $4 to $15. Merchants' Hotel (European), Lake and Clarendon Hotel (American), Clark and Clark streets. Rates 75 cents to $1.50. Ontario streets. Rates $2. 50 to $4. Neef's Hotel (European), Michigan and Columbia Hotel (American and Euro- Wells streets. Rates 75 cents to $2. (Ger- pean), Thirty-first and State streets. Rates man and French.) $2 to $4. 22 A WKKK AT THE FAIR.

Columbia European Hotel (European), 108 to 114 Fifty-third Street. Rates $1.50 196 Fifty-fifth Street. Rates $1.50 and up. to $3. European), Columbian Central Hotel (European), 259 Hotel Holland (American and Sixty-second Street. $1 and up. Fifty-third Street and Lake Avenue. Rates

Columbian Hotel, Seventy-third Street $2.50 to $4. , and Kinney Avenue. The Howard (European), 6802 and 6804 Commercial Hotel (American), 243 Sixty- Yale Avenue (Englewood). Rates $1 and third Street (Englewood). Rates $2 and up. m up. Hotel Metropole (American and Eur^ Cornell Avenue Hotel (European), Cor- pean). Twenty-third Street and Michigan nell Avenue between Fifty-first and Fifty- Avenue. Rates $4 to $15. i second streets. Rates $1.50 to $4. Hotel Norwalk (American and European), Englewood World's Fair Hotel (Ameri- opposite South Park Station. Rates f^ can and European), Sixty-first and State and up. streets. Hotel Royal (American and European), Exhibitors' Union, Stony Island Avenue 5 1 8 Sixty-third Street (Englewood). Rates, and Seventy-first Street; 1,000 rooms. American, $2; European, $1. The Exposition Depot Hotel (European), Hotel Security (European), Stony Island corner Seventy-first Street and Avenue B. Avenue and Seventy-third Street. Rates $1 and up; 300 rooms. Hotel Stockholm (European), 54 and 56 The Family Dormitory Association, Yates Chicago Avenue. Rates 75 cents to $1.50. Avenue and Seventy-fifth Street; 750 rooms. (Swedish). Grand Crossing Hotel (American), Sev- Hotel Svea (American), 129 to 133 East enty-sixth Street and Woodlawn Avenue. Chicago Avenue. Rates $1.50 to $2. (Swed- Rate $2. ish). The Great Eastern Hotel (European), Hotel Vendome (American and Euro- Sixtieth Street and St. Lawrence Avenue; pean), Fifty-fifth Street and Monroe Avenue. 1,100 rooms. Rates, American, $1.50 to $2.50; European, - Greenwood Avenue Hotel (American), 50 cents to SJ- Greenwood Avenue and Grand Crossing. Hotel Vendome (American), Center and Rate $1. North Park avenues. Rates $2 to $4. Great Western Hotel, Seventy-third Street Hotel Veteran, 7302 Stony Island Avenue. and Stony Island Avenue. Hotel Willard (American), Eighteenth Hampden Hotel (American and Euro- Street and Wabash Avenue. Rates S2.50 pean), Thirty-ninth Street and Langley to $3.50. Avenue. Rates $2 to $5. Hotel Woodruff (American), 2103 Wabash Hyde Park Hotel (American), Fifty-first Avenue. Rates 82.50 to $5. Street and Lake Avenue. Rates $3 to $8. Jackson Park Hotel and Restaurant Hotel Alfonzo, 222 Sixty-third Street. (American and European), 135 Fifty-sixth Hotel Alvord (American), northwest cor- Street. Rates $2.50 to $4. ner Oakwood Boulevard and Cottage Julian Hotel (American), Sixty-third Grove Avenue. Rate $2. Street and Stewart Avenue. Rates $3 to $6. Hotel Beatrice (European), corner Fifty- Libby Hotel (European), 1414 and 1416 seventh Street and Madison Avenue. Rates Wabash Avenue. Rates $1 to $2.50. $2.50 to $5. Lexington Hotel (American), Twentv- Hotel Buckner (American and European), second Street and Michigan Avenue. Rates 5479 Lake Avenue. Rates $2.50 and up. 83-50 to 825- Hotel Caldwell (American and Euro- Mecca Hotel (American and European), pean), Sixty-third Street 315 (Englewood). Thirty-fourth and State streets. Rates $1 Rates—American, $2 and up; European, toS4. $1 to $3. Montreal, 6234 Madison Avenue. Hotel Concord (American), 1836 to 1840 Morgan House, Sixty-second Street. Wabash Avenue. Rates $2 to %\. Rates $1 and up. Hotel Damon (European), for Knights of New England Hotel, Seventy-third Street Pythias friends. Sixty-fourth and Street and and Stony Island Avenue; 240 rooms. Wentworth Avenue. Rates Si and up. The Oak View (European), Sixtieth Hotel Delavan (European), Ontario and btreet and Edgerton Avenue. Rates $1 Clark streets. Rates $1 to $2.50. and up. Hotel Drexel (American), 3956 Drexel Oakland Hotel (American and European), Boulevard. Rates to $2 $4- Oakwood Avenue and Drexel Boulevard. Endeavor, Shore, Hotel Lake south of Rates $2.50 to $5. Seventy-first Street. Park House (European), comer Fifty-sixth Hotel Edwards (American), 328-336 Street and Lake Avenue (Hyde Park). Washington Boulevard. Rates $1.50 to Rates $2 and up. ' $2.50. ."°*^1' Sixty-third Street Hotel Gresham (European and American), and, J^^fStony^^''tIsland?^^fAvenue. 2246 Wabash Avenue. Rates $1. 50 to $3. 7"^% Parkside Hotel T (European), Stony The Harvard (American and European), Island Avenue and Sixty-third St reet . Rates 5714 Washington Avenue. Rates $2 and up. $2.50 to $6. (European and American), Hotel Helene Paxton Hotel (American and EuropeauV ARRIVAL IN THE WORLD'S FAIR CITY. 2;

State and Twenty-fifth streets. Rates$i.5o being satisfactorily disposed of, the next ant to $3. most natural inquiry will be for eating-housei The Pullman Hotel (American and Euro- or restaurants. pean), Fifty-fifth Street, Washington and General Restaurants.—Few cities in th( Madison avenues. Rates $2 to $5. world are better supplied with restauranti The Raymond & Whitcomb Grand Hotel, and eating-houses of every kind than Chi "Washington Avenue and Fifty-ninth Street, cago, and a very large number of the city'i for Raymond & Whitcomb tourists; 387 inhabitants live wholly at them. One thou rooms. sand and over in number, they are to bf The Soldiers' World's Fair Hotel, Seventy- found in every street of the city, and var)

, third Place and Stony Island Avenue. from the grandeur and excellence of cuisint Southern Hotel (American), Twenty-sec- to be found at the Richelieu, Northern ond Street and Wabash Avenue. Rates $2 Auditorium, or Kinsley's (105 Adams Street to $4. ' " to the 5-cent ' beaneries of savory Souti South Shore Hotel, Seventy-third Street Clark Street. The restaurants of the prin- and Bond Avenue. cipal hotels are good and reliable; besides South Shore Tenting Company. these, Chapin & Gore's, 73 Monroe Street Strickland Hotel (European), Lake Ave- Burke's, 336 Clark Street; The Saratoga, 15; nue between Thirty-eighth and Thirty-ninth Dearborn Street; The Lakeside, southwesi streets. Rates $1. 50 to $6. corner of Clark and Adams streets; Kohl- Transit House (American), Union Stock saat's, 196 Clark Street, 59 Washington Yards. Rates $2 to $3. 50. Street, 324 Dearborn and 83 Lake streets; Union Park Hotel (European), 517 to 521 The Grand Pacific, 240 Clark Street; The West Madison Street. Rates $1 to $2. American, southeast corner of State and Western Reserve Hotel (European), 6345 Adams streets, and the Columbia Lunch Wharton Avenue. Rates $1 and up. Room, 148 Monroe Street, are worthy of a Westminster Hotel (American), 264 and visit and excellent in fare. 266 North Clark Street. Rates $2 to $3. 50. Oyster Saloons are common everywhere, White House (American), 2108 and 21 10 the most prominent of which are Rector's Wabash Avenue. Rates $2 to $3. 50. Oyster House, Dearborn and Monroe streets, The World's Inn, Sixtieth Street and and Adams Street between Wabash Avenue Madison Avenue. Chas. E. Leland, Prop. and State Street, the Boston Oyster House, Wyndham Hotel (American), 2932 and 120 Madison Street, and The Lakeside, Clark 2934 Prairie Avenue. Rates $2 to $3.50. and Adams streets. Yorkshire Hotel (American), 1837 Michi- Ladies are not supposed to go to the chop- gan Avenue. Rates $2. 50 to $3. 50. houses. Their favorite luncheon places, when Furnished Rooms.—Private lodgings, or shopping, are at the magnificent restaurants "furnished rooms," as the Chicago phrase provided in the great department stores. goes, are preferred to a hotel by many per- Especially favored by the fair sex are the sons, and in some respects are to be recom- restaurants provided in Marshall Field & mended. A list of advertisements is to be Co.'s, State Street; Mandel's, State Street; found in any of the daily papers, while an Carson-Pirie's, State Street, corner of Wash- advertisement inserted by any visitor will ington; The Fair, State and Adams streets, produce a host of replies, from which selec- and Siegel, Cooper & Co.'s, State Street, tion can be made after inspection and dis- corner of Congress. Many restaurants es- cussion of terms; or, better still, an applica- pecially reserve seats for ladies, and so tion to the Bureau of Public Comfort, Room announce on signs at their doors. 509 Rand-McNally Building, will secure The following list of restaurants will be accommodations reliable in every respect, of use to the visitor: and ofiicially inspected and approved of by American Oyster House and Restaurant, the bureau's ofiicers. This is by far the best State and Adams streets. method to pursue. Arcade Lunch, 202 La Salle Street, 271 Boarding-Houses. —These are to be ob- State Street, 249-253 Dearborn Street, 6-8 tained in the same manner as furnished Plymouth Place. rooms. The prices vary from $6 for the Ashland Restaurant, Randolph and Clark cheapest to six times that amount per week, streets. according to location, cuisine, and accom- Baldwin's Restaurant, 125 Fifth Avenue. modations. They number over 1 5 ,000. Boston Oyster House and Restaurant, Baths.—At every hotel and in all of the Madison and Clark streets. large barber-shops in Chicago a bath may Brockway & McKey's Restaurant, 154-160 be obtained, either hot, or cold, or shower, Clark Street. with soap and towels, uniform price 25 cents. Chicago Oyster House and Restaurant, Russian and Turkish baths are numerous. 140-142 Madison Street. Four natatoriums, one at 504 West Madison Chicago Restaurant, 176 Adams Street. Street, another at 408 North Clark Street, a Clark, Mrs., & Co., Lunch, 145 Wabash third at 2327 Wabash Avenue, and the fourth Avenue. on the Midway Plaisance, afford the swim- Columbia Lunch, 148-150 Monroe Street. mer an opportunity of essaying in pure Lake Henrici's restaurants, 175 Madison Street Michigan water. and 208 Dearborn Street. Restaurants. —Sleeping accommodations Illinois Restaurant, 75-77Randolph Street. !34 A WEEK AT THE FAIR. Wabash Ave- Kern's Restaurant and Oyster House, io8- Chickering Music Hall, 241

1 10 Salle Street. nue. ,^ ,.y ., La , JNorth Kinsley's Restaurant and Cafe, 105-107 Clark Street Theater Q&cohs), Adams Street. Clark and Kinzie streets. Kohlsaat's Lunch, 196 Clark Street, 59 Columbia, 108 Monroe Street. Division streets. Washington Street, 324 Dearborn Street, 83 Criterion, Sedgwick and Clark Street. Lake Street, 221-223 State Street. Engel's Pavilion, 463 North Randolph Lafayette Restaurant (table d'h6te), 112 Epstean's Dime Museum, m Street. Monroe Street. -, j- t 1 Lakeside Restaurant, Clark and Adams Fisher's Garden, north end of Lmcohx streets. Park and Diversey Avenue. Milan & Co.'s Restaurant, iii Madison Grand Opera House, S7 Clark Street. Street. Hardy's Subterranean Palace, Wabash New Brighton Restaurant, 262 Clark Avenue, between Sixteenth and Eighteenth Street. str66ts. Parker's Lunch, 171 Randolph Street. Haviin's, 1836 Wabash Avenue. Peacock Annex Cafe and Restaurant, 114 Haymarket, 169 West Madison Street. Madison Street. Hooley's, 149 Randolph Street. Rector's Oyster House, Monroe and Clark John Brown's Fort, 1341 Wabash Avenue. Hall, 247 Wabash Ave- streets. . Kimball's Music Rector's Restaurant, 35 Adams Street. nue. Street Dime Restaurant Francais (table d'hote), 77 Kohl & Middleton's Clark Clark Street. Museum, 150 Clark Street. Rome Cafe (table d'hdte), 148 Jackson Kohl & Middleton's State Street Dime Street. Museum, 294 State Street. Saratoga Restaurant, 155 Dearborn Street. Last Days of Pompeii, Cottage Grove Schiller Caf(i and Restaurant, 105-107 Ran- Avenue and Sixty-first Street. dolph Street. Libby Prison, Wabash Avenue, between Schlogl's Cafe, 109 Fifth Avenue. Fourteenth and Sixteenth streets. Tacoma Restaurant, Madison and La Salle Lyceum, Desplaines Street, between Mad- streets. ison and Washington streets. The Dairy Kitchen Restaurant and Cafe, Madison Street Theater, 85 Madison Madison and State streets. Street. The Frogs, Restaurant and Cafe, 126 Clark Marlowe Opera House, Sixty-third Street Street. and Stewart Avenue. Thomson's Restaurant, 145-153 Dearborn Mystic Labyrinth, Congress Street, near Street. Elevated Railroad. Troy Lunch, 116 Randolph Street, 12S McVicker's, S2 Madison Street. Dearborn Street, 11 1 Adams Street. Olympic. 51 Clark Street. Winter's Cafe and Restaurant, State and Panorama, Battle of Gettysburg, 401 Wa- Van Buren streets. bash Avenue. Woman's Exchange Lunch, 130 Wabash Panorama, Chicago Fire, 130 Michigan Avenue. Avenue. Wooslick's Restaurant, Monroe and Dear- Panorama, Jerusalem and the Crucifixion, born streets. 402 Wabash Avenue. Places of Amusement.—While the varied People's, 339 State Street. sights of the vast " White City" (as an Schiller, Randolph Street, between Clark author has prettily termed the A\'orld's and Dearborn streets. Fair buildings) will occupy much of the Standard, Halsted and Jackson streets. sight-seer's leisure, it is to be reasonably Steele Mackaye's Spectatorium , Fiftv- expected that the local Temples of Thespi's sixth Street and Evarts Avenue, near will have some attraction for the major- World's Fair. ity, occupied as their boards are by the best Trocadero, Michigan Avenue and Six- companies and the brightest of comedian?;. teenth Street. The subjoined list of the theaters and places Uncle Tom's Cabin, in Libbv Prison. of amusement will therefore be of service; Waverly, West Madison Street, between Academy of Music (Jacobs'), 83 South Loomis and Throop streets. Halsted Street. AN'indsor Theater, North Clark Street, Alhambra (Jacobs'), 1920 State Street. near Division Street. Avenue and Con- Auditorium, Wabash Foreign Consuls.—The tourist from for- gress Street. eign climes naturallv mav desire to pav hi'i Twenty-first Street respects Barlow's Pavilion, to the representative of his own Archer Avenue. government, or and he mav desire to make in- Wild West, Sixty- third quiries Buffalo Bill's or transact business peculiarlv the Fair. Street, near the World's duty of his consul. Appended, therefore, Avenue. IS list Casino, 227 Wabash a of the consuls of foreign govern- Central Music Hall, State and Randolph ments stationed in Chicago: streets. Argentine Republic—t. S. Hudson <^ Chicago Opera House, Washington and Jackson Street. ' ' Clark streets. Austria-Hungary. — Henry CUiusscnius ARRIVAL IN THE WORLD'S FAIR CITY. 25

consul; Edward Claussenius, vice-consul, 78 Sweden and Norway. — Peter Svanoe, and 80 Fifth Avenue. vice-consul. Room i, 153 Randolph Street. Belgium.—Charles Henrotin, 167 Dear- Switzerland.—Louis Boerlin, consul; Ju- born Street. lius Wegmann, vice-consul, 165 Wabash Denmark.—Otto A. Dreier, acting vice- Avenue. consul, 209 Fremont Street. Turkey.—Charles Henrotin, consul, 167. France.—Edmund Bruwaert, consul-gen- Dearborn Street. eral; Jules Heilmann, chancellor, 70 La For any more extended particulars as to Salle Street. the World's Fair City the visitor is referred German Empire.—Dr. Ludwig Arendt, to Rand, McNally & Co.'s " Handy Guide acting-consul, Room 25 Borden Block. to Chicago," " Bird's eye Views and Guide Great Britain. — Colonel Hayes Sadler, to Chicago,'' "A Week in Chicago," or consul; R. H. Hayes Sadler, vice-consul, other similar guides to the city itself. The Room 4, 72 Dearborn Street. requirements of the. Fair prevent any more Italy.—Conte V. Manassero di Costligliole, lengthy reference to matters outside of the consul, Room 1, no La Salle Street. Exposition itself. The parks and boule- Mexico. —Felipe Berriozabal, Jr., consul, vards are well worth a visit;: their verdant Room 30, 126 Wabash Avenue. lawns and cool green groves will be found

, fully Netherlands.— George Birkhoff , Jr. con- described in the above-mentioned sul, 85 "Washington Street. books; while for the huge office-buildings, Peru.—Charles H. Sergei, 350 Dearborn familiarly called " sky-scrapers," or for gen- Street. eral wanderings around the city, reference Russia.—P. de Thai, consul, 2426 Prairie may well be had to the "Street Number Avenue. Guide to Chicago," also issued by the pub- Spain.—Hobart Chatfield Chatfield-Tay- lishers of this book. lor, Montauk Block. CHAPTER II. THE WAY TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.

.HE History of tween Chicago and New York. Ultimately, the World's on the 24th of February, 1890, Congress Columbian definitely accorded the honor of inviting the " of the Expositio n. world as guests to the Phoenix City

— Great Lakes." • Hardly . , history of necessary does it The subsequent events m the seem, in present- the Exposition enterprise partake, with one ing a brief re- exception, of the nature of natural conse- s u m 6 of the quences and minor details. In financial events which led matters Chicago came fearlessly to the to the location of front. Did the Directors deem it advisable the World's Co- to issue stock or call for subscrmtions, the lumbian Exposi- millionaire and the mechanic vied with each tion at Chicago, other for the honor of investing in the to proceed his- World's Fair. On July 2, 1890, the pres- torically from ent site of the World's Columbian Ex- the beginning. position was selected by the Directory and The densest in- approved by the National Commission, but tellect will read- the World's Fair can not be said to have ily have grasped the fact that the " White been actually under way until the beginning City " is erected in honor of the 400th anni- of the following year. In January, 1891, versary of the discovery of this continent the Exposition headquarters were formally by Christopher Columbus. (^)ened in the Rand-McNally Building; the Just as many cities contended for the Department of Publicity and Promotion was honor of Homer's birthplace, and as more organized, and at once began telling the than one does for Columbus' birth or bones, whole newspaper-reading earth about the so many claimants have arisen for the dis- World's Fair that was to be. The Hon. tinction of first conceiving the idea of a George R. DaviS quadri-centennial celebration of the grand- was elected Di- est and most accidental discovery the rector-General world's annals will ever record. on September Leaving contestants and claimants to 19, 1890, and on ^ settle their own differences, it may be safely the 20th of the stated that the first recorded and concerted following month formal action is to be found in a resolution Mrs. Potter Pal- of the Directory of the Interstate Exposi- mer was chosen tion at Chicago on the 18th of November, as the president 1885. of the Board of Passing by in rapid review the New Lady Managers. England organization of :886, Senator Construction Hoar's resolution of 31st of July in that work began on year, in the interest of an exposition at the 2d of July, Washington, D. C, and a similar resolution 1S9I, the Mines Directoi-Genoral G. R. D>yis. of the City Council of Chicago on the 22d Building having the place of honor in this of the formation of a committee July, 1889, respect. The dedication of the buildings, a of 100 to secure the Fair for Chicago, and ceremonial so impressively grand as to be chartering of a corporation with like the a without equal and beyond comparison, took intent in August of find that 1889, we the place October 21, 1892, in the Manufactures real contest began in December of that year, and Liberal Arts Building, in the presence when Senator CuUom introduced the World's of an audience amounting to a quarter of a Fair Bill in the United States Senate. million, gathered from every civilized nation Keen was the contest for the honor of the on the earth. Amid anthem, ode, and site; the debate at times ranging from the matchless oratory, in this building of colossal acrimonious to the ridiculous. proportions, the Vice-President of the United was suggested and States Cumberland Gap dedicated the " \\Tiite City "to hu- voted for by one enthusiastic or waggish manity's use. Hardly had the last visitor representative, but the real contest lay be- quitted the gates when the completion Nvork (26) THE WA Y TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. 37

was in full progress again, and though lecting a suitable site, gave so much time retarded somewhat by one of the severest and attention to this important matter as winters,- it steadily progressed until the few business- men could or -would. Working opening on May ist. steadily, with competent architects, engi- Abrief statement of the financial expendi- neers, and sanitary experts, and giving tures and resources of the Exposition is many months of their valuable time to this not only of interest, but marvelous in the arduous undertaking, they finally arrived at magnitude of its amounts. To secure the a result which met the approval of the coveted distinction, Chicago was required National Commission, and which must be to furnish a site which should be acceptable absolutely satisfactory to the millions of vis- to the National Commission (representing itors in whose interests this great enterprise every State and Territory in the Union) is to he carried through! ; The site adopted and$io,ooo,ooo. Unhesitatingly she pledged by the Board of Directors is that portion of herself to the gigantic undertaking, and the justly celebrated South Park system of has faithfully and fully kept her prom- Chicago known as Jackson Park and the ise. To convey something of an impres- Midway Plaisance. Having in view the sion of the magnitude of the enterprise, the comfort and convenience of the hundreds of accompanying estimate of cost of construc- thousands of American citizens and those tion, etc., made by the Ways and Means from abroad, this site affords advantages Committee, is given: which upon reflection must be appreciated Grading, filling, etc $ 450,400 and clearly understood by the practical Landscape gardening 323,490 mind. This beautiful location is within Viaducts and bridges _. 125,000 easy distance of the business portion of Piers 70,000 Chicago, and is accessible by means of the Water-way improvements 225,000 most complete transportation facilities. Railways 500,000 Jackson Park has a frontage on Lake Steam plant 800,000 Michigan of \% miles, and contains Electricity... 1,500,000 600 acres of ground. This Midway Plai- Statuary on buildings 100,000 sance, which forms the connecting link be- Vases, lamps, and posts 50,000 tween Jackson and Washington parks, is Seating _ 8,000 one mile long and 600 feet wide, making an Water supply, sewerage, etc 600,000 additional area of eighty-five acres. The Improvement of lake front 200,000 frequent illustrations of buildings and World's Congress Auxiliary 200,000 grounds, with careful descriptions, shown Construction Department ex- in this guide will give the reader a very penses, fuel, etc. 520,000 complete idea of this stupendous work. Organization and administration 3,308,563 The comfort and convenience of visitors Operating expenses 1,550,000 has been considered in every arrangement, so that a visit to the Exposition will not $10,530,453 only be enjoyable and instructive in the When the $8,000,000 estimated as the cost highest degree, but it will be one to cherish of the main buildings are added to this, the as the great event of a lifetime. The at- sum total is $18,530,453; subsequent addi- tractions provided are so numerous that it tions to the plan of construction will bring would be impossible to convey an adequate the total cost of the Exposition to an amount idea of their extent and variety. The archi- exceeding $22,000,000. tectural groupings and grandeur of highly The outside world may wonder in awe ornamental design, collectively, excel all where all the money is to come from, and previous attempts at any exposition. The the statement of the resources of the Exposi- plan of arrangements for the grounds pre- tion, subsequently set out, will be of con- sents features m landscape effects, statuary, siderable interest in this respect. fountains, inland lakes, ornamental bridges, The Site of the World's Fair.—Concern- avenues, and floral designs so artistic in ing the site, no difference of opinion or crit- their beauty as to command the admiration icism is possible. IJJ'othing approaching it in of the world. The frontage of the grounds beauty or extent was ever offered to any on Lake Michigan, the queen of all the previous exposition. Stretching 2^^ miles Great Lakes, affords grand opportunities for from the point nearest the city to the marine displays of the most magnificent southern extremity of Jackson Park, it com- character, and which has been taken full ad- prises some seven hundred acres. Along the vantage of by the management to furnish entire front lies Lake Michigan, the loveliest beautiful attractions which otherwise could of the Great Lakes, the most beautiful body not be attempted. of fresh water in the world. In the back- To-day finds all the great buildings, which ground semicircle the trees, the verdure, only existed in able architectural brains less and bloom of the vast South Park system. than two short years ago, now completed, And this was one of four sites suitable, for with their respective exhibits duly installed. Chicago, unique in almost everything, pos- With the growth and development of the sessed four practically available sites, each original plans the financial necessities of the presenting many good reasons for favorable Fair have also tremendously increased, but selection. The Directors of the Exposition, public enthusiasm has fortunately kept pace in whose hands was placed the duty of se- with this rapid development, until the con- 28 A WEEK A T THE FAIR.

Charles L. Hutch- templated five million dollar World's Fair of tin, H. N. Higinbotham, William D.Ker- three years ago has now grown to a World's inson, Elbridfe G. Keith, Milton W Kirk, Columbian avail- foot, William P. Ketcham, Exposition with $18,750,000 Lamb, Victor able, and to be actually expended before the Edward F. Lawrence, B. B. Lefens, Andrew Mc- gates are opened to visitors. In addition to F. Lawson, Thies J. P. iJaell, this millions of dollars have been expended Nally, Adolph Nathan, John J. Phelps, Wash- by the several States in the construction of Ferdinand W. Peck, E. M. Revell, Edward State buildings and installation of State ington Porter, Alexander H. Schnei- exhibits. P. Ripley, A. M. Rothschild, George Scott, Henry The management of the World's Colum- der, Charles H. Schwab, J. W. Edwin Walk- bian Exposition may be said to be vested in B. Stone, Charles H. Wacker, C. Welling, four organizations: The National Commis- er, Robert A. Waller, John Winston, G. H. Wheeler, , Frederick S. , s i o n authorized by Congress; the Charles T. Yerkes, Otto Young. World's Colum- The Board of Lady Managers is composed each bian Exposition, of two members, with alternates from organized under State and Territory, and nine from the city of wom- the laws of the of Chicago. It has the supervision Exposition, and State of Illinois; en's participation in the the Board of Lady of whatever exhibits of women's work may Managers, author- be made. This rec- ized by Congress, ognition of woman and the World's marks an epoch in Congress Auxil- World's Exposi- iary. The National tions, as in no pre- President T. W. Palmer. Commission is vious international composed of eight commissioners-at-large fair have woman with alternates; two commissioners from and her work, influ- each State, Territory, and the District of ences, and indus- Columbia—one Democrat and one Repub- trial importance lican — appointed by the President on a been recognized. nomination by their respective govern- Mrs. Bertha Honore ors. This Commission has delegated its Palmer is presi- authority to eight of its members, who dent and Mrs. Su- constitute a Board of Reference and Control, san Gale Cooke sec- and who act with a similar number selected retary of the Board from the World's Columbian Exposition. of Lady Managers. The officers of this Commission are: Presi- Hon C. C. Bonney. The World's Con- dent, Thomas W. Palmer; vice-presidents, gress Auxiliary was organized for the Thomas W. Walker, M. H. de Young, D. purpose of holding a series of Con- D. Penn, C. W. Allen, and Alexander B. gresses, to supplement the exposition that jS^andrews; secretary, John C. Dickinson. will be made of the material progress The World's Columbian Exposition is com- of the world by a portrayal of the achieve- posed of forty-five citizens of Chicago, ments in science, literature, education, elected annually by the stockholders. On government, jurisprudence, morals, char- this body falls the burden of raising the it)^ art, religion, and other branches of necessary money and of the active manage- mental activity. The Hon. C. C. Bon- ment. Its officers are: President, Harlow ney of Chicago is president of the Con- N. Higinbotham; vice-president, F. W. gress Auxiliary, Peck; second vice- but equal praise president, R. A. for its success is Waller; secretary, due to the Hon. H. O. Edmonds, Thomas B. Brvan, and solicitor, W. the cosmopolitan K. Carlisle. scholar of the Ex- The present position, whose Board of Direct- matchless diplo- ors of the Expo- macy has been sition is composed so many times in- of the following voked to crown well - known citi- the triumphs of zens of Chicago: the great World's W. T. Baker, C. Fair enterprise. K. G. Billings, George R. Davis Hon. T. B. BR,.n P'«id.nt H. n. Higtnboth.m, Thomas B. Bryan, of Chicago is Director-General of the entire Edward B. Butler, Isaac N. Camp, Will- Exposition, and therefore its chief executive joint iam J. Chalmers, Robert C. Clowrv, officer. In the Board of Control is of Charles H. Chappell, Mark Crawford, course vested the actual management, and George R. Davis, Arthur Dixon, Jaines W. from the verdict of this board'there is no appeal. The financial situation Ellsworth, Lyman J. (_;av;e, Charles Henro- of the —

THE WA Y TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. 29

"World's Columbian Exposition at the present of exhibits and buildings amount to over time is most satisfactory. The recent ap- $8,000,000. No less than sixteen foreign propriation of Congress, quickly followed governments erect special buildings wherein by the sale of $4,000,000 debenture bonds, to receive their guests and exhibit their places the enterprise in a position to meet valuables. any expense to be incurred before the In this connection the following, compar- opening of the gates. To Lyman J. Gage, ing the World's Columbian Exposition with ex-president of the World's Columbian other World's Fairs of the past, will be Exposition, is due great praise for his ex- peculiarly interesting. It will be seen from cellent services in every hour of financial this table that the World's Columbian Expo- crisis which the Exposition has experienced. sition cost three times as much as any The following figures, official and estimated, previous exposition in the history of the show the amount of cash from all sources world; that it occupies four times as many that will be available for Exposition ex- acres, and has about twice as much space penses up to the close of the Fair: under roof as the greatest of former expositions. From capital stock and proceeds of the city of Chicago bonds. .$10, 553, 761 Appropriation from United States Treasury in souvenir coins 2,500,000 Premium on same 2,500,000 Proceeds on debenture bonds 4,094,500

Total- - $19,648,261

Estimated gate receipts for admission to the Exposition. $10,000,000 Estimated from concessions and privileges 3,500,000 Estimated salvage 1,500,000

Total $15,000,000

Total estimated receipts $34,648,261

From this $34,500,000 there must be de- ducted the total cost of construction and operating expenses, which are estimated as follows: Cost of constructing the buildings, preparatory expenses, etc., to May i, 1893. $18,750,000 Operating expenses from May I, 1893 2,500,000 Total $21,250,000

If these figures are borne out by results and every World's Fair official appears to think they will be—there will be available for payment of bonds and distribution among stockholders in 1894 about $13,250,- 000. If their expectations are realized, stockholders will have reason for congratu- lation. No exposition of the past has ever received the support of more than one-third of the nations of the world, while the Columbian Exposition has received recognition and application for space from every civilized nation of the globe. Russia, a nation which has always held aloof from the international expositions of Europe, has evinced a special friendship for the United States by sending a magnificent collection of priceless art treasures which have never before been allowed to cross the Russian frontier. Eighty-six nations, colonies, and principal- ities exhibit, thirty-eight being specially represented by official commissions; and the moneys appropriated by all for the purpose 30 A WEEK A T THE FAIR. how heartily following shows the appropriations The subjoined table shows The responded, ana made by various foreign governments: the States and Territories amounts contributed by each: Argentine Republic % 100,000 the ^ 38,000 Austria 102,300 Alabama - - - 30,ooo Belgium 57.ooo Arizona. - Bolivia . _ 30,000 Arkansas J„'^ " "o.ooo Brazil - 600,000 California .- - - ^^7.ooo Colombia 100,000 Colorado - 150,000 Connecticut JS.ooo Costa Rica ^o.ooo 67,000 Delaware Denmark 50,000 Danish West Indies... 1,200 Florida ^°°'°«> Ecuador 125,000 Georgia - France 733>ooo Idaho - - 8°°'°°°J°°'«» Germany 800,000 Illinois 135.000 Great Britain 291,000 Indiana 130,000 Barbados 5.840 Iowa 165,000 British Guiana. 25,000 Kansas. - 175,000 British Honduras 7,500 Kentucky - Canada 100,000 Louisiana.... 36,ooo Cape Colony 50,000 Maine - 57.ooo Ceylon 65,600 Maryland ^0,000 India 30,000 Massachusetts 175.000 275,000 Jamaica - 24,333 Michigan. Leeward Islands 6,000 Minnesota... - 150,000 New South Wales 243,325 Mississippi 25,000 New Zealand. 27,500 Missouri 150,000 Trinidad; 15,000 Montana.. 100,000 Greece. 60,000 Nebraska 85,000 Guatemala 200,000 Nevada - 10,000 Hawaii 40,000 New Hampshire 25,000 Honduras 20,000 New Jersey. - -- 130.000 Haiti 25,000 New Mexico - 35.ooo Japan 630,000 New York --- 600,000 Liberia 7.000 North Carolina... 45.000 Mexico 50,000 North Dakota... - 70,000 Morocco 1 50,000 Ohio 200,000 Netherlands 100,000 Oklahoma 17.500 Dutch Guiana 10,000 Oregon... - -- 60,000 Dutch West Indies 5.000 Pennsylvania 360,000 Nicaragua 31,000 Rhode Island 57.500 Norway 56,280 South Carolina 50,000 Orange Free State 7,500 South Dakota 85,000 Paraguay 100,000 Tennessee. -.- 25,000 Peru 140,000 Texas 40,000

Russia - 46,320 Utah -. 50,600 Salvador 12,500 Vermont 39. 75° San Domingo 25,000 Virginia 75. 000 Spain 200,000 Washington 100,000 Cuba 25,000 West Virginia 40,000 Sweden 108,000 Wisconsin 212,000 Uruguay 24,000 Wyoming 30.000 Total $5,829,198 Total $6,060,350 It is estimated that the expenditures of The most important bureau in connection foreign governments, in respect of exhibits with the World's Columbian Exposition is and in addition to the above, will amount to undoubtedly the Bureau of Construction. at least $2,500,000. Of this bureau D. H. Burnham is chief, The true ma§;nitude of the World's Co- Edward C. Shankland is chief engineer, lumbian Exposition can only be realized and F. L. Olmsted the able landscape when it is stated that (the United States not architect. In their several departments the considered) ihe space allotted to foreign work of each of these gentlemen shows to nations alone exceeds the total space oi any excellent advantage. Chief Burnham has previous World's Fair. In addition to this been indefatigable in his labors, and the comes the space of American exhibitors, acres of graceful structures that now adorn which far excels the aggregate of all the these grounds are a monument to his execu- foreign nations of the world. Nearly every tive abilities. The credit of completing State in the Union has made appropriations these buildings in the remarkably short for State buildings or State exhibits, and time is by public acclaim accorded to Chief there are no less than thirty-eight separate Burnham. State buildings on the grounds. From no more authentic source was it THE WAY TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. 31

possible to obtain a description of the con- area, dignity of effect, location, adaptabihty, struction work and marvelous architectural transportation, and many other points were arrangements of the World's Columbian in favor of Jackson Park; and so the choice Exposition than from the master mind who, was made, being definitely settled only in as Chief Supervising Architect and Director the fall of 1890. Winter coming on, the of Works, planned and perfected all. The months which could not be devoted to grad- following mteresting and valuable contri- ing, dredging, and kindred operations, prior bution, prepared by Director of Works to the preparation of the ground, were Daniel H. Burnham, and written especially well spent in making a most careful survey for Rand, McNally & Co.'s Guides, forms of the entire area, which had been ex- a most valuable historical document in tended to include the Midway Plaisance. relation to the Washington Park was also tendered for ' ' building of Exposition purposes, but the 600 acres which the 'White had already been secured were deemed suf- City.'" Mr. ficient. In the spring of 1891 an army of Burnham enti- earth-workers made such rapid progress tles)', his article that the homeliness of the site was crippled "The Build- after a very few weeks. The bogs began to ings of the Ex- dry up, the undergrowth surrendered to the position,"* and prosaic but effective grubbing-hoe, and for says of them: the first time in their existence the knotty When Cole- little old scrub-oaks bowed—the ax is an ridge sang to inexorable tutor in that branch of eti- Mont Blanc in quette. Canals, lagoons,' and basins were the Vale of lined out so that they_ touched the site of Chamouni, each of the main buildings. In June every- Director of Works D, H. Burnham. " Thou risest thing was ready for the foundations. from forth thy silent sea of pines, "his inspira- The main buildings, as originally planned, tion probably came from much the same were ten: Manufactures, Administration, enthusiasm which long afterward reechoes Machinery, Agriculture, Electricity, Mines, from the lips of those who remember the Transportation, Horticulture, Fisheries, and Jackson Park of two years ago—a marsh the Venetian Village. At this time it was of tangled undergrowth and a waste of ill- the purpose of the Exposition to establish tempered oaks, from which have arisen the the exhibit of fine arts upon the Lake stately structures of' the Exposition. Its Front Park; this plan being subsequently appearance at that time presented but abandoned, the Art Galleries and the Wo- little promise of the noble city to be man's Building were the first of the later erected after swamps had been drained, structures to find a place upon the plan. canals, lagoons, and basins cut, grassy As the importance of the work gradually slopes established, and flowers and shrubs developed, necessity for additional space planted to transform the once dreary land- became clear, and the ten original buildings scape. Advantages which would more than quickly secured neighbors in the Forestry, compensate for the almost discouraging Dairy, Stock Pavilion, Terminal Station, amount of labor required to render them Music Hall, Peristyle, Casino, Choral, An- available were apparent in this desolate thropological, and so on throughout a list of wilderness; otherwise Jackson Park could great and small, until there are now nearly never have been chosen as the site of the three hundred separate and distinct struct- Exposition. Other' locations were eagerly ures under roof in Jackson Park, not includ- offered, some of them beautifully improved ing the scores of minor pavilions and shelters parks, earnestly wishing to welcome an hon- of aless important character, built by conces- ored guest to a hospitality ready to receive sionaires, exhibitors, and others. When it; all had boasted advantages; yet to Jack- the Midway Plaisance, with its varied and son Park, humble in its sheer ugliness, came startling architecture, is added, the total is the choice. The decision bringing it here increased to about four hundred. was not reached through undue favoritism The designs were not secured by compe- or influence, but was the result of much tition, many reasons being against the adop- thought and the carefully weighing of the tion of such a method; the time was short merits of all. and the work was great; harmony of effort It was about the time that the discussion must be had of men possessing genius and of the site question had reached a repu- ability. Direct selection was, therefore, the table degree of warmth—and few who were only safe method, and the buildings were in it would be mlling to admit that it accordingly allotted by the Chief of Con- had ever been less than ardent—that Mr. struction as follows: Administration, Rich- Frederick Law Olmsted, the honored father ard M. Hunt of New York; Transportation, of American art in landscape, together with Adler & Sullivan of Chicago; Manufactures, his late partner, Henry Sargent Codman, George B. Post of New York; Mines, S. S. were called into consultation. To them, Beman of Chicago; Agriculture, McKim, after careful consideration, it was plain that Meade & White of New York; Venetian

* The preparation of this paper sis to its literary form was left in the hands of Mi'. Montgomery B. Pickett, to whom acknowledgment is due. 33 A WEEK AT THE FAIR. Manu- Village, Burling & Whitehouse of Chicago; Grand Basin—the Administration, Electric- Machinery, Peabody & Stearns of Boston; factures, Agriculture, Machinery, Building— Horticulture, W. L. B. Jenney of Chicago; ity, Mines, and also the Art are those lying Electricity, Van Brunt & Howe of Kansas essentially dignified in style; Horticultural, City; Fisheries, Henry Ives Cobb of Chi- farther to the north—the being cago. Late in the spring of i8gi, after the Transportation, and Fisheries— less other buildings were designed and about formal, blend readily with the more or ready for construction, Mr. Charles B. At- less homelike headquarters buildings of the wood entered upon his labors with the Ex- States and foreign governments, which are the trees of the extreme position, and to him we are indebted for the ! grouped among chastely beautiful Art Building; that im- northern portion of the grounds. Upon the pressive trio, the Peristyle, Music Hall, and ' Midway Plaisance no distinct order is fol- Casino; the imposing Terminal Station; the lowed, it being instead a most unusual col- type of architecture Forestry, Dairy, and other buildings, in I lection of almost every addition to his great work as Designer-in known to man—oriental villages, Chinese Chief. The Stock Pavilion is an example bazaars, tropical settlements, ice railways, of the scholarship of Messrs. Holabird & the ponderous Ferris wheel, reproductions Roche of Chicago. In unrestricted compe- of ancient cities. All of these are combined tition the plan of Miss Sophia G. Hayden to form the lighter and more fantastic side was selected for the "Woman's Building. of the Fair. The Venetian Village at the end of the There are two columns east of the Admin- great pier being abandoned, Mr. "White- istration Building; between them rolls the house's services (he in the meantime losing cascade of the Columbia Fountain. Each col-

by death his partner) were retained for the umn bears a name ; upon one, that of John W. Choral Building. Root; upon the other, Henry Sargent Cod- The limits of this article will not warrant man. One of these men laid down his work a detailed description of each structure, and where it had scarcely begun, leaving the this, moreover, is unnecessary, as its archi- first sketches of his brilliant plans; the tect tells of his own work elsewhere in other passed away with the beauty of his this volume. It may be well, however, to almost finished labors bright before him. ^mention a few points of general interest. These simple inscriptions mean more to ^Among the first of these is the material us who knew and loved the men to whose which haa done so much to produce those memory thej- are placed, than all the glorious charming effects otherwise impossible to achievements about them, of which so g^eat attain. The use of staff has not been con- a part was theirs. fined to the covering for buildings alone, but D. H. BURXHAM, it has been applied with an eminent degree X>irector of Works. of success to sculpture, ornamentation of almost every kind, the construction of bal- Few persons outside the immediate and ustrades, vases, facing for docks, etc. To principal officials of the Exposition have the no part of the work has more attention been slightest conception of the vast amount of paid than to the artistic decoration of build- preliminary work done in popularizing the ings. Almost every structure within the Exposition or the labor involved in telling grounds bears testimony to the skill of well- the world of its myriad wonders. The known artists, not alone in painting, but in Department of Publicity and Promotion, sculpture as well. The engineering has under the mas- been of a magnitude never reached before. terly direction of The Manufactures Building has become Ma'j. Moses P. known, wherever the Fair is spoken of, as Handy, not only the greatest building ever erected. Its worked like bea- arches, which constitute, possibly, the most vers, but achieved interesting feature of the entire engineering wonders. The fol- work, were designed and constructed under lowing able article the supervision of Mr. E. C. Shankland, from the pen of Chief Engineer, who has had charge of all Mr. R. E. A. Dorr, the work of this character throughout the late Assistant Exposition. The power plant, located in Chief of the de- Machinery is Hall, expected to supply en- parttnent, and ergy equal to 30,000 horse-power. The .. .. now managina* shafting in the various buildings is driven Maj. M. P. Handy. , editor of the Rew by electricity conducted through under- ,. \ ork Mail and Express, prepared expresslv ground passages or subwavs. An area for the publishers of this guide, convevs a of about t\xn hundred acres i.s under roof; clear idea of the great work of this depart- of this amiiunt 150 were built by the ment Mr Dorr entitles his article World's Columbian Exposition, the remain- "How we Told the World of the der being constructed 'White City's' by the govern- Wonders," and says: ments of States and foreign powers, It was well to determine that a "World's Fair concessionaires, and special exhibitors. should be held to celebrate the discovery of Three distinct motives are apparent in the America; it was still better, grouping of the buildings. perhans to Those about the select Chicago as the place for the v;reat en- ; ;

THE WAY TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. 33

terprise. But both points had hardly been would bankrupt the show in no time. It decided before it became apparent that to was absolutely necessary to secure the names make it really a "World's Fair the whole and addresses of people whose interests -world, literally speaking, must be made at were such that they were worth informing least acquainted if not really familiar with about the Fair. The time was short, and -what it was expected to accomplish, or, I mistakes would be fatal to the success of might say, achieve. the department. There was not time to It was difficult for the Western man, cover one country or section of the world proud of his great inland metropolis and. of after another until all had been enlightened the marvelous growth of his young city, to about the Fair. All the world had to be understand or acknowledge that entire considered at once and all at the same time. nations hardly knew of the existence of This is how this great and very important Chicago, and that the vast majority of for- work was successfully done: eign people associated the Exposition city Circulars were sent to every diplomatic with buffalo and bear hunts and pig-killing. and consular representative of the United

It was fortunate that Chicago subdued its States telling briefly of the Exposition ; its natural and justifiable local pride and real- national character; soliciting friendly aid in

ized actual conditions almost at the begin- disseminating information ; announcing that ning of its vast work. Realization that not the minister or consul would receive a only the fact that the Fair must be made weekly budget from the Fair, and requesting known, but also the very existence, magni- that a list of desirable people to interest in his tude, and character of the city, was quickly district be sent at once to the department. followed by the organization of the Depart- A list of nearly five thousand newspapers ment of Publicity and Promotion. published in foreign lands was made out, In December, 1890, the work of advertis- wrappers and envelopes addressed, and a ing the Fair was begun by the appointment weekly news-letter suited to the character of Maj. Moses P. Handy Chief of the of the publication and in the language of the department. Major Handy is one of the country was dispatched. most widely known journalists in the coun- The American diplomats and consuls re- try, and probably fifteen thousand news- sponded nobly, and in less than two months papers printed items about his appointment. a foreign mail-list of individuals, govern- Think what a vast number of readers that ment officials, merchants, bankers, manu- meant. The most conservative estimate facturers, and business firms, aggregating will bear out the statement that this appoint- 10,000 names, was duly registered, classified, ment in itself began the advertising. and indexed in the books of the department, It was my privilege to be called as Assists and the weekly news-bildget was becoming ant Chief of the department almost imme- an embarrassing factor in the already over- diately, and before final plans of procedure crowded and overworked Chicago post office. had been adopted or the working staff While this was being done the home field organized. was not neglected. Circulars were sent to "We must reach all the world," Major every representative newspaper in the Handy said. How we carried out that broad United States and Canada (about thirty idea will be briefly told in this article. thousand were considered representative) Two or three bright newspaper men were telling that a weekly news-letter would set to work at a small pamphlet telling what issue from the department, and that such the World's Fair would commemorate; when publications as would write asking for it it would open and close; that Chicago was would be supplied without charge. The a, city in Illinois, on the shore of Lake Michi- names and home addresses of the members

gan ; that it was big, very big, in everything of thirty-five State legislatures were secured that it had hotels, railroads, theaters, pict- ditto all other State and Territorial officials, ure-galleries, museums, etc., and that all of the Senate and House of Representatives were the largest, best, and most ably con- of the United States, and of prominent men ducted in the western hemisphere. Fifty and women in nearly every pursuit of life. thousand of these pamphlets were ordered The newspapers nearly all wanted the printed, andwhen they began to be run off the weekly letters; the others had to take them presses all the officials were pleased. Sud- whether they desired or not. That they did denly, however, it dawned on the depart- want them was evidenced by the fact that ment that unless regular channels were pro- every mail brought hundreds of letters con- vided it would be embarrassing to know ]ust taining the names of friends whom they what to do with all these pamphlets and desired to have served. other printed documents-and slips already The quick result was a domestic mail-list Tinder contemplation. containing about fifty thousand names. The A mail-list was needed; the department weekly letters went regularly to all these must secure the names and addresses of people; the individuals talked to their neigh- thousands and thousands of people who bors about the marvelous thing the Expo- might be induced to exhibit their products sition would be; the newspapers printed the or come themselves to the Fair. splendidly prepared and interesting articles, The hap-hazard distribution of printed and three months after the department be- matter and pictures could not be considered gan operations Major Handy proudly, but for a moment. Postage and printers' bills without exaggeration, told the National ,

84 A WEEK AT THE FAIR.

Commissioners and Directors his depart- pictures to people who seemed to think they ment was in communication weekly with were entitled to get them by the dozen, all the civilized and many of the only partly each had to be entered in an index. This civilized people of the globe. meant four handlings of each picture before It was an impressive evidence of the it went to the post office. About 60,000 metropolitan proportions Chicago had at- pictures were sent out in this way, involving tained that we were able to find not only 240,000 handlings, and an expense for post- men who could write for publication in the age of $3,600. fourteen languages we were compelled to The pictures for foreign countries were use, but printing-offices so well equipped delivered at much greater expense. The with types, printers, and proofreaders that lithograph was larger than the rules of the our articles could be sent out appearing as International Postal Union allowed. For- though printed in the country whose lan- eign express companies asked from 50 cents guages we were using. French, Spanish, to $2.50 each for delivery, according to des- and German writers and printers were of tination. This expense was, of course, out course easily found; Swedish and Danish of the question. In this emergency an oflB- were a little more difficult; Russian and cial of the department was sent to Washing- Turkish were almost too much for Chicago's ton to confer with Postmaster-General Wan- resources, but were finally accomplished. amaker. Chicago and the Exposition owe When we came to Chinese an insurmount- Mr. Wanamaker a lasting debt of gratitude able wall was encountered, and we had to for his prompt and effective assistance in send our manuscript to Canton to be there this important matter. He dispatched a put in type, printed, and distributed. letter to the chief postal official of every

' What we called the ' Exposition News country in the union asking that the pict- Letter," a budget of paragraphs making in ures be allowed to pass through their mails, space about ij^ columns of the Chicago and telling that the Exposition was not Herald, was mailed weekly to the 60,000 only a national but an international enter- names on the mail-list. This meant 60,000 prise. The replies were all favorable. The i-cent stamps, or $600 per week for Uncle pictures were sent to the general post office Sam's treasury. at Washington in bulk, filling nearly an The next important step was the sending entire freight car, and under the direct out of colored pictures showing the grounds supervision and orders of Jlr. Wanamaker and buildings. were forwarded to all parts of the globe at This involved a regular postal rates.

\ large expenditure As the work progressed and the country ^\n fact the largest became alive to the vast proportions of the single item of the Exposition the editors of all sorts of class department. publications made requests on the depart- The leading lith- ment for articles especially adapted to their ographers of the journals or magazines. The editor of an country were in- agricultural journal would declare that our vited to submit de- weekly budget was very interesting, but he signs for the pict- wanted something particularly adapted to ure, the under- his people; the scientific electrical publica- standing being tions wrote in the same way, etc., until it that the firm pre- seemed as though the department would senting the most have to employ an army of writers, Robert E. A. Dorr. each an satisfactory design expert on some one line of human energy or should be invited to name figures for print- endeavor. I remember in one mail getting ing the pictures. The successful design an indignant letter from the editor of a was painted in water-colors by Charles journal devoted to the interests of under- the well-known artist. Graham, The pict- takers, complaining that our budget had not ure is familiar to nearly every now Ameri- stated whether hearses and coffins would be can, has been placed on and exhibition in allowed among the exhibits, or whether the every large city in the world. It may not progress that had been made in the art of be genermly understood that it ranks as the embalming would be illustrated. Another finest sample of the lithographer's art ever letter was from the official organ of the produced in this country, if not in the Associated Societies of Deaf Mutes, inquir- world. It is printed in nineteen colors and ing how their interests would be repre- tints, and the 100,000 copies ordered cost sented. Other editors represented breeders about 20 cents each, or $20,000. of fine poultry, boiler-makers, boat-builders, The distribution of these pictures involved coal and iron miners, "gents" furnishing an amount of work that nearly staggered goods, etc. the department when it was fully realized. We subdivided our newspaper mail-list in All the pictures for the United States, Can- class publications, and sent out fiftv special ada, and Mexico went by mail; but before budgets, devoted to separate interests, each being put in the post office each had to be month. I think we covered about every carefully inclosed in a pasteboard tube, ad- important interest except the undertakers dressed, and 6 cents in postage-stamps put and embalmers. That was too much for on. To prevent costly duplication of the even so far-reaching an organization as that THE WA V TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. 35 of the Department of Publicity and Pro- covering every State and Territory of the motion. Union and every country in the world. Pub- An important duty of the department lishers of all papers receiving information charged with advertising the World's Fair from the department were asked to send was looking after correspondents of impor- copies of their issues containing mention of tant publications sent to Chicago, to see for the Fair. Thousands of publisheirs complied themselves just what was being done. with the request, and in a short time the de- Most of these correspondents came in an partment had the largest newspaper mail unfriendly spirit, to find flaws in the plans received at any American post office ad- and management and to criticise. They dressed to any one business enterprise. came from all over Europe as well as from These publications were all examined and the United States, Canada, and South Amer- everything about the Exposition clipped, ica. It was fully understood by the de- classified, and, if of any importance, put in partment that the participation of foreign- the proper scrap-book. ers would depend largely on the reports Careful record was kept of the number of that correspondents sent to their papers. words printed in each language by the In Europe these men would have been papers receiving the weekly news-budget. overwhelmed with courtesies and social Each month showed more and more space attentions, both official and by prominent devoted by editors to Exposition matters, individuals interested in the success of a until at last the recorded number of words great home enterprise. The department in the daily clippings was equal to the num- had no appropriation for this purpose, and ber contained in a 450-page book of the the scale of salaries paid wouM not warrant size of the ordinary paper-covered novel. any official giving elaborate entertainments. Think of the advertising or publicity It was therefore decided that these corre- department of an exposition securing the spondents should be treated in a practical, publication daily in the leading papers of business-like manner. If they did not speak the world of such an immense amount of English, an employe of the department matter. Understand that of this matter the who spoke their language was assigned to records show that over one-third was writ- assist them. They were shown the build- ten and sent out by the department. Then ings and grounds; the various departments reflect that no paper or publication was were explained; the scheme of organization paid any money for printing news of the made clear; the participation of the Na- Exposition. The matter was oifered and ac- tional Government was shown, and they cepted on its merits and interest as "news." were invited to ask questions and indicate It was a great feat of advertising, a stu- any particular line of investigation they pendous work well done, and reflecting credit would like to pursue. on all engaged in its planning and execu- It must be remembered that in the East- tion. Had the officers and employes of this em States and in Europe few people be- department been working merely for their lieved the Exposition had sufficient money salaries this work would have been a failure. backing to succeed; the statements sent out Nearly all were newspaper men,and the same regarding the vast buildings, the number self-sacrificing energy and devotion, regard- of exhibitors expected, and the ability of less of hours on duty or personal interests Chicago to handle the crowds were all neglected, that makes the great newspaper looked on with more or less suspicion. the wonderful production it is, brought tri- This feeling had to be overcome. Confi- umph to the Department of Publicity and dence was established throughout the world Promotion and made it a main factor in the because the Department of Publicity and certain success of the Exposition. Promotion, by straight American business R. E. A. DORR, methods, secured the confidence of the vis- Late Ass'i Chief of Department of Pub- iting correspondents and newspaper men licity and Promotion. throughout the world. It may be said in this connection, with The World's Fair site is 1,037 acres in propriety, that every statement sent out by area, nearly _/"oKr times the space of any the department was verified with as great previous exposition, while the number of care as the conservative newspaper editor, square feet under roof—over 5,000,000—is with libel suits in mind, verifies the items nearly twice as much as the greatest exposi- brought to him for publication. Circus tion of the past. The beauty of the location methods were not used in advertising the of the buildings of the World's Columbian Exposition; facts only were stated; and Exposition is that nearly every structure when predictions were made that such and fronts on Lake Michigan. In the northern such thing would be accomplished, the portion of the park are grouped nearly all the grounds for expecting the accomplishment State buildings, the Fine Arts Building, and were made clear. the various structures of foreign nations. The scheme of advertising having been Next comes the Fisheries Building, which is perfefited and put in operation, it became situated just north of the lagoon; and directly necessary that the department should be west of the Fisheries Building, on the oppo- able to point to results m justification of its site side of the park, stands the Woman's large expenditure of money. To meet this Building; on the same side of the lagoon, point a system of scrap-books was arranged which parallels the lake, are the Horticult- 85

36 A WEEK AT THE FAIR.

ural Building and the Transportation Build- of the great Exposition buildings are indi- ing;. To the southward of the Government cated in the following table; Building, on the east side of the lagoon and Dimen- Area bordering on the lake, is the giant structure sions in of the Fair, the Manufactures and Liberal Manufactures and Liberal in feet, acres. Arts Building. South of this edifice is the Arts -. 787x1687 30.5 great pier for lake steamers, extending 2,500 Administration 262 x 262 :.6 feet into the lake, and on one wing of which Mines 35o x 700 5.6 is the Music Hall. Extending westward Electricity 345 x 690 5.5 from the pier is a long avenue several hun- Transportation 256 x 960 5.6 dred feet wide. All down this grand avenue, Transportation Annex 425 x 900 8.8 encompassing a beautiful sheet of water, Woman's I99 x 388 1.8 stand imposing buildings, along the majestic Art Galleries 320 x 500 3.7 fapades of which the delighted gaze of the Art Gallery Annexes (2) 120 x 200 i.i visitor sweeps until it rests on the Adminis- Fisheries 165 x 365 1.4 tration Building, nearly a mile distant. West Fisheries Annexes (2) 135 diam. .8 of the Agricultural Building stands Machin- Horticulture 250 x 998 5.7 ery Hall which is its equal in size and is Horticulture Greenhouses (8) 24 x 100 . especially rich in architectural lines and de- Machinery 492 x 846 9.6 tails. To the northward of the Administra- Machinery Annex 490 x 550 6.2 tion Building, on either side, and facing the Machinery Power House 490 x 461 1 grand avenue, stand two more immense Machinery Pumping Works. 77 x 84 [-2.1 buildings, one for the electrical and the other Machinery Machine Shop.. 106 x 250) for the mining exhibit. Near by is the wooded Agriculture 500 x 800 9.2 island, a delightful gem of primitive nature, Agriculture Annex 300 x 550 3.8 in striking contrast with the elaborate Agriculture Assembly Hall, productions of human skill which surround etc 125 X 450 1.3 it. In the southwest portion of the grounds Forestry. 208 x 528 2.5 are great depots, the numerous railway Sawmill .. 125 x 300 .8 tracks, and the stock exhibits. The Forestry Dairy 100 x 200 .5 Building fronts the lake in the southeast, Live Stock (2) _.. 65 x 200 .9 and near is by the Sawmill, the Dairy Live Stock Pavilion 280 x 440 2 . Building, the Krupp exhibit, the Convent Live Stock Sheds.. 40.0 of La Rabida, and various other smaller but Casino 120 x 250 .7 equally interesting structures. Music Hall. _ _ 120 x 250 .7 The exhibits at the Exposition cover a United States Government. 345 x 415 3.3 wider range and are far more numerous than United States Government were ever before gathered together. The imitation battle-ship 69.25 x 348 .3 whole world is interested, and all the nations Illinois State. 160 x 450 1.7 of the earth participate. From far-away Illinois State Wings (2) ... .3 India, Burmah, Siam, China, Japan, Persia, islands of the Pacific, Australia, Tasmania Total 159.3 Egypt, Turkey, and the strange lands of mys- The Exposition buildings, not including terious and almost unknown Africa come at- those of the Government and Illinois, have tractions of interesting character. All the also a total gallery area of 45.9 acres, thus European nations display great interest in making their total floor space 199.7 acres. the Exposition, and all have given the most The Fine Arts Building has 7,885 lineal feet, practical evidence of their unqualified sup- or 145,852 square feet of wall space. port and cooperation. Their finest collec- The following table indicates the total tions of art are gathered here, and each area in square feet in the principal country displays in the most complete man- build- ings and the amount of space assigned to ner its varied resources. All of the coun- foreign and domestic exhibitors: tries of South and Central America, with Mexico, make the most elaborate and exten- Dom- Foreign estic sive exhibition of their splendid resources DEPARTMENT. Total Ex- and products. Millions of money have been Exhib- Area, hibitors. itors. expended by these foreign countries, and . . , Agriculture 415,348 the beauty of the Exposition has been en- 134.732 251,471 Horticulture .... hanced thereby to a greater degree. Many 158,593 40,516 69,612 Fisheries... 80,598 of these countries have constructed build- 24,875 42, i« Mines and Mining 272,615 ings of the finest character in which to 86,380 142,918 Machinery 456,661 make their exhibits, the style of architect- 129,202 204,771 1 ransportation ure being . . 590,589 160,654 402,938 characteristic of the countr)- rep- Manufactures... resented. Thus, in addition to 790,942 428,670 215927 the beauti- Electricity ful buildings erected by the 185,100 60,932 137,072 Exposition, tine Arts there is also provided a grand 192,436 161,99a 30,444 display of Liberal Arts.... architecture from every part of the world, 346,206 119,7,4 202,420 making the variety of design 101,312 43.656 57,656 so extensive fore^'°fyforestry as to be bewildering in its outlines. 52.566 22,664 29,002 Buildings and Grounds. —The dimensions 3,642,966 1,420,027 1,787,263 THE WA V TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. 37

HOW TO REACH THE EXPOSITION. tracks curve south into the station, discharging passengers opposite the end of Site.—The World's Columbian Exposition Sixty-fourth Street. is located at Jackson Park and the Midway The station platform itself is 250 feet long Plaisance, seven miles south of the city and 80 feet broad, running north and south. hall of Chicago. By railroad the time It is covered with an iron roof and sur- occupied to reach it is about half an hour, rounded by a picket fence 7 feet high. by steamboat forty-five minutes, and by Coming into the grounds the trains all cable cars about one hour's journey. run on the south track and in going out Approaches.—There are five principal take the north track, keeping always to the methods of reaching the Exposition grounds right, according to the rule of the road. with a possible sixth route for the leisurely The engine will always be in front of the and luxurious, to be found by driving to the train. park by way of the magnificent Michigan The Intramural station is alongside and Avenue Boulevard, and the inevitable last just east of the "L" station. Passengers resort, the seventh, in walking to the landing on the west track who want to take grounds, for those fortunate enough to the Intramural pass through turnstiles and secure accommodations in close proximity go across a bridge which hangs directly to the gates. over the staircase beyond the edge of the The more usually used routes are: platform to the east; and those landing on I. The South Side Rapid Transit Rail- the east tracks will iind turnstiles to admit road (the Alley Elevated road), whose them to the Intramural platform, which is down-town terminal is located on Congress only divided from the east platform by a Street, between Wabash Avenue and State fence. Street, within a stone's-throw of the Audi- 2. The Illinois Central Railroad Com- torium Hotel. This line serves as one of pany, whose depots are located at the Lake the principal routes to the World's Fair Front foot of Lake Street, at the foot of "Van grounds, having a capacity for conveying Buren Street near the World's Fair steam- over 40,000 passengers per hour. It has 46 ship landing, and at Twelfth Street and locomotives, 180 cars, 37 miles of track, and Park Row. This line has a capacity of cost $6,750,000. Opened for traffic on June 240,000 World's Fair passengers per day in 6, 1892, it reaches Jackson Park in 35^ min- addition to its ordinary and extensive sub- utes for local slow trains and 24^ minutes urban trafiic. Its trains for the Exposition from Twelfth Street by through fast trains. start as soon as filled, every 2.\ minutes The stations are Congress Street (down- if necessary, and reach Fifty-ninth Street town terminus), Twelfth, Eighteenth, and Midway Plaisance (G 13) in 20 minutes. Twenty-second, Twenty-sixth, Twenty- The suburban trains starting from Park ninth, Thirty-first, Thirty-third, Thirty- Row and Twelfth Street are convenient for fifth, Thirty-ninth streets, Indiana Avenue, reaching the State buildings, foreign (here the line crosses to the alley between buildings. Art Palace, and Woman's Build- Prairie and Calumet avenues). Forty-third, ing by alighting at Fifty-seventh Street, Forty-seventh, Fifty-first, Fifty-fifth, Fifty- (South Park Station) (B 13); while the eighth, Sixty-first streets. South Park Ave- Sixty-third Street Station (Q 12) is conven- nue, Cottage Grove, Lexington, Madison, ient for the Transportation, Administra- Stony Island avenues, and Jackson Park. tion, and other prmcipal buildings, the Fare, 5 cents, single journey. Grand Court of Honor, the Peristyle, etc. The views on the route are not particu- The fare for the round trip from Van Buren larly interesting, at first consisting mainly of Street to Sixtieth Street by World's Fair backyards and clothes-lines; but as the train trains is 20 cents. Admission tickets to the reaches Fortieth Street it crosses fine boule- Fair can be purchased at the Van Buren vards, and later runs in view of Washington Street Depot and principal stations, 50 Park. At the Fair grounds the train lands cents. By the suburban and slower line the visitor right m the grounds, in a the single fare is 15 cents to Sixty-third specially constructed depot on the roof of Street, and round trip 25 cents. By special the annex of the Transportation Building. concession all passengers /ro/^ Van Buren Admission tickets to the grounds can be Street are landed on the Midway Plaisance purchased at all stations except Congress instead of entering the Central Depot of the Street, where the pressure of traffic is too Exposition. The special cars for World's severe; but this want is supplied by the Fair traffic are roomy and cool. Boarding principal hotels selling the necessary paste- one at Van Buren Street the visitor is rap- board to tourists desirous of purchasing idly carried past the Lake Front Park on them before arrival at the grounds. the right, with its Columbus Statue and the The Exposition station is situated on the huge stone structure of the Auditorium roof of the annex to Transportation Hall, Hotel as landmarks; on the left is the har- close beside the station of the Intramural bor, with innumerable craft of all kinds, all Railroad,so that passengers from down-town bound for the "White City." At Twelfth may transfer from one to the other without Street and Park Row is the new depot of descending to the ground. the company, while along Park Row is the Entering the park at Sixty-third Street house in which Gen. John A. Logan lived. and Stony Island Avenue, the south side At Eighteenth Street the line skirts the 38 A WEEK AT THE FAIR. Exposition groua Lake Front and runs at the rear of Mr. The lake route to the the ™ost delightf George M. Pullman's magnificent residence. is unquestionably far be-no doubt thai This is historic ground- in the annals of and-poftilar. There can will prefer to Chicago, for by the old cottonwood tree in the ^^ majority of visitors and certainly the roadway the treacherous Pottawatto- read the park by that means, enable them to mies massacred the garrison of old Fort the facilities are such as to Dearborn on August 15, 1812. A handsome the visitor monument, with artistic bas-relief, has been From the deck of a steamboat not get in any designed by the sculptor Carl Rohl-Smith, obtains a view such as he can surpassing and erected at the cost of the generous Pull- other way, and it is one of such will be content to man car magnate. Still skirting the lake, attractions that no visitor Chicago's great outer whose limpid waters dance and ripple in the miss it. He traverses large and sun's bright rays, the visitors get a glimpse harbor, where innumerable craft, plying to and of the lofty Stephen A. Douglas Monument small, with colors flying, are lake he sees (on the right, near Thirty-fifth Street, in a fro. Passing out into the panorama| pretty park), with its patriotic inscrip- spread before his gaze for miles a ' and busiest city in thej tion, ' Tell my children to obey the laws and of the best-built uphold the Constitution." The line now world. Before he tires of this the sceaej; skirts the choicest residence section of Chi- changes and before him lies the marvel- cago, passes the Farragut Boat Club House ously beautiful perspective of the Exposi- on the lake shore, and runs on the land- tion, with its gilded domes, its lofty towers, ward side of the huge Chicago Beach Hotel the imposing facades of its g^eat palaces, at Fifty-first Street. At Fifty-fifth Street its fountains, statuary, greensward, and the Steele Mackaye Spectatorium Hall (see flowers—all gay with color or surroundings. chapter on "Near-by Attractions") is seen The architectural and landscape features of on the left, with the Windermere Hotel at the Exposition present a much more beauti- the corner of the same street and Cornell ful picture from the lake than they wouldfrom Avenue. We now the top of an Eiffel enter the World's tower, and this Fair district, and fact will weigh at Fifty-seventh potently in induc- Street Station get ing visitors to pat- a view of the ronize the steam- grounds on our boats. The cool- left. Here are the ing lake breezes State builditigs, and the charm of with Washing- music on the ton's lofty flag- water also have staff and Califor- their effect in the nia's mission-like same direction. edifice, the Wom- The distance is an's Building, and Whaleback steamer ' Christopher Columbus." such that the Illinois, with its tall and inartistic dome. round trip can easily be made in an hour and Now the train slackens speed and then a half, allowing ample time for taking on stops, and the visitor alights at the Midway and discharging passengers. The landing Plaisance, where he can enter the grounds facilities for steamboats at either end of the ?roper by going to the left, or explore the route are practically unlimited. At Jackson laisance by taking the right-hand course. Park very extensive piers and docks have 3. By Other Railroads to the Exposi- _ been constructed, and a fine pier at Van tion. —AH railroads bringing passengers to Buren Street has been built for the express Chicago enter the Central Railroad Depot use of the World's Fair Steamship Company, (N 16), in the rear of the Administration which has the exclusive right of landing city Building, where the most satisfactory ar- passengers in the Exposition grounds. This rangements for visitors' comfort have been company has a fleet of some twenty-five made. Several roads have made switching steamers and conveys passengers at a uni- arrangements whereby passengers from form rate of 15 cents single fare and 25 cents their down-town depots will be able to for the round trip. In the fleet is the new travel direct to the Fair. Residents on the steamer "' Arthur Orr" (3,000 tons, capacity West Side of the city can travel by the 3,500 passengers) and the largest passenger Northern Pacific and Baltimore & Ohio, steamer afloat, the new whaleback" Christo- landing at the Central Railroad Depot. pher Columbus " (4,000 tons, capacity 5,000 4. By Steamer on Lake Michigan. —The passengers). water route to the World's Fair is the scenic The Columbian Navigation Co.'s boats, route, and to the majority of visitors is the starting from the foot ot Randolph Street, most attractive, embracing as it does a sail and reached by way of the viaduct, land for several miles on the bosom of Lake at the Fifty-fifth Street Pier, of which it has Michigan, an excellent view of the harbor, exclusive use, and places its passengers and a continuous panoramic picture of Chi- within two blocks of the Fifty-sixth Street cago's water front to the gates of the Expo- and Cornell Avenue entrance to the grounds. sition. Their fleet consists of ten large steamers, THE WA Y TO^THE WORLD'S FAIR.

elegantly appointed in all respects, and left, the cars also crossing Oakwood Boule- making the round trip every hour. Their vard, which stretches away to the right. capacity is 15,000 per hour; their fare for More railroad tracks are crossed, and the single trip, 15 cents; round trip, 25 cents. cars run parallel to the Drexel Boulevard This company also has a fleet of fine steam- until at Fifty-first the Drexel Fountain is yachts and small excursion steamers, which seen on the left, surrounded by verdant, can be rented by private parties, if desired. well-kept lawns and artistic flower-beds. The company also has a special fleet of six- Now the line skirts the largest of the city's teen steamers leaving Lincoln Park and Ful- breathing-spaces—Washington Park—until lerton Avenue, transferring their passengers at Fifty-fifth Street the power-house, with at Randolph Street to their "World's Fair line. its mammoth wheels and whirring engines, Single fare, 15 cents; round trip, 25 cents. is on the left. Here the visitor desirous of S. The Street (Cable) Car Route to the reaching the northern (or State buildings) Fair consists of two principal lines, namely: end of the Exposition grounds (B 14) should The Cottage Grove Cars, which, starting transfer to a South Park car (if not already from the loop at Randolph Street, run along on one), which turns to the left. Inquiry of Wabash Avenue to Twenty-second Street, the gripman or conductor will prevent mis- thence to Cottage Grove Avenue as far as take. The line running straight ahead the power-house at Fifty-fifth Street, thence lands visitors at the Fifty-ninth Street to Jeflferson Street, to Fifty-sixth, and then entrance to the Midway Plaisance (F i), or to Lake Avenue. To the leisurely traveler by transfer to an electric-car system at the there can in pleasant weather be few more Sixty-third Street entrance to the grounds agreeable methods of reaching the Expo- (L 14). Fare, 5 cents. sition grounds. Let him secure a front seat The State Street Cable-Cars, one block on the grip-car at Randolph Street and Wa- westward of the Cottage Grove cars, start bash Avenue, and the varied sights that from the loop near the Masonic Temple and meet his eye on a fair summer's day will traverse the heart of the retail-stores dis- more than repay him for the fifty-three min- trict of Chicago. The palace-like stores of utes or more occupied in reaching his desti- Marshall Field & Co., Mandel Bros., Schles- nation. At the corner of Jackson Street the inger & Mayer, and Siegel, Cooper & Co. Wellington Hotel is seen on the left. Just be- are on the left. The Fair on the right; then fore reaching Congress Street the Audito- the line runs through a squalid district rium, with its lofty tower, looms up to the left. sacred to the colored brother and his para- At Harmon Court the panoramas of the sites. The Alhambra Theater is near Battle of Gettysburg and Jerusalem and Twentieth Street, on the right, and the the Crucifixion are seen on the right and boulevard is crossed at Fifty-fifth Street. left, respectively, of the car-tracks. A little Ask for a. transfer before reaching Sixty- farther on the left is John Brown's Fort, first Street, and there take the electric cars located between Thirteenth and Four- to the left, which will land the visitor within teenth streets. Then on the same side of one block of the Exposition. Fare, 5 cents. the way the tourist observes the front of 6. Driving to the Fair. —The Michigan Grace Church (Rev. Dr. Clinton Locke, Avenue Boufevard forms a most attractive rector), one of the leading Episcopal route to the Fair, and the finest street in the churches of Chicago. Immediately adjom- world (as Max O'Rell styled it) is well ing Grace Church is the Libby Prison worth traversing for those who have the War Museum and Uncle Tom's Cabin. time and can afford the carriage-hire. At At Sixteenth Street the cars cross the Illi- numerous livery-stables well-appointed car- nois Central Railroad tracks. Here the riages can be secured at reasonable rates, huge, red, castellated armory of the First and a line of handsome four-horse coaches Regiment of the Illinois National Guard is runs regularly between the city and the Expo- seen a block away on the left. Between sition grounds. The boulevard is bordered Sixteenth and Eighteenth the visitor no- by the houses of Chicago's wealthiest citi- tices on the left hand Hardy's Subterra- zens, and the route is fully described in the nean Theater, and on the right, between various guides to the city issued by the pub- Eighteenth and Twentieth streets, Havlin's lishers of this guide. Theater is passed. At Twenty-second Street The luxurious route to the Fair is that the car turns eastward, crossing the Michi- selected by the Columbia Coach Company, gan Avenue Boulevard where the Lexing- embracing the choicest section of the Chi- ton Hotel stands, and resuming its southern cago boulevard system. Leaving the hotels, route at Cottage Grove Avenue, which is the route leads down Michigan Boulevard without noticeable feature until just beyond to Oakwood Boulevard, thence by way of. Thirty-third Street, when Groveland Park Grand and Drexel boulevards to Washing- and Woodlawn Park are seen on the left, ton and Jackson parks. The well-sprinkled and a hurried glimpse is had of the Douglas and dustless roads traversed are devoted Monument (see ante p. 38). In this locality entirely to pleasure-driving, and present an Camp Douglas was located during the Civil ever-changing scene of life, which might be War and many thousand Confederate pris- characterized as the holiday side of Chicago. oners of war were confined. At Thirty-ninth For miles on either side stand the palatial Street the Oakland Hotel and a vista of the residences of Chicago's wealthiest citizens, beautiful Drexel Boulevard are seen on the while the magnificent grounds encircling —

40 A WEEK AT THE FAIR.

these ideal homes afford office is located at Jackson Street, a refreshing glimpse booking 14 , of the pleasures-of urban life. The coaches in the Leland Hotel, where all definite in- designed for this line combine all the advan- formation may be obtained. tages of the modern landau with those of 7. Walking to the Fair.—As many hun- the old-time "Tallyho," in supplying each dreds of hotels and apartments are located passenger with an outside seat and an unob- in the immediate vicinity of the Exposition 3 structed view. grounds,many will dispense with any method The drivers are old-time whips, who have of conveyance other than their pedal extrem- been historic actors in the principal events ities. To aid them in selecting the appro- of which the history of the West is made priate entrance up. The overland route to the Pacific has The Entrances to the Exposition are been their stamping-ground, and those who set out below, and their locations discussed. have guided their six-in-hands through the It is well to know which is the most con- tortuous ravines and defiles of the Rock- venient of the niiteteen entrances by which ies will have but a vacation in making the trip one may enter the park on three sides. up and down the boulevards of Chicago. Those who live on the South Side between Here are drivers who, to carry out the the Illinois Central tracks and the lake, and boasts of these men, who scheduled ten within walking distance of the park, wiU.

The Columbia Coach Company. miles an hour between the Missouri River find the Cornell Avenue entrance (A the and San Francisco, can 15) drive a four or six most available. It enters the park at the horse coach through places where the extreme north end, one block east of Stony Eastern driver could not lead the animals Island Avenue. It will prove especially con- by their halters. As nearly as may be venient to those living on East End and in this sybaritic age, the passenger" will Everett avenues. Fifty-sixth Street, and the realize what a trip across " the plains " used streets just north of Fiftv-sixth Street. It is to be in the palrny days when old Ben Hol- close to the Esquimau village and the north- liday, of Platte County, Mo., the was auto- ern group of State buildings. Fifty- crat of all The first-class travel between ocean seventh Street entrance and ocean (B 14"), fronting ; a journey which may now be on Stony Island Avenue, will probably be made m a gorgeous Pullman car equipped the most used of all the with every luxury. park entrances. The well-matched coach- It is opposite the horses South Park Station of will make the spin in any case in easy the Illinois Central Railroad (B i-,), where time, as relays will lighten the journey all suburban trains from the city stop. The delights of the journey will far excel The Cottage Grove Avenue cable also any possible written description. fare The lands passengers within 300 feet of this has been fixed at an amount which will entrance. It is the most direct entrance insure an exclusive and select patronage. to reach the State buildings, the northern Crowding will not be permitted, and the jour- tier of foreign buildings, and the Art Pal- ney either way will be one of comfort— rest- ace. The entrance on the North Pier (E ful at night, exhilarating in the morning. 22), at which boats from the city Schedule time will make be made, leaving at their first stop, will short also prove a conven- intervals the hotels in the heart of the ient way to reach the southern tier of city from 7.30 a. m. through the day. The State buildings, the foreign buildings, the :

THE WA Y TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. 41

' model battle-sMp ' Illinois, " the Government fer passengers to the park at Sixty-third and Fisheries buildings. Those who come Street. Residents of Oak Park, Austin, and by boat will also find it the shortest route to other western suburbs will be taken by rail di- the northern end of the great Manufactures rectly into the grounds at the extreme south- Building. The southern end of the Manu- ern end, and landed at the Central Railroad factures Building, the Agricultural Building, Depot (N 16), behind the Administration the Monastery of La Rfibida, the Forestry Building. The State Street cable-cars trans- Building, the leather exhibit, the Krupp fer passengers down Sixty-third Street to Gun Works exhibit, the Dairy exhibit, and the park. The Sixty-second Street en- the Casino and Music Hall may be easily trance (J 14) will be a desirable one for reached through the entrances at the end carriages and people from the great resi- of the great Main Pier (K 22-27), where dence district west of the center of the there are 20 ticket-windows and 100 exit- park. In all there are provided for visit- gates. Returning ors to the park 326 turnstiles, 97 ticket- to the west side of booths, 182 ticket-windows, and 172 exit- the park, which is gates. There are also to be twenty-two

bounded by Stony ticket-booths in the ' business portion of Island Avenue, Chicago. To recapitulate, gate facilities one finds five gates have been provided as follows: below the Fifty- Cornell Avenue. seventh Street en- Fifty-seventh Street. trance, making six Fifty-ninth Street. entrances on the East Illinois Central tracks. west side of the park in all. The entrances West Illinois Central tracks. at Sixtieth Street (G 14) and Sixty-fourth South end: Street (N 14) will be used by passengers Sixtieth Street. who come from the city on Illinois Central Sixty-second Street. suburban trains, as the railroad com- Terminal Station. pany has stations at all the streets Elevated Railroad. named. The entrance at Sixtieth Street is Sixty-fourth Street. between the Woman's Building and the Sixty-fifth Street Terrace. Horticultural Building. It gives easy access Southwest corner park. to the Illinois State Building, the Wooded Palmer Avenue. Island, and the Government and Fisheries Midway Plaisance: buildings. It is also a direct entrance to the Monroe Avenue. Midway Plaisance. The Fifty-ninth Street Greenwood Avenue. entrance (F 14) is at the northeastern corner Cottage Grove Avenue. of the Plaisance, and is the nearest one to Greenwood Avenue (south). the Illinois State Building. At the western Oglesby Avenue. end of the Plaisance (FG i) is a large Steamer Landings entrance fronting on Cottage Grove Ave- Main Pier. nue. The Cottage Grove Avenue cable-cars Naval Pier. pass directly in front of this entrance. The big days at the Fair will see a crush An extension of the Cottage Grove Avenue about the ticket-windows at Jackson Park. road carries passengers from Cottage Grove In order to do away with this as much as Avenue by way of Sixty-third Street to the possible arrangements have been made for park, landing them directly at an entrance (L the sale of tickets down-town as follows: 14). This entrance gives easy access to the Van Buren Street Pier. Choral Building, Transportation Building, Depots of the Illinois Central Railroad: and the Wooded Island. The Illinois Cen- Van Buren Street. tral trains stop at Sixty-third Street (Wood- Randolph Street. lawn Station) (L 12). From that station the Twenty-second Street. nearest entrances are at Sixty-second and Thirty-sixth Street. Sixty-fourth streets. Bicyclists can check Forty-third Street. their wheels at the Sixty-second Street en- Hotels: trance. Fee, 25 cents. The South Side Rapid Palmer House. Transit Company runs its trains down Sixty- Auditorium Hotel. third Street and directly into the grounds. Auditorium Annex. The Sixty-fourth Street entrance (M 14) Sherman House. will be the most direct way to reach the Victoria Hotel. Transportation, Mines, Electricity, Admin- Grand Pacific Hotel. istration, Machinery, and smaller buildings The visitor should refrain from purchasing at the southwestern end of the park. The admission tickets from street fakirs or stran- entrance at Sixty-seventh Street (S 14) will gers. Buy at the proper places or at the prove convenient to those living in the ex- booths at the gates, and no forgeries will treme southern part o£ the city. It is at the cause delay or refusal of admittance. The southwestern corner of the park. Entrances entrance-gates are novel, and operated by at Sixty-fifth Street and Palmer Avenue (P 14) the insertion of the ticket, which is muti- will probably be used mostly by workmen. lated by machinery. They also register the Only those cars marked " Oakwoods " trans- entrance of each visitor. CHAPTER III. THE FIRST DAY AT THE FAIR.

HE. Trip to Paying his 50 cents, purchasing a ticket, and the Fair. passing through the automatic turnstile, —Let us the visitor descends a grand stairway fifty length stands on that i'\ii a s s 11 m e feet wide, and at that the enchanted inclosure of white palaces which visitor has rose from a marsh and a morass in two arrived in Chi- years or less. In reaching the ground the cago over visitor passes over the special exhibit of the night, and has Vanderbilt Railroad lines and Wagner reached his Palace Car Company (M 15), while facing hotel or pre- him are the exhibits of the Hygeia Miner^ viously en- Springs Company (N 16), and a little far- gaged rooms. ther to the right the Pennsylvania Rail- Then, refresh- road Company's exhibit and a model water ed by a sound station exhibited by the United States Wind- sleep, fortified Engine and Pump Company of Batavia, by a substantial breakfast, he naturally 111., with an ore-yard of the Ore Mining desires to start off bright and early to visit Company behind it. the myriad wonders of the vast and beau- The Hercules Iron Works of Chicago is teous " White City." Certainly he will desire famous for its ice-making machinery, and at on the first day of his visit to reach the Fair the World's Fair its pavilion shows a grand grounds as rapidly as possible. Let him exhibit of its machinery' and methods. Its proceed to the Elevated Railroad Depot at plant lies due west of the Administration Congress Street, between Wabash Avenue Building, and its edifice, of the Romanesque and State Street, there taking the cars order of architecture, covers a space direct for the World's Fair grounds. The 130 x 255 feet, five stories high. At each

The Cold Storage Buildine, route has already been fully described corner is an imposing tower 100 feet high,

4-0 C ) THE FIRST DAY AT THE FAIR. 43 the doorway are heroic figures in the style patrons the full advantage of cold-weather of the andro-sphinx. From the main skating, except that the atmosphere around enlranceihe. visitor -passes -into -thp. engine- _ ..is iike summer. There-AvilL alsa be estab- room, where are located three 120-ton "Her- lished on this floor a restaurant which for cules" machines of the latest type. On appointments and service will excel any- either side are the dynamos for arc and in- thing on the grounds. candescent electric-lighting. The engine- The exhibit of the Eclipse Wind Engine room contains five engines, each of a differ- Co., Beloit, Wis., is located outside of the ent type, and the boiler plant, of two types north end of the Annex to the Transporta- of tubular and w^ater-tube boilers, has a tion Building, and faces the stairway lead- capacity of 800 horse-power. Above the ing from the- terminal of the South Side boiler-room is a fire-proof story in which are Elevated Railiroad. It represents a railroad located the ammonia condensers and water- water-station, is made up of a tank 16 x 24 purifying apparatus. To the left of the feet, on a standard substructure, and a boiler and engine rooms is a two-story 20-foot Eclipse' railroad windmill on a apartment, 100x130 feet, where the manu- 50-foot tower, connected to a 4 x 12 Eclipse facture of ice under all conditions and by all railroad pump. The house contains a Fair- processes may be seen. The plate system, banks, Morse & Co.'s duplex steam pump from filtered water; the can system, from and boiler — connected — and track tools. condensed steam, filtered and purified, and Across the front end of the lot is set a 60- the can system from de-aerated water are all ton 42-foot Fairbanks' railroad track scale, shown. The tanks can produce 110 tons with track on the platform, on which are daily when required. By the plate system shown hand and push cars, a railroad veloc- ten tons daily is produced. Newly patented ipede-car, and a set of wrecking frogs. hoists for lifting the cans, electric cranes Near the end of the scale is located a and cutting devices, owned by the company, stand-pipe, connected to the tank, showing are exhibited. The ice-storage room has a the manner of filling engine tender with capacity of 3,000 tons. The cold-storage de- water other than by fixtures on the tank partment has 700,000 cubic feet of space, itself. A porch in front of the house covers divided into rooms for meat, fruit, vege- the platform to the track scale. tables, etc. The three methods of furnish- The exhibit is an attractive one, and was ing the cold air for plants of this kind are installed by and is in charge of Fairbanks, all thoroughly displayed. Morse & Co. of Chicago. The plant as a whole, in this department, as in the ice-making department, thus shows THE TRANSPORTATION all of the approved methods of cooling in BUILDING actual operation, with every facility afforded 15)> with its polychrome decoration and for comparison of the results obtained by (Q statuary (by John Boyle of Philadelphia), each. The best methods of insulation are J. representing various inventors of improve- also exhibited in this plant, which, though ments in transportation, subsequently de- intended only as a temporary one, has been scribed, comes next. It is in the form of fully equipped in all respects, so that the three large train-sheds, is 256 x 960 feet, student of refrigerating methods may be and has a floor area of nearly gi acres. An fully repaid for his outlay of time and annex is 425 x 900 feet, and contains 9J acres trouble in visiting it. Wood, and paper, of floor area. Cost of both, $370,000. Archi- and mineral wool are the materials used for tects, Messrs. Adler & Sullivan of Chicago, insulating purposes, and they are the ones who thus gracefully describe their artistic employed here, though the exterior of the edifice: building has been covered with staff, for decorative purposes solely. As every one The Transportation Building, designed may not be familiar with the composition by Messrs. Adler & Sullivan orChicago, is northern, or of staff, it may be as well to state that it is one of the group forming the composed of a light plaster of paris and picturesque, quadrangle. It is situated at hemp or other fiber cut into short lengths. the southern end of the west flank and lies Whether considered for ornament or use, between the Horticultural and the Mines this display may well take a high rank buildings. It is axial with the Manufact- among the best, and will repay a visit and ures Building on the east side of the quad- of careful examination. It has only been a rangle, the central feature of each the few years since ice-making, except by two buildings being on the same east and Nature's own process, was unheard-of, save west line. The Transportation Building is although by way of experiment; now we see large simple in architectural treatment, companies devoted to the manufacturing of it is intended to make it very rich and elab- ice-making machines alone, and under the orate in detail. In style it is somewhat blazing heat of the tropical sun. Ice has, in Romanesque, although to the initiated the consequence, become as well known and manner in which it is designed on axial almost as cheap as in the frigid regions of lines, and the solicitude shown for good pro- subtle relation of parts to each the polar circles. A cut of the Hercules portions and will at once suggest the methods of Co.'s plant is herewith given. other, composition followed at the Ecole des Beaux The fifth floor will be devoted to a skating- the lagoon, the cupola rink with a floor of manufactured ice, giving Arts. Viewed from

;

THE FIRST DAY AT THE FAIR. 45

of the Transportation Building will form an main galleries of this building, because of effective feature southwest of the quad- the abundant placing of passenger elevators, rangle; while from the cupola itself , reached will prove quite accessible to visitors. The eight by elevators, the northern court, a cupola, with its broad balconies, and the beautiful effect of the entire Exposition, will wide terrace at the foot of the clear-story roof seen. be The main entrance to the Trans- will be used as a promenade for visitors. portation Building consists of an immense From these points a most beautiful view of single arch enriched with carvings, bas- the surrounding country can be obtained. reliefs, and mural paintings; the entire The roof over the great main entrance is feature forms a rich and beautiful yet used as an outdoor restaurant. quiet color climax, for it is treated entirely The main building of the transportation ex- in gold-leaf and called the golden door. hibit measures 960 feet front by 256 feet deep The remainder of the architectural com- from this extends westward to Stony Island position falls into a just relation of con- Avenue a triangular annex covering about trast with the highly wrought entrance, nine acres, and consisting of one-story and is duly quiet and modest, though very buildings sixty-four feet wide, set side by broad in treatment. It consists of a con- side. As there is a railway-track every tinuous arcade with subordinated colon- sixteen feet, and as all these tracks run

The Golden Doorway, Transportation Building. nade and entablature. Numerous minor east and west, these annex buildings may entrances are from time to time pierced in be used to exhibit an entire freight or pas- the walls, and with them are grouped ter- senger train coupled up with its engine. races, seats, drinking-fountains, and statues. Add to the effect of the exhibits the archi- The interior of the building is treated tectural impression given by the long much after the manner of a Roman basilica, colonnaded nave, and it may easily be with broad nave and aisles. The roof is imagined that the interior of the Transpor- therefore in three divisions. The middle one tation Building is one of the most impres- rises much higher than the others, and its sive of the Exposition. The exhibits to be walls are pierced to form a beautiful placed in the building naturally include arcaded clear-story. The cupola, placed everything of whatsoever name or sort de- exactly at the center of the building, and voted to purposes of transportation, and rising 165 feet above the ground, is reached range from a baby-carriage to a mogul by eight elevators. These elevators of engme, from a cash-conveyer to a balloon themselves naturally form a. part of the or a carrier-pigeon. Technically, this ex- transportation exhibit, and as they also hibit includes everything comprised in Class carry passengers to galleries at various G of the official classification. To assist stages of height, a fine view of the interior of in the placing of the exhibits, a transfer the building may be easily obtained. The railway, with 75-foot turn-tables, runs 46 A WEEK AT THE FAIR.

United States A Germany B France O Austria D Great Britain E Canada F Mexico G Spain H Russia Brazil J THE TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. 47

the entire length of the structure and immediately west of the main building. Not the least interesting feature of the Transportation Building is the beautiful scheme- of polychrome decoration to be applied to its exterior. To treat the building externally in many colors was the original thought of the architects in the first conception of their design. The architecture of the building, therefore, has been carefully prepared throughout with reference to the ultimate application of color, and many large plain surfaces have been left to receive the final polychrome treatment. The ornamental designs for this work in color are of great and intricate delicacy; the patterns, interweaving with each other, produce an effect almost as fine as that of embroideiy. As regards the colors themselves, they comprise nearly the whole galaxy, there, being not less than thirty different shades of color employed. These, however, are so delicately and softly blended and so nicely balanced against each other that the final effect suggests not so much many colors as a single beautiful painting. Landscape artists practically use polychrome to a great extent in the rendering of

[the HuUlman f^ S n-oV L I rcVM-i i giVU" I 2 I

Willard A, Smith.

their paintings, for on close observation it is easy for even the uninitiated to see that the color.fihanges almost every one-quarter square inch, and the beauty and effective-

ness and truthfulness of . a landscape painting depend very largely upon the extent to which the artist has softened and blended many colors into each other. As in a landscape painting one will find spots of high sunlight and brilliant colors balanced by cool shadows and low tones, so in the Transportation Building there are parts in which the color is worked to a high pitch of intensity and others in which the coloring is soft, cool, and quiet. The general scheme of color treatment starts with a delicate light-red tone for the base of the building. This is kept entirely simple and free from ornament in lt.,XiK. tQa. order to serve as a base for the more elaborate work above. The culmination of high color effect will be found in the spandrels between the main arches. Here the work is carried to a high pitch of intensity of color, and reliance is- placed on the mam cornice 4b A WEEK AT THE FAIR. of the building, which is very simply treated, Statues of Stephenson, Barrett, Scott, and a to act as a balancing and quieting effect in figure typical of water transportation; and the general composition. In the center of on the left, statues of Montgolfier, Vander- the spandrels is placed a beautiful winged bilt. Watt, and a figure typical of land' figure representing the idea of transporta- transportation. Between these groups the tion. This figure is painted in light colors visitor finds the southern doorway, and and will have a background of gold-leaf. enters the building. The color scheme of the building as a The Department of Transportation in-

•I whole, of cludes in its classification the following ' course, cul- groups; minates in GROUP NO. the great 80. —Railways, Railway Plants, and Equip- golden door- ment. way. This 81. —Street-Car and other Street-Line Sys- "entire en- tems. trance, loo 82. —Miscellaneous and Special Railways. feet wide and 83. —Vehicles and Methods of Transporta- 70 feet high, tion on Common Roads. •^ -•- which is in- 84.—Aerial, Pneumatic, and other Forms crusted over its entire surface with delicate of Transportation. designs in relief, is covered throughout 85. —Vessels, Boats; Marine, Lake, and its entire extent with gold, and colors in River Transportation. small quantities are worked in between 86. —Naval Warfare and Coast Defense. the designs and reliefs so as to give the Entering the south door of the Transpor- whole a wonderfully effective aspect. tation Building, Germany's exhibit is found ADLER & SULLIVAN, occupying this entire end and part of the Architects. annex. Its decorative exhibits are very Chicago, February 25, 1893. fine. The particular feattires consist of two At the entrance to the south door of the large locomotives; all kinds of cars, includ- Transportation Building stand, on the right, ing a Red Cross ambulance train; interlocking switch systems, etc. Next on the right of the main aisle is the International Navigation Company's (the Inman Line's) fine display of models of ocean steamers, and a full-size section of one of their ocean liners; and opposite, to the left of the aisle, is the display of the Harlan & HoUingsworth Co., with its collection of gas engines, naphtha launches, etc. On the right, again, is found the Austrian display, consisting chiefly of saddlery and carriages, but also showing the zone system peculiar to the railway management of that country. On the opposite side is the display of Japan. Adjoinmg Japan's exhibit comes that of the Bethlehem Iron Company, which also occupies a comer of the Austrian space across the aisle. AVe have now reached the striking exhibit of the Bethle- hem Iron Com- pany from the famous Gun and Armor Works, situated in the Lehigh Vallev, at South Bethle- hem, Pa. Even those wjio are unacqua i n t e d with the products of this company are attracted to the gigantic struct- u r e, which strides the main ^aioX of steam Hammar. aisle like the Colossus of Rhodes We are here introduced to an exact repro- JameB Watt. , "

THE TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. duction of Bethlehem's 125-ton steam ham- of the enormous energy of 25,040 foot tons, mer—the largest in the world—under which during which the five 8-inch 250-lb. Holtzer the heaviest armor plates are forged and armor-piercing shells lost their identity, and shaped. It is appropriately placed amid were completely pulverized, without seri- the models and sectional plans of battle and ously injuring the plate. merchant ships that require the products of The third plate is the first heavy steel armor the forge. It towers ninety-one feet in height plate made in the United States. It is iii to the very roof beams, and so excellently inches thick, and was tested in 1891, showing have the wood and staff been molded together itself superior to any other plate of its size.

that to . all appearances the model is solid To the right is one of the most remarka- iron. The anvil block could not be shown in ble articles of the place as it would obstruct the passageway. entire exhibit — a Bethlehem's exhibit is divided into three fluid -compressed sections. Turning to the left and pass- steel ingot or casting under a second arch, formed in a 61-ton ing, 15 feet long, housing of one of the hammer-legs, we 54 inches in di- enter the first section. Passing to the left ameter, weighing toward the stairway we find ourselves be- 48.3 tons. From a Ingot for Shaft for Ferris Wheel. tween two immense steel forgings which are similar ine'Ot the barrel and jacket of a navy 13-inch can- weighing 65 tons, was made the shaft of the non. They are splendid examples of the famous Ferris wheel, or mammoth merry- hollow forgings Bethlehem turns out from go-round, in Midway Plaisance. its famous hydraulic presses. In the corner near the staircase is a smooth-forged trunnion hoop for securing a 12-inch 50-ton army

gun to its carriage . Passing to the front of this section we find a navy 12-inch breech-loading rifle, a magnificent example of ordnance engineering. It was fabricated at the Washington Gun Factory of Twelve-inch Breech-loading Rifle "Alice. fluid-pressed, hydraulic-forged steel made at Crossing another aisle, in the direction of Bethlehem. It weighs 45.2 tons, is 37 feet the Annex, we enter Bethlehem's third sec- long, has a muzzle velocity of 2 ,000 feet sec. tion, and see on our left a hollow hydraulic- and fires an 850-pound projectile with 425 forged shaft, 67 feet long and 20 inches in pounds of powder, with an energy sufficient diameter, forged in one piece. to perforate 22-4 inches of iron. The exquisitely finished shaft on the right Crossing the aisle at the foot of the stair- is a spare one, 40 feet long, 27 inches in diame- way and entering the second section we find ter, weighing 30 tons, for the Old Colony ourselves surrounded by a remarkable col- Steamboat Company's " Puritan," of which lection. On the right is a model of a 113- a beautiful model stands close to the north ton ingot, or casting, of steel from which the of the great hammer. At the end of the sec- armor plates are forged by the colossal tion is a fine example of built-up work in the steam hammer. form of a counter-balanced crank for the Pa- Directly opposite is a large pile of forged cific Mail Steamship Co.'s " City of Sidney." •steel hoops, beyond which are three splen- The handsomely polished steel shaft on did examples of steel armor, and a nickel- the right as we pass out of this section is a steel ventilator for solid crank for the United States cruiser " ' the monitor Puri- ' Minneapolis. tan," seven feet in This exhibit also includes air flasks for diameter, forged in Whitehead torpedoes, air-cushion cylinders, one piece without and cases containing sections of steel rails, welds. The largest billets, the Sayre joint, nickel-steel, etc. All

' is a curved nickel- of the black forgings are just as they came steel plate, seven- from the 2,500 to 16,000 ton hydraulic forg- teen inches thick, ing presses that form a part of the Bethlehem

' one of thirteen re- plant, a few narrow rings being machined quired to form the to show the excellent quality of the metal. barbette of the bat- France is next, with several locomotives tle-ship "Indiana." and other railway equipments, models of While its shape dis- ocean steamers, etc., filling part of a sec- '^ plays the power of tion on the left of the aisle, extending on Bethlehem's huge through the Annex, and also-another section Armor Plate. Nickel-Steel bending-presses, its on the right. On the left, adjoining the exquisite finish shows the marvelous machine French exhibit on that side, is the display facilities that estabKshment must possess. of the Adams & Westlake Co. ; and in imme- The next is one of Bethlehem's celebrated diate proximity on the same side is the ex- case-hardened, nickel-steel plates, loi inches hibit of the town of Pullman , that ideal home thick, which has been subjected to an attack of industry, so entirely due to the inven- 50 A WEEK A T THE FAIR.

a boy in ive genius and matchless perseverance of tions were laid when Jesus was again is the Cunard Mr. George M. Pullman. Near this exhibit Nazareth. To the right consisting of nine models is a model ticket-office, fitted up by the firm S. S. Co.'s exhibit, seen their first of Rand, McNally & Co. of Chicago. The of their steamers. Here is built in 1840, with center of the building has now been reached, vessel, the "Britannia," horse-power; and and here, in a circular open space, is found a tonnage of 2,050, and 405 last, the "Campania, built in the exhibit of the Otis Co. , consisting of also their of 13,000, and eight passenger elevators, which convey 1893, with a tonnage capacity proud and per- visitors to the top of the building, whence a 30,000 horse-power. It is a of this company that splendid view is had. For this service a fectly veritable boast as a carrier of pas- charge of :o cents is made. Passing on. never in its long career intrusted to Great Britain comes next, covering four full sengers has it lost a single one the right, down sections extending entirely across the build- its care. Turning now to the carriage ing, and also into and across the Annex; the the space between this and First Australian exhibit occupying one corner. section is an aisle running south. on of the Argen- There is an endless amount of material here, its right is found the exhibit ' lying just back of the chief of which is the locomotive ' Lord of the tine Republic, aisle to left Isles," built in 1851 for the first World's Fair, Cunarders; while across the the and which has been in continuous use ever Mexico's display is seen, consisting largely since. There is also a complete train of exquisitely fine saddles and horse-trap- of English cars, with the grand compound pings. Here is also a relief map of that locomotive "Great Britain," affording an republic showing modem systems of trans- opportunity for comparing British and Amer- portation. Brazil, next in order, occupies a

Rand, McNally & Co.'s Exhibit, Transportation Building (near elevator). ican railway methods. The marine exhibit space on both sides of the aisle. Passing of Great Britain is especially fine; nearly all this the visitor is again in the Canadian of her great ship-building firms being rep- exhibit, with that of Great Britain following. resented by models. One model, that of the Having examined these sections, and passed armored war-ship "Victoria," is thirty feet through that of France, vhich comes next, long and cost $20,000. Many of her finest At- the space occupied by Russia is entered. lantic liners, and also of her largest war-ves- Its chief object of interest is the fine loco- sels, are displayed, and a model of the great motive "Androvitch." Crossing the aisle Forth bridge in Scotland is shown. Aus- to the right a portion of Austria's exhibit is tralia shows a model of the wonderful zig- again encountered, with T. H. Truscott& zag railway in the Blue Mountains of New Sons next on the left, followed on the same South Wales. Canada's exhibit, like that of side by Chase, Eton & Co., and still on the the mother country, extends entirely across same side the Bath Iron Co. The balance of the main building and Annex, but occupies space, to the end of the buildint;", is devoted much less space. One of its features is the to the German exhibit, which has been splendid Canadian Pacific Railway train, already examined. Reachini;- this end the the woodwork of which is of solid mahogany. visitor turns to the left untif another aisle, This is probably the most luxurious train in next to the wall, is found. Passing down existence. Next on the right is found the this, more of the German disiilay is seen; Johnson Railroad Signal Co., and across and the displays of Williamson, Kuhniseiler, aisle is Spain, which is the the exhibit of and the Globe Iron Works, on the left, come made up chiefly of marine models, repro- next. On the same side, and oeeupvinir a ductions of fortresses, and a small celebrated space to the right, Russia's exhibit is of the bridge, whose founda- once model Cordova more entered, followed by those of ,

TRANSPOR TA TION B UILDING. 51

France, Great Britain, Canada, Brazil, and of Harlan & HoUingsworth across the pas- Mexico, respectively. Turning now to the sageway. The German exhibit is again left the visitor goes straight ahead until the reached and passed through, a turn to the aisle nejft beyoiiS fthe central one is reached. Passing south into this the New York Air Brake Co. is first on the right, across from the West- inghouse Co. One unique feature of this company's exhibit is the operation of air-brakes on a train of loo Alaskan War Canoe. cars, the largest train ever operated by a single system of brakes. Opposite Spain, right is made, and walking on the extreme aisle is entered. this on the left of the aisle, is the display of Eaton, western Along the visitor finds the rear portion of the displays, Prince & Co. , and adjoining them on the same lie the right of the aisle side is a portion of Spain's exhibit, passing which to last passed which Canada and Great Britain occupy both through. The Baltimore & Ohio Railway's historical exhibit deserves special mention. This is the oldest railway in the world, having been opened to general traffic, from Baltimore to Ellicott's Mills, a distance of 14 miles. May 24, 1827, six months earlier

Models of British Ships. than the Liverpool & Manchester Railway, the first in Europe. The "York," costing $4,000, their first locomotive, is shown; also a "strap-rail" track, and other features of that day, as well as the latest improved types of engines, trains, and appliances. The Pilot Commission of New York, another special display, shows the model of a pilot- boat, scale of one-half inch to the foot; also oil paintings illustrating the hazards and perils of the service. Among the marine

statue, Transportation Building, J. J. Boyle, Sculptor. sides of the walk; and next is the Pullman

Co. ,on both sides of the aisle , showing a magnificent train of cars of their latest style. Otis This is followed on the right by the An Old-time Locomotive. Bros, and on the left by the H. A. Wheeler the bank of display. Opposite Adams & Westlake, curiosities is a bateau found on St. Croix River, and used before on the left, are Hale & Kilburn. A section the upper as a Territory. It car- of the French exhibit takes up space on Illinois was organized eiglateen and one ton of freight, both sides, as does that of the Bethlehem ried men in Indian trade. In Can- Iron Co., whose display has already been and was employed some curious boats inspected. Farther on, to the' right, Aus- ada's exhibit are seen and dog-trains. The British section shows tria's display is continued , followed by J apan locomotive, the covering both sides of the walk. The De- the original Stephenson The Baltimore & Ohio exhibits troit Boat Works and Thos. Drein & Sons "Rocket." steamboat on wheels, designed occupy a section to the right, balancing that Oliver Evan's 53 A WEEK AT THE FAIR. to run on land or water. The Chicago & Company's exhibit. The Hoboken Ferry North-Western's exhibit contains the old Company, in the entresol; the Brooks Loco- " Pioneer," the first locomotive ever brought motive Works, in the Annex; the Providence to Chicago. Near the exhibit of the Lon- & Stonington Steamship Company, in the don & North Western Railroad Co. of gallery over the main entrance; the Ameri- England, the Belfast & Northern Coun- can Ship Windlass Company; the Krebhiel ties and Great Northern railroads of Palace Car Company; the Crane Company Ireland make, in Block U N 8, Group of Chicago, and many others have notably 80, a handsome exhibit of the beauteous excellent displays. The north end of the scenery along their lines, installed building is taken up by the display of

Tours in the North of Ireland. pavilion not only attractive but artistic. wagons, carriages, buggies, etc., and this The North German Lloyd Steamship Co. exhibit offers rare attractions, though it is exhibits a globe, on the oceans of which impossible to particularize, even by mere the positions of all their various vessels are name, the exhibits whose merits deserve it. shown daily by small models moved to cor- Brewster of New York, Studebaker of Chi- respond to the movements of the originals. cago, the Glen Falls Buckboard Company, Jay Gould's passes are framed, and make Flandrau, the liloline Companj-, Fish Bros., a unique exhibit. The Pennsylvania Railway Co. display a model four- track suburban passenger station, with interlocking switch system, etc. Among the curios are mandarin and sedan chairs, walrus-hide boats, dog sledges, canoes, etc. Daniel Web- ster's carriage—which has carried such people as Henry Clay, Charlotte Cushman, Martin Van Buren, and Stephenson's Old Locomotive, "John Bull." Dean Richmond—is in this building, as is and dozens, even hundreds, of others might also the model of Columbus' ship, the " Santa be named. Maria." The "Albion," "Samson," and The Fish Bros. Wagon Co., whose factor)- ' " ' Progress are antique locomotives that will and salesrooms are at Racine, Wis., where excite the curiosity of every one, as will the their storerooms and lumber-vards cover an " Queen-Empress," ahuge English engine of area of fifteen acres, make a fine display in recent construction. The "Peppersass," the the Transportation Building. This firm em- first of mountain-climbing engines, is also ploys 325 men and has a capacity of 12,000 here. Stuffed mules, ox-carts from Mexico, farm and 3,500 spring wagons yearlv. Madeira, and Sicily, grees, dongas, dug-outs, Their plant has recently been extended, balsas are all sides. and seen on New York's and equipped with the latest machinery for canal system is exhibited by means of a the making of wagons, so that they calcu- relief York Central map. The New & Hud- late in the near future to double their out- son River Railway has a building near the put. Their Worid's Fair exhibit shows ten Sixty-fifth Street entrance to the grounds different styles of vehicles, from the strong- which also includes the Wagner Palace Car est lumber wagon capable of hauling the THE TRANSPOR TA TION B UILDING. 53 heaviest timbers, etc., to the daintiest and lightest spring wagons. The latter style consist of laundry wagons, grocery wagons, notion wagons, and beautiful parcel-delivery

Grocery Wagon

Platform Sprrng Wagon.

Ij ] 54 A WEEK AT THE FAIR. and as the manufacturers are untiring in pleasure, for even though one may not be a their efforts to distance competitors and rider himself, he is bound to admire not only please their customers, the coming cycle the brilliant finish of these wheels, but also maybe as nearly perfect as anything earthly the mechanical ingenuity shown in their can ever hope to be. fashioning, making them at once light, Among those displayed at the Exposi- graceful and strong, easily ridden, of perfect tion none are finer in finish nor more perfect balance, yet swift as the eagle's flight. in construction than the bicycles manu- There can indeed be little doubt but that factured by the Western Wheel Works , which some form of bicycle will be the vehicle of have a factory and office at Wells, Schiller, the future, as it has well been called the and Siegel streets. The officers of the com- horse with feet of velvet, frame of iron, and pany are A. Shoeninger, president; L. A. nerves of steel; one which knows no thirst, Shoeninger, secretary; R. H. Boericke, hunger, nor weariness, and one that day or treasurer; O. Unzicker, master mechanic. night is ever ready to answer to its master's These gentlemen by their energy and me- demands. chanical skill, aided by a corps of over i ,200 Before concluding, it may be well to sajr a fine artisans, have succeeded in placing their word or two in regard to the bicjrcle and its Chicago wheel in the front rank of all pleas- uses considered from a hygienic point of ure and racing bicycles. Their establish- view. It may be possible that the old-style ment is the largest in the country, maintain- two-wheeled velocipede, from its imperfect

The Wostorn Wheel Works. ing two factories; one for producing their mechanism and its want of proper tires, celebrated wheels, the other for turning out might have had an injurious effect upon the children's carriages, etc. frame by its jarring motion, but Uie im- So well known has the product of this proved wheel possesses none of these de- company become that there has grown up a fects, and even upon rough roads, or in steady and increasing demand for their crossing defective pavements, car-traclK, wheels, not only from all parts of the United etc., there is not the slightest perceptible States, but also from Mexico and the South jar. The most eminent medical testimony American States, and their representatives IS to the effect that such wheels as those of are met with in all the principal cities of the Western Wheel Company are beneficial these countries. even to persons afflicted with incipient The whole establishment is lighted by spinal troubles, as well as to all other in- electric light derived from their own dy- valids. namo, one of the largest in operation, 1,200 The visitor should be informed that in incandescent lights being distributed over any building whose contents specially in- the establishment. In fact, it is a model of terest him a section of the official cata- its kind in every department; everything logue can be purchased at a reasonable within the reach of capital has iDeen done to price. Having proceeded through the build- make it what it is. ing, the tourist, emerging from the northern all of To who are fond cut-of-door exer- door, should face it, and inspect the statuary cise—and what healthy person is not?—the frouped about this end of the building. On inspection of these displays will give a is right hand, as he stands facing the door, THE ADMINISTRATION BUILDING. 55 are seen statues of J. Edgar Thompson, graceful bridges, or stand guard, like weird Ericsson, Fulton, and a figure typical of sentinels, at the boat-landings. Above the water transportation; on his left are Watt, main eastern entrance is located an at- Papin, Stephenson, and a figure emblematic ractive restaurant, from which a fine far- of land transportation. A good plan is next reaching view of the Exposition's grounds to go around to the front of the building, and many of its glorious attractions is ob- facmg the lagoon, in order to inspect the tainable. It can be truly said of the great statuary and the famed "Golden Door," " "White City," as has already been remarked whose decoration alone cost $25,000. The by some observer, of the city of Washing- statuary on the lagoon fa9ade of the build- ton, that it is "a city of magnificent dis- ing is similar, but in reverse order, on each tances," and looking out over its wide- spreading reaches of statues, fountains, temples, and palaces, and its sweeps of beautiful crystalline water ways, the vista will repay a few minutes' inspection and study. On the right hand the substantial structure of the Hall of Mines, almost somber in the massiveness of its outlines, balanced by the delicate tracery of the light, airy edifice devoted to Electricity, closes the view. Turning toward the lake, with an emerald foreground of wooded islands, and the sensuous lapping of the

side of the "Golden Door." The groups are: Electrical Group, Aerial Group, Loco- motive Group, and Navigation Group. They were all executed by John J. Boyle of Philadelphia. The polychrome decorations of the building are, to say the least, beautiful and attractive, and great credit is due to the Di- rector of Color, Mr. F. D. Millet, and the architects of the building, who have certainly produced a novel and artistic effect. Immediately _ . II. of Bavaria. ' of King Ludwig ' ^"^"^ ind Sleigh in front of the ' Golden Door- way," and flanking the landing-place of the smooth waters of sunny lagoons, crowded trim little electric launches, stand the heroic with beautiful launches and gondolas from statues of those hard- riding "centaurs of far-away Venice, the vista is abruptly ter- the plains," "the Indian" and "the Cow- minated, by the titanic proportions of the boy," designed and executed by the Ameri- Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building, can sculptor A. Phimister Proctor. These the most immense ever erected by the hands statues, which are intended to perpetuate of men. To the left, those twin architect- two rapidly disappearing types of our West- ural monstrosities, the building of the ern frontier life, are fully and particularly United States Government, and that of the described subsequently in discussing the State of Illinois, with its lofty but thor- statuary of the Main Basin, where other oughly inartistic dome, stand out in bold, and remarkably fine specimens of the handi- we had almost said brazen, relief from work of Proctor and Kemeys adorn the the classic, and in some instances unique, 56 A WEEK AT THE FAIR. structures of our foreign guests, while be- stairs, leading to the galleries, which are sixty yond and around are seen the State build- feet wide and twenty-five feet high from the ings, in every conceivable style of archi- ground-floor, and are lighted on the sides by tecture. large windows, and from above by a high clear-story extending around the building. The main fronts Took southward on the Great Central Court, and northward on the western and middle lakes and an island gorgeous with flowers. The principal fronts display enormous arched entrances, richly embellished with sculptural decorations, emblematic of mining and its allied industries. At each end of these fronts are large square pavilions, surmounted by low domes, which mark the four comers of the building, and are lighted by large arched windows extending through the galleries. Between the main entrance and the pavilions are richly decorated arcades, forming an open loggia on the ground-floor and a deeply recessed promenade on the gallery floor level, which commands a fine view of the lakes and islands to the northward, and the Great Central Court on the south. The covered promenades are each 25 feet wide and 230 feet long, and from them is had access to the building at numerous points. The loggia ceilings are heavily cof- fered and richly F. J. V. Skiff. decorated in plaster and color. The ornamentation is appropriately massed at the prominent points of the facade. The exterior presents a massive though graceful appearance. Chic.vgo. Robert Fulton S. S. beman.

Off to the left of this building, the visitor The official classification of the Depart- notices the Hall of Mines and Minerals ment of Mines and Mining consists of 123 classes of (L it), whose architect, Mr. S. S. Beman exhibits, grouped as follows: of Chicago, thus ably describes this artistic GROII' NO. edifice: 42. — Minerals, ores, native metals, gems, THE MINES AND MINING crystals, geological specimens. BUILDING 43.— Mineral combustibles—coal, coke, petroleum, natural gas. Is located at the southern extremity of the 44. —Building stones, marbles, ornamental western lagoon, or lake, between the Elec- stones, quarry products. tricity and Transportation buildings, and 45—Grinding, abrading, and polishing sub- is 700 feet long by 350 feet wide. Its stances. architecture has its inspiration in the best 46.—Graphite, clays, fictiles, asbestos, etc. types of early Italian Renaissance, though 47—I-imestone, cement, and artificial stone. sufficient liberty is taken to invest the build- 4S.—Salts, sulphur, fertilizers, pigments m% with the animation that should charac- mineral waters, and miscellaneous terize a great use- general exposition; this im- ful minerals and compounds. farts a French spirit to the exterior design. 49.—Metallurgy of iron and steel, with n plan it is simple and straightforward, products. embracing on the ground-floor spacious 50.—Aluminum and its alloys. vestibules, restaurants, toilet-rooms, etc. 51.—Copper and its alloys; "metallurg\' On each of the four sides of the building are 52.—Metallurgy of tin, tin plate, etc placed the entrances, those of the north and 53 —Metallurgy of zinc, nickel, and south fronts being the most spacious cobalt. and 54-—Metallurgy of antimony prominent. and other met- To the right and left of the als. entrances, inside, start broad flights of easy 55.— Extraction of gold and silver by milling.

—

58 A WEEK AT THE FAIR.

most striking feature of the 56. —Extraction of gold and silver by lixivia- sils, etc. The gold nuggets or vari- tion. display is a collection of aggregating in value over $50,000. 57. —Extraction of gold, silver, and lead by- ous sizes, case under a heavy fire. These are shown in a night are guarded 58. Quarrying and working stone. plate-glass, and day and — " policemen. Adjoining New 59. —Placer, hydraulic, and drift" mining. by two stalwart south is the section 60. —Tools and appliances for underground South Wales on the mining, timbering, and supporting. devoted to the exhibit of Great Britain., 61. —Boring and drilling tools and machin- This country is ery; apparatus for breaking out ore and strongest in her coal. display of the 62. —Apparatus used in mining for pumping, economic ores draining, and hoisting. and minerals. 63. —Moving, storing,, and, delivering ores, Iron, coal, and coals, etc. tin compose the 64. —Apparatus for crushing and pulverizing. chief mineral 65. —Sizing appliances. wealth of our 66. —Assaying apparatus and fixtures. cousin Great 67. —History and literature of mining and Britain. In min- metallurgy. ing appliances 68.—Originals or reproductions of early and this country, notable implements. one of the oldest The Exhibits.—On entering the building mining regions it will be best to adopt a systematic plan for of the earth, is particularly rich, and there is inspecting the various exhibits, and thus to much to be seen in her display. Opposite is economize both time and vital energy. the unique display of Japan. Continuing Entering at the northern door and turning south, the main east and west aisle, or pas- to the right let the visitor proceed to the sageway, is crossed and the German exhibit aisle or street west of and parallel with the reached. This occupies both sides of the main aisle. At the corner of the first block aisle and is the finest of the foreign displays on the left the French exhibit is located, oc- in the Mining Building. The exhibit is cupying the entire block in this, the north- unique, and beauty and utility are strangely west, corner with a fine display of minerals, blended in it. At each corner stands a mining appliances, and the chemicals used gigantic column of iron and steel pipes, in the preparation and extraction of metals rails, angle-iron, and flat bars, bent, twisted, from their ores. Opposite France, across and intermingled in graceful curves and the aisle, Austria has an exhibit of her forms, producing an obelisk fifty feet high. minerals and her mining and extraction A 200-foot steel rail, bent, while cold, into methods, while on the same side as France, graceful curves, forms the frieze of the rear to the southward, is the exhibit of New elevation of this pavilion. The heads of the South Wales, one of the most interest- posts are representations of busts and faces ing on the grounds. Part of this exhibit of mythological deities. Forty car-loads of takes up a small section across the aisle. steel and iron are used in this pavilion, The number and variety of her specimens Baron Strumm, the exhibitor, having ex- of ores and minerals surprise every one, pended S 100,000 in preparing this fine dis- and the greatest surprise of all is to learn glay. Coal-mining, the most important in- that gold does not rank first in value in the ustry of the empire, is fully represented. productions of There are also exhibits from Upper Silesia .,j-y this section. In and the Hartz Mountains, sho^ving the proc- the order of esses of smelting and refining lead, copper, their output silver, and gold. The collection of amber the minerals consisting of 300 samples showing its of New South origfin, cmors, and the uses to which it is Wales rank applied—is another and an interesting thus: Coal, feature of Germany's display. The Halle gold, tin, and collection shows samples of brown coal, copper. Mass- copper ore, table and Kali salts. The dis- ive trophies of plays of the manufactured products of her these various mines should cause the manufacturers of ores have been the United States to realize that in this constructed, empire they have no mean rival, especially and in addi- in all branches in which iron and steel are tion there are used. With their lower rates of wages they cases of brill- already prove a formidable competitor in the iant gems, cheaper grades of cutlery and other articles gold and sil- in which finish is superior to quality, and vei- ores, and later on may acquire the skill of the Amer- other miner- ican in producing implements combining als. There are maps showing the physical grace and li^tness with a high degree o! features of the colony, a collection of fos- strength. —

THE MINES AND MINING BUILDING. 59

While upon this subject it may prove of inno one can venture to predict. Such an terest to the visitor to make a few observa- event would prove disastrous to Great Brit- tions which will serve to call his attention to ain, which America has already passed in the comparative amount of space required by the different nationalities for their exhibits, and also to the variety displayed in these exhibits. Germany, as has been shown, depends largely, almost exclusively, upon her coal and iron as a means of giving emplojrment to her population not otherwise engaged; and Eng- land is nearly in the same condition, though she has an additional mining product, tin, which is largely used by every other nation, but of which she now has and always has had a mo- nopoly. Whether aluminum—w hose reduction from clays, etc., grows easier and cheaper every year will eventually drive it from the market.

NORTH CAROLINA PENNBYL-

, FRANCE VANIA

N. 8. NEW SOUTH WALES WALES

C A MINN- ESOTA

INDIANA ^tK^m GREAT BRITAIN

I H

GERMANY FAIR. 60 A WEEK AT THE San Jligiiel County con;e enough gold nuggets to pave a space lOO feet square, no collection in the world equaling this one in beauty and value. " The Silver Queen," a lo-foot figure crowned with a brilliant diadem of rich ores and seated in a chariot, represents the mining-camp of Aspen, Colo. On each front corner of the pedestal is a Cupid four feet high- one pouring a stream of silver dollars from a horn of plenty, the other as pro- fuse with golden coins. An underground tunnel, a model in silver of the Colo- rado Mineral Palace, and the bas-relief figure of a miner are noticeable features of this display. Next to and north of Colorado comes her rival in the produc- ivory, gold, tion of precious metals—Montana. Fifty- and gold ores tons of ore samples and 850,000 worth of gold from this sec- nuggets form part of her display. Her tion are also copper-mines at Butte, the most extensive exhibited. On in the world, are also fully represented. the opposite She shows what is probably the largest side of the sample of gold quartz ever mined. It came aisle is the from the Mclntyre lode, near the surface, display of and weighs 1,785 pounds. Jlontana, like Spain, with Colorado, has, in addition to silver, gold, gold, iron quicksilver, and and copper, exhibits of asphaltum, mica, many other minerals exhib- iron, coal, etc. Her next neighbor is Utah, ited, together with her pecul- exhibiting lead and placer gold, coal, build- iar mining methods and plans ing-stone of many kinds, copper, and many for ore extraction. On the side other minerals. Idaho, across an inter- of the aisle opposite to Spain, secting aisle, but also on the right-hand side and next to Cape Colony on of the main avenue, comes next. In addi- the south, is the exhibit of Mexico, in the tion to her display of precious and economic southwestern corner of the building. A beau- minerals she snows a handsome and artistic tiful model of the Castle of Chapultepec, made piece of work in the shape of a shield made of pure gold, is shown, and her display of magnesia stone for the groundwork, and abounds with rich specimens of the precious Islack and white marbles and other minerals metals, as well as many of the economic min- for the scenes represented. A deep mount- erals—the most beautiful onyx, building materials, clays, paints, etc. ; crude early mining appliances for extracting metals, and mining machinery of a later date, are displayed. Passing on around the Mexican exhibit, which occupies an entire block, the central aisle is reached, on the right-hand side of which going north is seen the exhibit of Colorado—one of the finest (if the State displays—faced along the main ;iisle with a balustrade of Colorado marble, with shafts of Gunnison red granite with Corin- thian capitals of red sandstone. The display is further ornamented with columns of hone-stone (nova- culite), (inyx, alabaster, sandstone, etc., with a tall granite column in Braiilian Minertl Exhibit. the center; gold and silver ores, specimens of coal, iron, asphaltum, building- ain caiion, flanked on either side by his;ii stone, clays, and petroleum are to be seen, mountain ranges, and with a tiny river and also photographs of mines and mining flowing down its center, makes \ip the fore- operations. From Breckenridge and from ground of the picture, while in the distance ,

THE MINES AND MINING BUILDING. 61 may be seen a stamp-mill, a lone pine tree, a farmer's boy- plowing in a lovely valley, and the rays of the rising sun just showing over the eastern mountains, the whole making a very realistic Idaho landscape. On the right of the shield stands the figure ,qf a pros- pector, on the left a female figure representing Justice, and over its top the head of an elk appears. The pedestal is formed of a sheaf of wheat

' and the ' Star of Idaho. " Across the avenue from Idaho is the section occupied by Brazil, which produces phosphates, gold, silver,and diamonds; and next north of it on the same side is California's magnificent exhibit. This is a very fine display, showing not only gold and silver, but also coal, iron, lead, copper, marble, onyx, and a model of the only quicksilver-mine in the United States, that of New Almaden. Here is also the original nugget of gold found by James W. Marshall on January 19, i' while digging a race for Sutter's mill. It is copper globe twelve now the property of Judge W. W. Allen of feet in diameter is one San Francisco. The mining appHances, of the chief trophies. antique and modern, shown by this State are There is a collection of of rare interest. Another intersecting aisle prehistoric copper is crossed, and Wisconsin's pavilion is found tools arid mining im- opposite the east side of Germany's exhibit, plements found in the which has already been examined. Wiscon- mines of the upper sin displays some fine pearls and numerous peninsula. Copper minerals. Wisconsin's neighbor is Missouri, and salt are the features of this exhibit, with possibly the finest display in the build- though they are by no means all of the dis- ing. Cannel and bituminous coal, lead, zinc, played mineral resources, which are ex- " iron, copper, gold, silver, onyx, marble, tremely varied. Then the Hoosier State," ochres, ume and sand stones, fine china and Indiana, makes a characteristic exhibit terra cotta clays, tripoli, kaolin, pottery, of her chief mineral, coal; and just oppo- and fire-clays. site to Michigan, across the main avenue, Here are to be is the exhibit of England, which has seen the larg- been visited, and next to which is seen est lurnps of that of Ontario, one of the provinces of her lead and zinc colony, our neighbor Canada. This dis- ever mined, a play, while not a large one, is very fine, con- sample of ga- sisting of almost every known mineral. The lena weighing Lake-of-the-Woods gold district sends some 6,500 pounds, fine gold specimens, and the Lake Superior one of jack district furnishes some magnificent silyer (zinc ore) scal- samples, including some of the irink spar ing 1,650 (quartz) specimens of that favored section. pounds, and Mica, asbestos, copper, coal, the finest iron, a specimen .©f- nickel, and cobalt specimens in the world, dissemin a t e d and many other ores, building-stones, etc. lead ore 4,500 are exhibited. Next to Ontario on the pounds in same side of the avenue is New South weight. Across Wales, which has been inspected; while op- the main east posite to it, across an intersecting aisle from Colorado Mineral Exh.bit.' and west inter- the Indiana exhibit, and with the Ohio secting roadway, on the same side of the fine display between, is that of Kentucky. main avenue, lies the exhibit of one of Those who have associated the prosperity Missouri's chief rivals—Michigan. Her of the " Blue Grass State " exclusively with pavilion is a very fine one, executed in Bourbon whisky and fine horses will be sur- native sandstone and marble. Surmounting prised at its mining exhibit. The entrance the main entrance is a group of miners. A to her exhibit is through a handsome arch ,

62 A WEEK AT THE FAIR.

of polished cannel coal, 33 feet high and 23 sylvania, and like the last display this con- feet wide, bearing at its center in letters of si.sts chiefly of coal and iron. In these min- gold the name " Kentucky." Inside is a erals the " Keystone State" excels. Among relief map of the State, showing rivers, the curios on view are specimens of meteoric towns, mountains.and every physical feature diamonds collected by Professor Foote of of the State. The mineral exhibit is won- Philadelphia. Everything used in coal-min- derful, consisting of sanlples of coals, iron ing—drifis, picks, hooks, rakes, safety and ores, gold, silver, marble, building-stones, naked lamps, etc. —can be found here. Turn- and the finest tile-clay in the United States. ing to the right around the comer of the Penn- Specimens of finished tilework are shown. sylvania display, at the northeast comer of Under the pavilion is a sample section of the block, the Pottstown (Pa.) Iron Co. has the Mammoth Cave, fitted up with stalactites an exhibit of its machinery, etc. Passing and stalagmites from that world-famed south along the aisle on which the Pottstown cavern. There is also a tank of the blind Iron Co. has its display, to the left are seen fish found, in its rivers, and a genuine negro the exhibits of the Jeffrey Manufacturing Co. guide, fresh from exhibiting its mysteries. the Sullivan Machine Co. , the Chrome Steel Across an intersecting aisle to the north is Works, Ra3Tnond Bros. , the Dewees Wood the white marble pavilion of New York. Co., and others, all of which are worthy of Here is a wonderful display of minerals, her inspection. To the right of this aisle is

The Stumm Exhibit.

marbles and granites being exceedingly Minnesota, which shows, among a fine dis- beautiful. The mining tools and appliances play of building-stones and other minerals, shown are of great interest. Her chief the celebrated red pipestone whidi supplied trophy is a polished granite column, 18 feet the Indians with the great calumets used high, taken from one of the finest quarries in their ceremonies when declaring war or in the " Empire State.", Another alley is making peace. There is but a single known crossed, and West Virginia's exhibit is quarry of this singular stone. A Ime of pri- reached. While possessed of wonderful vate exhibits now fills both sides of the aisle, mineral resources in many lines, yet the prominent among .which are those of H. chief minerals of this State are those most W. Johns, the Gates Iron Works, the Cam- necessary to civilization, the useful arts, bria Iron Co., the IngersoU-Sargeant Co., and the accumulation of wealth and refine- the F. H. & F. M. Roots Co., the Rand ment, TJBiv. oaaL iron. and The chief Drill Co., and others. Wyoming's, on the feature of thfs exhtBit-is- *. solid block of right hand side of the aisle, is the next State coal weighing seven tons an

THE MINES AND MINING BUILDING. 63

asphalt, iron, coal, and many other minerals high, and is finely proportioned. Alabama are exhibited. A solid block of asphalt, and Georgia show splendid samples of iron half as large as the largest box-car, is shown. ores, coal, -manganese, and gold, besides also There are rocks and fossils showing other rninerals. Russia's display is char- tracks of prehistoric birds and reptiles, and acteristic, with samples of malachite, gold, wonderful petrified palm trees from the platinum, copper, gems, etc. North Caro- forest submerged near Rawlings. Wash- lina, while exhibitmg coal, iron, gold, etc., ington joins Wyoming on the south, and makes a specialty of fine mica. Ohio makes presents a fine collection of mineral speci- a fine display mens. Her coals and iron ores are espe- of stone, clay, cially worthy of inspection, and indicate that iron, coal, and this State is petroleum pro- destined to be ducts. Npw mi. •"• ^'W^ H^y '""'\iS^\ the Pennsyl- Hampshire has./jM'jHff^^&^^^SmTnM §j vania of the exquisite sam- Pacific Coast. ples of granite There are in and building- this exhibit stone. Eng- Ohio Mineral Exhibit. many fine land has on exhibition a copy of Bar- ^specimens of tholdi's " Liberty," carved from rock-salt, gold and silver and twelve feet high. Washington, West ores, exceed- Virginia, and Pennsylvania claim the largest ingly rich single block of coal. South Dakota has chlorides and gold, silver, coal, iron, etc., and makes a Mineral Cabin, New Mexico. black sulphur- display of tin ore which she considers as ets, gold quartz showing free gold; and also her specialty. An opalescent grotto rep- gold nuggets, mica, nickel, cinnabar, and resenting the crystal caves of Central numerous minerals may be seen. An in- America is the mineral pavilion of Hon- tervening aisle separates this display duras.. Peru, Chile, Costa Rica, Paraguay, from that of New Mexico, whose chief Ecuador, Colombia, Guatemala, the Ar- mineral wealth consists of gold and silver; gentine Republic, and other foreign na- but she has coal, iron, granite, building- tions have sent excellent displays. Italy's stones, paints, clays, and other valuable min- marbles for statuary, monuments, and deco- erals. Next to New Mexico is her sister Ter- rative! purposes, are beautiful. The colored ritory, Arizona. Like the last-described ex- marbles of Tennessee, which sends coal, hibit, that of Arizona is chiefly rich in gold iron, and other minerals, are lovely, as are and silver. From Tombstone and other dis- also those of Georgia. Every species of tricts come specimens rivaling those of any mining tools and machinery, safety ap- other section. She too has a large number and pliances, chemicals, etc., are to be seen by variety of other minerals, fossils, and petri- those interested, as are also steam gigs, factions on exhibition. Opposite New Mex- tables, and other washing and separating ico and Arizona, Eraser & Chalmers of Chi- machines, stamp mills, smelters, ore- cago make a large and very complete ex- crushers and roasters, retorts, tramways, hibit of mining appliances, tools, and machin- slag-pots, barrows; in short, everything ery. Iowa, whose chief mineral is coal, used in mining, cleaning, sorting, and con- shows a loaded coal-car with life-sized figures verting ores into metals. at work getting out coal. There is also a Among the handsome pavilions of the reproduction of the Ottumwa Mineral Exposition is the one usedT for the display Palace, exhibited on a pedestal of coal. of the Barber Asphalt Paving Co., to be Each square' of this pedestal contains seen in the northeast gallery of the Mines in gold letters the name of a mineral Building. It is constructed of natural, un- county. There is a beautiful grotto stained Mexican mahogany, and is deco- decorated with stalactites and illumin- rated with beautiful Corinthian columns, ated by electric lights. Vitrified brick, fluted and crowned with acanthus-leaved limestone, jasper, mineral paints, cWs, capitals and surmounted by a high paneled lead and zinc ores, etc., are also dis- entablature. The pavilion contains a relief played. Vermont has space in a part of the model of the wonderful Trinidad asphalt east gallery, and exhibits fine granites, etc. lake and its surrounding scenery of land Near her section is shown a large outline map and water. There is also a collection of the of the United States. The north and north- products of this asphalt lake, which has fur- east portions of the gallery are devoted to nished, from its inexhaustible supply, the chemical exhibits. The central eastern material for the construction of :'ap-niialias.c»£. portion shows asphalt and cements, and sfeEsetpasveraeats. mrnraTiy American cities. here the Acme Cement Co. makes a fine There are also samples of pavements from display. The western gallery .is largely ten principal American cities cut direct from given up to private foreign displays. the streets. The outlay in the cities of the Louisiana has among her other mineral United States for this style of pavements displays a statue of Lot's wife carved from unequaled for their smoothness and quiet, a smgle block of rock-salt. The figure is of elasticity and durability, and the ease with heroic proportions, being nearly seven feet which they can be cleaned and repaired 64 A WEEK AT THE FAIR. represents axi investment of $33,000,000 of machinery therein shown exemplify Ameri- municipal funds. This company alone has can inventive genius and mechanical skill. laid 422 miles of the above 721 miles of Not confined, as are England and some other asphalt streets. The making of asphalt countries, to ores of the economic metals, streets has become a large and important these exhibits include samples of the pre- industry, giving employment to nearly 5,000 cious and semi-precious metals, as wefl as deposits men. The processes of mining and refining coal, iron, etc. ; and some of the (as the product of the lake and making it into may be learned from the pictures of such pavements is worthy of the investigation of ore bodies as Pilot Knob and Iron Mountain, all, especially of those interested in town in Missouri's pavilion) are inexhaustible. and city improvements and the beautifying Gold, silver, and copper are found in him- of streets, avenues, etc. Persons who have dreds of different localities, and even tin in visited the chief cities of Europe and the Eaying deposits is claimed for one of the United States realize how great is the dif- lakotas. Coal-measures exist in a large ference between the smooth, clean, and quiet number of the States, as do vast deposits of

Barber Asphalt Paving Co.'s Exhibit. asphalt pavements and those constructed of lead, zinc, and iron. Salt and saline waters granite and wood blocks, brick, and other may be found in almost every State and materials. Nothing tends to please citizens upon the Pacific Coast; and there, as well as or impress a visitor more favorably than in some of the States and Territories east of good streets, and with asphalt for their ma' the Coast Range, are beds of soda and borax, terial, to have such has become a possibility. and large deposits of gypsum, asphaltum, A block of 18,000 square feet of this pave- tripoli, kaolin, etc. ment is laid along the north front of the When it is taken into consideration that Mines Building, where those who are not the immense wealth and power of England familiar with asphalt pavement may exam- have been derived as largely from her mines ine it for comparison with other kinds of of coal, tin, and iron, and 'their manufact- roadways. ured products, as from all other sources The great diversity of ore exhibits in the combined, and when it is further reniem- sections occupied by the _ States of the bered that the mines of that gi-eat nation Union displays the immense wealth of our neither compare in the extent nor variety of mineral deposits, as fully as the tools and their products with those of the United —

THE MINES AND MINING BUILDING. 05

States, it is far from easy for even the most the wealth and power of this grand young sanguine of statisticians to figure on the vast nation, the greatest and most prosperous the power and wealth that are bound to accrue sun shines upon. to this country from the mineral treasures The visitor has now completed his hurried which now lie locked up in nature's strong survey of the wonders of the mineral king- boxes deep down in the bowels of the earth. dom, and noticing on the west of the Mines It is a matter of fact, known to all mining Building, near its southern extremity. Dr. operators, that the lodes and deposits of Henderson Hayward's restaurant (M 16) precious and economic minerals that have which is similar in character to the one he been already explored are but an infinitesi- successfully operated at the Centennial Ex- mal part of the vast deposits yet undiscov- position in Philadelphia—proceeds from the ered, and that each year adds greatly to our Mines Building but a few paces south to wealth in that direction. Even in the dis- reach the handsome Central Terminal Rail- tricts of Colorado, Montana, etc., containing road Depot of the Exposition (O 17), which gold and silver—the metals most eagerly lies due west of the Adrtiinistration Building sought, but which, contrary to the belief of and forms the western 'end of the Court of most men, are not the sources of a nation's Honor, of which the Mines, Electricity, and

'Commerce" Group on Administration Building. Karl Bitter, Sculptor. greatest wealth—new discoveries are being Manufactures and Liberal Arts buildings constantly made in ground that has been form the north side, the Machinery and Agri- crossed and recrossed by thousands of pros- cultural buildings the south side, and the pectors. As' an instance, take Leadville. Peristyle the eastern end or side. Within For twenty years the miners of California this square is the beautiful sheet of water Gulch worked under the shadows of the known as the Basin (M 21). mountains of "the great carbonate camp" How to provide depot room for the vast Tvithout a dream of the Golconda that lay numbers who would come to the Fair was, as beside them, until by a lucky accident one may well be believed, one of the most per- man was tempted to have an assay made of plexing of the many difficult problems which the "gray sand" which lay around so had to be solved by those having the ad- charge, plentifully. ministration of the Exposition in as of the When such facts as these are taken into it was early decided to g^ve to all rail- enable theffl- to consideration, where is the prophet who ways sufficient facilities to grounds. Their shall dare to place upon record his estimate, land passengers within the building of this not of the hundreds or thousands, but billions deliberations resulted in the station, which is able of dollars' worth of future capital which magnificent passenger the im- must flow out from the earth's bosom into to care for and properly distribute every channel of trade and commerce, mense crowds that are daily passed'through stimulating the industries and adding to it by the twenty-one railway Systems direcuy 66 A WEEK AT THE FAIR.

tributary to Chicago, and whose normal its outer walls. West of this- building the capacity is gorged by the 2,000 addi- Perron, or train-shed, extends 100 feet east tional systems in the country which act as and west by 600 feet north and south. Here

Central Railroad Depot.

feeders to the Chicago systems. The archi- the thirty-five tracks entering the station tecture of this building is of the mixed end, and here are to be found the ticket- Roman-Corinthian style, modeled after the offices and entrance-gates. As we have famed baths of Caracalla in Rome, corre- seen, all railroads other than the trains from sponding to that of the Peristyle at the op- Chicago on the Illinois Central Railroad and posite end of the court. It was designed by those of the South Side Elevated Railroad Mr. C. B. Atwood, the able Designer- in-Chief of the Exposition. The station is divided into three sections, the central portion being 200 feet long. This forms the great vestibule through which the trains are emptied. The eastern and western sections are three stories high, and contain the waiting- rooms, check-rooms, lunch-counters, and the general railway and custom- house offices. On the second floor, the full circuit of the central section, is an immense gallery 25 feet wide and 600 feet long. It is reached by two broad stairways from the main floor. The frieze of clock-faces, twenty-four in number, in the upper part of the great hall shows the time at that number of the principal cities of the world. This hall is modeled after that in the baths of Caracalla at Rome. Three grand loggie, 25x60 feet each, open to the east. Immediately in their front stand, on massive pedestals 25 feet high, 16 feet wide, and 60 feet long, two 80-ton locomotives of the latest style and most perfect finish. Above the station rise two immense balls of glass and iron 10 feet in diameter, with clock-dials facing in every direction, showing local time. Around the balustrade above the cornice are a series of Inter or of statues 14 feet high. From many staffs Central Railroad Depot. towering above the building float the flags arrive at and depart from this artistic and of all nations, and the names of the principal conveniently situated depot. American railroad towns are embossed on Leaving the main entrance of the Central THE ADMINISTRATION BUILDING. 67

Depot, the visitor pauses to notice on his stone of the Exposition. Its position ren- left the artistic booth erected for the dis- dered the building equally conspicuous on pensing of Chocolate Menier, and then every side, thus demanding ' umformity of passes into the wide plaza by which all per- ' design with an expression of generous hos- sons coming by rail enter the Fair. pitality and welcome, and a composition so To the left as we leave the Central Depot dignified and concise that the numerous sur- loom the shorter fa9ades of the Electricity rounding domes and minarets would. not and Mining buildings; on the right rise the detract from its grandeur and unity. graceful traceries and pinnacles of Machinery It is in its main body an octagon, sur- Hall. Before us the large square Adminis- mounted by a dome inclosing an inner one, tration Building stands, appropriately de- the diameter of which is 120 feet, with a signed as a great porch of entrance, and height of 250 feet, while the outer measures crowned by its beautiful golden dome, 275 feet from floor to apex. almost as lofty as the dome of St. Paul's This main body is pierced at right angles Cathedral in London; and, one might say, by two grand passages across the great

'War" Group on Administration Building. Karl Bitter, Sculptor. almost as graceful as the dome of the reception hall, through which the visiting Florentine Cathedral itself. peoples are ushered forth and introduced to Before us looms, impressive in its the art and civilization of the United States, grandeur, the golden dome and graceful as evidence both here and beyond. proportions of t£e sculpture-bedecked At the four corners are pavilions eighty- four feet square and four stories high, in ADMINISTRATION BUILDING which are the various bureaus of administration. (N j8), that masterly architectural creation On entering the rotunda the eye is carried of Mr. Richard M. Hunt of New York. above the arched and grilled entrance por- Well has it been termed "the gem and tals to the frescoed panels beneath the bal- crown " of the whole Exposition. Mr. Jarvis cony which caps the interior cornice; then Hunt of Chicago (himself no mean designer upward to an order of pilasters, supporting of choice edifices, as witness Vermont's the paneled and ornamented ceiling of the artistic home) thus practically writes: first dome. Through the opening at the The Administration Building, placed as a crown one sees the magnificently frescoed center to the principal group, is the key- higher dome, from a skylight in the apex —

68 A WEEK A T THE FAIR. of which the entire rotunda is flooded with pavilion are groups of statuary, expressive light. and in keeping with the dignity of their po- Swift elevators transport one up loo feet sition. Befow, magnificent groups flank each to a gallery, which connects on the outside entrance, while single figures cap the col- with a wide and open colonnade, surround- umns at this level on either side of the por- ing the whole dome, from which one may- tals. look- down upon the many vistas formed by The loggia story is an open colonnade of the different buildings, the beautiful lagoons the Ionic order, with four domed and circu- with their many fountains and statues, and, lar stairway pavilions between the heavy piers,.corresponding with the square pavilions below, while the richly colored walls of the inner octagon bring: out the full beauty

of tbe columns. Surmounting the piers , are winged groups of a more ornate style and a row of bronzed flambeaux upon the cornice of the colonnade, forming a tiara around the brow of the mighty g^ilded dome, with its ribbed and paneled ornamentation. The different tiers produce a pyramidal effect, and with the masterly blending of architecture, sculpture, and frescoing, presents a building ,ot dignity, repose, and retiring grandeur. The architect is Richard Morris Hunt of New York. The sculptor is Karl Bitter. The painter, William Leftwich Dodge. Chicago. JARVIS HUNT. Decorations, Dome, and Statuary.—In no other- building on the grounds is there so much magnificent decoration; in none of the others was so much attempted. The Admin- istration Building is principallj' for show except the four comer pavilions, in which the offices of the Fair managers are located—so neither gold-leaf inor gold dollars were spared in making it beautiful. There is no question of the grandeur and beauty of the interior. There is

] one flaw that detracts not a little. 1/ Dodge's huge and artistic painting, ',,1 which crowns the whole work, can not U be seen to a.dvantag[e, owin^ to some fault in the construction. It is impossible to get a full view of the picture from any accessible point. It can be seen only in pieces, a few figures at a time, and the effect is almost spoiled. Too much of the picture is cut off by a lower dome, and standing directly in the center of the floor one can hardly see the work at all. The rotunda at the base is octagonal in form and about loo feet across. The gilded, frescoed walls rise to a height of -about aso/feet, sloping ip. from half- way up and meeting around a center skylight that looks like a great Cy

70 A WEEK AT THE FAIR.

science and in art The ten, in gilded letters, the names of the great and the leaders in bent before t™. and of the earth, all of which have rep- form of a warrior is countries on the broad steps resentations, great or small, in the big Colum- other favorites approach In the procession bian show. Extending around the dome, at that lead to the throne. the dome are figures the top of these arches is a strip of huge which extends around poetry, and the white molding, handsomely carved, and representing music and industries. There are with its cuts and crevices worked in gilt. arts, sciences, and drawing a model of Resting on this molding are eight huge also four winged horses over it are wmged panels, one at each side of the octagon, and the Parthenon, and from the canopy from the each one has a gilt slate, supported by two females drawing back such gatherings winged female figures. amphitheater in which all ancients. On each slate is the record of some great were held by the outside appears discovery or event in the history of the Around the dome on the discoverers. world's progress. They are thus recorded: the roll of honor of the great The mariner's compass came into general On the north face are the names of De Soto, the northwest face use in navigation about 1272. Cook, and Ross. On Cabot, and Drake. Gunpowder was first employed in Euro- appear those of Tasman, of Wilkes, pean warfare about 1325. The west face holds the names Guttenberg introduced the art of printing Hudson, and Cartier. On the southwest side Magellan, Bal- from movable types in 1450. are inscribed the following: Copernicus explained his theory of the boa, and Vespucci. South, we find Da Gama, southeast solar system in 1543. Dias, and Marco Polo. On the Newton published his discovery of the law face, Raleigh, Erik, and Rubriquis are in- of gravitation in 1687. scribed. The east face commemorates the Watt patented his invention of the con- ancients Ibn Batuta, Nearchus, and Hanno, densing steam-engine in 1769. while the northeast face honors the heroic Jenner discovered the principle of vacci- and courtly La Salle, the missionary ex- nation in 1796. plorer Livingstone, and Franklin. Morse perfected his invention of the elec- Sculpture.—With the exception of the tric telegraph in 1837. Agricultural Building no single edifice ap- Above these panels is a row of light terra proaches the Administration Building for cotta colored panels, through the tops of profusion of sculpture or richness of design. which, at regular intervals, are let in small, Describing it in detail, its able author, the square latticed windows. Farther up, on sculptor Karl Bitter of New York, says; another stretch of molding, are printed the The Administration Building is decorated names of men whose discoveries and inven- by twenty-eight groups and a number of tions have been of great importance in the single figures and relievos. Bas-reliefs of a progress and development of the world. larger size are especially used for adorning The names inscribed are; the interior of the dome. The most remark- Ptolemy, Plato, Descartes, Humboldt, able are those groups which are placed at Miller, Gay-Lussac, Herschel, Franklin, the sides of the entrances. They are each Henry, Agassiz, Galen, Harvey, Archi- thirty-four feet high, and represent the four medes, Newton, Copernicus, Aristotle, Kant, elements—"Fire, "Water," "Air," and

' Lyell, Priestley, Lavoisier, Kepler, Ampere, ' Earth. " At the one side of an entrance we Cuvier, Lamarck, Vesalius, Hunter, Leib- see the element in its natural, unsubdued nitz, Galileo, Bacon, Werner, Murchison, condition, and at the other side it is repre- Berzelius, Liebig, Volta, Faraday, Linnaeus, sented as in the service of man and subdued Darwin, Hippocrates, Laplace, La Grange. by him. Beyond these is a row of plaster medal- At the side opposite to the Central Rail- lions showing the heads of the different road Depot there is exhibited the element types of women of the world, and still far- " Earth. ' The first group appears crowned ther up, at the summit of the first dome, are with the figure of an old but powerful man, eight panels, each having a handsome plaster who, resting his sturdy fist on his knee, is gi-oup. The central figure in all of these is staring forward. It is to allegorize the bulk a woinan with outstretched arms, and hold- of a mountain, the imposing form of a rock. ing in each hand a wreath with which to Beneath this figure is st^ding a fierce crown some one of the figures bent before fellow, who, leaning on a chdpped mammoth- her. The central figure is the genius of tooth, looks at his wife, who is wrestling the World's Colurnbian Exposition, the with an ape for fruit. Thus it is to represent initial letters of these words being in- the earth in its original relations to man, scribed over her head; and the kneeling fig- who lived like the animals. ures in front represent literature, the At the other side the opulent, stately sciences, arts, and industries, upon which figure of a woman is proudly lifting in the recognition and honor are being bestowed. air a crown, pearls, and precious stones.whilst It is upon the outer and upper dome that with the other hand she lets droop her " Dodge has painted his picture, The Glori- vesture in rich folds. She will show that fication of the Arts and Sciences." The man forced from the earth all that was ex- idea there earned out is in the representa- quisite, valuable, and desirous to him. of tion Apollo sitting on a lofty throne and Beneath her is a strong man breaking a ix)ck conferring honors upon the victors in war in order to get at the raw materials, which, THE ADMINISTRATION BUILDING. 71 completely manufactured, she is holding in The Administration Building has four her hand. At her right side is standing a wings, popularly called pavilions. They youth, who, with a smile, carries upon his are decorated by twelve groups, each shoulder a basketful of fruit and gram. pavilion having three, allegorizing the ele- Opposite to the Machinery Hall is to be ments, their capacities, inclinations, and seen the element " Fire." The fury and dispositions which nature renders to man. demon-like nature of the uncontrolled ele- Strength, patriotism, religious sentiment, ment is shown by a female figure pushing for- diligence, charitableness, love of liberty, ward, holding in her outstretched right hand satisfaction by pleasure, respect for tradi- a snake, toward the spectator. She is resting tions, etc., are thus symbolized. Special re- on the form of a mafi, who, with full;' sensu- gard is thus ,paid to the character and the ous face, represents the gtorm, and who seems to force the woman in the d,irec- tion where his arm is pointing. Be- neath there is crouched the figure of a woman with a malicious expression se- cretly trying to set fire to a pile of wood. At the other side of this entrance " Genius" is lifting a torch as a symbol of light, the best gift rendered to us by fire. A smith who has stricken a demon with his hammer to the feet of " Genius" is intended to represent the usefulness of fire for the daily usage of man. Looking toward the lake and the beautiful lagoons are placed the groups

' representing ' Water. " Neptune, as the mythological representation of this element, stands as the center figure, and rules with mighty outstretched hand the agitated waters; beneath him a daughter of Nereus, in her bold play with a Triton, shows us allegorically that which we admire in water masses. Emerging from the depth to the crest of the wave, her hair tangling in ,the white foam, the daughter of Nereus grasps the locks of the Triton and pulls him over. His anguish shows that he is compelled to submit and that soon the smooth uprising will disappear under his mighty crash. As a counterpart, showing the element in its subdued state, we see a vigorous youth in a boat carried on the breast of the water, which is now forced to lend its strength to carry man, with an oar in hand pushing his way onward. Another draws to the surface Nereus' daughter, and tears from her the pearls which she has so long guarded at the bottom of the sea. At the fourth side, opposite to the Mining Building, we find placed the element "Air." Two maiden figures are in dancing motion between the clouds.

One of them is turning her body as Statue, "Victory," Administration Building. Karl Bitter, Sculptor. though to show the twirling of the wind. Overhead there are two Cupid-like figures principles of the American nation. In the of children also contesting in play. highest points, at the sides of the four As counterpart a man is eagerly holding smaller domes which surround the main in his hands the model of an air-ship. By dome, there are finally placed eight more his enthusiastic features is plainly seen " he groups, allegorizing the extreme culminating has succeeded." The genius which rises points of human culture, as art and science, behind him seems to be lifting the ship. industry and commerce, war and peace, Beneath the inventor is the figure of a theology and justice. In constructing these youth as the assistant of the aeronaut, who groups, of course more consideration was is looking in ecstasy upcMi the success of the paid to the decorative effect than to an work. accurate representation of the theme. They — 72 A WEEK A T THE FAIR.

are located at such a height that the boys celebrated InvaUdes, which holds the tomb sounding on the trumpets, who are bending of the great Napoleon, at Pans. The nchljr forward at each side of the middle figures, and tastefully decorated interior of this exhibit more architectonical lines than building affords offices for the administra- pretty forms of their bodies. The leading tion officials, bank, fire, and police depart- motive of these groups, with their winged ments, and of course is not complete with- female figures and rich decorative additions, out a magnificent restaurant. is to display a most charming interruption Banking Facilities at the Fair.—On the to the architectonical masses. main floor in the southwest pavilion of the Above each entrance there are standing Administration Building the Chemical Na- two single figures, which belong to the tional Bank of Chicago has the exclusive representation of the elements beneath privilege of conducting a model bank, with them. safe deposits in the basement, immediately Inside, in the uppermost part of the dome, beneath the banking-room. A special feat- just below the ceiling-piece, can be seen ure is made of the payment of transfers for bas-reliefs representing " Columbia" sitting - foreign visitors, and a novel and complete upon a throne. She distributes laurels as a system of identification is used. The books.

" Fine " Arts Group on Administrati on Building. Karl Bitter, Sculptor. symbol of recognition to the different in- etc., are shown to the foreign and out-of- dustries shown below her. Among these town bankers and the bank exhibited as a bas-reliefs there is a circle of winged genii model. holding tablets with inscriptions refemng The Statue of Columbus. — As the vis- to the most prominent inventions. itor leaves the magnificent Administra- A number of female figures symbolical of tion Building, possibly after having taken Victory, stepping forward and can-ying a superb bird's-eye view of the grounds, palms of. peace, are placed upon the columns buildings, and water-ways from tte outer at the entrance to the dome, animating in galleries encircling the huge golden dome, spirit and sentiment, and rendering to the the heroic statue of Columbus, modeled sum total the impression of entire perfection. by Miss Mary T. Lawrence KARL BITTER. of New York, is immediately before him. It is New York. thus described by Mrs. Schuyler Van Rensselaer ; "The design of the statue—its The dome of this building is visible for character and pose, and general conception miles, being coated with aluminium bronze, of Columbus, whom it is meant to express and greatly resembles in appearance the are due to Mr. St. Gaudens. With tht ex- AN ART CRITICS PEN PICTURE. 73

ception of the head the carrying out of this immediately gave the visitor a very fine design has been altogether Miss Lawrence's point of outlook; he had to find his way to- work; and when I say that Mr. St. Gaudens some more central spot before he realized is entirely satisfied with the result, she is the full splendor of the Fair. highly praised, It was his first idea to But here miles of suburbs filled with'rail- shpw .Ctiluinbus with one of the Pinzon road-tracks and half-built boulevards stretch brothets on either side of him, but there between Chicago and the new " White City," was no'tiaie&r the-esteetttkiii of-sola^ea aad~the:separation in site is not more dis- scheme, and instead we have Columbus tinct than the separation in architectural alone, dressed in full armor, but with bared character. Of course, the unity which was head, as he plants his feet for the first time possible at Paris facilitated in one way the on the soil of the New World and takes pos- labors of the builders of its Fair. Yet gain session of it in the name of Spain and of the in another way attended the division which cross. The right arm is extended, bearing exists at Chicago; for, accenting the exhibi- an uplifted sword, and the left arm is raised tion as a new creation for a special purpose and clasps the staff of a great flag, which —as a fairy-land of beauty quickly wrought will spread behind the figure and far out on for a single summer's use—it permitted the its further side. builders to found and fashion in quite un- " The pose of the figure is simple and nat- hampered ways. Even French architects, ural, yet vigorous and impressive, and the I think, might be glad of so fresh and free characterization of the head seems to me an opportunity. And at all events, as happily realized. Columbus was above all Chicago—despite the novel triumphs of con- a man of imagination. This main fact is structional science with which it will amaze expressed in the action and the face of this foreign eyes—has not the architectural statue. It does not show us simply a trium- beauty of Paris, the independence of its phant discoverer, as the figure in Mr. Fair, although determined by necessity, French's chariot rightly does, nor is it an may certainhr be accounted a piece of attempt at portraiture without special char- artistic good fortune. acterization of any kind, like the one on top Working in perfect freedom, neither of the new Columbus Monument in New helped nor fettered by the close vicinity of York. It is Columbus as he may well have a permanent town, our artists have created looked when, worn and saddened by the a more beautiful Fair than even the Parisian trials of his voyage and those which pre- one of 1889. I do not think that any one ceded it, he felt that he was planting the who has seen the two will question this fact. cross in a new world." And it is a fact which seems all the more The view from the front of the Administra- creditable to our young nation, inexperienced tion Building is perhaps the grandest vista in the management of vast artistic under- in this " White City of magnificent dis- takings and unassisted by official organiza- tances." To the artistic and the art critic it tion and guidance, when we remember that affords the finest field for graceful diction. all natural advantages in the way of site It is appropriate, therefore, here to present were in the Frenchmen's favor. the very interesting and valuable article At Paris there lay all ready for the Fair especially written for Rand, McNaEy & Co.'s builders' hands the vast level Champ de "A Week attheFair,"byMrs. Schuyler Van Mars, already once put to similar service. Rensselaer of New York, one of the best Bordering it ran the wide River Seine, known art critics of America. The noted crossed by handsome bridges, edged by- authoress of that noble volume, "English dignified buildings, and dotted with verd- Cathedrals," has nothing, but praise for urous islands. And on the opposite side the " White City" as a whole—praise from of the Seine rose the imposing slope of the her able and artistic pen being in this re- TrocadSro Hill, crowned by- its turreted spect " praise indeed." Entitling her grace- palace, a permanent legacy from the exhibi- ful criticism " The Fair Grounds," Mrs. tion of 1878. No more convenient or more Van Rensselaer says: bpautiful ,site for the erection of another

The great French Exhibition ' of 1889, Fair could have been desired, and those more beautiful than any of its predecessors who dealt with it made the most of it in a in any land, was part and parcel of the city very artistic way, greatly improving upon of Paris. Its transitory, festal character the aspect of the Fair of 1878. Their build- was, indeed, very evident, and contrasted ings were beautifully designed, grouped", with the monumental stability and serious- and decorated, and the whole impression ness of the streets through which one passed made by the grounds on both sides of the to reach it. Nevertheless, the Fair build- river as one saw them from the bridge, from ings were, broadly speaking, in architectural the top of the Trocadero Hill, or from a accord with -the city's general aspect. From balcony oh the Eiffel tower, was dignified any point which overlooked them their and splendid as well as extremely gay, beauty was greatly increased by the beauty picturesque, and charming.

of the encirding town. But ' for the gates Our Fair, I say, is still more beautiful; and ticket-takers it might have been hard and what was its site two years ago? . to divine where permanent Paris ended and The first idea was to create the Fair half its EAibition grounds began. And this along the Lake Front within the city and was doubly true because no place of entrance half in the completed portion of Jackson 74 A WEEK A T THE FAIR.

could Park, several miles away; but the landscape desirability; and only a great artist gardener, Mr. Frederick Law Olmsted, de- have foretold how diversified beauty-- cided that something better than this might variety in harmony—might thus be secured be done, and the chiefs of construction, even better than upon a more naturally Messrs. Burnham and Root, agreed with advantageous site. him. The whole of Jackson Park, thoy It does not matter much by which of its said, might be used, although only a small entrances you approach the Fair—whether part of it had yet been improved. This you come by water and, passing under the part contained some pretty plantations of triumphal arch surmounted by the Dis- small trees and an ornamental sheet of coverer group, find the huge golden statue water. All the rest was a dreary expanse of the Republic immediately before you; of ridgy sand-dunes, divided by swampy and past the long, wide reach of the Great hollows where the overflowing water of the Basin, flanked by the facades of four im- lake often lay to a considerable depth. To mense palaces, see in the distance the transform this into solid ground, over an America Fountain, and beyond it the area half as large again as the site of the square, solid mass of the Administration Paris Exhibition, would have been finan- Building, surmounted by the vast dome cially if not physically impossible. And even which is the Fair's crowning feature; or had it been possible the result would have whether you come by rail and, passing been a flat, monotonous, barren site, in- through me splendid vestibule which this capable of transfiguration into any type of building forms, stand in the Plaza, with the beauty hitherto discovered by builders of fountain in the foreground and the Basin great groups of independent yet related beyond, finished by the towering America, structures. and the colonnaded portico giving glimpses But the presence of the lake inspired of the lake on the fair horizon. It does not another solution. It was the waters of the matter, for in either case your point of view lake which made the proposed site unfit to will have been carefully planned for as a bear great buildings; yet a wide outlook first point of \-iew. First impressions always over these waters was the only natural at- count for much; and the way in which our traction which Chicago could offer its Fair Fair builders have thus provided only two builders. Why might not their properly great entrances, but have given each of regulated presence within the borders of the them monumental magnificence, and opened Fair be made to compensate for the absence in front of each the most splendid and har- of that variety in elevation, that silver river, monious of their vistas, is certainly one and those wide green lawns and umbrageous point where they have proved their su- trees which constituted the charm of the periority to the builders of any pre\'ious Paris site? Nothing of the kind had ever exhibition. been done before, but to the bold imagina- The harmony, the essential unity of this tion of these artists that fact seemed merely imposing vista from east to west or from another favoring argument. And practical west to east ^\•ill be the first thing to impress reasoning pointed in the same direction as you once you have absorbed the surpnsing artistic reasoning. Dig the proposed canals impression which architectural works can and basins extensive enough to make them make by dint of mere colossal size, rich dominate in the general effect, and the soil elaboration, and brilliancy of color. You thus excavated would suffice to solidify the will not believe that you are standing in a spots where the buildings must stand. temporary pleasure-ground, constructed by Go now to the top of one of the big domes many artists, uncontrolled by anything but or towers and take a bird's-eye view of the their own sense of artistic fitness; or that Fair. You will see to the eastward of it a you are still living in our prosaic, calculat- limitless expanse of water, and to the westing, commercial nineteenth century. "This ward a limitless expanse of prairie, and will formally arranged portion of the Fair looks realize that where they met there might as though it had been built to please the eye well have been, two years ago, not even a of some beauty-loving potentate, able to solid, ugly stretch of prairie-land, but only bend all individual talents to a single task. an ugly, treacherous marsh. Looking over And because of the harmony thus revealed this ground now—here with its straight, on so grand a scale and with such richness stately, wide canals and architectural ter- of decoration, because the items of beauty races, and there with its irregularly shaped and impressiveness are so many and varied lagoons and islands—you will understand yet so concordaat, you will behold a sight that a great artist like Mr. Olmsted can which, I am unafraid to say, has not been absolutely create in a way which almost paralleled since the Rome of the emperors ecjuals nature's own. To-day it seems a stood intact with marble palace, statue, ter- simple enough idea—this bnng^ng in the race, bridge, and temple under an Italian lake to solidify the land; but it was one of sky no bluer than our own. You will feel those simple ideas which only a great man that the Romans whom Augustus ruled conceives for the first time, and one of those must somewhere have built Uiemselves a ideas very practical which only an artist Venice, and that scrtnehaW;. you have bieen I conceives. mean that, while a practical spirited back 2,000 yfears'fo'see it. feasibility man might have seen the of tli Of course, big as it is,,o«r Fair is a small only an artist could scheme, have seen its place compared to imperial Rome, and, fine AN ART CRITIC S PEN PICTURE. 75 though most of its structures are, many of proportions of the neighboring portico, and them show faults which the Romans would the dimensions of the adjacent buildings. not have committed. Nevertheless, I be- Therefore she does not seem too large, for lieve that on no spot in the modern world she ' does not throw smaller things ' out of has so impressive a panorama been unrolled scale. " One thinks first of her beauty and as the one you will see when you stand near of the way in which it helps the general either of the entrances to our Fair, or, still beauty of the scene, and only in the second better perhaps, on one of the bridges which place of her extraordinary size. It is easy span the long canal where it crosses the to imagine how the effect of the scene as a Great Basin. Here four vistas, to east whole would be injured were she made and west, to north and south, open out be- smaller, or did she change places with the fore you ; three finished with rich arrange- America Fountain. ments of columns and statues, and one We should never have had so beautiful a stretching away toward a distant green ex- Fair if features like this had been left to panse and still more distant fagades and .chance, to the caprice of individual artists, domes. or had been determined upon only after It is .worth while to question upon what other parts of the work had been done. depends the harmonious unity of these vis- They were determined upon in advance,

"Industry'" Group on Administration Building. Karl Bitter, Sculptor. tas. It depends, in the first place, upon the when the right relationship of all features existence of a definite, well-considered could be. considered, and each could be ground-plan for the Fair. No building, no adapted to the requirements of its fellows. fountain, bridge, or statue, looks as though And in a similar way were settled not only it had been set down at random . If the posi- the style and the dimensions of the great tion of one were altered, the effect of them buildings, but also the size and general all, we feel, would be injured. The small- character of their chief features. The same est as well as the largest was set where its height was adopted for all the rhain cornice presence was required by the demands of lines, and the same height and span for all the general scheme. Then scale has been the great divisions of the walls. The Ad- as carefully considered as position. If each ministration Building towers high above its feature, large and small, is in the right neighbors, but you will notice that its first place, so also each is of the right size. Alter stage corresponds with them in height and the size of one and it woidd seem out of general design, varying only—as they do place. Alter its place, and it might easily among themselves—in the treatment of the seem of the wrong size. The golden Re- broadly concordant features. As it is the public was not built ninety feet tall simply main entrance to the Fair grounds, the Ad- that she might be very conspicuous, or with ministration Building was rightly made their a mere desire to rival the colossi of Egypt. dominating feature. It serves many prac- Her height was carefnlly calculated, with tical purposes, but its chief purpose is sym- regard to the size of the Great Court, the bolical—IS to proclaim the Fair's immensity —

76 A WEEK AT THE FAIR. Spamsh- and dignity, and its builders' regard for tinctly festal looking, while the beauty; to proclaim that our Fair has been American character of its tall pavilions gives organized for the glorification of art even it a peculiar appropriateness on these Colum- more than for that of science and industry. bian Fair grounds. scien- Well expressing thia idea, it, strikes us as I need not refer to the .unpairMleled, more original to conception than any other tific triumph won by those who roofed the building on the grounds. As far as anything Manufactures Building, except to say that of the sort can be new, it is a new archifcect- -the iii^e iron trusses seen in its interior are ural type. Nothing of the same kind had as -worthy of admiration from the esthetic as been designed before. Triumphal porches, from the mechanical point of view. The sim- magnificent great portals, the world has plicity of its exterior is in true artistic accord often seen, but never before a whole build- with Its vast size, for when a building is very ing, of very large size, conceived as a vesti- large indeed, no architectural device is so bule. effective as the extended repetition of simi- The fact that it is before all a monu- lar features. Greater variety, greater pict- mental vestibule is clearly expressed by the uresqueness have been sought in the Elec- great importance of its dome. The dome tricity Building than in any of its neighbors, does not merely cover and complete the not ever5rwhere with entire success, yet still substructure; the substructure really exists in a way which does not seriously mar the for its sake. It exists for itself—to shelter harmonious effect of the great Plaza and incoming multitudes, and by its soaring Basin. lines to explain the existence and the splen- Passing down the canal beside it, and dor of the Fair. The dome is the building, beneath a bridge, we enter the lagoon and and this can not be said in a similar sense of the less symmetrically arranged portion of any great dome previously built. the Fair grounds; and at no point are we so It IS, I think, one of the most beautiful much impressed by the skill of their plan- domes which ever has been built; and when ners. It can not have been an easy task to we remember that it is the chief feature of discover how architectural fonnalitjr might our Fair, while the Eiffel Tower, a merely be contrasted with semi-naturalistic inform- scientific marvel, was the chief feature of ality and yet the whole scheme be kept an the Parisian one, we realize in how truly ar- artistic unit, and no inharmonious perspec- tistic a spirit our builders have worked. tives mar the point of juncture. But a way Within their domain no object appealing was found, and nowhere from water or chiefly to the sense of wonder has been shore do we note incongruity or disharmony permitted. All the great features appeal of effect. or, at the very least, were meant to appeal Architectural incongruities do indeed ap- chiefly to the sense of beauty; and I may pear as soon as we enter the lagoon. The say in passing that all the minor features, Transportation Building is very simple in useful or commercial, which are scattered line and very gorgeous in color, yet not out around among the large buildings have of keeping -with its associates; the Horti- been much more carefully controlled in the cultural Building is especially successful as interests of beauty than was the case at regards its dome, contrasting so effectively Paris. in shape and substance with the solider But despite the magnificence of its dome things around it; and the Woman's Building and the accordant expressiveness of its is refined and pleasing. But the United lower portions, the Administration Building, States Building is as bad as, in these days, taken as a whole, is not as beautiful as the nothing but one of our government build- Agricultural Building. This is the most ing^ is likely to be. It is bad in design, and beautiful on the Fair grounds, excepting the bad in treatment and finish; its only virtue Fine Arts Building, far away; the most in- is as an object-lesson, pointing the fact that teresting and satisfying when one studies its a general reform is needed in the matter of features and the manner in which they are our official architecture. And the Illinois combined, and the much most succes^l as Building, too big for its place because it regards its sculptural adornment. shuts off the view of the Art Building, is One of the most ingeniously admirable also unsatisfactory in mass and crowned by features of the whole Fair is the great colon- a very ugly dome. But the scheme pre- nade, which unites this building with the pared for the architects by the landscape Machinery Building, across the southern end gardeners was extremely fine, and their of the canal. It not only serves this pur- special work in creating the island I do not pose of unification, but also screens the need to praise. stock yards from sight while supplying them Round this island, pass beneath another with a dignified portal, and thus excellently bridge, and another sheet of water opens finishes the great perspective of the canal. before you—the one which existed before The contrast between the- two structures the Fair was proposed. Its shores, too, are which it joins is very striking yet harmoni- injured by the excessive size of the Illinois ous. The Agricultural Building is the more Building, and by over-crowding in other scholarly and refined, and its various por- places with foreign and State buildings, tions are welded into a truer unity. But which do not harmonize with one another. the other is the more imposing, the more Nevertheless it has not really been spoiled magnificent, and, perhaps, the more dis- as a whole, and it beautifully plays its chief -

AN ART CRITIC'S PEN PICTURE. 77

r61e as a foreground for the surpassingly Fisheries Building, with its ingenious novel- beautiful Art Building. ties in the way of decoration; and then can You can not look at this too long or admire retrace our course along the splendid espla- it too greatly. It is the finest thing on the nade which makes the seaward finish of the Fair grounds, and the finest building of so grounds, eventually reaching the Forestry classical a sort which the modern world has Building, near their southern limits—a glori- constructed. It is not just like any build- fication, so to say, of " rustic " architectural ing which classic nations themselves con- methods. structed; it is much larger and more varied Many styles of architecture meet the eye as in mass, and its dome is a distinct innova- we thus make the circuit of the Fair, and many tion. But we feel it ia justsuch a_huilding more if we leave,i±s. actual.limits.and survey as the Greeks might have built had they; the Midway Haisance, where- more -purely known about d^mes and had they wanted commercial enterprises.ljave been allowed to something of this s,i?e for a similar site and develooj'themsel-ves. Th^ effort to adapt purpose. It is as catefuUy considered in some amfcient style, or so^jie modern kind of feature as it is vigorous, yet graceful, in eclecticism, to the special purpose in view outline and mass; and its setting on the has not always been sucScessful. But there

ience " Group on Administration Building. Karl Bitter, Sculptor.

trink of the little lake adda immeasurably are few distresang - failures;. Even where to its charm. only a partial success has been obtained,- an Behind it, alas, the grounds are very intelligent eye may gather much instruc- crowded. So many things had to .be built tion; and there are some very remarkable here, and they were builtby so many differ- triumphs in all portions of" the Fairgrounds. ent hands, that the effect is very much The Art Building, as I have said, is ad- huddled and in many spots very inharmoni- mirably, perfectly successful in its very pure ous. Still, some or the foreign buildings and noble way; and I think the Roman-

of splendid; and here we learn the meaning moments to criticise the decorations wa^s of architectural unity on an extensive scale. and porticoes, to note the names ot the We see that such unity creates a general world's great ones cut in panels, or to famil- beauty of effect which architectm-al diver- iarize oneself with their features molded in sity can not rival, while also the special staff, would need three afternoons at least, value of each wprk is enhanced by its Con- instead of one. To pause now and then to cordant contrasl with its neighbors. We take in the beauties of the lakes and lagoons, see, too, that unity need not mean monot- to admire the Venetian columns with their ony or the extinguishing of personalities curious carvings, to note the symmetrical if the broad architectural path is wisely sweep of the bridges and the magnificent chosen. The allied yet not identical stretches of buildings on every side, to drink Renaissance styles chosen by the builders in the infinite splendor of pillars and colon- of this part of the Fair were unquestionably nades, and pinnacles and minarets piercing the best for their purpose. In using them the blue sky, would occupy a much longer so harmoniously, yet so individually, they time. have shown us a panorama of beauty such "Itwilltake," she truly observes, " a week as we had never even dreamed about be- or more to get even a crude idea of its treas- fore; and their result should do much to ures—a fact that in itself should outbalance prove to our people that beauty is a thing all the narrow arguments of those who wish of priceless worth—typifying as it does the to deprive the working classes of their best search for intellectual and spiritual rather days for visiting the Fair." than for material profit. No man or woman In front of the Columbus Statue, on will come to Chicago this summer without the verge of and facing the Main Basin, recognizing that the Fair has been based on stands the finest and most artistic com- a serious recognition of the fact that composition on the Exposition grounds mercial prosperity alone can not make a the Columbian Fountain (N 19), designed nation great; and the lesson thus taught by Jilr. Frederi^ MacMonnies, and exe- must be of immense national service. cuted by him principally in his Paris Through the voice of the big, busy, prac- studio. Resembling closely in symbolical tical, money-making city of Chicago design a remarkable sketch alleged to have America herself declares; Lo, it is not been made by Columbus himself, in part it Mammon you should worship, but the follows the general design of the fountain at light-bringing, health-giving gods of intel- the Paris Exposition. Its sea-horses recall ligence, refinement, and beauty! And all the new Fontaine de la Federation. Toulon, America's children will listen, believe, learn, but in its entirety the conception is infinitely and practice, as they would in obedience to superior, and in execution more artistic no voice except her own. Briefly, the design is as follows: The center M. G. VAN RENSSELAER. part is designed as a medieval barge, drawn New York by huge sea-horses frothing and spouting foam and sea-water, and by centaurs be- With such a glorious panorama before her, stridden and urged on. Enthroned and well this broad-minded, brilliant, may and above all sits Columbia, majestic in dignity intellectual exclaim, righteous woman with and pose, the personification of liberty, free- indignation, in -a recent contribution T/ti; to dom, and power, with Father Time as Forum: a pleasuring-place "As Jackson steersman, "like Palinurus nodding at the Park will have attractions never before helm." Assisting in the propulsion of the approached in our land; but as place a for Ship of State, on either side are four female self-instruction, self-cultivation, it will sur- figures, representing the arts and sciences, pass any other spot in the world. And gracefully pulling huge sweeps, or oai-s. At yet this is the place thatijithose self-styled the bow ot tlie barge. Fame, a beautiful fe- Christians who do not believe Christ's dis- male figure, with a herald's trumpet in hand, tinct assertion that the Sabbath was made proclaims with clarion note the advent and for man, not man for the Sabbath, desire to progress of the nation. The motto "Eplu- have closed on the one day of the week ribus itnum" (one out of many) is graven on when our mind-hungry, beauty-starved, the pedestal supporting the principal figure. ignorant, but eagerly ambitious masses Marvelous in conception, masterly in execu- could best make use of its civilizing and tion and design, the Columbian Fountain uplifting ministrations." may well be regarded as Mr. MacMonnies' Sad, nay, almost sacrilegious, does it seem chef-d'ceuvre, and as a ' glorious triumph that in less than one brief year for a comparatively young sculptor. Snowy "These tovvera, cloud-capped the gorgeous palaces. white, to " The solemn temples match the White City" it adorns shall dissolve. and beautifies, it may be questioned And like this unsubstantial pageant faded, whether its most entrancing appearance will Leave not a rack behind." not be when the sun has sunk beneath the Like the songs and sublime diction of horizon and electricity comes to man's aid that "sweet swan of Avon," they should and enjoyment. Then, when the powerful " endure not for an age but for all time." electric fountains on either side shoot forth Well does Mrs. Van Rensselaer aver, in their multicolored jets of water, when the ^caJkray of' tMs vast citjr rf wftite palmer, spray ia tinted in myriad rays and tlie huge that " to give a peep inside, to stop a few .searck-Kgbtslenjia. weird, wonderful briijht- THE COLUMBIAN FOUNTAIN. 79 ness to the scene, the visitor watching the change the combinations of water, color, and shadow chasing the ray across this beauteous light is located in the Basin, and the oper- group of figures will find some substantial ators in charge are directed by signals from excuse for that ancient conceit of Aristotle the tower on Machinery Hall that overlooks that "originally in every Jateck of marble the Grand Canal. While the large number there was a noble statue which would appear of jets and color-lights provided for the fount- in all its pristine glory when the superfluous ains make possible innumerable combina- covering was removed by the touch of a tions, the set pieces will be the most beauti- true artist's hand." ful. Great flowers, sheaves of wheat, fences Two of the largest electric fountains ever of gold, showers of rubies, pearls, and ame- made stand on either side of the Columbian thysts will sjl be produced in effect by the Fountain. Their basins are each sixty feet combination of colored light thrown on the in diameter. Water is furnished through rising and falling streams of water. The a 24-inch pipe branching from a 36-inch Edison Company, which has the contracts main connected with the great Worthington for the fountains, as a part of its exhibit, ptmips in Machinery Hall. The basins are made an outlay of over $100,000 for the dis-

A View from the Colonnade. duplicates in every respect. Eighteen water- play. The cost of operation is estimated all night, the jets are grouped in a circle on the outer the way from $500 to $1,000 a but edge of the basin about the main central ori- returns from attendance increased by the at- of fountains is expected to reach fice, which throws a z-inch stream to a height traction the of thousands every night the of 150 feet. Immediately around this are into the tens of seven jets of less than an inch in diameter. fountains play. The night illumination Next comes another circle of six i^-inch the Exposition is to be made a feature. jets mingled with still another series of %- Long rows of incandescent bulbs are ar- inch pipes. Individual jets, arranged for ranged along the sides of canals and la- artistiS effects, make a total of 152 streams in goons. All the buildings surrounding the each fountain, all of which may be thrown Grand Plaza will be ablaze with light, and into action at the same time. For the illumi- powerful search-lights on lofty towers will nation of the fountains thirty-eight power- turn the darkest night into day. ful arc lamps are required. Their rays of The View of the Main Basin.—Standing varying colors are deflected by parabolic by the MacMonnies Fountain, with his face visitor reflectors. The mechanism which is used to toward the .lake, or eastward, the so A WEEK AT THE FAIR. comers ;gazes upon the grandest view of the Exposi- of the Temple of Vesta all vacant the colossal tion, that of the Main Basin (M 21). Before and the visitor's eye then reaches and l^iberal lim, impressive in its altitude and grandeur, proportions of the Manufactures French's colossal Statue of the Republic, Arts Building, severe in its massive sim- like a new Venus Anadyomene, rises from plicity. Then a long vista of lagoon, with of -the rippling waters of the Main Basin. To the huge and rather inartistic dome the lis right are the graceful outlines of United States Government Building, a deli- Machinery Hall, with the colonnade and cate detail of Henry Ives Cobb's handsome obelisk in harmony and contrast. Then the Fisheries Building, and Illinois' huge, heavy dome close the left of the picture, with glimpses of lagoon and Wooded Island, bridges crowned with statuary, and last of all Electricitv's handsome, airy home. THE ELECTRICITY BUILDING (L 18) is thus described by its able architects, Messrs. Van Brunt & Howe, of Kan- sas City: This building lies parallel with the Mines Building, is of nearly the same dimen-, sions—350x700 feet — and the contrast in IJie architectural character o f Henry Van Brunt. the two structures illustrates the fact that the purposes of these two buildings exercised' a controlling influence over the design of each. The Mines Building contains an exhibit of coarse products and heavy machinery and appliances, and consequently has been treated with broad, plain surfaces and large details, the aim of the architect having been to create an impression of breadth and repose. The Electricity Building, on the othe5r hand, as its contents are mainly of delicate form and finer structure, is naturally treated with a corresponding refinement and delicacy of detail, and the idea of electricity itself has imposed upon the design a quality of rest- lessness or movement obta,ined by frequent repetitions of vertical members and by a sky-line broken by ten towers, or campaniles, and four domes. As this building forms one of the group of seven buildings inclosing the Great Cotirt of Entrance (the railway station on the west, the Peristj'le and its pavilions on the east toward the lake, and Machinery and Agri- cultural buildings on the south, and the Manufactures and Electricity buildings on the north, the Administration Building being Statue of the Republic, Main 0aain. 0. C. French, Sculptor. in the center of the group), it is, like these, •ornate and classic Agricultural Building in a strict classic st^e, having with the,ni a projects into the picture, with decorations common height of sixty feet to the top of and sculptui-e bewildering in detail and de- the cornice, with other features agreed upon lightful in attractiveness. The Casino, the to obtain a proper degree of conformity, out classic Peristyle, and the Music Hall, without repetition*. crowned with statuary and crested with the The facades of this building are composed f-and Columbus Quadriga, partially obscure with a full Corinthian order of pilasters set ake Michigan's blue waters, but enhance twenty-three feet on centers, the main their effect when viewed through column entablatures being broken around the and snowy pillar. Two dwarf reproductions pilasters so as to accentuate the vertical

82 A WEEK AT THE FAIR.

corre- elements, and in conjunction with the fre- ways, and the half dome is divided by quent light towers to give to the general sponding ribs into panels, and treated with design a movement which, in contrast with Renaissance devices in relief against a its neighbors, may be suggestive of the background of greenish-blue. The upper mysterious functions of electricity. part of this pylon is distinguished from the The center of each front has a pavilion of rest of the sky-lines of the edifice by a treat- entrance; that on the north, toward the ment of simple horizontal lines, and the lagoon, and those on the east and west being main fabric is supported on the right and crowned each with two lofty towers. The left by consoles or ornamental buttresses, four corners of the building are marked by two on each side, each being crowned with lighter pavilions, finishing with open cam- a statue fifteen feet high representing the paniles; and on the two long sides there are functions of electricity as applied to the intermediate bays slightly projecting, with industrial arts. postern doors, and treated with low, square The north end, toward the lagoon—where domes to relieve the uniformity of the archi- the formal character of the court is aban- tecture without absolutely breaking the doned and a more picturesque treatment continuity of the order. prevails, in sympathy with the features of irregular outline in water and land which prevail there—has its central entrance pavilion, containing a great arched window recessed between two semicircular or apsidal projections—these three features occupying together the whole of this front. Each bay of the fa9ades all around the building contains two ranges of windows corresponding with the interior stories. The lower range is decorated with a small Ionic order, which, when carried around these two apses, forms between them an open porch with a great balcony over it. The frieze of this inferior order contains the names of those who from the beginning, have been associated with electrical discoveries and inventions. Where the frieze of the main order is carried around the recess of the hemicycle it contains Turgot's famous epigram on Franklin: ''Eripuii calo ful- men sceptrumque tyrannts.' The main Corinthian order projects in front of the east and west central pavilions, with detached columns and pilasters, so as to form a portico crowned with a balustrade. The four main entrances on the center of each front are the architectural expression of the main feature of the plan, which consists of a longitudinal nave 115 feet wide and 114 feet high, crossed by a central transept of the same width and height, the roofs being supported by a series of steel arched trusses, set twenty-three feet apart. The rest of the building is ti-eated with flat roofs and is in two stories, the upper story having the character of a gallery. The flat roots are furnished with frequent skylights, so that the whole interior Benjamin Franklin. is abundantly lighted. On the south is the main entrance on the The conventional decoration of the ex- court. This, for the sake of distinction, is terior of this building is relieved by repeti- treated as a solid pylon, pierced by a tions of the electro-magnet and lamp, and triumphal arch, =;S feet wide and 92 other more or less familiar devices sug- feet high, which forms the frame of a gestive of electrical functions. great semicircular niche, or hemicycle, The south front of the lower storv' covered by a half dome. In the center of forms an open arcade, corresponding in use this niche stands on a lofty pedestal a to those provided in all the other buildings colossal statue of Franklin, who, in his dis- around the Great Court. covery of the electrical properties of light- VAN BRUNT .S: HOWE. nins;, happily associates a patriotic name Kansas City, Mo, with the progress of electrical investigation. The great Corinthian order is carried around Statuary and Decorations.— At the south- this niche, which contains three main door- ern end of the building, in front of the hemi- —:

THE ELECTRICITY BUILDING. 83

cycle which forms the main entrance, stands the heroic statue of Benjamin Franklin, executed by the Danish sculptor Carl Rohl- Smith, a Danish-American, who certainly had for his inspiration one of the most dramatic subjects in American history that of Franklin's discovery that electricity might be brought down, even with a child's plaything, from the angry heavens; thus laying the foundation for its subjugation as one of man's servants. Grasping with one hand his kite, which rests upon the ground, the other holds aloft the key with which this greatest of all nature's mysteries was un- locked. His head is thrown back. Glorious in its triumph appears the face, as if still searching the heavens, and the whole pose is one of mastery and power. While some critics have pronounced the statue over- drawn, all agree that it is full of freedom and power, and, considered in regard to its heroic surroundings as well as to the requirements of the plastic art, it is certainly one of the finest pieces of statuary on the grounds. Over the north entrance of the building are the names of the following great elec- tricians and discoverers in electrical science Henry, Faraday, Morse, Siemens, Volta. To the left of the entrance: Bain, Joule, Cooke, Steinheil, Laplace, Priestley, Coxe, Cavendish. To the right of the entrance: Vail, De la Rive, Saussure, Varley, Gue- ricke. Field, Maxwell, Thales. Over the west entrance: Davy, Don Silva, Arago. Over the east entrance: Gauss, Jacobi, Wheatstone. At the south entrance: Names in the dome—Franklin (five times), Daniell, Ampere, Galvani, Ohm, Sturgeon. To the left of the entrance: Davenport, Weber, Ronalds, Oersted. To the right of the entrance: Coulomb, Page, Gilbert, Somering. The following is the classification of exhibits in the Electricity Building: GKOUP NO. MAIN FLOOR 122. —Apparatus illustrating the phenomena Ground Plan Electricity Building. and laws of electricity and mag- A a "C. & C." Electric Mo- F 5 Chicago Belting Co. netism. tor Co. F 6 Jewell Belting Co. 123.—Apparatus for electrical measure- A 3 I F 7 CurtlB Elect. Mfg. Co. B 1-3 1 Westlnghouse Elec- F 8 Greeley, E. S. & Co. ments. 1 P tric & Mfg. Co. G 1 American Bell . Tele- 124.—Electric batteries, primary and second- H 1 , phone Co. A 4-5 'Westem Electric Co. I 1 Phoenix Glass Co. ary. A 7 Taylor. Goodbue & J 3 1 125. ^Machines and appliances for produc- Ames. t France. B 3 Eddy Electric Mig. Co. p 3 ing electrical currents \>y mechanical B 41 Q 1-2) power; dynamical electricity. C 1 L 1 Crocker-Wheeler Elec- I tric Co. 126. —Transmission and regulation of the J 1 > General Electric Co. L 2 Jenney Electric Motor electrical current. 4 Co. M I 1 L 4 Hansen & Van Winkle 127. —Electric motors. N I O 3 I Co. 128. —Application of electric motors. B 5 Excelsior Electric Co. L 5 Degenhardt, F. E. 6-7 Brush Elect. Co., The 129. Lighting by electricity. Germany. L — 1-2 Anthony Elect. Inst. g j J M 130. — Heating by electricity. D % Electrical Forging Co. Co. ]) 3 Schleren & Co.,Chae. A. M 3 Fort Wayne Elect. Co., 131. —Electro-metallurgy and electro-chem- D 4 Munson Belting Co. E. A. Barnes. istry. D 5 Page Belting Co. 2 Thompson Elect. Weld- E % Belknap Motor Co. ing Co. 132. —Electric forging, welding, stamping, E 3 Elwell-Farker Electric O 4 Heisler Electric Co. tempering, brazing, etc. Conet. Go. O 5 England. E 4 Arnold Mfg Co. O 6 Russia. 133.—Electric telegraph and electric signals. P 1 Electrical Conduit Co. E 5 Mather, A. C. 134. The telephone and its appliances; E 7 Queen & Co., Jaa. W. P 2 Standard Electric Co. — r azucker&Levett Chem- P 4 Electron Mfg. Co. phonographs. F 6 Canada ical Co. 135. Electricity in surgery, dentistry, and F 3 Union Electric Co. P 9 Elliott Elect. Co. — F 4 Commercial Elect. Co. P 10 Wing, L. J. & Co. therapeutics. ,

84 A WEEK AT THE FAIR.

136. —Application of electricity in various resonator, which enables one to hear the ways not hereinbefore specified. sound as distinctly as if the orchestra were 137.—History and statistics of electrical in- present, instead of 1,000 miles away. The vention. next block going down the center is 19, the 138.—Progress and development in electrical Detroit Electrical Works exhibit, with a fine science and construction, as illustrated display. Passing this, the south half of by models and drawings of various Block 8 is found, the General Electric Co. countries. which, as its name implies, does not confine The Main Exhibits.—The limits of this itself to a single specialty. guide forbid more than a mere mention of France occupies the two blocks in the cen- some of the most important attractions of ter, both numbered 16; also one west and the Electrical Building. As is well known, one northwest of the second or most north- steam as a motive power occupies a very ern block, besides displays in the north- secondary place, except as a means of western bay. generating electricity, which is used in every The French exhibit the latest forms of conceivable way to make the " wheels go arc lights as used in the light-house service, round," and that very smoothly. one of them of 200,000 candle-power. The entire south one-third of Machinery Turning back along an aUey facing Block Hall and its Annex is an immense generat- 16 in this bay, on the right hand are found ing station, and although much of the the exhibits of Belgium, Russia, Spain, and machinery exhibit there is used as a service Mexico, Blocks 15, 14, 13, 12, in the order plant for the entire Exposition, it is as well named. Next on the left is England, Block an exhibit of the Electrical Department, as 17, followed on the same side by the Heis- it is all entered for competition under the ler Electric Co., fractional Block 9, with a classification of the Department of Elec- fine display; and again is seen a portion of tricity. Electrical power for any and all the General Electric Co. , fractional Block purposes is supplied from this point to all 8. On the right hand, opposite these dis- the buildings in Jackson Park. In this plant plays, is the Thompson Welding Co., Block are found types of all dynamos, varying in 10, also occupying a space against the west size from the smallest to motors requiring wall. Its exhibit is suflBciently indicated by 1,000 horse-power each to drive them, and its name. On the left again are two blocks, incidentally, engmes that are the finest numbered 8, occupied by the General Elec- examples of the mechanical engineer's art. tric Co. On the same side, to the south, is Belonging to the Department of Electricity the Fort Wayne Electric Co., Block 7, which solely as an exhibit are 1,500 horse-power shows electrical machinery and apparatus engines of the triple-expansion-condensing for electric lighting, power transmission, naval type, with a direct connected dynamo, and, in fact, for aU purposes for which which largely furnishes the incandescent electricity is used. Opposite, on the right- lighting for this building, which at night is hand side, is the National Electric Co., one mass of light, as nearly one-third of the Block 6, also occupying a space next to the lights on the grounds are massed at this wall. The next two blocks, one on either point. There are many novelties in this side of the alley, are taken by the Brush branch of the science, and a description of Electric Co., Swan Lamp Co., and Short some of them will be of interest. System of Railways. The small spaces Entering at the south door, where stands against the western and southern walls, 4, the Statue of Franklin, the first exhibit seen 3, and I, are held respectively by the Ger- is that of the Bell Telephone Co., Block *i 8. mania Electric Co. , Hansen & Van Winkle, This company and the Crocker-Wheeler Electric Co. Block '^r'"^ makes a dis- 2, against the south wall, belongs to the play that inter- Jenney Electric Motor Co., which also fur- ests every one. nishes electric lighting and stationary motor ..A complete machinery. Passing the door and going central 5 station down to the alley next east of the right-hand fis one of its main aisle. Block 21 is that of the " C. & ^features, so C." Motor Co., also engaging generally in i that the public electrical machinery, may w-hile Block 22, also become next to the south wall, belongs to the intimately ac- Sperry Elech-ic Machine Co. The alley quainted with entered passes between two blocks, each the "Hello, numbered 23, held by the Western Elec- Co.'s Exhibit. Central." Mod- Telephone tric Co., engaged in furnishing lighting els of the tele- plants and other electric machinery The phone from its inception to the present time next two blocks, one on each side, both are another feature; and lastly, a model numbered 24, show the Westinghouse Co.'s theatorium, in which visitors may listen to exhibit, in connection with which is shown orchestras performing in New York or the Pelton water-wheel; power generators Boston. This does not mean that a visitor model cars, electric lights, etc., are dis- must keep a receiver glued to his or her ear, played. On the left is a fractional block, for the receiver is a mammoth telephone in No. 25, the Excelsior Electric Co.; and next the roof of the building, with a large this on the left are a fractional and a —

THE ELECTRICITY BUILDING. 85 *-hole block, No. 8, of the General Elec- tric Co. Be- yond these, still to the left, are two large blocks (29), both used by Germany for her display. From this country come three of the most perfect search-lights ever made one of them the largest ever constructed, with a 71^-foot projector This light, placed at a sufficient altitude, would furnish ample illumination for a lawn-party pr ball seventy-five miles away. As a matter of fact, a smaller light, by the same makers, exhibited at the Frankfort Exposition, did this identical feat for a Ger- man nobleman at a distance of forty-five miles. On the right, opposite Germany's first block, is Block 30, of the Electric Forging Co., another display whose name suffi- . ciently indicates the exhibit; followed on the same, side by Blocks 31, 32, 33, 34, belonging in the order named to the Belknap Motor Co., Arnold Motor Co., and A. C. Mather. Block 39, in the northeastern bay, is that of the New York Insulated diameter and 70 Wire Co. Around the bay are Blocks 40, feet high, illumin- 41, 42, 43, 38, held by the Zucker-Leavitt ated with h u n- Chemical Co., Riker Motor Co., Perkins dreds- of lamps, Lamp Co., Akron Electric Co., and E. S. and is simply a Greeley & Co. Going back along the east mass of sparkling, wall are found the following; No. 37, Page flashing colored Belting Co.; 36, Munson Belting Co.; 35, light. It is called Schieven Belting Co.; 28, Eddy Electric the Edison Tower Co.; 27, Hornell Iron Works; 26, La Roche of Light, and is an Electric Co. Italy has Block 1 1 , on the west exact reproduction of the German Tower of wall, near the northwestern bay. Victory. The designs have received the In the matter of display lighting exhib- approval of Mr. Atwood, the architect of itors have, in response to a circular sent out the Gallery of Fine Arts. by the department, outdone themselves. The lower part of the structure is a colon- Artistic designs of varicolored lights are a nade thirty feet in diameter, occupied with feature of nearly every exhibit, and one ex- a display of crystal for electrical uses. The hibitor has undertaken the task of decorating shaft for the colonnade, to a total height of one end of the grand nave with a change- seventy-eight feet, is studded with myriads able design of incandescent lamps that has of miniature incandescent lights, so arranged over six thousand lights in its composition. as to flash in various figures and colors. There are also incandescent lamps, of a size These little lights are only an inch and a hitherto unthought of, which furnish as half long each. much light as the ordinary arc lamp. The miole structure is surmounted with In the exact center of the building is a mammoth incandescent lamp, composed Block 20, the Phoenix Glass Co.'s exhibit, of almost innumerable pieces of crystal. which may be thus described: The conven- The lamp is eight feet in length and con- tional fountain as a center-piece of an ex- tains no less than 3,000 pieces of crystal. position here finds no place, and in its place Foreign countries have been placed in the IS shown as an exhibit one that is perfectly north end of the building, on both floors. dazzling. One of the largest cut-glass man- France, in addition to a space in the north- ufacturers in this country has been given east bay, has the two north center spaces, the circular space in the exact center of and Germany the two spaces immediately the building for a Moresque pavilion made east. entirely of cut-glass of the various forms In some respects the electrical exhibit used in the manufacture of high-class elec- made by Germany is the most remarkable tric fixtures. This pavilion is 30 feet in of all. Dr. Walter Lobach, a well-known 86 A WEEK AT THE FAIR.

electrician, is at the head of it. The firm of finds mining-drills, a working locomotive, Siemens & Halske, BerUn, exhibit a dy- tanning, distillation, fire-works, and many namo of 1 ,000 horse-power, one of the largest other thing?., all operated by electricit)', in ever constructed, and with it furnish part of the nine acres of displays in this building. the lighting and motive power to the Exposi- Edison's kinetograph is found here in the tion and to the German parts of it. American Phonograph Co. 's exhibit, and is The General Electric Society of Berlin, a most marvelous exhibition. It is a spe- another vast concern of this kind, exhibit cially constructed camera and phonograph dynamos and electromotors made according working in perfect unison. The camera to a new system, first practically tested at produces forty-six pictures a second. By the General Electric Exposition at Frankfort thus rapidly photographing figures in action two years ago, when power was transferred upon a sensitive film, and adapting the for the distance from Frankfort to Lauffen, phonograph to catch any sounds emanating 100 miles. from them, both sound and motion are re- Schuckert & Co. of Nuremberg place on produced, so that a spectator listening to a exhibition the most enormous search-lights song or speech sees the gestures and facial (used mainly for navy purposes) ever con- action also. Sermons, plays, etc., are thus structed, six feet in diameter. These are reproduced. Gray's telautograph, another placed on top of the Manufactures Build- electric marvel, is shown in the building. ing, at the four corners of the roof, and by There are over seven hundred American ex- means of powerful reflectors the pillar of hibits, and displays from Germany, France, light that will be sent forth from there will England, Canada, Italy, Belgium, Austria, equal 200,000,000 candle-power. The light Spain, Sweden, Mexico, and Russia, in the will be a pure white, producing a marvelous order of their importance as named. effect, and penetrating at night the atmos- In private displays there are some that are phere as far as the Board of Trade Building exceedingly fine; notably those of the West- down -town. inghouse Co., the Bell Telephone Co., the The German Government Telegraph De- Brush Co., the Heisler Co., the Speny-, the partment also has a comprehensive exhibit, Thomson-Houston, and others. The Mac-. mcluding a historical one. In this is shown kay-Bennett Cable Co. shows a complete the first dynamo ever constructed in the working model of their Atlantic cable, with world, dating from 1866, and made by the its terminal stations. Twenty-seven feet of famous electrician the late Dr. Werner von water represent the 2,700 miles of ocean Siemens. By the same inventor, too, is ex- between these stations. hibited first the efficient Gauss-Weber tele- The scientist says that electricity is life. graph also apparatus; cables, electric instru- Then Jackson Park will of a truth be a liv- ments of precision, telephones, and other ing thing. The darkness and gloom of its instruments of applied science. Altogether comers will be penetrated and dispelled by this part of the German Department at the the electric light, and their stillness be Fair is represented by thirty firms in the broken bj- the noise of the electric railway. electro-technical field and forty-three in me- Its mammoth white buildings will gleam and chanics, optics, etc., and Berlin, Nuremberg, glisten with electric lights, while upon the Cologne, Frankfort, and Hamburg are the placid bosom of its waters will glide electric cities most strongly represented. launches. Ever^-where will the presence of The rest of the ground-floor has been as- the gieat discovery be felt. The elec- signed for the display of heavy machinery, trical exhibit in the Exposition is infinitely and the galleries for the display of special- larger and gi-eater than anything of the kind ties, light machinery, and testing instru- ever before attempted. It would awe ments. As far as practicable, specialties Franklin, Ohm, Morse, and all the rest who have been grouped; all the wire men together, imagined they knew a deal about electricity. carbon manufacturers in one place, testing The display in the Electricitv Building will instruments in another, etc. be at all times interesting, and during the The telegraph really marks the first im- evening beautiful. On the west side of the portant application of electricity, and there building, and among the display of the Gen- are many historicul exhibits in this connec- eral Electric Company, is a room pro\-ided tion. The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, along especially with lighting aiTangements of a whose right of way the first telegraph-line decorative kind, and so arranged as to was laid, exhibits a life-size model of how change the amount of lights carried by vari- its laying was accomplished. It is a fact ous meters, so as to show their accuracy. not generally known that Morse made his This display is recommended to the gas com- first attempt with an underground cable, panies, the accuracy of whose metei-s is not there is and shown a model of the original always infallible. plow with a reel from which was unwound Then there is a railway and motor exhibit the lead-covered cable, with sixteen oxen that will attract attention. It contains all drawing the same, and with wax-figures of the modern railway work for street-car and Morse, Vail, Henry, and their assistants. street-railroad practice. There is one ele- In this connection is shown the original in- vated-railroad locomotive that is built for strument on which the historical message, high-speed railway work. It has the latest "What hath God wrought," was received.' form of electric controllers, air-brakes These are not all of the wonders; for one whistle, and automatic safet\- deWces Its MACHINERY HALL. 87

gross weight is thirty tons, and it is designed toward Stony Island Avenue, its exterior for a maximum speed of fifty miles per hour. presents no indication of the beauty of its The engine is now running on the Boston other two faces, as owing to its surround- & Maine Railroad, hauling trains from Lynn ings in those directions its walls have been to seaside resorts—a distance of four miles. purposely left undecorated and of the plain- Mammoth generators, such as are con- est description; but where its fa9ades face stantly used in street-railway service, are South Canal and the beautiful Administra- abundant. Three of the largest are of 450 tion Court it is extremely rich and pleasing, horse-power, 300 horse-power, and 150 horse- courting the strictest comparison with those power, respectively. There is a great quan- palatial neighbors, and is not out of keeping tity of electrical mining machinery of every with the stately colonnades, classic porti- description. One of the exhibits has as a cen- coes, and marble statues and fountains upon ter-piece a deep-mine pump with a 1 50 horse- which it looks. The architectural design is power slow-speed electric motor, pumping copied from the best types of the Spanish water from a tank and delivering it under Renaissance, and is thoroughly classic in all pressure to a Pelton water-wheel direct, con- of its details. The cities of Seville and nected to a multiface electrical generator. others of the land which sent Columbus There is also a mining-hoist of 150 horse- upon his westward voyage have been se- power. lected and laid under tribute by the archi- Another display of considerable propor- tects, Messrs. Peabody & Stearns of Boston, to tions is the display of insulated lighting furnish the motive of the architecture of this systems for hotels and large business houses. building in honor of the Columbian anni- The most modern type of direct connected versary. The covered loggia at the first compound engines and dynamos are shown. story furnishes a promenade-way around the Inventor Edison has his goods well repre- building, and the material used for coating sented. There is a display of no mean pro- these fronts is the same as that used in all portions of the Edison low potential three- of the principal structures—^staff. This wire system, including Edison tubing, Edi- has been stained a beautiful ivory tint, and son machines, and the Edison lamp. As a the contrast with the subdued color-tints center-piece to his exhibit there has been and gold-finish of parts of the exterior, such erected an Edison Jumbo machine. At the as the portico ceiling, is very beautiful. time of its construction this concern was the The Statuary and Decorations.—On the marvel of the age. It was the first machine northern exterior, over the main entrance,

' to be constructed on the modern principle of appear the words ' World's Columbian Ex- engine and dynarhos being directly con- position " in large gilt letters. Six large nected on the same shaft, and for eleven figures surmount this entrance (says Mr. M. years it has run continuously in the Pearl A. Waagen, their able sculptor), each bearing Street Station of the New York Illuminating a shield on which appear the faces of a num- Company. ber of prominent inventors. Above these six The three-wire system might with pro- figures, between the two high towers, are priety be placed in the collection of curios- placed five figures thirteen feet high. In the ities, as it is one of the very few of Edison's center is "Science," and on her sides are the inventions upon which there has been no in- four elements, " Fire," "Water," "Air," and fringement of patent. It is regarded as one " Earth." Surmounting each of the towers of his great inventions; second, in fact, only are two large figures representing " Vic- to the lamp. tory" holding forth her emblematic laurel Professor Thomsen, the electrician of wreath. the General Electric Company, has speci- To the right of the north main entrance mens of his work on hand in the shape of all appear the names Joule, Giffard, McCor- the specialties of alternating supplies and mick, Hodgkinson, Fulton, Watt, Ericsson, devices. Tandem compound engines are Corliss, Tyndall, Fitch, and Whitney. directly connected to large alternating To the left of the main entrance. Fair- machines, near which is compact directly bairn, Maudesley, Hoe, Hallen, Siemens, connected machinery for lighting merchant- Stephenson, Nasmythe, Stevens, Evans, ships, and supplies and devices for lighting Trowbridge, and Symington. and signaling. The system is used through- At each end of the north side is the in- " out the navy of this country. scription "Palace of Mechanic Arts ; and over the east main entrance, in large gilded MACHINERY HALL. letters, is also seen " Palace of Mechanic Arts." On either side, in similar lettering, The wonders of the electrical world "MDCCCXCIII"(i893). inspected, the visitor may well retrace his Over the eastern entrance appears the steps to the southern end of the building, frontispiece pediment; " Columbia," the cen- and, recrossing the Grand Court of Honor tral figure, seated on a throne, with a sword in front of the Administration Building, in her right hand and a palm of peace in her approach one of the most graceful struct- left. ures of the whole Exposition, the classic To her left is standing "Honor," with a Machinery Hall (P19). It is from this direc- laurel wreath ready for distribution. On tion it should be neared, for if approached one of the steps of the throne is seated from either the Stock exhibit or from the side "Wealth" (riches), throwing fruits and

MACHINERY HALL. 89 flowers o'ii of a horn of plenty. To the 72. —Machinery for the manufacture of text- ri^ht and left are grouped inventors of ma- ile fabrics and clothing. chinery and members of an examining jury. 73. —Machines for working wood. The comers of the pediment are filled by 74. —Machines and apparatus for type-set- two groups of lions, representing brute force ting, printing, stamping, embossing, subdued by human genius, which is represented by two children. Above the pediment are repeated the five large figures seen over the north entrance. In the center is "Science," with beaming face, and a triangle in her hand. On her sides are the four elements, " Fire," "Water," " Air," and " Earth." "Fire" holds in one hand the heavenly fire, lightning, and in the other hand the terrestrial fire, in the shape of a torch. "Water" is a female figure holding a dolphin that spurts out water. " Air " is a floating female figure accompanied by the " Earth," with a bird in one hand and an air-screw in the other, the head surrounded by ' " stars. ' Earth is a female figure accompanied by the moon, holding man in one hand and in the other a hom.of plenty filled with fruits and flowers. The towers over this entrance are surmounted by figures similar to those described on the northern towers. To the right of the main east entrance are the names Gard- ner, Smeaton, Roebling, and Bolton. To the left of the main east entrance are the names Newton, Eades, Trautwine, and Holly. Twelve smaller and similar figures are placed at each end of the six large skylights. Each of the three domes in the center of the building is surmounted by figures. Most of the sculpture-work on this building was done by M. A. Waagen. The inscription " Palace of Mechanic Arts " appears at each end of the eastern side; also at the southern side. Classification.—The arrangement of the Machinery De- partment takes the form of eighty-six classes, collected in the following groups: Group No. 69. —Motojs and apparatus for the generation and trans- ^..iVdir. £Cd. mission of power, hydraulic, and and for making books and paper work- pneumatic apparatus. ing. 70. —Fire engines, apparatus and appliances 75. —Lithography, zincography, and color for extinguishing fire. printing. 71. —Machine tools and machines for work- 76. —Photo-mechanical and other mechanical ing metals. processes of illustrating, etc. "

90 A WEEK AT THE FAIR.

years more of research and 77. —Miscellaneous hand tools, machines and What ten will do to ameliorate apparatus used in various arts. study and invention and add to the pleasures of 78. —Machines for working stones, clay, and the conditions to enjoy other minerals. those who are at that time alive be faintly surmised from what 79. —Machinery used in the preparation of them, may has been accomplished in the decade just foods, etc. mo- The Main Exhibits.—The inventive gen- past. Electric fans for cooling houses, phono- ius of the closing decade of the century is tors for rapid transit, telephones, idea of what displayed in Machinery Hall, and its interior graphs, etc., give one some of in the future is one huge mass of moving machinery. It this new servant man may is located in the southern portion of the be trained to do. exhibits in this grounds, and is in the center of the park To the thinking mind the from side to side. Over 850 feet long and hall must prove of immense interest, for 500 feet wide, with an annex 550 feet in they certainly represent the approaching length and 490 feet in width, this vast culmination of human progress in the direc- structure has a floor space of more than tion of mechanic art, and of invention in an seventeen acres, and was erected at a cost economic direction. To the philosopher the of $1,200,000. One of its features is that thought must inevitably arise, "Has the the vast arched trusses which support the human mind a limit, beyond which training, roof of the main building are built sepa- experience, and experiment may never pene- rately of iron and trate ? steel in such a The interior of Machinery Hall, as has :(m^ manner that they been said, presents the appearance of three may be taken immense pillared train-houses side by side, down and sold for surrounded by a gallery on all four sides use as railroad This gallery is fully fifty feet wide. The train -houses or traveling crane was a necessity in Machinery State exposition Hall, for no other means could have sufficed buildings. The to move the immense masses of machinery, steam power the largest of which is the gigantic Allis which moves the engine, of 2,000 horse-power, which runs multifarious two dynamos, each lighting 10,000 incan- P'^ces of machin- descent lights. This capacity can, if neces- L. W. Robinson. ery necessary to sary, be increased 10,000 lights. One of the the proper display of these mechanical ex- cylinders of this monster machine weighs hibits is supplied from a large power-house, thirty tons, and its entire weight is 325 tons. adjoining this building on the south. Every Into the 30-ton cylinder a man six feet tall engine and every dynamo is an exhibit, and can walk without stooping. The belts which in nearly every case the vast expense of in- run upon the Allis pulleys are each six feet stallation is borne by the exhibitor. wide, the largest ever made. The interior The interior of the main building, spanned of the building is di\'ided into squares and by the three great arched trusses, gives the parallelograms, called blocks, or sections. appearance of three immense exposition If the visitor enter at the east end of the halls side by side, but all in one. building, facing south canal, he will find the A 50-foot gallery surrounds the interior corner on his right, consisting of four blocks, of the structure. In each of the three naves or sections, occupied by Great Britain \\-ith a monster elevated traveling crane runs her exhibits. (Area, 29,496 feet.) These from end to end, and has been a most potent are very numerous, though far surpassed by mechanical factor both in the construction the American display. Next upon the right, of the building and in the installation of occupying six sections, comes the display of the heavy exhibits. They remain through- Germany. (Area, 32,730 feet.) This is an out the Exposition, and platforms erected exceedingly fine and complete exhibit, and is on them enable visitors to view the bewil- probably surpassed only by that of the deringscene of moving mechanism below and United States. All of those exhibiting are on all sides. Shafting for power is carried large firms, and the space allotted to Ger- on the same posts which support these trav- many is taken up so completely that with eling bridges. any attempt at spreading the exhibits would The annex, though of immense propor- cover double the area on which they are tions, is simple in design, and is modeled now being crowded. Circular rope trans- after a mill, or foundry. Constructed eco- mission, a new svstem of motive power, nomically of wood, it is annular in form, the is practically illustrated for the first time, diameter of the outer radius being 800 feet since one-half of the whole German machin- and of the inner radius 600 feet. Electrical ery exhibit is propelled by it, alaj-ge engine power alone is used in the annex, while in the made by Schichau, in Elbing, Prussia, fur- main building steam is given an equally exclu- nishing the steam. The same firm, too, has sive privilege. In this building is exhibited a 1 ,000 horse-power steam-engine on view the largest and most interesting displaj^ of which sets the big Siemens dynamo in mo- electric power ever shown, electricity having tion. Textile machinery from Gladbach-on- made gi-eater strides in the past decade than the- Rhine is seen in a complete assortment. any other of the allied arts and sciences. From Augsburg, Bavaria, comes a choice MACHINERY HALL. 91

display of rotary presses, and a Dusseldorf are six other engines of very large capacity, firm exhibits friction calenders with ten viz., of 1 ,000 horse-power each. They are rollers. The huge Gruson Works, near Mag- a Fraser & Chalmers triple-expansion, deburg, make an instructive exhibit of two Westinghouse-Church-Kerr compound mining machinery and gas-power engines, engines, a Buckeye triple-expansion, an while R. Wolf of Magdeburg shows locomo- Atlas compound, and a Mclntosh-Seymour tives, some of them constructed according double-tandem compound. The others are to new principles. from 150 to 650 horse-power. The total It is impossible to enumerate every article horse-power represented is nominally 17,510, in a display so large and varied, but the though this could easily be increased to chief ones are gas-engines, water turbine- over 20,000. Still south of these gigantic wheels, knitting-machines, circular saws for engines lies the boiler plant, consisting of a cutting iron, embroidering-machines, press continuous battery of huge steel boilers of for printing illustrations, rapid paper-print- the latest type, Boo feet long. As crude oil ing presses, bookbinding-machines, flour- from the fields of Ohio is used for fuel, mill machinery, sawmill, turning-lathes, there is no smoke, dust, or dirt, as there milling and mining machinery for ores, would be were coal burned. The feeding cements, etc., sausage-machines, textile ma- of the oil to the furnaces is controlled by chinery, wire-machines, and a complete automatic pressure gauges, regulating the watch factory. flow so that there can be no danger, such as Next to Germany on the right, and occu- might happen with careless firemen. The gying a portion of the space allotted to oil is pumped from Whiting, Ind. The roup 69, is found the display of Spain (area, boilers represent such manufacturers as 1,315 feet). The exhibit is a small one, Root, Gill, Heine, National, Zell, Babcock Spain of course not ranking with such na- & Wilcox, and Stirling. They are all of the tions as Germany and England in the man- water-tube pattern. Their feed water- ufacturing of machinery, etc. pumps represent Dean, Barr, Knowles, North of Spain's exhibit, also occupying Gould, Blake, Davidson, Cameron, Laidlaw, a small portion of Group 69's allotment. Wilson & Snyder, and Canton & Snow. New South Wales has placed her display, West of the batteries of boilers lie the

which is very creditable considering the machine-shops, blacksmith-shops, etc. , fully comparative newness and undeveloped equipped for repairing and keeping in order resources of that part of the world (area, the machinery used in the building. Hav- 1,436 feet). ing examined the motive power Controlling just west of New South Wales Italy's ex- the exhibits, the visitor will find at the hibit is found (area, 2,500 feet). This dis- center of the building ah immense tank of play presents a very novel and creditable water, in the center of which is a very appearance. Passing southward along the pretty waterfall, and at either end a fountain. alley at the end of the Italian display, and Here the various pumps, water-elevators, continuing on across the main aisle, the etc., make their tests as to superiority. splendid display of France is encountered This tank is about the center of (iroup 69, (area, 21,227 feet). Turning back toward which is devoted to motors, hydraulic and the entrance, if the visitor wish to exhaust pneumatic apparatus. This group occupies the foreign exhibits before beginning those nearly all the space of the four blocks which of the special groups, on the left of the center on the tank, also a portion of that aisle is the small Swedish exhibit (area, 500 taken up by the exhibits of Italy, Spain, feet). Russia's manufacturing industries, Sweden, and New South Wales, and a part next on the right, will claim his attention, of Block 29, at the western end of the with a display covering an- area of 3,000 building. feet. After Russia, Mexico, occupying a Immediately north of this group is Group small, narrow space in the side aisle back 74, where are displayed machines for type- of the French and Russian exhibits, is next setting, printing, stamping, and emboss- in order (area, 1,007 feet). ing.

Austria (area, 8,097 feet) takes up a sec- Group 75 , devoted to lithography, zincog- tion, excepting a Sxiiall corner filled by raphy, and color-printing, and Group 76, Brazil, the latter having an area of 2,500 showing photo-mechanical and other proc- feet. Having examined Brazil's display, in esses of illustrating, occupy the small conjunction with that of Austria, Belgium block north of the western part of Group 74, will be found occupying a full section (area, and next to the lavatories, which are in 1,500 feet). Canada has a section next to Block 33, north of the center of th^ main the entrance, just south of England (area, display of Group 72. 7,257 feet). South of the exhibits which West of a portion of Groups 74 and 69 have just been examined are the power (already examined) lies Group 72, devoted to plants, occupying the blocks or sections machinery for the manufacture of textile from A to O inclusive. At no other place fabrics and clothing. A portion of this dis- or time in the world's history has such play will be found m the northern part of gigantic force ever been accumulated under Block 8, which lies next to the machine- one roof. The engines number forty-four, shops. the Allis, the largest of all, occupying the At the northwest corner of this group is space at the end of the main aisle. There found Group 79. Here are displayed 93 A WEEK A T THE FAIR.

machines used in the preparation of foods, It is only within the past ten years that etc. At the extreme southwest comer of the subject of ventilation has been consid- Group 72 (already examined) is found a por- ered an important factor in the erection of the tion of the display belonging to Group 69, public buildings, but during past few the larger part of which has been visited, years its importance, judged from a sani- while ]ust south of 72 lies Group 71 This tary point of view, has so attracted the

Works of Dodge Manufacturing Co. display consists of machine tools and attention of architects and engineers that machines for working metals. at the present time the necessity for thor- The Dodge Manufacturing Company ough and scientific ventilation is appreciated shows a complete line of its modern power as much as the proper heating of a building. transmission appliances, including its cele- Many devices are in use for the movement brated Dodge wood-split pulleys, with patent of air and for drawing ofif the poisonous bushing system. A large pyramid of pul- gases generated by me occupants of a leys is shown at the right of the exhibit, and building, and many failures have resulted on tables in the center of the space are from the different experiments. At the found complete lines of models of pulleys for various uses, including the special four-arm wood pulley, for main driving; the iron center dynamo pulley, for electrical generating service; the iron center hardwood rim pulleys for main engine connections; the disk pulley, for use in flour-mills and duty- places, and a number of small pulleys. On the line shafting are seen many of these pulleys doing all grades of service. On the Mather dynamos a number of large dynamo pulleys are doing heavy service. At the right of the space is shown a complete quill outfit for heavy line shaft work. At the rear of the exhibit a large illuminated picture, 7 x 10 feet, is a faithful reproduction of the company's works at Mishawaka, Ind., as viewed by moonlight. The ground plant covers sixty acres, and buildings contain over twenty-five acres of floor- Andrews & Johnson Co.'s Exhibit. age space. The view also shows the large present time it is generally conceded that lumber-yards of the company, which con- satisfactory results in this direction can tain about four million feet of lumber for only be obtained by mechanical ventilation, pulley construction. The annual output is or the movement of air by fans in connec- 300,000 pulleys. tion with blast and exhaust ducts. MACHINERY HALL. oe

Andrews & Johnson Co. , whose display is President Cleveland and the Capitol of th« shown here, make a specialty of this kind of United States, Speed, Mrs. Cleveland's pict- machinery, which is admitted by all to be ure and the White House, Our Dead tinexcelled. Their fans are in use in many Heroes, The Columbus, a prize design. of our public buildings, notable among which In Section 35, Column P 25, T. W. & are: The Athletic Association Building, C. B. Sheridan illustrate the power of one the Schiller Theater, Kinsley's Restaurant, of their embossing presses for bookbinders' Siegel, Cooper & Co.'s, and Chamber of use by embossing on circular blocks of Commerce buildings, and thirty-six of the wood in bas-relief some of the more notable public schools of the city of Chicago. buildings that make up the marvelous col- Group 73, machines for working wood, lection known as the Columbian Exposition. occupies the south half of Blocks 12 and 13, Such buildings as the Manufactures and south of Group 71, and extends into Block Liberal Arts, Mines and Mining, Adminis- 14 of Group 69, taking up the larger part of tration, Government, Electricity, Horticult- that section. Group 77, miscellaneous hand ural Hall, and Fisheries are all brought out tools, machines, andapparatus, andGroup 78, in miniature detail and done in artistic man- machines for working stones, clay, and other ner equal to the finest hand drawing, giving minerals, occupy Block 10, in the southwest- the public an opportunity to witness how ern corner of the hall. Group 70, fire-engines, quickly and cheaply some of the ornamental apparatus, and appliances for extinguish- woodwork, similar to that on the furniture at ing fires, fills the southern part of Block 8. their homes, was made, and which they pos- The Crown Pen Co., 78 State Street, Chi- sibly had previously imagined was carved cago, has a display near the center of Ma- by hand at great expense. These souvenirs chmery Hall, where the interesting proc- are sold by Messrs. Sheridan, and will in esses of gold-pen and fountain-holder making may for the first time be seen by all. In the side aisles are plate-glass cases filled with gold and fountain pens, pearl, ebony, and silver holders, and plush, chamois, and morocco cases. Attractive salesladies are present to wait on visitors, as all of these goods are for sale; and the rapid cash system of making change is employed, so that visitors are not kept waiting. The seats in the workshop are arranged amphitheatric- ally, so that every opera- The Crown Pen Co.'s Exhibit, tion of the workmen is in plain view of the spectators, who gather in years to come recall the memories of large numbers to watch this, to them, mys- 1893. The process and machine here shown tenous industry, where the crude materials at work are the same as those used for em- are so rapidly transformed into finished pro- bossing the handsome leather much used in ducts. The pleasure to the visitor of owning the furniture trade as well as decorative art, a useful souvenir of the great Exposition, and also for all embossed wall-paper made every operation in the manufacture of in this country. which has taken place under his own eyes, On each side of the landing near the eastern is certainly a very novel one. This com- entrance of Machinery Hall is seen a colossal pany has another place in the gallery at the figure of a powerful Norman horse equipped northeast corner of the Manufactures Build- in full harness. Standing by his side is a ing. Everything is under the direction and figure of a Western farmer in high boots personal supervision of Mr. Hugh T. Reed, and open shirt, his right hand grasping the president, and Mr. E. W. Burchard, the bridle. Directly opposite these figures, and secretary of the company. near the western entrance of the Agricult- In Group 77, Class 483, Section 10, Col- ural Building, are two large figures of Texas umn No. D E 51, a Kennedy wire nail steers, one on each side of the landing. machine is found in active operation. They are driven by Indian women holding In Section 29, Group 72, Class 334, Col- aloft whips in their right hands. These designed E. C. Potter. umn O 50, John Best of Paterson, N. J., ex- figures were by hibits a power loom weaving badges, book- At the northwestern end of Machinery marks, souvenir pictures, etc. The badges Hall the Fair grounds pumping-works are will be sold for from 50 cents to $1, and con- located, with a capacity of 40,000,000 gallons sist of the following eight varieties: Home, of water every twenty-four hours. The Sweet Home, Mrs. Potter Palmer's picture, machinery .used is from the establishment a

94 A WEEK AT THE FAIR.

of Henry R. Worthington, New York City. On the south wall of Machinery Hall is a There are four types of engines used— marble switchboard 2 stories high, 78 feet triple-expansion vertical, a nigh speed, a long. This controls the main dynamos. vertical duplex, and a horizontal high-duty Thence the cables lead to the Machinery duplex. The water is obtained from a well Hall subway, which is fire-proof, 8 feet 4 in the center of the building, which is con- inches high, 15 feet wide. The wires are nected by a tunnel with the main lagoon. underground all about the grounds. Among the novelties of the Fair is the Outside Exhibit of Machinery.—On the Daily Columbian, issued from this build- south side of Machinery Hall, between the ing. It is an 8-page composite newspaper, machine-shop and boiler-house, is an exten- the official bulletin of the Exposition, and is sive outside exhibit of machinery, occupjdng made up as follows: Its first five pages con- a space co-extensive in length with the insist of the first pages of the Herald, Inter side exhibit of this department and running Ocean, Record, Times, and Tribune; its up to and alongside the structure of the three remaining pages are filled with daily Intramural Railroad, which here reaches its programmes, officii orders, list of officers, colonnade station. Characteristic and very exhibitors, etc. W. C. Gates is manager, interesting, it is well worth the inspection and Major Handy, chief of the Department of the curious and general visitor, and it cer- of Publicity and Promotion, virtually editor. tainly will merit the close observation of Its first number is dated May i, 1893. Price those interested in machinery of any kind. per copy 5 cents, or by mail $1 per month. Proceeding to the eastern or south canal Most of the blaze of light which illumines front of the Machinery Hall the visitor may

Switchboard and Big Dynamo. the buildings and grounds at night is well pause for a moment to notice the ground out in Machinery Hall. To one Statuary encircling the Main Basin, and to who enters that place it seems as if there spare a few seconds for the fine view of the were nothing but buzzing, whizzing dyna- water-ways and buUdings obtainable from mos there: every sort and size of dyna- this point. In regard to the statuary, it mo big_ ones and little ones, — dynamos in consists principally of a characteristic series full whirl and dynamos being built up. of native American wild animals modeled by The biggest of them all is the match team Edward Kemeys and A. Phimister Proctor, of dynamos that is hitched to the gigantic and a series of six rostral columns designed Allis engine. There are two 72-inch belts and executed by Johannes Gelert. from this engine. Each of these belts drives Referring to these rostral columns, the a Westinghouse dynamo that was built to sculptor, Mr. Johannes Gelert, states that develop 10,000 lights, but which can easily the principal idea intended to be conveyed give 15,000. Then near by are ten more was one of a great naval triumph, as 'the 10,000-light machines, each driven by a discovery of America ti'uly was. To serve 1,000 horse-power engine. There are two this prime motive there is a six-fold repeti- 4,000-light alternators run by lesser engines. tion of the columns. On the pedestals are The total power of these machines is 158,000 graven the names of great discoverers, and lights. But that accounts for only one style the shafts are adorned with rostra, or prows of dynamo—the Westinghouse. There are of ships and emblems of triumph. the multitudes of others. On double capital stands the sailor's tutelary THE MAIN BASIN. 95 deity, the Neptune of the Latins, the Poseidon between her huge fore-paws, each garnished of the Greeks, resting in his divine power, with claws curved like reaping-hooks set for full of proud triumph, well pleased with the some red harvest. All the varied nature of grand results of his sailors' great discoveries. the bear is called into life. Aroused by the In addition to these triumphal columns is proximity of the dead game, she gloats over a display of statuary characteristically it in anticipation of the feast. Suddenly a American, and it was in a moment of happy magpie utters its cry of alarm—her play inspiration that the sculptors decided not to ceases. A Prairie King, on the northwest confine themselves to representations of corner of bridge over lagoon between inanimate forms and beautiful reproductions Machinery Hall and Agricultural Building, of ancient ideas, that were elaborated to is represented by a bull buffalo walking their utmost 'extent by the ancient Grecian round the outskirts of his herd on the out- and Roman masters of this noblest and look for some danger which threatens. An most imperishable of the arts. While mod- imposing figure with shaggy, grim frontlet em artists may hope to equal, it is utterly and short, thick horns, the ponderous impossible for them ever to excel the ancient head low-swung to the rhythm of his artists in the portrayal of the human figure, walk, its sweeping beard almost touching or in the evolution of graceful ideas as the grass at his feet; a warrior of his applied to columns, arches, and architect- tribe, whose towering front has stood ural ornamentation. The determination, guard when the savages of the desert therefore, to depart from conventional forms have swarmed around. At Sound of the and introduce into the landscape the figures Whoop, on the southwest corner of bridge of American animals was indeed a happy over lagoon between Machinery Hall and one, especially when it is considered that Agricultural Building, is represented by out of every hundred visitors to the Fair, fully ninety are entirely unacquainted with such representatives of the wild beasts of our country as the grizzly bear, the buffalo, and tiie panther. These conceptions may likewise serve another purpose, viz., to aid in the per- petuation of the forms of these animals long after they themselves are extinct species. It is a fact well known to natu- ralists that many kinds of the marine and land animals of America are doomed, in a short time, to utter extinction; and The Still prominent among them are Hunt. those which are so ably represented here. a cow buffalo, who, hearing the whoop of the Most -lifelike and realistic are the animals coming red -men, stands with uncouth head surmounting the various bridges. Mr. high-lifted and shaggy fore-legs gathered Kemeys thus describes those for which he is beneath her. From her thin, nervous hind- responsible. " Old Ephraim," at the north- quarters to the tips of her sharp-curved east corner of bridge opposite southwest horns all is tense as a bow-string, for there corner of Manufactures and Liberal Arts flashes" in advance of those ringing screams Building, is a male grizzly bear guarding a vision of the nude brown horseman of the the approach to his lair. He has been plains, whose blotched mustangs are bear- marching down the canon, when his quick ing them onward, the old-time destroyers of ear catches some note at discord with her race. The Still Hunt, on the northwest nature's harmonies. This rivets his foot- corner of bridge over lagoon opposite west steps in their tracks, suppresses his breath- entrance to Manufactures and Liberal Arts ing almost, and so he stands with set ears, Building, is formed of a figure of an Ameri- straining eyes, protruding lip, expanded can panther, which is placed as above, and nostrils, impressible to the next touch which signifies, as do all the animals for bridges shall rouse his nature into madness. executed by Kemeys, that they are in some way watching the approaches to the same. As down the glen he strode along. In fact, the gathering of the immense Vanished the black-tail's branching prong, muscles, the limbs tremulous from restrained And even the finch's low, sweet song all tell Stopped in the pine above him. impulse, and concentrated gaze their story, and leave no doubt in the be- A Grizzly Grave-digger, at the southeast holder's mind of the spring which will hurl comer of bridge opposite southwest corner the great cat upon his prey. At Bay, on of Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building, the southwest corner of bridge over lagoon represents a female grizzly who has dug up opposite west entrance to Manufactures and the head of a wild sheep she had buried, Liberal Arts Building, consists of a female and is pawing and playing with it, rolling it American panther. Some one is approach- '

96 A WEEK A T THE FAIR-

with tense listening ex- ing her fastness, and her first impulse is Grim-visaged and the Indian gaaes She has partly risen, and with pressed in every muscle, resistance. hand out over the planted fore-feet, straining quarters, and from under his shading sculptor of mountain-hons has swaying tail displays her fangs, while her prairie The sinuosity of the red man as down-drawn ears, wrinkled face, and pas- caught the lithe the subtle mental kinship sion-blinded eyes tell at a glance that she well, and portrayed his horse. This statue is thirsts even now in her savage feline breast between him and Transportation Building. for the wild grapple of the coming contest also in front of the of South Canal, imme- in aU its fury, its blood, and its death. At the south end great Stock PaviUon Describing the statuary so ably executed diately in front of the reproduction of the by him, Mr. A. Phimister Proctor says; arch, stands an accurate obelisk known as Cleo- "Two sullen moose, with shaggy manes, famous Egyptian original obelisk, pre- disproportionately long legs, short, thick patra's Needle. The the Khedive necks, and ugly noses, stand one on each side sented to the United States by Central Park, of the bridge leading to the Agricultural of Egypt, now stands in New to London, Building. The animals' antlers are their only York. Its fellow was removed but the sculptor has given a faithful England, twenty years ago and set up on beauty, monu- representation of them. Duplicates are on the Thames embankment. These the colonnade. ments are covered with hieroglyphics repre- " With heads raised, and nervous alert- senting scenes in the ancient history of ness and attention expressed in every grace- Egypt occurring long before the historic ' " ' Needle in the ful line, four elks stand in front of the Ad- era. AU of those upon the ministration Building, and others are placed New York park are faithfully reproduced in the obelisk here. As will be seen, the base of this obelisk is guarded by four immense lions, to which the sculptor, Mr. M. A. Waagen, has given a very lifelike appearance. Connecting the graceful Machin- ery Hall with the Agricultural Building is the classic Colonnade (P 2i), designed by Mr. C. B. Atwood, and which, while serving as a screen for the useful but hardly ornamental Intramural Railroad and affording it a station, also hides the severely simple outlines of the Live Stock Pa- vilion (P 20), a commodious structure designed by Messrs.' Hola- bird & Roche. It is an elliptical building, resembling in inside ap- at intervals along the lagoon in attitudes as pearance the arena of that noted ' amphi- watchful as though they gazed upon the pur- theater the Coliseum in Rome. It is sur- ple heights of their familiar mountains. rounded with tiers of benches accommodat-

' ' Two polar bears stand on the west end of ing 15,000 spectators with seats. Here the the middle bridge fronting the Administra- prize-winning cattle are paraded for the tion Building. They gaze across an imagi- inspection of admiring agriculturists, the nary field of ice, and sniff the air for indi- judgfing takes place, and the numerous cations of seals or unfortunate Arctic ex- contests are held. A bureau of information plorers." for visiting farmers and agriculturists is lo- The treasures in the Fine Arts Building cated in this building. It is official, and in are guarded by kingly lions, the work of charge of the officers of the Department of Mr. Proctor. The royal beast has been a Apiculture of the World's Columbian Expo- favorite of architectural sculpture since the sition. Nearly every one of the States partici- pomp and glory of the Persian Empire, and pate in the Live Stock exhibit. The Depart- IS used to excellent advantage in the present ment of Agriculture makes an interesting ex- case. hibit by taking the roadway from this pavilion Mr. Proctor's most important works are to the Forestry Building and making a model the equestrian statues decorating the land- road exhibit. It invited the makers of ing in the lagoon opposite the front of good roads to construct a model pathwav the Transportation Building. The cowboy 50 feet in width and 1,000 feet in length'. is not the idealized hero of Eastern novels, Manufacturers of brick used in pa\'ing, pro- but a true representative of the manly West- ducers of gi-anite blocks, owners of gravel- ern ranger. The horse, a typical bucking beds, contractors of cedar-block work, bronco, vicious eyes, and ready for a asphaltum, and other forms of road-con- spring, is curbed in by the rider's muscular struction material take sections of the i-oad hand. One can feel the quivering rebellion and prepare them in the manner most ap- shocking his blood and gleaming in his eyes. proved by each. Then, to add a touch of LIVE STOCK EXHIBIT. 97 realism to the work, one section of the road Warehouses, offices for various minor is left in a condition of original depravity, branches of the World's Fair staff, and other and in the center of it a country wagon is similar buildings are near by, and the visitor carefuUy installed with mud and mire up to may well retrace his steps unless he cares to the hubs. If a picture so familiar is not bear to the right and inspect the multitudi- sufficient to stir up slothful State legislators nous sheds wherein the competing Live to a consideration of the needs of their con- Stock Exhibits are housed (R 18-22). stituents their case is indeed hopeless. Live stock forms one of the most impor- The men who take part in this exhibit tant displays at the Fair. The exhibition in are given the status of exhibitors. Their this department opens June 12th, with the work passes under the eyes of competent Kennel Show, and closes October 28th, with jurors, and is entitled to award. Not only the display of fat stock. Cattle, horses, contractors of street and road work take an mules, sheep, swine, and poultry, and pig- interest in this model road, but good-roads eons and pet stock of all kinds will be ex- associations, wheelmen's leagues, and manufacturers of road-making machinery do, also. In rear or to the westward of the Live Stock Pavilion the visitor finds the offices of the Electrical Depart- ment (P 20) and a typical Loggers' Camp (P 20), 70 feet long and 20 feet wide. It is an exact reproduction of the camps Michigan lumbermen live in, and the daily bill of fare—com bread, pork and bea.ns, strong black coffee, etc. —will be the same as they have in the woods. Besides the camp there is also in this exhibit the largest load of logs ever put on a sled and drawn by a single span of horses. It contains 36,000 feet of lumber, weighs 145 tons, and was drawn a •quarter of a mile down grade by a pair of horses whose combined weight is 4,000 pounds. It required nine flat- cars to bring these logs to Chicago. They were cut and sent by Nester Bros., of Baraga, on the Sturgeon River. It was necessary to have eight car-loads for the camp. They sxe on the grounds. There was a sled- load of logs half the size of this one at the Centennial. It attracted a great deal of attention. This one is expected to create a sensation. Near the camp is a log train of five cars, and all about the place specimens of the tools used by lumbermen from the •opening of the first camp in Michi- gan down to the present time are •exhibited. Near this a huge Saw- mill (Q 19) is exhibited in working order and actual operation, occupy- Group on Colonnade. M. A. Waagen, ing a space of 125 x 200 feet. It Sculptor. shows the workings of these necessary ad- hibited in the arena of the big pavilion, juncts to civilization, and is next to and con- erected especially for this purpose, during nected with the logging camp. It lies the progress of the Exposition. The pavil- between that and the oil exhibit on the south ion is an oval building adjacent to Agricult- side of the Elevated Railroad. This sawmill ural Hall. The exterior is of staff and is precisely similar to those in every-day use stucco, the interior an open arena 400 feet in the pineries of Michigan and Wisconsin. in length, with ten tiers of seats and a broad The visitor now meets with an exhibit of balcony. Four main entrances lead to the Oil Industries (Q 19) as the next building to arena, and eight smaller doors open to the the westward, with an area of 150 x 250 seats. An iron roof protects the spectators, feet. Crane & Co. have a store and supply- 15,000 of whom can be seated at one time. house for machinery fittings and tools For the accommodation of live stock while <(Q 19) in close proximity, while other por- the judges are in the arena, sixty-four stalls tions of the outside exhibit of the Machin- have been constructed under the seats on ery Department are grouped around. the north side of the pavilion. The rest of 7 FAIR. 98 A WEEK AT THE stock from will be included representative the space beneath the gallery will be used of the world. all parts . for the offices of the Live Stock Commission All the great breeders of America, B/urope, and judges. have individual exhibits. stock opens wita and Australia The exhibition of live horses. The cattle and closes This is especially true of the Kennel exhibit June 12, has been lim- following exhibit from foreign countries October 28, 1893. It comprises the ited by United States quarantine restrictions. divisions: greatest exhibit in all classes will of A Cattle. The be of domestic origin. Those who B.—Horses, jacks, jennets, and mules. course

Live Stock Pavilion C—Sheep. breed pure-blood animals, either as fanciers their most D.—Swine. or from commercial motives, send E.—Dogs. worthy specimens. Stock ex- F.—Poultry, pigeons, and pet stock. The classification of the Live G.—Fat stock. hibit is as follows: 2. The dates for exhibits of the various GROUP NO. divisions are as follows: 27. —Horses, asses, mules. Divisions A and B.—Monday, August 21, 28.—Cattle. to Thursday, September 21, 1893, inclusive. 29. —Sheep. Divisions C and D.—Monday, September 30. —Goats, camels, and other domestic ani- 25, to Saturday, October 14, 1893, inclusive. mals. Division E. —Monday, June 12, to Satur- 31. —Swine. day, June 17, 1893, inclusive. 32. —Dogs. Division F. —Monday, October 16, to Sat- 33. —Cats, ferrets, rabbits, etc. urday, October 28, 1893, inclusive. 34. —Poultry and birds. Division G.—Monday, October 16, to Sat- 35. —Insects and insect products. urday, October 28, 1893, inclusive. 36. —Wild animals. That the World's F a i r Live Stock exhibit will be the greatest collection of pure- /'/: bred anirtials ever brought together is gener- /^ally conceded. a(™When it became ("Tc: known that the Exposition au- A Logging. Camp. thorities would include a live-stock Then proceeding in an easterly direction feature in the general the visitor comes to the Outside Exhibit of exhibit the interest of Germany (Q 21), which is situated south of all the principal the Live Stock Pavilion. This exhibit con- breeders in the world sists of a large display of German porcelain was aroused. The stoves and statuary. A figure of " Heixjules triumph came when the Exposition managers Upholding Alsenshe," sixteen feet high, on agreed to exclude from the World's Fair a pedestal of nineteen feet and beautifully everythiiiK except registered stock. It is cer- modeled, is placed some thirty feet west of tain that the number of animals in each class the entrance to the pavilion wherein tlie may not exceed 2,000, and within this limit stove exhibit is placed. Directly east of this THE GREAT WHITE HORSE INN. 99

pavilion is seen the . exhibit comprising a "of rustic wood and unique design. Club large statue of "Germania" made by an- quarters for English visitors and represent- other German cement firm. This is a model atives of this country are located on thg of the far-famed " Niederwald " monument, second floor, under the title of Pickwict on the Rhine. Club. Private dining and banquet halls are Close by, and in the shadow of the Intra- set aside for the exclusive use of the club. mural road, is the Great White Horse Inn Across the roadway from the White Horse (Q 22), a reproduction of a famous Eng- Inn is the French Bakery exhibit (P 23). lish Inn at Ipswich, in Suffolk, celebrated This exhibit is southeast of the Live Stock Pavilion, and consists of a complete plant of machinery for baking bread, biscuits, cakes, etc. This machinery was exhibited at the Paris Exposition and created quite a sensation. There are five ovens capable of 100,000 loaves a day. The mixing, kneading, and baking is all done by machinery. On the left of the roadway, near the French Bakery and almost opposite the "White Horse Inn, is the Windmill exhibit (Q 23), on the west bank of South

by Dickens' descriptive power in "Pick- wick," and which before the time of railroads was the stoppm.a;-place for all coaches leaving London. Here drivers were clianged and passengers were supplied with food. Probably this old inn in England has entertained more of the nobility than any other hotel. Frequent mention is made of it as far back as 1450, and as there is nothing in the Fair grounds showing the ancient style of English architecture of the fifteenth century as well as it does, it stands out as a conspicuous feature of the World's Fair. There are no sleeping-rooms, but the entire building is set aside for restaurant, lunch-room, and club purposes. Dishes, carpet, furniture follow old English pat- and The Greai White Horse Inn. terns, the picture-frames even bemg made of braided straw tied with ribbon . The horse Pond, just back of Agricultural Building. over the entrance door is an exact model of Here are grouped mills of every style, the one which actually stood over the en- from the earliest primitive structure to the trance of the old White Horse Inn. The latest air-motor. The quaint old Holland style of serving and cooking food is as much mill, built at the time of Washington's first as possible after the old English manner. inauguration, is particularly interesting. It Fair Hebes in the form of bar-maids serve now turns a chocolate-grater, and within orders on the second floor. The finishing of the clumsy old tower rosy-cheeked Dutch the court and railing around the interior is maidens, in wooden shoes and gaudy dresses, 100 A WEEK AT THE FAIR.

serve steaming cups of cocoa to the On the left of the roadway the visitor thirsty. now encounters a collection of buildings of repre- The mill is an exact copy of one which decidedly foreign appearance. They has stood in Amsterdam since 1806. The sent the French Colonies (Q 24), chief of heavy timbers which cap the round tower which are Tunis and Algeria in North Africa are part of the original mill. The sail-shaft and Tonquin in China. The three most prom- is of heavy wood, through which the arms of inent structures are the government build-

French Bakery Exhibit. the sails are mortised at right angles to each ings of Tunis and Tonquin, and an Algerian other. A series of cog-wheels made of wood caf6. The Tonquin building is the same run into each other at various angles, and on one that was used at the Paris Exhibition of one of these is fixed the crank-pin operating i88g. Everj- piece of it was made and the pumping-rod. The largest of these fitted ready to put together before it was Avheels is five feet in diameter. taken to Paris. "When the exposition closed A balcony surrounds the tower about fif- it was sold to a French syndicate, which has teen feet below the top. The living-rooms had it on exhibition at various places. The of the family in such a mill consist of a par- fact that it is to be seen in Chicago this

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' tip- Wiwpftsi^^^^W 1

Tunisian Village

lor, a sitting-room, and a kitchen. The summer is due to the efforts of Maurice walls of these rooms are covered with Yvon, architect of the French government, woven cloth, after the manner of the eight- who has the management of the exhibit in eenth century, an(^ the furniture of the charge. The building is constructed in the ^ i-ooms follows the Dutch styles of the form of a i-ectangle, and is covered with all same time. The mill is the exhibit of sorts of traditional Chinese hieroglyphics, Blocker's Dutch Cocoa Company (Q 23), some of which date back beyond the time which has the privilege of selling cocoa to of Confucius. The windows are of a beauti- Fair visitors. ful blue stained glass. A portion of the THE FRENCH COLONIES. 101 interior is made of walnut, which is carved ucts of each country. In making a in picturesque style. The Pavilion de la pleasant promenade among the rich exhibits Tunisie is the largest of the three buildings. one sees the silks, the embroidery, the It has several apartments. The rear room sculptural marble, the incrustations, and is for the exhibition of colonial fur- the bronze of Indo-China, the pit-coal of nitiure. In the center is a large square hall, Tonquin, the rice of Cochin-China, the which is furnished by the Bey of Tunis in famous collections of the Emperor of exact representation of a like apartment in Annam, the costumes of India with their his palace. On either side of the pavilion brilliant colors, the minerals of New Cale- the thirsty visitor finds a shed, called donia—nickel, chrome, cobalt, iron, and " soucks" by the Tunisians, where he can coal; and the rums and sugars of the West Indies. The Tunisian pavilion is of Moorish style. It has a very picturesque appearance with its four glittering domes, its mosque door, and its side galleries. Here the products of the hands of the African Mussulman are exhibited; also specimens of uniforms of the army. There are several little booths and stands and pavilions from which Tunisian, Alge- rian, and Chinese women and children sell oriental trinkets. Close by the French Colonies

Old Dutch windmill. the road- drinks and tropical fruits. The exhibit, on the right-hand side of obtain cold Workingman's Home Tonquin pavilion is a reproduction of part way, is the Model under the supervision of of the palace of Cochin-China, which was so (Q 23) erected by and is of Brooklyn , N . Y . It a much admired at Paris in 1889. the Pratt Institute semi-detached villa, and well Sculptural columns, a framework of pretty Kttle In close proximity is beautiful wood and superb delf-wares of worthy of inspection. which is situated op- Cholon form the essential elements of its the Log Cabin (Q 23), French Colonies exhibit, and construction. All the French colonies of posite the Bros., whisky dealers, Indo-China, Asia, America, and Oceanica erected by Bernheim Ky. It is constructed of logs, have their places marked off in this paviHon Louisville, stucco, and is surrounded by a in a systematic order, which permits the tile, and rustic fence and flower-garden. This cabin visitor to catch with a single glance of the the firm as offices during eye a complete view of the original prod- is occupied by A —

102 A WEEK A T THE FAIR.

the World's Fair. Samples of their goods shadow of Uxmal's ruined arches, and m " is fitly and an old still are on exhibition. On the sight of Rabida's monastic fane," same side of the road as the Log Cabin is the and faithfully-reproduced the mxjst ancient continent. One Restaurant "Forest King" (Q 23), also civilization of the American opposite the French Colonies exhibit. This enters a cavernous portal to find a repre- building is 40 x 150 feet and one story high. sentation (on a scale of one-tenth the actual The big " Washington stick," iii feet long, size) of the wondrous and long-deserted 4 feet square, weighing 90,000 pounds, and cliff-dweUings of the Mancos Cailon, Colo- of yellow fir, similar to Norway pine, serves rado. According to Sir Richard Owen, as a lunch counter and bar. This piece of man first existed on the earth in the tertiary period, some fifteen thousand years ago. Here in Colorado he and many of his kind lived, builded with rare art, hunted and tilled the Mesa Verde many thousand years before the pyramids were raised, ages before the Norseman sailed, or the Genoese navigator conceived the idea of a voyage to the West. With an excellent exactitude the H. Jay Smith Exploring Co. have reproduced the finest of the cliff-dwellings, constructed rocky trails for the adventurous to traverse, and arranged a. valuable collection of cliff relics for the inspection of the scientist, student, or curious. Admission,

25 cents ; catalogue, 10 cents. After leaving the cliff-dwellers' mountain, the next exhibit attracting more than passing notice, and adjoining the Anthropo- logical Building, is a large and picturesque log cabin, such as many will remember having seen in the backwoods district of Ken- Chrislme, a Girl of Madagascar. tucky. timber was felled sixty-five miles from The visitor more than likely will be surprised to learn that this is a complete sour- Seattle, Wash. , and was brought to Chicago on three flat-cars. As a tree it stood 225 mash distillery, such as is found m many of feet high, being 10 feet in diameter at the the glens and picturesque woods of the stump and 6 feet in diameter 148 feet from ' Blue Grass State." its base, where it was broken. The year- This is the exhibit of the Old Times Dis-

Battle Rock, Colorado—Cllff-Dwollers' Exhibit marks on this tree show it to be 442 j-ears tillery Co. (R 25), of Louisville, Ky. , who old. The restaurant has a seating capacity were justly and fortunately selected to show of 300. All kinds of eatables and drinks are the process of distilling sour-mash whisky. served at moderate prices. The yellow pine logs of which the The build- Cliff-Dwellers' Exhibit (R 24).— ing is constructed still retain their bark, and few feet farther on and on the same side of the air of rusticity about the rude cabin is the main road, and sheer from the smooth true to nature. plain before us, rises a representation of Within, the process of hand-mashing the Battle Rock Mountain, Colorado, and so grain in small vessels, and running the mash realistic as to cause many an old frontiers- through copper stills, will prove a great nov- man instinctively to look around for the elty to many—in fact to neaily every one treacherous Utes. But it has other and as there are few even of the old dealers, more peaceful occupants. Here under the who are selling thousands of barrels yearly, walls of the Anthropological Building, in the who ever witnessed the process of mashing MINOR ATTRACTIONS. lOS and distilling hand-made sour-mash whisky, The process above mentioned in mashing and who have but a faint and crude con- and running the grain is identical with ception of the same that in vogue in the noted distilleries that

The CI ff Palace, Mancos Canon, Colorado

A bonded warehouse is also a feature of have made Kentucky so famous for magnifi- this exhibit. This warehouse has a storage cent whiskies. In fact, every employe was capacity of more than one thousand barrels, brought direct from the company's original and the working of the machinery of the plant in the Fifth District of the great Bour-

Old Times Distillery Co.'s Log Cabin. Internal Revenue Department, as regards bon whisky distilling State. This is the only the manufacture of whisky, maybe instruct- distillery at the Fair, and has a capacity of ively studied here. loo bushels per day. In the distillery is 104 A WEEK AT THE FAIR. also an exhibit of moonshine stills, worms, proved plan, it has capacity to bum 100 tons and whisky captured by revenue officers of garbage daily. in the mountams of Kentucky and Ten- The visitor may then retrace his steps, and nessee. proceeding in a northeasterly direction in- On the right of the roadway and beyond spect the Power House (R 26), which fur- the structure of the Intramural Railway Co. nishes the motive power for the operation of are the Dairy Barns (R 24) for the Jersey, the Intramural Elevated Railway. Guernsey, and Shorthorn cattle. In these The Power House has for its equipment barns the cattle entered for the butter-mak- some enormous pieces of electrical machin- ing and dairy contests are housed, fed, ery. First there is a 2,000 horse-power cared for, and can be inspected. cross-compound E. P. AUis engine, directly The broad acres of the Western farm, the connected to a General Electric Company dairies of New England and New York, and generator, the largest ever constructed. the centuries of experience of the hereditary The shaft is of solid steel two feet thick, and dairymen of Switzerland and the Old World weighs sixty tons. It is twenty-three feet are to be brought into close competition in long and with armature weighs igo tons. It the Dairy Building (Q 24), which is 200 feet is impossible to make a shipment of such long and 100 feet wide, has been constructed magnitude, so the shaft was shipped by the at a cost of $30,000, and is in close proximity E. P. Allis Co. , and the fly-wheel and arma- to the Dairy Barns. The desire to make the ture were built in place in the power-house. World's Columbian Exposition a great edu- In building the armature twenty-four tons cational enterprise from which the whole of sheet-iron and three tons of copper were world is to drmk at the fount of knowledge used. The commutator is seven feet in is nowhere better exhibited than in the Dairy diameter and weighs four tons. The entire Building. In addition to the exhibits from weight of the engine and dynamos is 296 all countries of the world, arrangements are tons. In addition to all this there are a 750 completed for a dairy school lastmg through horse-power Allis engine, with a 500-kilowatt the six months, in connection with which a generator; a. 750 horse-power, tandem, com- series of tests for determining the relative pound Greene engine; a 1,200 horse-power merits of different herds df cattle as milk vertical compound Lake Erie engine directly and butter producers is also conducted. Be- coupled to a 750-kilowatt generator, and a ing adjacent to the Live Stock exhibit, in Mackintosh & Seymour tandem compound the southeastern part of the park, this build- engine directly connected to a 250-kilowatt ing is admirably adapted for that purpose. generator. On the first floor, in the most conspicuous This unit will seem small in this station place, are displayed the butter exhibits, and filled with tremendous machines. It is, how- ]ust in the rear, in a space 25 x 100 feet, the ever, as large as the largest generator at the model dairy and dairy school are con- Paris Exposition. The same ratio of com- ducted. Four hundred spectators can be parison prevails throughout the entire Elec- seated in the amphitheater which sur- tric exhibit as compared with the one at rounds this room. The cheese exhibits are Paris. Where the plant at Paris was only displayed on the second floor, and here, too, between three and four thousand horse- is found a cafe in which dairy products of power, the one at Jackson Park is 24,000. various kinds form a conspicuous place on One feature of the road's equipment which the menu, and where the call of Cousin is sure to attract considerable attention is Hans for his odofous Limburger, or the de- the compound engine and generator of 2 , 500 mand of the Swiss or the Frenchman for his horse-power. Next to the big Allis engine Fromage de Brie, will meet with instant used by the Exposition Company in Ma- compliance. chinery Hall, this engine is the largest of A little to, the east of the Dairy Barns are any on the grounds. Its shaft ^one weighs the Car Shops (R 25) of the Intramural Ele- sixty tons, more than half the weight of the vated Railway, and m the immediate south- famous Krupp gun about which so much has east corner of the grounds are various offices been written. Its fly-wheel weighs eighty of the different departments of the Exposi- tons and has a diameter of thirty feet net. tion, such as the Landscape Department, This alone proves a notable exhibit on the Sewage Cleansing Works (S 25), consisting grounds. of four tanks, in which by means of sulphate Toward the northwest the next building of ammonia the solid matter is precipitated encountered is the Anthropological Building and the purified water discharged at the top (Q 25), which occupies an area of 255 x 415 of the tank. The solids are then burned in feet. the crematory. A Pumping House (S 26) and The building for the Ethnology exhibit is Oil Tank Vault (S 26), where oil used in the the new one erected since the Manufactures furnaces of the Exposition is stored, after and Liberal Arts Building proved too small. being piped from Whiting, Ind.' The last The new building is called, over the main building nearest the Lake is Engle Gar- entrance, "Anthropology—JIan and His bage Furnace (S 27), located in the extreme \yorks." It is 415 feet long and 225 feet southeastern corner of the World's Fair wide. The ground floor contains i05,4',o grounds. It is the only crematory or gar- square feet for exhibits, aisles, offices, bage furnace in actual operation on the and lavatories, and the galleries ; 2,804 grounds. Constructed on the latest im- square feet. In the southern pai-t of the THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL BUILDING. 105 ground-floor 30,000 square feet are taken up by These objects were taken to Europe at the two sections of Liberal Arts—the Bureau of time of the Spanish conquest, and include a Charities and Corrections and the Bureau of series of Mexican' shields. From the South Sanitation and Hygiene. The rest of the Sea Islands there is a unique collection, ground floor contains the general Archseolog- made directly from the natives by Otto ical and Ethnological exhibits. The north Finsch of Germany, during several years' end of the gallery residence on the islands. This collection holds the labora- includes ob- tory of Physical jects showing Anthr o p o 1 o g y. the methods Here are illus- of life, cus- trated the sciences toms, and of Anthropome- dress used by try, Psychology, the natives,, and Neurology. long before' The visitor may the adoption have his measure- of c i V i 1 i z a- ment taken and tion. learn his place on From Egypt the charts show- and Palestine Ancient Pottery. F. Putnam. w. jjjg the physical there is an interesting collection, and from characteristics of man. Along the sides Africa there is enough to give the World's Fair and southern end of the gallery are speci- visitor an idea of how Explorer Stanley's pro- mens of the animal kingdom as an exhibit t^geslive in various parts of the Dark Conti- in natural history. nent. On the ground-floor one of the largest In the Anthropological Building the ex- spaces is given to the ethnological exhibit hibits of the bureaus of hygiene and sani- from Spain, which includes the interesting tation, and charities and corrections, are collection shown at the recent Spanish ex' well worth' inspection. position. Greece has a large space on the At the southeastern end of South Park, ground-floor in which are exhibited valuable lying between the Dairy exhibit and the specimens of Grecian art and archaeology. Agricultural exhibit of the French colonies, The latter include gods, goddesses, and the visitor sees the weird Ruins of Yucatan many other idolatrous relics of the most (Q 24). Here is shown a perfect fac-simile of ancient periods in Grecian history. the figure of Kukulkan, the great feathered Universal ethnology is illustrated in the ex- god; and other sculptures showing the artistic hibit from foreign countries. The principal attainments of this vanished people. foreign countries that have space are; Brazil, The central structure is from the ruined Canada, England, France, Greece, Mexico, group of Labna, showing the Labna portal. Peru, Russia, Spain, Costa Rica, Paraguay, The second section is the straight arch of New South Wales, Argentine Re- public, and a special foreign exhibit from the Minister of Public Instruction in France. From the Vienna Museum comes one of the most valuable European collections. Canada is represented in the outdoor exhibit and indoors by valuable specimens. British Guiana sends a. colony of the Arrawak tribe of Indians, who live in thatched huts in the outdoor exhibit. The main American collections have been brought together as a special departmental exhibit under the personal supervision of Pro- Ancient Pueblo Pottery. fessor Putnam. Besides the special department collections there are valuable Uxmal, reproduced from the east fagade of loans made to the department by State boards, the so-called " House of the Governor," historical societies, and museums. Among from the ruins of Uxmal. The third section the principal States sending exhibits are includes the famous fagade of the " Serpent- California, Maine, Pennsylvania, New York, house," from the ruins of Uxmal. The Missouri, Indiana, Kansas, Ohio, Utah, fourth section is the north wing of the Wisconsin, Colorado, North Dakota, Louis- " House of the Nuns," from the ruins of iana, and Washington. Uxmal, and the fifth and sixth sections are South of the United States the ethno- other wings of the same famous ruins. logical specimens include valuable memen- There have also been reproduced two mono- tos of the time of Cortez, which were col- liths and several loose specimens of sculpture. lected in Europe by Mrs. Zelia Nuttall. The casts for these Yucatan ruins were made 106 A WEEK A T THE FAIR.

of staff by means of papier-mache molds, results, has Professor Putman, the erudite and were taken from the original ruins by chief of this important department, grouped " Edward H. Thompson, the Xlnited States . his wards. The proper study of mankind consul to Yucatan, under Professor Put- is man," once wrote that animated in- nam's instructions. The ruins stand like terrogation point, Alexander Pope, and some ruined temple of a forgotten age. here the pursuit of this particularly inter- There are six of these sections. Three of esting study is facilitated by Professor them show doorways square, V-shaped, and Putnam's care. Commencing with the pre- arched. In every case, however, the key- historic cliff-dwellers, who faded from his- stone is lacking, and the original stonework tory's pages when the earth was yet young, was held in place by a flat covering of stone one passes to the Aztecs' early but abundant

civilization and art. as evidenced in their ruined fanes, and then proceeds to the representatives of the races found and disptissessed bv Columbus and the hordes who followed him. Nearly every extant tribe is represented living in semi-barbaric state. Indiansof every kind are exhibited in this department, and Professor Putnam has arranged the tribes geographieallv. Beginmng with the Esquimaux from the extreme north, the groups deseend hv latitudes somewhat as follows: The Ciee family, Ruins of Uxmal, from the Canadian Northwest; Haida and secured by sheer weight of the stone above Fort Rupert tribes, from British Columbia; it. bases The of the walls are covered witli Iroquois, from the Eastern States; Chippe- vegetation as nearly natural as possible, and was, Sioux, Menominees, and Winnebago among it is planted the stones that had tribes, from the Middle and Northwestern toppled off the original ruins. They are States; Choctaws, from Louisiana; Apaches wonderful reproductions, and the effect is and Navajos, from New Mexico and Arizona inspiring. Coahuilas, from Southern California, and All around the visitor, along the banks the Papagos and Yakuis, from the extreme of South Pond, is grouped in picturesque southern border of the United States and and savage life the Ethnographical exhibit Mexico, (O 24) of the Department of Anthropology. Moving toward the lake, and passing be- With historic accuracy, in strict chronolog- tween the Anthropological Building and the ical sequence and with most interesting peculiar wooden, structure vhich hi"des Lake THE FORESTRY BUILDING. 107

Michigan's blue waters from view, the tour- one of the most unique and interesting ist enters at the southern end one of the buildings on the Exposition grounds. It occupies an area of 208.x 528 feet, faces^ and is close to Lake Michigan, and was designed by Mr. C. B. Atwood, Designer-in-Chief of the World's Columbian Exposition. More plainly than any other building on the grounds does the Forestry Building proclaim its uses and purposes. In and of itself it is a magnificent display of forest products. Built entirely of wood and joined together with wooden pins, not a single nail or other piece of metal was used in its framing or construction. It is surrounded on both sides and each end by a roofed colonnade, upheld by pillars, each composed of a group of three tree-trunks lopped of their branches, but with the bark still on them as they stood in their -native forests. Various States of the Union, Canada, and other foreign countries contributed these columns, and this is one of the most unique colonnades ever built. The walls of the building are of slabs of trees from which the bark has been removed, and the facings and other parts of the building are treated in a similar rustic manner. The roof is thatched with tan and other barks. Around the eaves is a cornice composed of interlaced timbers of various sizes. The pillars of the colonnade are ninety in number, composed of 270 tree-trunks. Each of them bears a label giving its popular and botanical name and the locality whence it came. Around the top of the building flag- staffs are arranged from which float the standards of ithe different countries represented within. It is well to carefully notice these exterior exhibits before entering to inspect those inside. Passing around the south end of the building the visitor reaches the east or lake front, and in its center finds the main doorway, with a fine vestibule furnished and put in place by the Southern Lum- ber Manufacturers' Association. The vestibule is of cypress and yellow pine, polished to show the susceptibility of the woods of this section to use for interior decorations. The cost of this main vestibule was $10,000, and its grained woods are as beautiful as any on earth. Immediately to the left on entering is found Missouri's exhibit. For outside columns she furnished nine logs, making three groups. The varieties are white oak, red oak, ash, cypress, yellow pine, red gum, hickory, burr oak, and black walnut. For the interlaced outside work she sent thirty pieces of timbers of different varieties, and her inside display is a very fine one. On the right of the vestibule the first exhibit is most attractive structures on the Exposition that of Washington, her specialties being grounds. It is pines, firs, cedars, and other evergreen varieties. Next to Washington on the same THE FORESTRY BUILDING side is Michigan's display. Here can be seen the largest load of logs ever piled upon (Q 25). For the purposes of the Exposition the a single vehicle. The load weighed 300,000 Forestry exhibits are classed as part of the pounds (150 tons), and was pulled by two Department of Agriculture, while for con- horses weighing 1,700 pounds each. The venience the exhibits .are installed in this, sleigh and load are sho-^h just as they were CopjTlEhl, 1802, b; Rand, McXall; A Co. THE DAIRY BUILDING.

t'oj..^ rl^'lit, \SK. 1.) Hiiiiil, MlNliU) 4Lo. THE FORESTRY BUILDING. THE FORESTRY BUILDING. 109 in the forest. Across the aisle to the left of them several feet wide. For six feet up opposite Michigan's display is that of West from the floor these boards are all polished. Virginia, which shows 250 specimens of her In variety there are myrall, rosewood, red- forest products polished and finished so as bean, bloodwood, woolly butt, onionwood, to show the grain, colors, and characteristics and many others not found elsewhere. The of the different varieties. The center of largest log is a red cedar 6 feet in diameter the building is now reached, and here each and g feet long. Mexico shows manzanita, State and country has contributed on& or mountain ebony, violetwood, and many more of her largest specimens to form an other curious and beautiful woods. Next immense p3rramid. North Carolina and to Mexico on the same side is Brazil, with a pavilion composed of trees whose interlocking branches form its walls. The entrance is through a beautiful rustic archway. Three hundred and twenty-one specimens of dye and ornamental woods are to b'e seen here. Across the road from this display is Ohio with a pavilion of Roman classic design, the columns being made of trunks of trees. These have been left in their natural state with the bark on them, and beech, sycamore, oaks, ash, hickory, and other species are represented. Eighty varieties of wood, 160 kinds of veneers, and 500 varieties of medicinal plants are also shown. Next to Ohio is Kentucky with a very fine display. The paneled inclosure is entirely of native woods finished to bring out the grains and burls. It has four entrances, that from the east being under an arch formed from a section of a sycamore log sixteen feet in diameter. On the right is a section of a lo-foot yellow poplar, while on the left is a section of a huge white oak log. Thirty-four pyramids of six blocks each show the character, size, and varieties of her indigenous timbers. A relief map of the State, showing its lumber resources, values, logging-streams, etc., completes the displa^y. Opposite Kentucky across the aisle is the exhibit of the Argentine Repub- lic with a grand collection of dye, building, and oriiamental woods. On the same side of the main avenue, across an intersecting aisle, is Germany's exhibit. Their fine display is rendered more interesting by the exposition of their tree-planting and preserving, and other scientific forestry displays. In these matters this practical and econom- ical people probably surpass any other. East of Germany across the main aisle is the State of Minnesota, with a display consisting chiefly of the evergreen varieties of woods; and next to her are the exhibits of Spain, Cuba, and the Phihppine Islands, whose display of ornamental woods is unique and beautiful. Again crossing the aisle Paraguay is found, displaying in her pavilion 321 varieties of timber from twelve inches to four feet in diame^r. Barks, dye- woods, and other forest products are also to Kansas send huge black walnut logs; Ken- be seen. Turning east along the side aisle tucky an immense white oak, Missouri a upon which the exhibit is located, at its end .gigantic cottonwood, California and Wash- on the right is seen India's display, with ington their titanic rosewoods and firs. many varieties of wood entirely strange to Turning down the main north and south us. Turning back toward the east, the walk and going north on the left-hand next display is that of Japan. The showing side, in narrow sections facing Michigan made by this empire is very creditable, are the displays of Australia and Mexico. and it is especially curious from the fact The exhibit of the former is inclosed in a that this is the first exhibit of native stockade of planks nine feet high and many woods ever made outside of its own 110 A WEEK A T THE FAIR.

borders. Across the main north and south running west from the Utah exhibit has aisle and Pennsylvania is reached. Her ex- upon its left side the magnificent Morris K. hibit is wonderful in the number of varieties Jessup collection of North American woods, shown. For a neighbor, she has Virginia, embracing 428 species, collected at a cost of taking up the northeast corner of the build- $100,000; and on its right the California ex- ing with her display, which is a fine one. hibit. The redwoods, cedars, pines, etc., of South of Virginia, across the side aisle, is this State must be seen to be properly appre- Louisiana, opposite the rear of the Spanish ciated, as no description will do them justice. exhibit. She has fine cypress and pine and At the south end of the building are private quite a variety of deciduous woods; also displays which will be noticed later on. Op- Spanish moss for mattresses, etc. Going posite the Jessup collection, across the north south along the north and south aisle upon and south main aisle, is Idaho, with a fine which Louisiana faces, the next exhibit is display somewhat similar to that of Wash- that of Nebraska. Some of her display, ington. North of Idaho is Siam, with a notably that of forest trees planted by her unique exhibit. Turning west along the farmers, is wonderful. Nearly all of the for- south face Connecticut is next encountered, ests of this State are artificial, and a large on the right of this cross aisle. Her display part of them are upon prairie soil, showing is chiefly remarkable for the singular growths what can be done by judicious planting and of double trees, etc., that are to be seen. care. Turning to the left around this ex- There is a hickory in the form of a perfect hibit, back of Kentucky is found Wisconsin, T, with upspringmg arms. Maples, horn- another of the great pme-producing States. beams, etc., that have grown together are Her pavilion has hollow six-sided columns quite numerous. Having inspected Con- tapering toward the tops, and made of planks necticut's display, Oregon, just west of it, of various woods, planed, and oiled in their may be visited. She has a pavilion 10 feet natural colors. • TheSe columns are twelve square and '20 feet high, surmounted with feet high, with plain hardwood bases, and an .open cupola. The body of the building ' hand-carved capitals of native woods, pol- is of j^ellow pine, its roof of cedar shin- ished but uncolored. gles, and its four Doric columns of maple North of the southern end of Wisconsin is richly carved. The cupbla columns are of the space allotted to North Dakota. The carved oak. The panel work shows man- natural forests of this State are almost en- zanita, madrone, yew, laurel, myrtle, ash, tirely composed of firs, cedars, and .pines, maple, oak, spruce, balm, fir, sugar pine, with some aspen trees; but her tree claims, cherry, and elder. Next north of Oregon is planted artificially, show that any sort of Colorado, with aspen, pine, juniper, spruce, timber common to this zone maybe grown. pinon, cedar, hemlock, and other woods. South of North Dakota is Michigan, and op- Her timber claims present about every vari- posite is found Washington, a State whose ety of deciduous trees and evergreens. chief production is lumber. She displays East of Colorado is the French display, rich, gigantic trees finest and the of building- like that of Germany , in the scientific methods woods, as well here as in the building which shown in forest culture, as well as in her fine she has erected in the State group on the exhibit of woods of various kinds. North of grounds. The eastern vestibule has again France, across an east and west aisle, is the been reached, and passing between the dis- exhibit of Canada, with the largest space plays of Missouri and West Virginia (al- granted to any foreign country. Every one ready inspected), next upon the left going of her provinces is represented, and her dis- south is New York. This State exhibits play is a most excellent one. West of Can- sections of every kind.of timber indigenous ada lies Russia, with a large and varied ex- to it, comprising forty-three species and hibit, comprising an immense number of eighty-five varieties. Across the aisle is species and varieties. This is the last of the North Carolina, making a display rich in large exhibits, and the visitor walking back varieties and the beauty and size of many of to the south end of the building will find the its woods. From Asheville comes a rustic unique exhibit of the Indurated Fiber Ware settee made of rhododendron limbs and Company and many others. A rare curi- knots, varnished, but otherwise entirely osity is a slab of a mulberry tree which was natural. It is one of the finest displays planted by Shakespeare. There is, in the in the building. Nearly every variety miscellaneous section, a collection of tree of evergreen and deciduous trees com- fibers, seeds, gums, barks, resins, vegetable mon to the United States is here shown. wax, etc. Every method of logging, with Occupying the southwestern corner of the tools and systems used, is displayed. the large section assigned to North Caro- Mann Bros." big wash-tub, fifteen feet in lina is Indiana's exhibit, with quite a diameter, is quite a curiosity. creditable display. Her pavilion is very Next in order is the Leather exhibit pretty. Its exterior is of planed, uncolored (P 24), north of the Forestry Building. The native woods, beautifully paneled, and with building is a very handsome one, feet delicate columns and ornaments. 575 Utah with long by 150 feet wide, and two storios'hiB.h. her fine exhibit lies next south of York, New Nearly every nation, savage and civilized", is and joining her on tlie south is Massachu- here represented by samples of its leather. setts, with a collection of forty-seven vari- To foreign exhibits the central space on the eties of trees native to that State. An aisle first lloor has been allotted. At one end of ,

CONVENT DE LA RABIDA. Ill this floor we find every variety of leather; at old craft, which was built in 1841, has been the other, every style of its manufactured re-rigged, sparred, and painted. In its product, no matter where or when produced. saloon are' shown the articles usually ob- Here we may behold the riding-boots of that tained by or used in the whaling industry, as great warrior Napolgon, and the queer but polar bear-skins, seal-skins, blubber, whale- magnificent ones of Russia's dreaded ruler, bone, knives, harpoons, tackle, boats, etc. Ivan the Terrible. These matters are sure Here also are mementos of the terrible dis- ' " to interest beholders whether ' in the trade aster of 1 87 1, when thirty-three whaling or not. The second floor contains i8o ma- ships had to be abandoned in the ice, their chines showing the processes of manufactur- crews being rescued by the " Old Progress" ing. These require 300 men to operate them and other vessels. An admission fee of 25 the power being furnished by six motors of cents is charged to enter this concession. 25 horse-power each. The interior of the Within the south loop formed by the In- building is divided into squares, with pass- tramural Elevated Railway, just to the north- age-ways named after noted leather-produc- west of Krupp's exhibit, one finds the Indian ing points. School exhibit (O 23). The building is a Leaving the Leather exhibit, and passing plain structure erected by the United States along the Elevated Railway toward the loop, Government, 185 x 80 feet and two stories upon the right is seen the Exhibit of Herr high. This is the chief exhibit of the Bureau Krupp of Essen, in Germany (O 24), the of Indian Affairs, and here we catch aglimpse greatest of all cannon manufacturers. This of the North American Indian in the char- exhibit is especially interesting, since here acter of a student, demonstrating the bene- is found the largest cannon ever cast, as well fits of civilization. Between thirty and forty as many other wonderful evidences of me- pupils will be kept here from the opening to chanical skill and ingenuity. The weight the close of the Exposition. There will be of the articles here exhibited amounts to 957 relays of pu,pils from the different Indian tons, and they are valued at $1,000,000. schools, each detail remaining three or four First in interest is the monster 124-ton gun, weeks, to be succeeded by others. They live which cost $50,000 to manufacture. Its and do their own cooking in the building, length is eighty-seven feet, and compared to and their regular routine of duties and les- it our largest gun, forty-five feet long, seems sons goes on uninterrupted by their novel sur- scarcely more than a toy. The bore of this roundings. The various religious denomi- cannon is twenty-five inches, the projectile nations engaged in educational work among used weighs 2,300 pounds, and the cost of a the Indians here exemplify their methods of single discharge is $1 ,250. Its range is from drill and teaching. To the humanitarian fifteen to sixteen miles, and if discharged on this exhibit possesses pecuHar interest, es- the Lake Front the concussion, would shat- pecially as he can here contrast, side by side, ter most of the. window-glass in Chicago. the red man as a savage wrapped in a The carriage for this monster weighs 38,500 blanket, and his child in the dress of civili- pounds, the frame 55,660 pounds, and to zation, endeavoring to master benignant manage it requires an 85-ton traversing mysteries. crane. There was but one place on the At- There now rises before the visitor a steep lantic sea-board. Sparrow's Point, Md. ,where rocky slope, whereon, possibly in realization there was a set of hydraulic shears of suf- of Freiligrath's and Lord Houghton's poetic ficient power to handle this gun. In this ex- prophecies, the palm tree no longer " dream- hibit are found other guns, such as an 8-inch, eth of the pine" but stands in close proximity central pivoting gun; a 16-inch, 40-pound, to its once ocean-separated affinity. At the quick-firing gun; a 5-inch, quick-firing, 40- suBipiit stands an exact reproduction of pound gun, and smaller ones. Monster hy- the Convent of Santa Maria de la Rabida draulic jacks for handling guns, armor-plates (Saint Mary of the Frontier) (N 23), where Co- 10 to 16 inches thick, iron cables, gun car- lumbus found

riages, etc. , complete the exhibit, which re- shelter in time of quired twenty-one cars specially constructed trouble an d

' of steel and iron to bring it to the grounds. ' begged a pit- Not the least interesting thing in this ex- tance for his hibit is the immense steel target 8 feet child." Here he square and 16 inches thick, and show- developed his ing the eflfect of a gun firing 12-inch balls theory of a west- which weigh 600 pounds. It is asserted in ern passage to the all seriousness by the German engineers ac- Indies. The companjring this exhibit that if the big ^un building is more were fired on the grounds the concussion closely connected would wreck every building in the park. with Columbus William E. Curtis. Herr Krupp intends to present his monster and his great work gun to the United States Government for than any other. It cost $50,000, con- the defense of the great port of Chicago. tains priceless relics of the great discov- The Old Whaling Bark "Progress" erer, and is guarded night and day by

(P 24), exhibited by New Bedford, Mass. , lies United States troops. The reproduction in the southeastern part of South Pond and the collection of rare relics of the Noah close to the Ethnographical exhibit. This of our nation are in more than a measure 113 A WEEK AT THE FAIR.

and from its docks on the 3d of due to the indefatigable perseverance of the New World, Columbus set sail with his Hon. William Eleroj; Curtis of the Bureau August, 1492, ruins of the house of the of American Republics, who traversed the thrie ships! The furnished one of the vessels whole of Europe searching for traces of the Pinzons, who two, are still pointed out, great Genoese admiral and procuring relics, and commanded descendants of their family still are, maps, etc., for exhibition here. It maybe and the been for four centuries, the questioned if there are any persons on this as they have that region. A Moorish continent who can speak with greater au- leading citizens of converted into the thority as to Columbus than this talented mosque, which was St. George, still stands on the -writer. The publishers of " A Week at the Church of the viUage, ]ust as it did Fair" feel, therefore, that the subjoined able hill, just outside in May, 1492, read from article from Mr. Curtis' facile pen needs when the alcalde proclamation of the sovereigns little introduction from them. Mr. Curtis its pulpit the commanding the people of Palos to furnish -writes: Columbus. Above A few miles north of Cadiz, on the At- two ships for the use of altar is the image of St. George and the lantic coast of Spain , about half-way between the saw it; and on the the Straits of Gibraltar and the boundary of dragon, just as Columbus are the names of the Portugal, on the summit of a low headland records of the parish and received between the Tinto and Odiel rivers, which sailors who accompanied him of their departure. meet at its base, three miles from the sea communion the morning image of stands a picturesque and solitary monastery, There also is the miracle-working one of the most which tradition says was built in the reign the Virgin of La Rabida, to which they of the Emperor Trajan, in the second famous effigies in Europe, century, and which we know was recon- offered vows. first ap- structed in the eleventh during the Moorish It is not certain when Columbus

Convent of Santa Maria de la Rabida.

occupation of Spain, and used for a fortress. peared at Palos and the Monastery of La They call it La Rabida, which, according to Rabida. Some authorities assert that he the best authorities, signifies an outpost on came there direct from Portugal in 1484 on the frontier. When the Mohammedans his way to Moguer, where he intended to were driven from Andalusia it passed into leave little Diego, then nine years old, with the possession of the Franciscan monks, his wife's -relatives, and obtain from them who remodeled it again and rechristened means to pay his way to the court of it " Santa Maria de la Rabida," or the Ferdinand and Isabella to submit his plans Monastery of St. Mary of the Frontier. for a voyage across the western ocean to the Three miles above La Ribida, on the Rio strange lands that Marco Polo had described. Tinto, bounded on the one side by that Others insist that he did not visit Palos sluggish stream and on the other by rich until two years later, after his propositions pastures and glowing vineyards, lies the had been rejected by the sovereigns, and little village of Palos de Moguer, once a he was leaving Spain for Genoa or Venice. flourishing commercial city, but now a At any rate, there is no doubt that, weary, lonely hamlet of a few short streets, deserted hungry, and penniless, Columbus ap- by all but a few fishermen and farmers. Its proached the monastery one evening and decadence began when a bar formed at the asked for food and water for himself and mouth of the river and forbade the approach child. He was given refreshments and of vessels. The water is so low that where shelter by the hospitable prior, who im- fleets used to float sea-gi'ass and rushes are mediately became interested in his plans now growing, and none but the smallest of and theories, and from that date La Rabida fishing-craft can reach the town from the was his asylum until he started on the most ocean. But at this port was organized and memorable voyage that was ever under- equipped the expedition that discovered the taken by man. Here, too, he received a CONVENT DE LA RABIDA. 113 joyous welcome when he returned in secured, and all the ruins that remain of tnumph from the newly discovered world, Isabella, the first town established in the and the good monks, who had been his New World, were brought from the Island steadfast friends, sang a Te Deum of thanks- of Santo Domingo by a Uiiited States man-of- giving with a fervor that was never sur- war. There is also the original of the first passed in human worship. church-bell that ever rang in America, Thus was La Rabida, as a famous writer which was presented to the people of Isa- has said, " the corner-stone of American his- bella by King Ferdinand, and many other tory," and the Board of Directors of the interesting relics. "World's Columbian Exposition decided that Mr. Frederick A. Ober, the well-known no more appropriate building could be author and naturalist, was sent to the West erected for the shelter of the historical col- Indies in the spring of i8gi, under the lection and the relics of Columbus than a direction of William E. Curtis, chief of the fac-simile reproduction of this ancient and Latin-American Department, with instruc- picturesque monastery. The work was in- tions to follow the track of Columbus and trusted to Mr. H. D. Ives, of the firm of obtain photographs and relics of all the McKim, Meade & White, New York, who places on the American continent which made the plans from drawings and photo- were visited by him or identified with his graphs secured by Mr. Curtis in Spain, and career. The work was well done, and the superintended the work of construction. results of Mr. Ober's industry appear in a

THE LANDING OF COLUMBUS. From the celebrated picture by John Vanderlyn, in the Rotunda of the Capitol at Washington, D.

The collection consists of all the existing series of most interesting souvenirs and relics of Columbus, including the original of photographs which were enlarged by the contract with the sovereigns of Spain, mechanical process. To these have been Tinder which the voyage was made, the added views of every place and building in commission they gave him as "Admiral of Europe identified with Columbus, and the the Ocean Seas," his correspondence with original or a copy of every picture of artistic them, and many other priceless historical merit or historical value in the entire world papers relating to the discovery and early in which he appears as a figure. Thus the settlement of America, which are loaned for life-history of Columbus is given in a series exhibition by the government of Spain and of pictures and objects, from the several the descendants of Columbus. There are places that dispute the honor of his birth to also original copies of the first publications the two which claim possession of his bones. concerning the New World, and a large To these has been added a collection that number of equally interesting books, maps, includes the original, or a copy, of every and manuscripts borrowed from the archives portrait of Columbus that was ever painted of the Vatican, the national libraries of or engraven, eighty in number, and a model England, France, and Spain, and private or a photograph of every monument or •collectors in Europe and America. One of statue that was ever erected to his memory. the anchors and a cannon used by Columbus W. E. CURTIS. on his flagship the "Santa Maria" were Washington, D. C. 8 114 A WEEK AT THE FAIR.

The completeness and value of the his- 2. The Monastery of Santa Maria de la torical collection and the erection of the Rabida; illustrations of the life Monastery of La Rabida is entirely due to of Columbus there. the genius, industry, and energy of William 3. The port of Palos and its environs. E. Curtis, chief of the Latin-American De- Section E.—The first voyage of Columbus. partment of the 1. Models and pictures of the caravels. Exposition and 2. Fac-similes of charts, nautical instru- director of the Bu- ments, books, costumes, arms, reau of the Ameri- armor, etc., used on the voyage, can Republics at and model showing the course Washington. He of the voyage. suggested the idea 3- The discovery and landing at Wat- of such an exhibit, ling's Island. secured an appro- Views and relics of Watling's Island priation from Con- and other places visited on the gress to pay the ex- voyage. pen se, visited 5- The construction of the fort at La Spain and Italy to Navidad. Views and relics of obtain the loan of the place. the autographs and 6. Views of Lisbon and other places other relics of Co- visited on the voyage home- lumbus, and spent ward. three years of hard 7. Reception of Columbus on his return labor in carrying to Spain; views of Barcelona. Anchor and Bell. out his plan. The scene of the egg. The following classification of the histor- 8. Strange things seen on the voyage. ical collection will give a general idea of the Fac-similes of relics brought contents of La Rabida: home by the voyagers. Section F.—The second voyage of Colum- World's Columbian Exposition.—Histor- bus. ical Exhibit, 1. Views of Cadiz, from whence he sailed. group i. —period of the discovery. 2. Views of the islands discovered on Section A.—Geographical knowledge and the second voyage, and evi- the science of navigation at the time dence of cannibalism illustrated of Columbus. by old prints. 1. Maps, charts, and globes anterior to 3. Remains, views, and relics of Isa- Columbus. bella, the first settlement in the 2. Nautical and astronomical instru- New World. ments. 4. Explorations of the mountains of 3. Models of vessels. Cibao; El Puerto de los Hidal- 4. Evidence of pre-Columbian dis- gos; views of La Vega and coveries. Santo Cerro; the cross of Colum- 5. Arms, armor, equipments, etc., of bus, Santo Tomas. the time. 5. The discovery of Jamaica; Santa 6. Books known to Columbus, and por- Gloria and St. Ann's Bay; traits of their authors. illustrations of association with Section B. —The court of Ferdinand and the natives. Isabella. 6. The return to Santo Domingo; ad- 1. Portraits, autographs, and relics ventures A\-ith the Indians; of the sovereigns; pictures of "Eat gold, Christian, eat gold;" scenes identified with their lives, founding of the city of San- their tombs, and monuments. tiago. 2. Portraits and relics of persons identi- 7. Queen Anacaona, and the founding fied with the career of Colum- of the city of Santo Domingo; bus at court, or associated ^^^th scenes in that city. the discovery. 8. Return of Columbus, and scenes at Section C. —Youth and early life of Colum- Burgos when he was received bus. by the sovereigns. 1. Views of places associated with his Section G.—The third voyage of Columbus. birth and boyhood. 3. Views of Trinidad and other places 2. Scenes identified with his career in visited by Columbus. Portugal and the Madeira Isl- 2. The mutiny at Santo Domingo. ands. 3. The arrest and imprisonment of Section D. —The career of Columbus at the Columbus; the castle in which court of Spain. he was confined; the admiral in I. Scenes and places at Cordova, Gra- chains. nada, Salamanca, Seville, and 4. Reception by the sovereigns on his other cities identified with return to Spain; scenes at Columbus. Seville and Segovia. ' '

CONVENT DE LA RABIDA. 115

Section H.—The fourth voyage of Colum- 3. Maps, charts, and printed volumes bus. showing the progress of civiliza- 1. Scenes in Honduras and other places tion and the growth of geo- visited. graphical knowledge. 2. The wreck at St. Christopher's Cove; In the Convent of La Rabida is hung a the mutiny of Porras; views of map which has been especially prepared by the place. the National Museum of the United States 3. The return of Columbus. Government. Its purpose is to show the Section I.—The last days of Columbus. visitors the location and number of the dis- 1. His home at Seville. tricts, counties, towns, and places on the 2. The death and, burial; his will; the American continent named in honor of house in which he died. Columbus (105 in number), ranging from 3. Removal of his remains; the cathe- four in Canada to very many more in the dral at Santo Domingo; the United States. Each one is marked by a cathedral at Havana. brass peg with a large, flat head. The map 4. Monuments erected to his memory. is an mteresting feature, andone may well 5. The portraits of Columbus. say on inspecting it that if the monks stole 6. Portraits of his family and descend- Columbus' laurels and placed them on Ves- ants (genealogy). pucci's brow, America has certainly done 7. Relics of Columbus; autograph let- its very best to remedy the injustice. ters; the contract, commission, In the convent the Lowdermilk concession and instructions received by sell reproductions of many relics, photo- him from the sovereigns of graphs, etc., and an excellent Columbus

' Spain; letters from Ferdinand encyclopedia, entitled ' Christopher Co- and Isabella. lumbus and his Monument, Columbia," from Section K. —The publication of the dis- the press of the publishers of this guide. covery. Near by are moored the Caravels of Co- 1. Copies of the first books about lumbus, as to which Mr. Curtis writes: America; maps, manuscripts, " The three caravels which composed the

fac-similes, and illustrations. fleet of Columbus, the ' Santa Maria,'

2. Views of Saint Di6, and the persons ' Pinta,' and ' Nina,' were reproduced in identified with the christening the navy-yards of Cadiz and Barcelona, of the continent. Spain, upon plans prepared by a commis- 3. Relics and portraits of Amerigo sion of naval architects and archaeologists, Vespucci and other explorers. appointed by the government of Spain. This 4. Growth of geographical knowledge commission spent six months in study and during the century following investigation in order to make their models

the discovery, illustrated by as exact as possible. The ' Santa Maria fac-similes, books, maps, charts, was built at the expense of the Spanish gov-

' etc. ernment, and the Nina ' and ' Pinta ' at the expense of the United States, an appro- The Bibliography of Columbus. priation having been secured for that purpose by William E. Curtis, chief of the GROUP II. PERIOD of THE CONQUEST. — Latin-American Department, who suggested Section A. —Archaeological and ethnolog- the reproduction of the famous little fleet, ical collections showing the condi- and had general direction of the enterprise. tion of the natives. Lieut. W. McCarty Little, U. S. N., had 1. Models of habitations; implements, immediate charge of the work, having been utensils, and other illustrations detailed as naval attach^ of the United of life and customs. States legation at Madrid for that purpose.

' 2. Portraits and pictures, costumes, ' The ships made their first public appear- canoes, weapons, etc. ance at Huelva, Spain, during the Columbus Section B. —The conquest of Mexico. festivities there from October 10 to October 1. Illustrations of the condition of the 14, 1892, and went down the bay to meet Aztecs. the Queen of Spain as she approached the

2. Arms, armor, etc. , of the conquista- city from Cadiz on the royal yacht. They dores, showing how the natives were the most novel and interesting features were overcome. of that celebration. On February 18, 1893, 3. Portraits, pictures, and relics of the little fleet started from Cadiz for America.

' Cortez and those who were asso- The Santa Maria ' was under command of ciated with him. Captain Concas of the Spanish navy, and 4. Maps, charts, and printed volumes convoyed by a Spanish man-of-war. The

' illustrating the conquest. Nina ' was commanded by Lieut. J. C. Section C. —The discovery and conquest of Colwell of the United States Navy, and other portions of America. convoyed by the United States cruiser 1. Collections showing the condition of ' Newark.' The ' Pinta' was commanded by

the natives in other parts of the Lieutenant Howard, U. S. N. , and convoyed

continent. by the United States cruiser ' Bennington. 2. Portraits and relics of other discov- They had a safe but not a very comfortable erers and early voyagers. passage, and arrived at Havana about the "

116 A WEEK AT THE FAIR.

the on middle of March, where the two smaller tight compartments, where men caravels were delivered to the Spanish watch can take refuge during rough weather. authorities, to be manned and used by them The rigging is very simple; one mast, which during the naval reviews at Norfolk and can be taken dovra, and one yard; that is depend- New York, and to fly the flag of Castile and all. But the vessel is not altogether Leon, under which Columbus sailed. This ent on this sail. During the calm the doughty was according to the original programme, Vikings can seize their mighty oars after the which provided that the three caravels should fashion of their ancestors. On each side, afterward be taken to Chicago as a part of below the shields, are sixteen holes for oars, the Spanish exhibit, and toward the close and along the inside are benches for the of the Exposition be presented to the Gov- rowers. The rudder is, after the custom of ernment of the United States to remain the old sea-kings, carried on the right side of permanently in this country. the vessel. " In South Pond, near the whaler "Prog- The ' 'Viking presents a festal and unique ress," is moored an exact copy of the famous appearance. It is seventy-six feet in length Viking ship discovered in a burial-mound and rather broad for its length. The numer- at Gokstad, in Norway, 1880. It was in a ous shields painted in yellow and black, vessel like this that Lief, the son of Erik and the magnificent dragon's head in the Red, discovered Vinland, Markland, and burnished gold, form a most striking and Helleland on the coast of Massachusetts, artistic effect. It will be an object of great years before Columbus sailed. interest to all visitors to the World's Fair,

Santa Maria. THE FLEET OF COLUMBUS.

The vessel was reproduced under the especially in the way of comparisons with direction of Capt. Magnus Andersen (who the copies of the vessels in which Columbus sailed it from the coast of Norway), was sought America. brought through the lakes, and is exhibited The Return from the Exposition.—The in conjunction with the fleet of Columbus. evening will have approached ere the visitor The prow is adorned by a colossal su- has concluded his inspection of the many perbly carved dragon's head, and the stern objects of interest mentioned in this chap- with an equally' nandsome dragon's tail. ter. He can conclude his first day's wan- Both these ornaments are finished in burn- derings with a novel and most interesting ished gold. Around the outside of the bul- experience—a trip around the system (3 warks are rows of embellished shields of the Intramural Elevated Railroad. The great beauty, and almost amidships rises a road is 6V4 miles long, and was built bv roofing painted in red and white stripes the Cokimbian Intramural Railroad Com- This served the brave Vikings against wind pany at a total cost of $700,000, including " and wave. Astern stands a massive high- power-house, roUing-stoti, and everything seat" for the chief, or " jarl." This chair, to make it ready for operation. The "fwe is or throne, is rather covered with carved 10 cents for the trip one way or any part of Runic inscriptions in old Norse style. The it, and 25 per cent of the gross receipts go is with vessel open, the exception of a small to the Exposition. Electricity is the motive deck fore and aft. There are two water- force, the trolley system being employed THE INTRAMURAL RAILROAD. 117 without the use of the overhead trolley. The current runs along a third rail under the car and between the two that carry the wheels. The trains on the Intramural Elevated consist of four cars each, the separate cars being provided with 133 horse-power motors. The front portion of the first car is fitted up as an engineer's cab. The trains are Vsapable of a maximum speed of thirty miles an hour, but that time will not be made or attempted because of the short distances between stations. The entire trip from one end of the grounds to the other and back can be made in twenty-one minutes. There are ten stations in the park and nineteen stops for the round trip. The first station, directly southwest of the Krupp Gun exhibit, which the visitor now enters, is called "South Loop" (O 23); the next is " Forestry," at the Forestry Building; the third, " Colonnade," at the colonnade that connects Machinery and Agricultural f— -'" CHAPTER IV. THE SECOND DAY AT THE FAIR.

F, and more ural pictures unequaled in grandeur, novelty, thanproba- variety, and beauty, but none of them quite bly it will, comes up to the impression made when the the visitor's picture is taken from a distance of 2,500 feet second day from shore. It can not be described by com- at the Ex- parison, for there is nothing like it in the posi tion world, there never was anything like it, and dawns fair, the present generation might be justified in and the rip- presuming that there never will be anything pling wa- like it again. In the immediate foreground ters of Lake looms up in all its outlined immensity the Michigan mammoth Manufactures and Liberal Arts invitingly Building, flanked by the chaste Corinthian beckon him columns of the graceful Peristyle, the white to embark, Music Hall, the airy Casino, the marvelous there can Agricultural Hall, and the long, many- be no more windowed Forestry Building. Through and agreeable above the columns and fibres of the Peri- method for style is seen the glistening dome of the reaching Administration Building, hanging like a the World's great ball against the sky. To the left, in Fair than martial ranks, stand the statues, steeples, by the and graceful proportions of Machinery Hall, steamboats apparently under command of Diana, who leaving the glistens in her golden array on the dome of Lake Front the Agricultural Building. Stretching away at the foot of Van Buren Street. The route, to the north of the main structures of the fare, and all particulars have been fully Exposition looms up a city of strange-look- described on page 38. Proceeding to the ing palaces, decked out in colors that blend pier, which is approached by means of a harmoniously and give a delightful contrast lofty viaduct over the tracks of the Illinois to the acres of pure white that prevail in Central Railroad, the visitor can purchase the other direction. admission tickets to the Fair when buying By the water's edge rests the man-of-war his steamboat ticket. The views on the "Illinois," partly hiding from view England's voyage are varied and pleasing. The quaint, substantial red structure, over which prmcipal landmarks consist of the lofty floats peacefully yet proudly " the flag that buildings seen along the tracks of the braved a thousand years the battle and the lUinois Central Railroad Co. (fully described breeze." A little way beyond, rising to a on page 37 of this guide). Arriving at the peak, shine the roof and sentinel minarets World's Columbian Exposition the visitor of the German Building, flanked on the left lands at the Main Columbian Pier (L 26), and guarded in the rear by the domes and which is one of the notable sights of the towers and gables of Uncle Sam's sub- Exposition. Directly in front of the Casino, stantial-looking edifice, the Illinois and it reaches out 2,500 feet into Lake Michigan, Fisheries buildings, the Palace of Fine Arts, and is 250 feet wide. Here is where the and a score of other structures. The whole excursion steamers receive and deposit their forms a picture at once thrilling, inspiring, loads of passengers goin§ to and from the and entrancing. Truly the water face is the World's Fair. And here is where thousands front door of the " White City." will go to loiter awhile, rest themselves, let Extending from one end of the pier to the the cool breezes fan their brows, and get a other up and down its center is a movable bird's-eye view of the long stretch of won- sidewalk (L 52), on which 5,610 persons can derful buildings, towering domes, and glis- stand or sit and be carried along at difiEer- tening spires. A more delightful retreat, ent rates of speed, one half of the walk away from the pushing throng of eager moving at the rate of three miles an hour sight-seers, can not be found. The view to be and the other half just twice as fast. This obtained from the farther end of this pier is walk is built on flat-cars, 315 in number, something that will never be forgotten by forms an endless train 4,300 feet long, and those who take it. There are many points is propelled by ten ordinary street-car mo- in the Exposition grounds where one can tors. The wire and trolleys are underneath stand and admire landscape and architect- the track. On the faster platform are seats

( 118)

120 A WEEK AT THE FAIR. capable of holding four persons each, and tion being 200 feet. The building cost $618,- just as easily as the passenger stepped on 000 and is so planned in its details as to give from the stationary platform to the slower- all the accommodations desired by the farm- moving walk can he step from this to the ers. It is a single-story structure and of an the archi- swifter. The fare is 5 cents a ride. Two order designated as the heroic by thousand seven hundred feet long by 250 tects. The many groups of statuary that feet in width, the surface of the pier spreads adorn the exterior of the building, combined over 675,000 square feet of space, and with Corinthian pillars fifty feet high at the 50,000 people can move about on it with- entrance, give the structure a striking ap- out crowding. It is one of the longest pearance. The main entrance to the Agri- in the world. The old Piermont pier on cultural Building is sixty-four feet wide and the Hudson River, built when the Erie the rotunda is 100 feet m diameter and sur- Railroad terminated at that point and con- mounted by a glass dome that sheds a day- nected with steamers for New York, was light clearness on all exhibits. On each about two miles long, extending into Haver- comer and at the center of the building are straw Bay. attractive pavilions, the center one being The Exposition pier has an area of !},%, 144 feet square. A continuous arcade sur- 'acres, and its general width is 250 feet. It rounds the building, and all through the main was commenced September i, 1892, and vestibule at the entrance of the structure finished by December 15th in that year. In is statuary illustrative of agriculture. The that short time and at an unfavorable period corner buildings are surmounted by domes of the year, when the lake is roughest, 3,000 nearly 100 feet high, and above them tower old piles were drawn, 8,000 new piles driven; groups of statuary. Waiting-rooms, com- 3,000 feet of lumber, 6,500 cords of stone, mittee-rooms, apd tlie Bureau of Informa- and 151 tons of iron were used to build it. tion are located on the first floor, and broad The pier is twelve feet above the level of stairs lead from this floor into an assembly- the lake, while the depth of water along it room, having a capacity of 1,500, which is varies from eight to eighteen feet. It stands intended for the Congress of Farmers, Farm- on 35-foot piles, driven about twelve feet ers' Mutual Benefit Associations, Farmers' into the bedl^of the lake. Alliances, and kindred rural organizations. The pier traversed on the movable side- In the Agricultural Building all products of walk, the visitor now faces the Casino the soil, and also agricultural implements (M 23), at the southern end of the classic Per- and machinery of all kinds, are exhibited. istyle, one of the most beautiful architect- An agricultural experiment station in opera- ural features of this " White City" of won- tion is one of the most interesting features drous beauty. The Casino Building is three of the exhibit. The architects of the build- stories high, and is fitted up on a grand ing were Messrs. McKim, Meade & White of scale. Its ground-floor is in charge of the New York. Bureau of Public Comfort, and contains Statuary and Decorations. —A great deal baggage-rooms, checking-rooms, lavatories, of the decorative work on the Agricultural parlors, and all conveniences. The public Building finds its motive, as it should, in dining-room on the second floor has a table subjects native to America—as, for instance, and seating capacity of 1,500 people; the . the maize, potato, tobacco, etc. The great wine-box is forty feet long, and holds 5,000 frieze showing the turkey, which should bottles. The kitchen is on the third floor, have been the emblematic fowl of this where is also a gentlemen's caf6. The country instead of the eagle, is especially kitchen is 140 x 65 feet. The tables and a happy thought. The grand entrance (on chairs are of polished oak; the linen, china, the north) is sixty feet wide, the vesti- and silverware of fine grade. To equip the bule into which it leads being thirty feet dining-rooms required 40,000 yards of table- deep. The columns at its entrance are five cloth, 50,000 napkins, 600 dozen each of feet in diameter and forty-five feet high. knives, forks, and tablespoons, and 1,000 The eight minor entrances are each twenty dozen teaspoons. From 4,000 to 8,000 per- feet wide. The roof is composed largely of sons can be fed here every day. A band glass. There are many groups of statuary discourses music during meals. The adorning the exterior of this building, each restaurant is operated by a concessionnaire, group representing some agricultural sub- and bids fair to be one of the most popular ject. Each of the four corner pavilions has refreshment houses at the Fair. Deferring Its dome surmounted with statuary; four his inspection of the Peristyle for awhile, grand female figures, typical of the four let the visitor enter principal races or men, supporting a mammoth globe. The sculptor.Philip Martiny of THE AGRICULTURAL BUILDING Philadelphia, has contributed the following subjects: Twenty single "Signs of the (O 22), immediately west of the Casino. The Zodiac," twenty single figures of "Abun- Agricultural Building is an attractive dance," two groups of " Ceres," two groups structure 800 feet long and 500 feet wide, and of the "Four Seasons," four groups of the has a floor space of nearly nineteen acres. " Nations," four figures in each group, and It stands quite near the lake shore, and in four pediments representing " Agricufture." form resembles the letter T, one por- Over the main entrance is a handsome pedi- tion being 500 feet long, and the other por- ment modeled by Larkin J. Mead of Flor- THE AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. 121

'pAm^^^~TMpSMFr?T^"'''CBiSnSSB^

LIGHT tffELL LIGHT WELL

FLOOR EXHIBIT, ETC. MINERAL WATERS, LIQUORS, 'ETC. UOHT WELL IB LIGHT WELL LIGHT CANNED GOODS, PRESERVES, ETC. CIGARS, TOBACCO, ETC.

LIGHT WELL LIGHT WELL X WELL X

BTARCH, PICKLES, KETCHUP, SOUPS, ETC. CHOCOUTEB, CANDIES, ETC.

LIGHT WELL nnm LIGHT WELL

FOOD PRODUCTS, ETC. CONDENSED MIlk, MACARONI, ETC.

LIGHT WELL W DOUB •' LIGHT WELL l\ /I GLUES, PHOSPHATES, ETC, WOOL EXHIBIT

GALLERY I I FLOOR =iif."d-. , | | • • • • AGRICULTURAL BUILDING

RESTAURANT 0(l.L_ SEEDS, ETC; PACKING E?OllBIT ,

GAeECE^ r koula'AKA DDD& D

'bnuDH I DEL. S. DAKJ I 3L0RAD0

FLA. 133 A WEEK A T THE FAIR.

in the leaf and manu- ence, Italy, representing Ceres, the goddess magnificent tobaccos, is British Guiana of agriculture. factured. Next to Cuba ejthibit consisting The jjainted decorations of the Agricult- (i 793 square feet), its beasts, birds, serpents, ural Building are the work of George W. largely of stuffed ant-bears, monkeys of many Maynard of New York, who has chosen the etc. There are cranes, Surinam toads (the Pompeian style as most appropriate for the kinds, alligators, earth), vrild hogs, and other architecture, which is classic, but not purely ugliest on also a display of rubber and so. The main entrance has somethmg of animals, and woods. Opposite, Brazil the appearance of a temple devoted to the curious valuable with square feet, worship of the deities under whose protec- has an entire block, 7,355 magnificent display, chiefly of tion the ancients believed agriculture to and makes a Proceeding to the right be. On the rtght; Cybele, the mother of coffees and woods. square feet), showing Zeus and of Demeter, or Ceres, is presented one finds Haiti (989 Opposite is Venezuela, in her chariot drawn by young lions, and on cane, woods, etc. feet. Next to Haiti is the left is her special prot6gg. King Tripto- with 1,512 square where are shown lemus, to whom she gave a chariot drawn Liberia (989 square feet), wares, by winged dragons, with which he was sent nuts of various kinds, smaU pottery- soaps, coffee, forth to teach the peoples of the earth the war implements, palm-oU, and comes next, art of agriculture. Between these are figures native jewelry, etc. Cura9oa representing "Abundance " and " Fertility." with 658 square feet, showing salt, fruits, straw Each of the corner entrances is decorated jellies, sparge, coral, shells, Panama of native with figures on either side symbolical of the work, pottery, boats, models seasons, and above are friezes in which houses, nets, native furniture, leather, aloes, petrified beasts of burden and other bucoUc animals snuff, g^ms, musical instruments, figure. wood, native jewelry, women's work, woods, the fine Classification.—The following is the offi- coffee, rice, salt, vanilla beans, cial classification of this department: liqueur, made from the native orange peel, GROUP NO. called "curagoa," and all of the ordinary close proximity, occupy- I. —Cereals, grasses, and forage plants. cereals. Peru is in 2.—Bread, biscuits, pastes, starch, gluten, ing the corner, and has an area of 1,342 etc. square feet. On the opposite side of the of 3. —Sugars, S3rrups, confectionery, etc. aisle is Mexico, with the large space 5,084 4. —Potatoes, tubers, and other root crops. square feet, showing pulque, aguardiente, 5. —Productions of the farm not otherwise sugar-cane, coffee, tobacco, cereals, etc. classed. Through the aisle and down to the left, on 6. —Preserved meats and food preparations. the right-hand side, is found Japan, with 7. —The dairy and dairy products. 3,038 square feet, displaying fine teas, sUks, 8. —Tea, coffee, spices, hops, and aromatic etc. Its rustic pavilion is exceedingly vegetable substances. unique, and shows some very pretty effects 9. —Animal and vegetable fibers. in bamboo, cane, fiber ropes and twines. 10. —Pure and mineral waters, natural and Honduras comes next, with 979 square feet, artificial. displaying rare woods, etc., and has Siam ji. —Whiskies, cider, liqueurs, and alcohol. for a vis-fi-vis, with an area of 702 square 12. —Malt liquors. feet. 13. —Machinery, processes and appliances of Proceeding in an easterly direction, Brazil fermenting, distilling, bottling, and (already inspected) is on the left, and on storing beverages. the right is the Argentine Republic, oc- 14. —Farms and farm buildings. cupying 3,811 square feet; and next is 15.—Literature and statistics of agriculture. Austria, with 4,461 square feet. Germany 16.—Farming tools, implements, and ma- occupies both sides of the aisle, vnHa. a toti chinery. area of 11,875 square feet. Her displaj' is 17.—Miscellaneous animal products, fertil- magnificent in this as in the other depart- izers, and fertilizing compounds. ments. Her chief specialty is beer, and 18. —Fats, oils, soaps, candles, etc. from every brewing town in every part of 19. —Forestry, forest products. (In the the empire are samples of this malt liquor. Forestry Building.) The center aisle, running from nortii to The Main Exhibits.—The visitor enters south of the building, has now been reached, the Agricultural Building by the main portal, and bearing to the right from the center of and finds himself at once confronted by the the building, another aisle is taken to ex- display of the foreign countries. Let him haust this section. Germany has been in- proceed systematicalTjr and turn to the right spected, and next on the right-hand side is nand directly he gets into the rotunda. On the State of Iowa, with a fine pavilion the right side of the alley-way is the exhibit showing her grains, grasses, etc. She makes of Spain and the Philippine Islands, occupy- a specialty of corn in her pavilion decora- ing 3,684 square feet, filled with a character- tions, and it is seen of all sizes and colors. istic display. Opposite this and on the The columns, arches, and pediments are same side is the eichibit of Chile (1,207 square artistically decorated with com, the bases feet); and crossing an intersecting aisle, on showing flat panels of this grain. The the right-hand side is found Cuba (1,444 bases of some of the columns, are- of heads of square feet), her display characterized by millet and grasses. Stars, flowers, etc.. and THE AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. 123 running garlands of floral designs are made sitting erect, and a central pyramid upon of colored corn. There are also panels with which is seen a partly nude man holding a margins of grains of corn and centers of heads long-homed bull. of wheat, rye, etc. The central pagoda is sim- Armour has a pavilion of woodwork ilarly ornamented. She has 2 , 100 square feet. painted white. It has four corner towers Nebraska, with 2,040 square feet, has a and a larger central one, and makes a fine pavilion with a fine display of cereals, exhibit. Immediately behind North Dakota grasses, and other farm products. Next is New Hampshire, the "Switzerland of Amer- the "Wolverine State," Michigan (2,000 ica," is seen, and has 1,288 square feet. square feet), and making a creditable dis- Next is the Territory of Oklahoma, an infant play, as does also Wisconsin, next on the left, with her fine, pavilion ,, covering 2,000 square feet. On the-riglrtris the already visited Argentine Republic, and on the left Minnesota, with 2,014. square feet, showing a fine flour pavilion. On the right-hand side of the aisle is the exhibit of Uruguay, with 883 square feet. Crossing an intersecting aisle, Paraguay is found on the right, with 1,665 square feet. Japan (already inspected) occupies the extreme right, and on the left is the French governmental teaching exhibit, covering an 3 feet. This is a per- area of 3 , 1 5 square fect model of what an agricultural experiment station and agricultural school should be. Russia is France's neighbor, taking up, in three entire Mocks, an area of 9,558 square feet, with wheat as her leading exhibit. Crossing over the aisle to the left, one again finds himself between States. Turning eastwardly is seen Massachu- setts, with 1,462 square feet, on the left, and the "Nutmeg State," with 1,260 square feet, on the right. Then the " Granite State " stretches across the alley-way, with an area of 1,365 square feet. All of these have creditable exhibits. Proceeding, one finds Montana's exhibit, with an area of 2,045 square feet. On the right is North Dakota, with 1,978 square feet. The pavilion of North Dakota is beautifully decorated; the panels of its inclosure are filled with artistic designs worked out in corn, seeds, and grasses. Farther on the land of Poco tiempo (New Mexico) occupies 1,261 square feet on the left. Its exhibit is surprising to all. California is on the right, with 2,037 square feet, her space rich with honey, wines, fruits, brandies, grains, etc. Again the center aisle is reached, and bearing around to the right the " Sunflower State " (Kan- sas) is seen, occupying 2,680 square feet. The pavilions south of Kansas are occupied with packing company displays.

First is the Swift Refrigerator Co. , representing an elegant freight-car, its sides , , ^^^ laces," Group on Agricultural Building. Philip Martiny, Sculptor. of plate-glass set in white wood, and its wheels and trucks gilded. Next is the North in years, yet with a fair display of corn, wheat, and cultivated and wild grasses. Packing & Provision Co. , with two end towers oats, and a central pagoda. The towers are sur- The western corner shows American agricultural colleges and experiment stations, mounted by stuffed white pigs ; the pagoda is crowned by a gilded star surmounting a which occupy a space of 8,599 square feet, as a neighbor,' having an area of circle, in wnich swings a bronze boar. Cud- , with Italy ahy's exhibit, next in order, has a tower at 6,236 .square feet. Her-exhibits are wines, each end, surmounted by a crowned hog liqueurs, oils, olives,' fruits, etc. ,

124 A WEEK AT THE FAIR.

One-half of the building has now been tique oak woodwork and bases. These visited, and the best plan is to walk back to cases are filled with grains of all kinds, as the main door and take the first aisle to the are also the central cases of the exhibit. left. The first exhibit on the left of this aisle Next on the right is Ontario, occupying is that of Ceylon, with 1,684 square feet; her two blocks, 7,760 square feet in area, -with a exhibit consisting chiefly of teas, spices, etc. very large display, among which is to be On the right is Great Britain, with a total seen an i i-ton cheese, the largest ever made. area in this and the next aisle of 10,776 It comes from Lanark County. Ontario square feet, her display being an exceed- has a fine pavilion, the arches and columns ingly fine one, consisting of ales, beers, of its outer walls festooned with garlands of whiskies, gins, cheese, and other items too grasses and grains in the stalk. The capi- numerous to mention. Next is Australia, tals of the columns are of the same materi- taking up both sides of the aisle, with a als. The inner temple, bearing the legend space of 8,587 square feet; her chief exhibit "Agricultural College of Ontario," is highly being wool, though she has other fine dis- ornamented with seeds, grains, grasses, etc. plays. On the left Ecuador is found, with on a black velvet background, making quite an area of 1,634 square feet, followed on the a striking exhibit. same side by Colombia, with the same area. Next to New York on the left is Indiana, Opposite Colombia, on the right of the with 2,052 square feet, on which is a aisle, is the Cape of Good Hope Colony, pavilion containing a fine display of her occupying 2,158 square feet, with ivory. agricultural products. Next to Indiana on

" " Cattle Group on Agricultural Building. Philip Marliny, Sculptor. diamonds, ostriches, etc. Next, on each the same side is Kentucky, with an area of side of the aisle, are the exhibits of Algeria 2,000 square feet. In her pavilion, waiving and the French Colonies, having an area of her claims to the finest horses, the best 6,405 square feet. Next on the left is Hol- whiskies, and the prettiest women, she land, having an area of 2,048 square feet; challenges the world to compete with her in and on the right is Sweden, with 1,716 tobaccos, of which she has the finest display square feet. ever exhibited. Kentucky's next neighbor Passing around Sweden's display, that of on the same side of the aisle is Ohio, with a Denmark is reached, covering an area of space of 2,000 square feet. In her handsome 1,584 sqiiare feet. Passing the aisle upon pavilion she shows many varieties of corn, which Denmark corners, the next one is wheat, and other grains and grasses, and entered. France, with 7,006 square feet, her tobacco exhibit is very fine. Her pa- is first upon the right. Her display is a vilion represents a Grecian temple with a very fine one, the chief exhibits being rare square front, two small wings, and a curved wines, brandies, fruits, oils, canned fruits, rear portico. All of the fronts are pillared. liqueurs, etc. To the left, opposite France, On the square front, facing the mam ai-ile is North CaroUna, with 1,886 square feet; are twenty-six pillars of medium size, on and New York, with 2,845 square feet. This the wmgs twelve smaller ones, and on the State has a splendid pavilion, the wood curved portico ten very large ones. These used being oil-polished oak. At each cor- are all made of glass cylinders, tapering ner is a four-square arch with massive col- toward the top, and filled with peas, umns of antique oak, and between bean^ these grains, and grass-seeds of every kind The corners run plate-glass show-cases with an- effect IS very beautiful. A steel rod through THE AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. 125 the center of the cylinders, concealed by the and the Orange Free State, with a space of grain, etc., holds up the pediment of the 471 square feet. Next on the left is Louisi- temple. The bases and capitals of these ana, with an area of 1,617 square feet. Her columns are of gilded wood. specialty is rice; she also displays cotton and The beautiful pavilion of Illinois is next sugar, and her perrique tobacco is excellent. on the left. She occupies 2 ,040 square feet To the right of and adjoining Virginia is of space, and her grasses, cereals, and other Oregon, with 1,764 square feet. This is a products are as fine as any in the building. great wheat-producing State, though she Pennsylvania, with 2,100 square feet, is next has other specialties. To the left now comes on the same side of the aisle. Her pavilion a line of individual exhibits worth visiting. is a very artistic one, its ornamentation Next to Oregon, on the right, is Delaware, being a handsome combination of fruits, with 1,204 square feet; and Maryland, with flowers, and geometrical designs, worked 1,288 square feet, follows. Among her ex- out in mosses, seeds, grains, etc. In the hibits are many curios. Next is Colorado, central pagoda is a representation of the the " Centennial State,'' with 2,680 square liberty bell in these materials. The coat- of-arms of the State, over four feet high, is produced in seeds and grains, only the natural colors being used. Over one arch is a gilded plow, and over another a cultivator. Vases and ornamental arches abound, and a keystone of glass jars filled with seeds is very fine. Two large round panels have centers of grains, representing the sun. Opposite this Great Britain has a block with an area of 6,025 square feet, already noticed. Turning to the left and walking to the second aisle, Arizona is first on the left, with 1,261 square feet; and opposite is Wyoming, with 1 , 164 square feet. Passing on down the aisle, Utah, with 2,177 square feet, occupies the next block on the left, and Idaho, with 2,010 square feet, the block on the right. Next to Utah on the left is "Washington, with 2,327 square feet, and opposite is New Jersey, famed for her peaches and small fruits and vegetables, with an area of 2,000 square feet. Missouri is next, and occupies both sides of the aisle with a larger allotment of space and a more varied display than any of the States. Her area is 3,240 square feet. She shows peaches, apples, and all sorts of fruits; all of the cereals and tame grasses and vegetables, and, next to Kentucky, the finest tobaccos. Her decorated pavilion is one of the finest in the building, and will repay a visit. She displays fruits from the largest orchard in the world, the Olden fruit* farm, in Howell County. Her pavilion is a beautiful one, showing the Eads bridge at St. Louis, worked out in cane and decorated with cereals. She also displays a life-size Abundance.*' Philip Martiny, Sculptor. horse made of grains, and a silken globe, upon whose surface is shown, in seeds of feet in her area. Her grains, grasses, and different kinds and colors, a map of the fruits are especially fine. South Dakota, world, with its oceans, continents, bays, with a space of 1,552 square feet, is the last rivers, etc. The coats-of-arms of the State of the States, spring wheat being her spe- and of the United States are also worked in cialty. The Duluth Mill Company shows an grains of many colors. old-fashioned hewed-log water-mill in opera- Adjoining Missouri on the left is West tion. It is in the gallery near the northwest- Virginia, with 1,886 square feet of space; ern stairway, and is quite unique. A plow, -while Florida, with 1,176 square feet, filled formerly the property of Gen. Israel Putnam, with golden oranges and sub-tropical fruits, of Revolutionary fame, and possibly the one joins her on the right of the aisle. Turning he left standing in- the furrow when called to the right at the end of Florida's display, to arms, is shown by Connecticut. An Eng- and entering the second aisle beyond, Vir- lish Cheddar cheese forty-six years old is ginia is first upon the right, vsrith i ,768 square to be seen among the English exhibits. feet. Her specialty is fine tobacco, though Scotch, Irish, Welsh, and American whiskies her other exhibits are excellent. To the left are plentiful; and American and German is Greece, with a space of 644 square feet. beers, English ales, and Irish porters and ,

126 A WEEK A T THE FAIR. stouts abound. Anheuser-Busch, the St. Another model is that of the old wooden Louis brewing company, has in the west " Marsh harvester," a machine with a his- gallery a miniature reproduction of its plant. tory. Invented by C. W. and W. W. Marsh Maillard of New York has also in the gal- in 1858, and manufactured by the Deering lery a chocolate statue of Columbus, weigh- concern, it was the first successful harvester ing 1,700 pounds;- also a copy of the Venus ever made. It cut the grain and elevated of Milo, and Minerva, each weighing 1,500 it to a receptacle where two men rode with pounds. Memphis shows 1,350 samples of the machine and bound it. It supplanted cotton of all varieties. Vermont makes the the old reapers, and furnished the basis of finest maple-sugar display ever seen. The all modern self-binding harvesters. The Pabst Brewing Company of Milwaukee next step in the evolution is represented by shows a model of its plant made of pure a model still more noteworthy. It is a rep- gold, true to scale. The Hydraulic Press resentation of the first automatic binder Manufacturing Company has a cider-press ever built. It bound the grain into bundles in operation with a capacity of 125 barrels which it tied automatically with wire, and per day. They retail their cider by the dispensed with the labor of the two manual glass to thirsty visitors. O'Connell's tower binders. Fifteen years ago William Deer- at Cork is duplicated in a structure built of ing & Co. followed this invention with the whisky-bottles. Minnesota's honey pyramid automatic twine-binder, the first twine- is eight feet high and weighs three tons. binder ever made. This invention—since Colorado makes a big display of Manitou copied by every existing mamifacturer of mineral water. Germany's display, in a harvesting machinery—is represented by a. splendidly decorated staff pavilion on the full-size machine. It is clumsy and prim- main floor, is, in this line, exceedingly itive, but it opened up a new era in the fine. advancement of a dominant race, and led

William Deering & Co. 's Exhibit.

The first mowing-machine, made by Jere- up to the perfect mechanism which is indis- miah Bailey of Pennsylvania, in 1822, is ex- pensable to the civilization of to-day. hibited by Samuel Worth of Marshalltovvn The modern automatic twine-binder is rep- Pa. resented by two of the principal styles made Immediately south of the Canadian ex- by Deering to-day. The first and larger of hibit in the Machinery Annex of Agricultural these is the Deering Improved Steel Binder, Hall stands the exhibit of William Deering a machine, we are told, whose light draft, & Co., Chicago. This exhibit covers 2,000 great strength, and marvelous capacity has square feet, and includes a dazzling display earned for it a reputation and a sale not of li^ht-running, frictionless roller and ball- approached by any other binder made to- bearing twine-binders, mowers, and reapers, day. The other and smaller is the Deer- all finished in burnished silver and gold ing Pony Binder, built light and low down plate; besides machines for harvesting, to the ground for better adaptability to the binding, loading, and husking corn. In- demands of hilly localities. Not less inter- cluded in the Deering display is an interest- esting are the Deering mowers, for cutting ing historical exhibit, showing by means of grass, ranging in styles and sizes from the models the stages of the development of Deering Giant mower, which cuts a seven- this famous machine, from the somewhat foot swath, to the little one-horse mower primitive first binder to their highly per- that cuts only half that width. One of fected and simplified machine ot to-day. these, the Ideal, is a recent invention, the There are also shown models of the first result of years of experiment in shop and reaper, made by the Gauls 1800 years ago, field. Its' mechanical arrangement is a mar- and also invented the reaper by Bell in 1826, vel of simplicity, and one of its remarkable as well as those invented by Hussy and features is the fact that it is provided with other early inventors. combined ball and roller bearings, such as THE AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. 137 are used in high-grade bicycles, something lette displays flavoring extracts in a chaste, that has never before been done in the his- small pavilion painted a pure white. The tory of harvesting machinery. The same H. J. Heinz Company of Pittsburg, Pa., has bearings are also applied to the Deering a magnificent pavilion of antique oak, hand- Pony 5™^er, mention of which was made carved and oil-polished. At each of the above. ' These bearings are found not alone four comers is a small pagoda. These are on the show machines, but on all machines tenanted by beautiful girls—one French, one of the kind made by the firm for actual use English, one German, and one Spanish. in the field. The T. A. Snyder Preserve Company has a One end of the great exhibit is occupied very pretty pavilion. The American Cereal by a display of the hundreds of parts of Company has a pavilion of graceful build Deering mg,chines which are made in the and finish. It is of antique oak, with a Deering plant, while corresponding parts of stained-glass cornice upon which appears competing machines are farmed out to the the name of the company and representa- lowest bidder. This exhibit shows that tions of American cereals. The Wise Axle William Deering & Co. make their knives Grease Company have a novel exhibit of and sickles and malleable castings, mowers lubricating oils and greases, and furnish to and' harvesters, where others buy them; the rural visitor a convenient place to rest and, in short, manufacture their machines and dictate their correspondence. from top to bottom; and that too at the rate The booth of the Lorillard Tobacco Com- of 600 machines a day, or a machine for pany is very fine. Its tone is a deep rich every minute of every hour of every work- red, decorated with tracery of gold. The ing day the year around. shafts of its columns have exterior glass The plant, situated at Clybourn and Ful- plates showing the loose tobaccos with which lerton avenues, in the northern part of Chi- they are filled. The bases of the columns cago, covers fifty-one acres, employs 3,500 have similar arrangements for displaying men, and is famed as the largest agricult- plug tobaccos. The small pagoda of Lozano ural implement plant in the world. Pandas & Co. , erected to display their cigars, In the gallery are also the following ex- is very unique. Upon its crest is placed a hibits worthy of notice: model of the " Santa Maria," and all around Knox's Gelatine Company has a lovely lit- its central room are beautiful onyx columns. tle .pagoda. It has delicate pillars, and a Its base, which is triangular in shape, is domed roof colored deep blue. supported by three gilded eagles. The The East India Spice Company has a fine Schlitz Brewing Company has a display con- booth, tiled and ornamented in vivid reds, sisting of a huge cask, with an opening on blues, and yellows, and surmounted by the the main front like a railway ticket-window. figure of an elephant. Near it is the Ne- At its two entrances are arches of beer-kegs, braska Starch Company's pagoda, quite an and at each corner columns of beer-kegs sur- ornamental structure. mounted with globes, upon which stand The Barnett Produce Company has a rus- staff statues. Above the cask, in its center, tic booth, in strange contrast to its elegant is a globe of staff, seventeen feet in diameter, neighbors. Near it is the pagoda of the upheld by four female figures of gigantic

Humbert Soup & Jelly Company ; also Swift's size. The equator of the globe is marked butterine pagoda. by a double line of colored lights. There Durkee & Co. of New York display their are, about the corners and angles, twelve spices, etc., in a fine pavilion of hand-carved dioramas showing the brewery, and in one wood. Huckin's soups are shown in a end of the cask a g-foot canvas panorama. lovely little pagoda decorated in white and The cask is of antique oak, with handsome gold. Its central figure is a pedestal upon hand-earvings. Bergner & Engel of Phila- which rests a handsomely carved and deco- delphia have a fine pagoda of antique oak. rated soup-bowl with a ladle resting in it. Brinker's cotton-bale exhibit consists of The Price Baking Powder Company has a miniature bales made from cotton produced fine large pavilion of birch stained to repre- by slave labor in 1863. These miniature sent mahogany. It makes a very effective bales, weighing about one-fourth ounce each, display. The pavilion of the Oswego Starch are done up in silk and satin coverings of Company is a gem. Its decorations are in different shades, nicely bound with polished white wood, with gilded ornamentation, and brass hoops—lettered to indicate that they with panels of brass lattice-work. At each were sold at the Columbian Exposition—and end of the central case is a tall fluted column, are sold to visitors as souvenirs. A special with a gilded globe on its capital, the globe feature of this exhibit is the old slave who surmounted by a gilded eagle. At each cor- assisted in the growing of this crop of cotton. ner is a large glass globe filled with bulk The booth is built of these small bales. starch, while round-topped cases show pack- There are many other exhibits on the floor age goods. The central case has pillars and in the galleries well worthy of a visit, made of hand-carved wood in high relief but for which there is not room for even a representing growing Indian com and show- mere mention. With the hints here given, ing the stalks, blades, and a small por- however, it is not probable that any of the tion of the ear with its grains disclosed more important ones will be overlooked by through the parted shuck. At each end is a the visitor. tall arch with hanging silken banners. Gil- In painting the interior of the Agricultural 128 A WEEK AT THE FAIR. Hberty-the Phrygian cap-atid the other a Building four cars of white paint and one bird of Klobe surmounted by an eagle. The each of blue and yellow were used, and with over Freedom spreads its protecting wings this 574,720 square feet of surface was cov- of the earth. The little finger ered by brushes. the nations " Republic" measures ]ust 2 feet 3 Retracing his steps from the Agricultural of The knuckle to nail. A better idea Building and wending his way along the inches from dimensions of the work w^ll be had south front of the Main Basin the visitor of the stated that the distance between pauses to inspect the heroic Statue of the when it is the chin and the top of the head is iS feet; Republic (L 22), by Daniel Chester French. the arms are 30 feet long; the nose is 30 If, as we are told, ages ago Themistocles the wedding-nng finger is iqi^ complained that "the monuments of the inches long; around; the length of the forefinger Ceramicus would not let him sleep," the inches There is room on the hand to memory of such a magnificent and colossal is 45 inches. four men of ordinary size. Inside the statue as this, backed as it is by the classic hold is a stairway for the accommodation Peristyle and bordered by buildings beaute- statue fSe attendant who will see to the lighting ous in sculpture, bewildering in architectural of pleasant rec- of the diadem. grace , may well keep awake with Were the statue alive, like one of (julli- ver's Brobdingnagians it might grasp three or four men about the waist with one hand and hold them triumphantly aloft. Without the plinth it measures sixty-five feet. The statue was practically made in the Forestry Building studio. There Mr. French prepared his model, which was itself no small affair, being thirteen feet high. From this the statue was prepared in sections, each five times the size of the original. When the time came to erect it upon its pedestal in the Grand Basin, a frame of iron and wood was built and upon this the sections were fastened in their appointed places. The total weight of the statue is thirty-five tons. The head alone weighs li tons. Witn characteristic and becoming modesty the able sculptor thus describes his grand creation; " My colossal ' Statue of the Repub- lic ' stands at the easterly end of the great lagoon facing the Administration Building. The statue is 65 feet in height to the top of the head and rests upon a pedestal 35 feet in height. On account of me almost perfectly symmetrical arrangement of the architecture about it, I have treated the statue in a formal and almost archaic manner. The figure stands firmly upon both feet; both arms are raised; in one hand she holds a staff with liberty cap and streamers, in the other a globe surmounted by an eagle. On her head is a laurel crown, and a halo of thirteen stars, operated bj' electric light, encircles it. Her heavy robe, which suggests a lawyer's gown, is open in front, and reveals a breastplate of scale armor and a sword half-hidden by the drapery. The A Sign of the Zodiac. Philip Martiny, Sculptor. statue is made of plaster and gilded." oUections and patriotic pride many in whose Well did a critic say of it: " Monumental souls art and its ideal excellence have place. grandeur is the keynote of this work; dignity, The form of the statue is clothed in a nobility speak from every line of the form Grecian robe, but the head and features are and draperies; sculptural repose could not distinctly modern and American. It is a be more admirably attained; and though the keen type of face, thoughtful, almost severe, head is as individual as it is beautiful, here but with great elements of beauty. Upon too monumental reposefulness is dottmant." the head is a wreath of laurel leaves—the And well-merited is the praise of Mrs. common emblem of victory—and around it a Schuyler Van Rensselaer, who thinks that; halo of electric lamps, forming a semicir- " Its bulk impresses one much less than its cle of light, which will both illuminate and beauty, for it is in scale with its suiTound- ennoble the figure when night falls. The ings and in harmony with tlieir form and arms are lifted, but not imploringly, for one spirit. It is not an independent work of art, hand holds a staff carrying the symbol of it is a piece of architectural sculpture as —"

PERISTYLE AND MUSIC HALL. 129 truly as though it had been designated for not stand simply abreast and by themselves, attachment to some building. It is an inte- guided only by the victory erect in her char- gral part of the splendid architectural pano- iot. Between each pair advances a female rama amid which it stands. In this place a figure holding them to right and left by their statue of the more usual kind—a realistic bits. Thus those who face the Quadriga see figure in a natural attitude of repose or in at each end a horse, then a woman's figure, vigorous action, or a graceful ideal figure and in the center two horses. Even from, with flowing outlines, contrasted gestures, words the interest of such a composition ap- and varied masses, lights, and shadows pears. We see one of the most original and would have been distinctly inharmonious. one of the most delightful sculptured con- This figure, with its almost rigid outlines, ceptions of modern times." the parallel gesture of the two uplifted Heroic figures, fifteen feet in height, by hands, and its majestic movement, so digni- the sculptor Theodore Baur, representing fied as to be almost hieratic repose, is ex- "Eloquence," "Music," "Fisher Boy," actly what is wanted." "Navigation," and "Indian Chief," many

' In the rear of the ' Statue of the Republic, times duplicated, appear on the Casino, connecting with its classic columns the Music Hall, and Peristyle. The conception Casino and Music Hall, is the artistic Peri- of these figures is strong and the sculptor's style (K 23), designed by Mr. C. B. Atwood, inspiration carefully carried out in their resembling in the center portion the Arc modeling. de Triomphe of the Place du Carrousel in On either side of the arch are groups rep- Paris. resenting the genius of navigation and dis-

The Quadriga Statuary on the Peristyle. French &: Potter, Sculptors.

The Peristyle is composed of forty-eight covery, with supporting figures for each on projecting of a vessel. These are columns—twenty-four on either side . These the prow of Bela L. Pratt of New York. On symbolize the States and Territories . On each the work lakeward faces of the column is a figure fourteen feet high . Below the landward and are the names of the different States. This water-gate appear the names of three of colonnade reaches 234 feet from each corner America's chief explorers: Ponce de Leon, building to the Columbus portico. Over the Jacques Cartier, and Ferdinand De Soto. water-gate and surrounding the Columbian Beneath this arch small pleasure-craft can Arch in the Peristyle, immediately behind enter from Lake Michigan and sail through- on the waters of the lagoon. the ' 'Statue of the Republic," is the Quadriga out the Fair representing " The Triimiph of Columbus." The Music Hall (K 22), 200 feet long and 140 Columbus stands in a chariot drawn by four feet wide, is at the north end of the Peristyle, horses, which are led by two women. At and contains an auditorium capable of seat- either side of the chariot is a mounted herald ing 2,000 people, with room for an orchestra bearing a banner. of seventy-five pieces and a chorus of 300 Writing of this Columbus Quadriga, Mrs. people. The finest music of the world will Van Rensselaer well described it as embody- be heard in this building, its mission being ' hall the fine singers and ing ' an idea which seemed radically novel. to afford a for No one remembers to have seen a quadriga instrumental musicians who desire to gather designed as this one is. The four horses do here before an audience of their own kindred 130 A WEEK AT THE FAIR.

professions. The great public concerts will under the roof, can also be used to increase be held elsewhere, in an amphitheater ample the seating capacity of the house. Below to accommodate 15,000. The cost of these the cornices of the Casino and Music Hall structures was over $200,000. Th6 building are inscribed the names of the world's great is three stories high and is an architectural musicians, composers, and singers. gem both as to interior and exterior. The In the northeastern angle of the landward style is Roman Ren- side of the Peristyle is located the Lowney aissance. The main Pavilion (L 22)—designed by Charles B. At- entrance is between lofty Corinthian columns, through a broad loggia, and under arched doorways. On the main floor is the auditorium, oval in form, with the stage overlooking the lake at the east end. In front of the stage is

a. level space with capacity for more than a thousand seats, while back of Spanish. Guitarist. that rise tiers of seats. An orches- wood—which stands close to Music HaJl, Music Hall Decoration, tra of 300 can find and between that structure and the Basin. seats on the stage, while the hall will The design for the pavilion comes from the seat 2,500 people. On the second floor, Roman Temple of Vesta, and is quite artis- back of the teiTaced seats in the west tically carried out. It is in form a perfect end of the building, is a recital hall which circle, 54 feet in diameter and 57 feet high. may be made part of the main build- Twenty columns uphold a graceful dome ing by raising the curtained intervening glazed with many-hued tiles. The ground-

m§MM"ki^:.-

Walter Baker & Co.'s Pavilion.

wall. This makes a balcony-room in which floor is a bazar devoted to the sale of choco- a large orchestra can be distinctly heard. late bonbons. Recital Hall will be used for performances Near by is Baker's Cocoa and Chocolate such as its name indicates, and as a jury- Pavilion (K 22), a small but carefully planned room where ambitious musicians will play and beautiful sti'ucture, with two main en- before critics for awards. A flattened glass trances leading to a central hall used as a dome furnishes light for the main audi- cafe, where the celebrated breakfast cocoa is torium. The galleries on third floor, running served by young maidens dressed in the nearly the length of the building directly costume of Liotard's " La Belle Choco- COLUMBIAN GUARDS. 131 latiere." Small tables and chairs are placed police stations, and here are located patrol about the room and everything is very wagons which enable officers to quickly reach dainty. any point. These wagons are strongly built A Rolling Chair Around the Grounds.— and are drawn by fleet horses kept always Luxurious and restful traveling is to be had in the very finest condition for service.

Rolling Chair with Attendant.

by the invalid or sybarite, the indolent, the halt, or the lame. At twenty-one pavilions, or more, in the grounds are stationed some Colunnbian Guard. 2,500 Columbia rolling chairs, with neatly uniformed guides and attendants in charge. Columbian Guards. — Other factors in pre- This feature is provided for by a concession serving order are the Columbian Guards, granted to the Columbia Rolling Chair Co. strong, active men of good character, under Scale of charges for use of the Columbia strict discipline, somewhat similar to that of rolling chairs, with attendant; Single chair a soldier in active service. The duties

(one person), ,< i 75 cents per hour, 40 cents per half-hour, $6 per day of ten hours; double chair (two persons), $1 per hour, 50 cents per half- hour, $8 per day of ten hours. With- out attendant: Single chair (one person), 40 cents per hour, 20 cents per half-hour, I3.50 per day of ten hours; double chair (two persons), 50 cents per hour, 25 cents per half-hour, per day of I4 urr.bian Guard Patrol Wagon. ten hours. Police Patrol Wagons. — Ample protec- of a guard take him all over the grounds, tion has been providsd for visitors to the and thus in addition to his other ac- Fair and others. About the grounds are complishments it may be said that a —

133 A WEEK AT THE FAIR.

of guide is he in every sense of the word, and bridges, and there are 1,400 tons more bridge. by whose advice the traveler may safely and metal in it than in the great St. Louis surely abide. In the skylights are eleven acres of glass forty car-loads. Its aisles are laid off as ornamental lamp- THE MANUFACTURES AND LIB- streets and lighted with posts bearing arc lights. The roof of the ERAL ARTS BUILDING central hall is 212 feet 9 inches high; the the truss (K 20). This edifice is rectangular in truss span, 354 feet. The weight of the form, 1,687 X 787 feet, with a ground area with purlines is 400,000 pounds. In of nearly thirty-one acres, and a floor and central hall the Vendome Column at Paris foot gallery space of forty -four acres. It is the could be mounted on a seventy-four is largest building in the world, is the largest pedestal without touching the roof, which roofed building that was ever erected, and only eleven feet lower than the Bunker Hill is the world's architectural wonder. In its monument at Boston. It is but six feet construction 17,000,000 feet of lumber, 12,000,- lower than the top of the spire of Grace 000 pounds of steel, and 2,000,000 pounds of Church, New York, and ten feet lower than chimney of the New York Steam iron were used, and it cost $ i , 700 ,000 . Its cen- the great tral chamber is Heating Co. Its ground-plan is more than 380 X 1,280 feet, twice the size of the great pyramid of Cheops. surrounded by a Six games of base-ball might be played at nave 107 feet one time on this floor without crowding any wide, and both of the players. The French Exposition of hall nave 1889 had one tremendous building—its Pal- \ and are circled by a ace of Mechanic Arts; but that structure gallery fifty feet might be placed in this building and the wide. Any Eiffel Tower laid flat upon its roof without church in Chi- touching the enveloping structure except cago could be on the floor. The standing army of Russia placed in the could be mobilized under its roof. The vestibule of St. building is nearly two and a half times as Peter's Church long and more than two and a half times as at Rome, but wide as the Capitol at Washington. Its James Allison. this building is architect is Mr. George B. Post of New York. three times as large as St. Peter's. The old In design it is severely simple, yet massive Roman Coliseum seated 80,000 people, but and beautiful. Of course such a building this building is four times larger than the Col- could not be treated as ornamentally as the iseum. In the central hall, a single room with- smaller ones, as this would detract from its out a supporting pillar under its roof , 75,000 immense size. The motive in its architect- people could be seated and each one given ural inspiration was undoubtedly to impress six square feet of space. The entire building the beholder with its solidity and grandeur.

"Textiles." Panel by Walter McEvwen. thus seat would 300,000 persons. There are and not to subordinate these to considerations feet of lumber 7,000,000 in the floors, and it of mere beauty. Were the sight broken and required five car-loads of nails to fasten this the senses distracted by carved balconies, col- car-loads of lumber 215 to the joists. Twenty umned porches, and arabesques, the building such buildings as the Auditorium, the would be seen in parts and not as onegigantic largest in Chicago, could be placed on this whole, and its immensity would be tSus frit- floor. To grow the amount of lumber re- tered away and lost to the spectator . As it is quired in its construction would take 1,100 the eye takes in at a glance its chaste, plain acres of Michigan pine land. The iron and exterior, and the mind is thrilled by the idea steel in the roof would build two Brooklyn of its stupendous size, solidity, and'sti-ength

—

134 A WEEK AT THE FAIR.

are as When one sees the myriad exhibits in- factures and Liberal Arts Building and stalled in this vast building alone, it is easy follows: North entrance, Beckwith to comprehend the enormous nature of the Shirlaw. By Beckwith—" Electricity as task which has been so 'successfully per- applied to Commerce," four females. By formed by Mr. Joseph Hirst—the Secretary Shirlaw—"The Abundance of Land and gold of Installation—in satisfactorily installing Sea," four figures on nuggets of and thousands of exhibits in the various build- silver, a branch of coral, and a huge pearl. ings in their proper and appropriate jilaces. East entrance, by Simmons and Cox. By To Mr. Hirst's personal and mdefatigable Simmon s— four i men, a labors much of the ; nude success of the Ex- blacksmith for position is certainly iron, a sculptor due. for stone, a man It was in this vast holding a coil of building that on /, , rope for hemp, Friday, October 21, :/rj; and so on. By 1892, the Vice- Cox—a woman President of the bending a United States, the sword, re pre- Hon. Levi P. Mor- senting the met- ton (President Har- al-worker's art; rison being at his weaving, by a dying wife's bed- woman holding Joseph Hirst. dedicated the a distaff; pot- side), Miss Harriet Monroe. vast " White City " to the use of humanity, in t e r y, by a the presence of a multitude estimated at 1 50,- woman decorating a vase; building, by a 000, representative of every nation of the uni- woman holding a carpenter's square, with verse. One of the most notable features of a partly finished brick wall at her back. the. Dedication Ceremonies was a recital of South entrance, by Reid and Weir. By Reid portions of the inspiring ode written by Miss —three seated figures of women against the Harriet Monroe. Selections were also ren- sky, representing the art of design, and one dered, to a musical setting, by a choir of seated man, a metal-worker. By Weir 4,000 voices. As a composition, this ode female figures representing pottery, sctilpt- has been considered in parts as equaling ure, decoration, and textile arts. West " America " in its inspired and lofty senti- entrance, by Blashfield and Reinhart. By ment. The period prior to the dedication Blashfield—sitting figures winged, allegor- was not without humorous incidents, for ical of the arts of the armorer, the brass- on the first announcement by the direct- worker, the iron-worker, the stone-worker. ory of an ode being required for the cere- By Reinhart— seated figures representing monies, it was the old story of Camillo the goldsmith's and decorative arts, with

"The Arts of War. Par^el by Gari Melchers. Querno over again; hundreds traveled to vases of plants in the arches overhead. Chicago or forwarded by mail their poetic The subjects of Mr. Gari Melchers' panels lucubrations, and, as the object of Alexander over the southwest entrance are " The Arts Pope's sarcasm actually did, dozens offered of War" and "The Arts of Peace." Two to sing to the delighted multitudes their panels by Mr. F. D. Millet are located over two thousand verses or more; one worthy the entrance at the northwest curner; tliev estimating that his rhythmic version of represent the weaving trades, the subjects Columbus adventures would occupy six bemg " Penelope at the Loom " and "The weeks or more in delivery! Return of Uhsses." Two panels by Mr. The paintings in the domes of the ^lanu- Lawrence C. Earle are placed over the —

THE MANUFACTURES BUILDING 135

northeast entrance, representing " Glass- Arts Building the classification is as follows: blowing" and "Pottery." Mr. McEwen's GROUP NO. panels, placed over the entrance at the 147. —Physical development, training and southeast comer, typify "Music" and conditions, hygiene. "Textiles." The subjects in all of the 148. —Instruments and apparatus of medicine, surgery, and prosthesis. 149. ^Primary, secondary, and superior education. 150. —Literature, books, libraries, journalism. 151. —Instruments of experiment, research, photographs. 152. —Civil engineering, public works, constructive architecture. 153. —Government and law. 154. —Commerce, trade and banking. 155. —Institutions for the increase and diffusion of knowledge. 156.—Social, industrial, and cooper- ative associations. 157. —Religious organizations, statistics, and publications. 158. —Music and musical instruments. The groupings in the Manufact- ures and Liberal Arts Building Department H — (Manufactures), James Allison, chief, are as follows: GROUP NO. 87. —Chemical and pharmaceutical products, druggists' supplies. 88. —Paints, colors, dyes, and varnishes. 89. —Typewriters, paper, blank books, stationery. go. —FumiturS of interiors, uphol-

stery , and artistic decorations, gi. —Ceramics and mosaics (see Group 46). g2. —Monuments, mausoleums, mantels, undertakers' goods. g3. —Art metal work, enamels, etc. g4. —Glass and glassware. g5. —Stained glass in decorations. -96. —Carvings in variousmaterials. 97. —Gold and silver, plate, etc. 101 u^ g8. Jewelry and ornaments. DENMARK — R U gg. —Horology.watches, clocks.etc. 100. —Silk and silk fabrics. loi. —Fabrics of jute, ramie, and SPAN LAND other vegetable and mineral fibers. 102. —Yarns, woven goods, linen, and other vegetable fibers. 103. —Woven and felted goods of wool, and mixtures, of wool. ' 104. —Clothing and costumes. 105. —Fur and fur clothing. 106. —Laces, embroideries, trim- GROUND FLOOR PLAN OF MANUFACTURES mings, artificial flowers, AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. fa-i^s,etc. ' " and accessories decorations in this building are treated m 107. —Hair work, coiffures, classical style, and are very fine. Around of the toilet. valises, trunks, the sides in a frieze appear the names 108. —Traveling equipments, of the States; with their coats-of-arms, canes, umbrellas, gutta and gigantic eagles, with uplifted wings, log. —Rubber goods, caoutchouc, celluloid, and zylonite. are poised on the pediments over the en- percha, trances. In the Manufactures and Liberal 136 A WEEK AT THE FAIR.

Ill . —Leather and manufactures of leather. of 140 feet above the floor are suspended 112. —Scales, weights, and measures (see five enormous chandeliers, the largest ever also Group 151). conceived by man, whose thousands of 113. —Materials of war, apparatus for hunt- arc lights glow with coruscations of cold, ing, sporting arms. clear, white light almost equal to that of 114.—Lighting apparatus and ap- NORTH pliances. 115.—Heating and cooking apparatus and appliances. 116.—Refrigerators, hollow metal ware, tinware, enameled ware. 117. —Wire goods and screens, perforated sheets, lattice work, fencing. 118. —Wrought iron and thin metal exhibits. 119. —Vaults, safes, hardware, edged tools, cutlery. 120. —Plumbing and sanitary materials. 121. —Miscellaneous articles of manufacture not heretofore classed. Entrances.—The Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building has four grand portals, planned after the great triumphal arches of Europe; one in the middle of each fapade, surmounted at its center with a casting of a gigantic eagle, the emblematic bird of the republic. These entrances are 80 feet high and 40 feet wide, and between twoS' of them—^the north and south doorsS —runs a veritable street, Columbia Avenue, fifty feet wide, and studded at the comers of each intersecting street or aisle with ornamental lamp-posts bearing electric lights. Across this street, at its middle, runs another, also fifty feet wide, from the eastern to the western door, thus dividing the interior of the building into four immense rectangular spaces, which are each further divided by other intersecting aisles, some running north and south and others east and west. In the center of the building, at the intersection of the two main streets, stands an imposing clock-tower, which will be described further on. At each corner are swung elevators in pairs, which ascend to the roof, carrying passengers for a promenade upon the walk extending around it. For the round trip up and down the elevator company charges a fee of 25 cents. The Main Exhibits.—Once inside the building the view to the visitor will prove a revelation. Along the streets, for such they GALLERY PLAN OF MANUFACTUR"ES may well be called, are gilded AND OBERAL ARTS BUILDING. domes and glittering minarets, mosques, the sun itself. These electric chandeliers, palaces, kiosks, and brilliant pavihons, min- or electroliers as they are technically called, iature indeed, yet producing the effect of a are seventy-five feet in diameter, possess a beautiful city inclosed by marble walls and candle-power of 828,000, and are securely roofed in with a dome of glass. At a height fastened so that there is no danger of a fall —

THE MANUFACTURES BUILDING. 137 or breakage of the wires. The best plan is the coat-of-arms-of the city of Copenhagen, to enter the building by the main southern consisting of three towers; the central entrance and proceed systematically with an ninety feet high, the others sixty feet examination of its contents, as, if only on high. Each of the side towers has a clock account of its enormous size, this, more than one showing Chicago time, the other Copen- any other of the buildings, will require a hagen time. Over each of the two minor systematic method in the inspection of its entrances is shown the coat-of-arms of Den- exhibits. The interior having been gained, mark, six feet high. The north fa9ade has the visitor will naturally be anxious to reach an entrance twenty feet high. The pavilion the grand exhibits of France, England, Ger- is decorated with beautiful landscapes from many, and the United States as soon as pos- different parts of Denmark, Iceland, and sible. To do this it is best to start straight Greenland, and its West India colonies; north along the central street, Colum- also with plaster reproductions of the fa- bia Avenue. First on the left is seen the mous scidptures of Thorwaldsen. The pavil- exhibit of Italy, which is very beautiful, ion is divided into three parts—the first being arranged in an immense show-case devoted to a display of fine gold and silver which is made in the shape of a pavilion ware and jewelry, the second to the display and is ninety feet high. Bronzes, mar- of porcelain, ceramics, and terra cotta dTeco- bles, tapestries, silken fabrics, Venetian rative articles, and the third to woman's glasswares, inlaid woodwork and cabinet- work, such as embroideries, laces etc. A

ware are features of this display ; and of treat for the children is the faithful repro- Venetian laces, both ancient and modem, duction of the room in which Hans Christian the collection is magnificent. The Nether- Andersen, the child's author ^ar excellence. lands exhibit comes next, on the same side of the avenue, and its pavilion presents a characteristic and beautiful display. Imme- diately following the Netherlands is the exhibit of Switzerland—a rarely beautiful one. The wooden paneling which surrounds this display on three sides is ornamented by views of lake and mountain sceilery of artistic excellence. The Castle of Chillon, immortalized by Byron; a view of the city of Geneva, and several fine Alpine views are presented. The exhibit consists chiefly of watches, watch-movements, wood-carvings, music-boxes, etc. The display of wall and wood carvings is the largest and finest ever made. Across the avenue, opposite Switzerland, the display of Norway is seen. The panels which surround this pavilion have also been adorned with large canvas surfaces upon which are painted beautiful bits of Nor- wegian scenery, portraying rare vistas in " the land of the midnight sun." The tourist exhibit, consisting of hunting-articles and the conveyances peculiar to Norway, is calculated to excite interest, as are also the exhibits proper—silverware, gilt, enameled and plain, for table and personal ornament; marble, granite, wood-carvings, hand-woven rugs, portieres, embroideries, wood-pulp, school-instruction material, etc. Next to Norway on the north is the Russian exhibit, contained in a magnificent pavilion seventy feet high. The work- Entrance to the Belgian Exhibit. manship on this building is wonderful when the crudeness of the tools of the Russian lived and worked. A life-size statue of the workmen is taken into consideration. The author and many relics of him are shown. space covered is almost one acre. The dis- The great sculptor Thorwaldsen also has a. play consists largely of fine silks, furniture, room devoted to his relics and works. jewelry, precious stones, etc. Across the Across an intersecting aisle from Denmark, aisle from Russia's exhibit is that of but on the same side of Columbia Avenue, is Denmark, which adjoins those of Switzer- the exhibit of Canada, adjoining that of land and Brazil, This pavilion has outer England. The display is a large and cred- portals on three sides, and from its fourth itable one, and exhibits the progress and side the spaces of Switzerland and Brazil material advantages^ ol this, province in a may be entered. The main fafade and en- striking manner. Opposite Canada, across trance face Columbia Avenue, and represent the avenue, is the pavmon of Belgium, which ,

138 A WEEK AT THE FAIR.

was designed and framed by Belgian work- tries, silk, cotton, and woolen goods and men and sent to Chicago, and here set up. kindred fabrics have three rooms planned The fa9ade fronting on the avenue is of the for them. These same height as that of France, which it chambers are joins, and is com- reproduc t i o n s posed of a high, of salons of the central arch and time of Louis two lower side XIV. and Louis arches. Its front- XV. The ceil- age is 140 feet. ings are of staff, Among many with marble pil- other magnificent 1 a r s, crowned exhibits, the col- with bronze lection of bronzes capitals. A and mammoth broad frieze, plate-glass is no- just below the ticeable. A paint ceiling, is com- manufacturer ex- posed of floral hibits a huge fe- garlands, and

' -j-y.- male figure in por- along its border ^-...^^pir celain, holding run the names -'i£j^ MIJ^^M aloft a zinc tube of the cities ^^S^SZt^- of artists' colors. which have ex- . , , ^'^'"^ '-™°«"- Samples of the hibits, as Lyons, °* iron houses the Beauvais, Arras, Lille, Saiat-Etienne, and Belgian Paint Exhibit. Belgians are send- others. Perfumes; rich sets of furniture; ing to the Congo country are shown as are exhibits of faience, finely carved furniture, etc. Next to Bel- gium comes the French pavilion, the grouping and arrangement of the exhibits in which are probably more harmonious and symmetrical than those in any of the other displays. There are rooms devoted to ceramics, others to bronzes, and others again to silk fabrics, pottery from Limoges and Sevres, etc. There is no confusion or jumbling together of dissimilar wares, individual competition being properly subordinated to the production of a grand national display, every part properly balanced, a combination of exquisite taste and most perfect harmony. A handsorhe group of statuary, ordered by the French government, adorns the center of the French pavilion. The group represents a heroic statue of "La France" seated. On the body is the cuirass of the French cavalry. The right arm is majestically held on high, while the left arm rests upon the table of the rights of man, against which the hand presses a naked sword. A large scarf encircles the waist and is knotted at one side. Above the erect and noble head, resting on the bands of hair, is a diadem. This is formed of three figures symbolic of liberty, equality, and fraternity. " The figure of " La France is sujd- plemented by that of a French chanticleer, standing in an attitude " " such as cocks assume when tri- Statue La France umphantly crowing. Upon the pedestal are Stained glass; the most curious specimens of carved historic scenes, and incidents taken photogi-aphy, plain and in colors- a bridal from the French Revolution. Gobelin tapes- group m wax, costumed in the latest Paris THE MANUFACTURES BUILDING. 13»

fashions; jewelry; ceramics; the ruins of Per- armor are of the Elizabethan era. Daniels sepolis, reproduced in glass, and hundreds of London and Doulton & Co. of Lambeth of other beautiful and interesting exhibits also have pavilions; the former exhibiting abound. In the gallery the French station- collections of fine china, the latter their mag- ery trades, library and school systems are nificent pottery-wares. The Doultons have displayed. Across the avenue from France also erected a fine fountain, of pottery-ware, is tiie exhibit of another of the world's great in front of Victoria House, and a terra cotta powers, England. Her pavilion is not so reproduction of the group, " America," from beautiful as are those of some of the other the Albert Memorial in Hyde Park, London. countries, but her exhibit in some lines, This reproduction is from the sculptor's notably those of textile fabrics and pottery, casts, since destroyed by fire. A collection of may truly be called magnificent. Never, the famous " Coalport china" is rich and outside of her own realm, has she made such beautiful. The "Columbus Vase" is a a display as is here to be seen. The most splendid piece of work, but the gem of these striking architectural feature is the repro- exhibits is the "Shakespeare Centerpiece."

Interior of the German Pavilion.

duction, by Messrs. Hampton & Sons (the This is of porcelain, fifty inches high, and great English furniture manufacturing firm), richly decorated in warm, high coloring. of the historic banquetihg-hall of tiatfield Four figures by Schenk, representing His- House, the seat of the Cecil family and tory, Poetry, Tragedy, and Comedy, orna- home of the Marquis of Salisbury. In ment the corners and support a vase with dimensions this pavilion is 40 feet long, 20 eight panels, whereon are painted, by feet wide, and 23 feet high, and except in Bouillemier, Shakespeare's heroines: Juliet, size, being smaller, is an exact replica of the Lady Macbeth, Cleopatra, Desdemona, Por- original. tia, " Sweet Anne Page," Beatrice, aiiu Cor- The coat-of-arms and all the carvings are delia. The unison of the labors of the reproduced in solid oak, and by a process sculptor, painter, and potter has produced ' " known as ' fuming the deep antique tone an artistic masterpiece destined to become of age is imparted to the newer material. historic. His peregrinations have now The floor is of alternate squares of white brought the visitor face to face with the and black marble, and the furniture and building's centerpiece, the great clock-tower. 140 A WEEK A T THE FAIR.

It is 120 feet high with a base of 20 feet Columbia Avenue enters the exhibit of diameter, which is formed of four square Germany. This pavilion is the creation of towers rising to a height of 40 feet, and Gabriel Seidel, of Munich, the most famous each terminating in a dome. The archways of these lower towers culminate in a gfroined dome, over which is the first floor of the main tower. An ornamental balcony surrounds this story, its principal decorations being the shields of the States of the Union and the coat- of-arms of the South Ameri- can States. The tower at this point nar- rows to a diameter of twenty- four feet, and upon the next floor is placed the mechanism of the great clock, whose dials, seventy German Dolls. feet above the floor, mark the hours day and night. These dials are in the fourth story, and are seven feet in diameter. The fifth story is a round tower, whose arches support a dome twenty feet in diameter. In this story is placed the melodious chime of bells, which tell the hours with sweetest melodies. The lower balconies are used as music- » Lundborg's Pavilion. stands. The clock is self-winding, and is of German fresco painters and decorators. furnished by the Self-Winding Clock Co. of Its ground-plan is in the shape of three

Pavilion, Unitod S

THE MANUFACTURES BUILDING. 141 mental fence, passing which, the main a fafade fronting the avenue, 65 feet high entrance is reached through a grand arch, and 120 feet long. On the topmost central withornaMaental columns on either side. In pediment stands the double eagle, emblem- the iritefior sections both decorations and atic of this empire. The plan of the exhibit exhibits are very fine. In the rear of the is a central edifice flanked by smaller ones Nuremburg display is an immense canvas on either side, all of them thirty feet deep. covered with a fine painting, showing its Thirty-four expert wood-carvers from Vienna market-place. Jewelry and silverware, exhibit their artistic work in all its branches. There is a splendid display of the delicate and graceful wares of this artistic people, in gold and silver, porcelain, pottery, textile fabrics, vases, statuettes, etc. making this one of the most attractive exhibits in the building. Across an intersecting aisle from Austria, but still on the Engine made of Sill< Thread. Paints and Varnishes Exhibit. same side of Co- lumbia Avenue, is a unique pavilion, the work of the patient and artistic people among the latter, plate presented to the of Japan. In this buUding may be seen emperors William I. and II., Von Moltke, ancient and modem pottery, porcelain, and Bismarck, and generally commemora- and china-wares, from the most delicate tive of some battle or other great event; cups- and saucers, not thicker than the royal wares from various potteries; tapes- shell of a pigeon's egg, to the massive tries, porcelains, etc., make a grand display. serpent and dragon vases and garden-seats, The Bismarck collection of cups, medals, almost as strong as steel. A fine educa- vases, and decorations, alone represents a tional exhibit, tinctured strongly with mod-

Japanese PaviliT^n. value of $6o,obo. Ancient and modem ernWogress; silks and other textile fabrics; wares, an unequaled school exhibit, and the wonaerful paper building materials, decora- great statue " Genhania"—a special loan by tions, and utensils; lacquered wares, dam- the emperor—show how heartily Germany ascened swords, cutlery and other imple- has entered into the spirit of this greatest ments, and many other exhibits, displaying of all international expositions. Next to rare scientific and artistic attainments, are Germany, on the same side of the avenue, shown here. Opposite this curious exhibit, Austria has placed her pavilion, and a right and those of Germany and Austria also, and royal one it is, though hardly equal to those taking up the entire space in the northeast of France and Germany. Her building has corner of the building, are the displays of ; ;

FAIR. 14S A WEEK AT THE

section the Pairpoint Manufacturing the United States exhibitors, more numer- this erected a miniature Grecian temple. ous and more wonderful than those of any Co. has Meriden Britannia Co. 's pavilion is of other nation. Large as is their space, it is The and circular in shape. Mermod, only one-tenth of what was originally asked rosewood, Taccard & Co., St. Louis jewelers, and for by American exhibitors. Of course it Janssen, toy-maker, have fine dis- <:an not have the unity of a national display, Edward the adjoining galleries. It is im- such as those of France and Germany, but plays in to name all of the meritorious ex- in originaUty, ingenuity, and mechanical possible hibits, but a few of the most noticeable are genius it excels all others. The most strik- follows: The pavilions of James Kirk & here is the pavilion erected by as ing exhibit Lundborg, perfume^; The Tiffany, the jeweler, and Gorham, the sil- Co., soaps; Typewriter Co.; The Reming- versmith, both of New York. It faces on Hammond Typewriter Co. , which exhibits the 50- the central space, where France, Germany, ton which was paid $10,000; the and England hold the other comers, and in cent com for Varnish Co.; Lawson-Valentine central front springs up a tall, fluted Chicago its Billiard Co. ; Brunswick-Balke shaft, with a plain yet noble base and a Varnish Co. Pottery and Tile Co. ; Barre Manu- grand Doric capital, surmounted by a globe, Celadon facturing Co.; Monumental Bronze Co.; upon which is poised, at an elevation of loo

Scene in Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building.

feet, a golden eagle, America's symbolic Rawson & Evans; G. E. Androvette Glass bird. On the front of the base is the simple Co.; John T. Shayne Fur Co.; New Eng-

inscription; " Exhibit of the United States land AvTialebone Co. ; American Rubber Co. of America." At either side of the main Mosler-Bahman Safe Co.; Roebling 'Wire entrance, in the corner, are groups of col- Co.; Washburn-Moen Co.; Putnam Nail umns, bearing aloft single tall shafts, ter- Co.; National Meter Co.; Fairbanks Scales minating in globes. Arches, surmounted Co.; the New England Pottery Co.; Lvon with carved and sculptured pediments, and & Healy; the Chesapeake t'ottery Co., a roof with low, flattened domes, make up with a display of 1,000 pieces, including its the rest of this palatial edifice, which cost famous Lord Calvert vase, and many otliers. its builders $100,000. The display in the The best plan is now to cross the avenue to pavilion represents a value of $2,000,000, the west and complete the displays made by and is trvily regal; gold and silver wares, the United States exhibitors, then take the precious stones, rings, bracelets, chains, aisle back of the Japanese section and fol- watches—in short, everything rare and low it south, looking at the rear of the dis- beautiful in the jeweler's and silversmith's plays of Japan, Austria, Germany, England, lines is exhibited. The collection of Ameri- and Canada, just west of which last he the can pearls will prove very interesting. In exhibits of New South Wales, India, Ceylon, ,

THE MANUFACTURES BUILDING. 143 and Jamaica. New South Wales makes a most foreign nations have very strong ex- strong display in all lines, and shows stufiEed hibits of their educational methods and birds and beasts, rare coins, educational systems. The Greek Letter societies have a systems, and an immense collection of large separate exhibit. Several of the largest and fine photographs. Over the entrance to publishing-houses are represented, notably her pavilion, beneath the coat-of-arms of The Century Co., D. Appleton & Co., and the colony, is a photograph of Sidney har- Charles Scribner's Sons. These show man- bor, thirty-two feet long. Several of the uscripts of various distinguished authors, others are eight feet long. There is also a drawings for illustrations, prepared wood beautiful collection of oil-paintings and blocks (engraved), zinc etchings, photo- water-colors. Four specimens of the duck- engravings, etc. New York shows the im- billed platypus, that strange animal, half migration statistics for forty-five years. bird, half beast, are displayed. Ceylon has The College Fraternities' exhibit is a repro- an octagonal building with two wings, facing duction, 10 feet square at the baSe and north and south. The style of architecture is 30 feet high, of the most famous speci- Dravidian and the material used is of the rare men of Greek architecture, the Choragic woods of that country, many of them worth Monument of Lysicrates. The Catholics of $200 to $300 a ton, such as the yakahalu, the United States have an exceptionally fine the pelumbiya, the wewarana, sapa, ebony, educational exhibit. London publishers con- and satinwood. Carved stairways lead to tribute engravings, fine art publications, the entrances, which are guarded by cobra- and a collection of newspapers illustrating hooded figures called doratupalayas (jani- the growth of tors). Other carvings, taken from designs English jour- found in the ruined temples with which the nalism. The island is so plentifully sprinkled, are found great philan- on the balustrades, lintels, and architraves; thropic socie- hansas (sacred geese), makaras (fabulous ties of the beasts), yakkas (evil spirits), padmas (lotos world, chari- ornaments), and many others. The frescoes, table organi- representing scenes in the life of Buddha, zations, prison are exact copies of those in the ancient reform socie- temples, which are of the tenth and thir- ties, societies teenth centuries. In the screen-panels are for the pre- figures of Buddha. The floors are of inlaid vention of cru- woods. The exhibit of Jamaica is a charac- elty, cookery teristic one, as is that of India, which, in schools, etc. addition to its other specialties, displays all have their some beautiful Cashmere shawls, probably exhibits in the the finest of all fabrics that emanate from galleries. The the hand of man. Next to these British manual train- dependencies, and back of Denmark and ing and art Brazil, are several minor exhibits, each of schools have Cooper Union Woman's Art School. them possessing sufficient interest to repay fine displays. Societies for physical culture, a visit and a careful investigation of their as well as gymnastic apparatus, also have contents. Next come Spain and the Span- their homes in the galleries. The American ish-American countries, with their dis- Bible Society has a rare exhibit of ancient tinctive exhibits. Loorjis and fabrics, ham- and modern Bibles—cheap and costly edi- mocks, saddles, silverware, and exquisite tions—and Bibles printed in 300 different wood-carvings are among the displays. languages.. This collection is extremely in- Siam, Portugal, and Mexico occupy space in teresting and should be seen by all. The Bvi- the southwest corner of the building, and all reau of Hygiene and Sanitation, somewhat have excellent exhibits, particularly our cramped for space, is likewise situated in the

neighboring republic. Having now reached galleries. The big Yerkes Telescope , incom- the extreme southern cross-aisle, the visitor plete, is in the south galleries, with the rest of will walk along it to the most eastern aisle the educational exhibit. Morris Steinert's running north and south. On the left-hand collection of ancient musical instruments, side of this, going north, he will find the upon all of which he plays, is very curious. Turkish and Hungarian displays, the former He has a harpsichord of as early a date as especially fine; and on the right hand, op- 1679. posite these, is China, with silks, china- The Continental Jstained Glass Works of wares, porcelains, lacquer and metal work; Boston show, in a stained glass window, a " some of them of rare beauty and value. This beautiful reproduction of Hoffman's Christ section exhausts the floor displays, and the Disputing with the Doctors in the Temple." visitor will next find, in the galleries, the Spinning-jacks and looms for weaving all various educational and liberal arts exhibits. sorts of fabrics, from the finest handkerchiefs to the heaviest cloths, are in opera- Almost_ all of the States of . the Union and the foreign countries have displays here. tion in the building. Harvard University Kindergartens, schools for the blind and has a large. gallery space, and its cabinets deaf and dumb are noticeable. All of the for the display of physiology, otology, bac- leading colleges of the United States and of teriology, etc., are very interesting, ecpe- 144 A WEEK AT THE FAIR.

main offices of cially to scientists; and an extensive area in kept regularly in stock at the examination will satisfy- the gallery is occupied by Rand, McNally & this company. An that these Co. with an interesting and valuable exhibit any one, particularly an expert, in the home of educational maps, etc. The American machines are equally desirable for occasional Bronze Co., which has its art foundry at and office, whether used friendly notes and letters, for the more voluminous correspondence required in counting-rooms and offices, or the constant heavy work of the professional copyist or typewriter. There are no cumbersome or complicated parts, so liable to break, and machines requiring constant attention ; the

Munson Typewriter. Statue of Lincoln at Rochester. are indeed models of strength and sim- Grand Crossing, Chicago, 111. , is engaged in the industry of standard bronze casting, and plicity. makes a specialty of casting mammoth The Liberal Arts Building Grand View figures as well as small artistic bronzes; and Tower and Roof Promenade is one of the in both they claim to equal the foundries of most attractive features of the greatest Europe. They do a large amount of work in building of the Exposition. A graceful statues, busts, and bas-reliefs in this endur- open iron-work tower rises perpendicularly ing and artistic metal. They have a pavil- from the center of the main aisle (Columbia ion, with a. very fine display, at Block 2, Avenue) to a height of 220 feet, passing Section G, of the Manufactures and Liberal directly through the center of the great co- Arts Building. Among the other exhibits rona of arc lights which illuminates the north is shown the life-mask from which was mod- end of the building. < In the tower are four eled the statue of Lincoln unveiled at Roch- elevators for carrying passengers to a bridge ester, N. Y., Decoration Day, 1892. The extending to the roof promenade, which is original is ten feet high, and is the work of an outside walk extending entirely around the noted Chicago sculptor Leonard W. the highest point of the building, and from Volk. A cut of this statue, made from a which can be had a series of views of the photograph, is shown here. entire Exposition grounds, the lake clear to

The Munson Typewriter Co. , with head- its Michigan shore, with the fleet of white- quarters at 162 La Salle Street, Chicago, has winged yachts gliding to and fro, and the space for its machines among others in steamers arriving and departing, all afford- the same class of exhibits in Section 2. ing a panorama which can not be equaled This company makes the claim for its ma- elsewhere in the world. No one can do chines that they are the only ones possess- justice to the Exposition, or g6t an adequate ing interchangeable, all-steel type-wheels idea of the great Liberal Arts Building, un- capable of writing every language. They less he takes a trip in these elevators. From are equipped with the universal key-board, the moment the elevators leave the ground, and for ease in operating and speed capacity the passengers are treated to a constantly are not excelled by any other machine. expanding picture of the interior of the Those exhibited at the World's Columbian immense building, until at their highest Exposition, in the Manufactures Building, point the whole magnificent exhibit lies at are not specially constructed machines, their feet. Passing out of the elevators intended only for this display, but are taken over a bridge spanning the space to the exit from the general sale stock of the company, on the roof, the passengers can survey the and differ in no particular from any of those spectacle inside the building at their leisure. THE MANUFACTURES BUILDING. 145

and then going out onto the roof can stroll as the mood suggests, or (resting in the comfortable seats provided) drink in a panorama such as never before has been accorded to mortals. A dream of beauty. indeed; a picture outrival- ing the most soaring conception of artist or of poet. The exhibits in this building are the most complete of their kinds

ever seen ; the building containing more than double- the amount of space ever before kllotted to similar displays. In the last French Exposition, held in 1889, the exhibits, while most excellent, did not compare, either in number or variety, with those to be seen in this gigantic building, and it is conscientiously believed that those interested in such objects will here find an opportunity for observation such as never before offered, and such as may never again occur. Being at peace with the whole world, no jealousy nor dis- like has prevented the participation of all the nations of the earth in the Columbian Exposition. The Otis Company are erecting an electric elevator in the north end of the Manufactures Building, near the Japanese exhibit. The shaft has four cars, each capable of holding fifteen people. These elevators rise to a height of 220 feet in one minute's time. On the terraces located upon the roof comfortable seats for those who are wearied can be obtained, and from its height there is a fine view of the Exposition grounds, the lake, and the southern portion of the city. A charge of 50 cents per person is made for the round trip. In the artistic Isabella Booth (J 21), midway between the main eastern and southeastern entrances of the Manufactures Building, Mrs. W. R. Robeson sells reproductions of Columbus' coat-of-arms, tastefully worked on useful and ornamental articles, and for the deserving and charitable object of build-

ing a . home for superannuated women teachers. North of this the visitor notices an old sixteenth century Dutch house, 40 feet square and "28 feet high, which stands at the northeastern corner of the Man- ufactures Building. It is a quaint structure with its squatty walls and high-pitched roof, and makes an attractive exhibit for the purpose for which it is intended,viz. ,the display of Van Houten & Zoon's Cocoas (H 20). On this eastern or lake lO 146 A WEEK AT THE FAIR. front side of the Manufactures Building cubic foot of its contents. The building various small structures for band-stands, was paid for out of the United States Treas- rolling-chairs, etc., are located, and one of ury, according to special act of Congress the finest promenades of the Exposition is authorizing and limiting the cost of this laid out. structure to $400,000. From the balance of Immediately north of the Manufactures the appropriation four distinct and separate and Liberal Arts Building the visitor finds buildings were erected on the ground, and as- the United States Model Army Hospital signed for the special use of the United States (H ig), an exhibit of the War Department, Naval Observatory, United States Army showing an army hospital in full shape and Hospital Service, and for the Weather and ready for operation in the field. The hospital Indian bureaus respectively. AU the above- forms an interesting and valuable exhibit. described United States Government build- North of the Model Hospital, encircled by ings are lighted by electricity and fitted with cool, green lawns, refreshingly free from the all modern improvements. pop-corn, peanut, and other commercial feat- It is of interest to add that the main floor ures of the Exposition, the visitor reaches the of the United States Government Building equals 167,500 square feet, while the gal- UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT leries represent a total of 33,500 square feet. BUILDING Of the total of main floor and galleries feetare designed for exhibition 1 75 , 500 square leaving 16,000 square feet of floor (H 19), which is thus practically described purposes, space for offices, corridors, etc. by Mr. W. J. Edbrooke, of the firm of Windrim & Edbrooke of Washington, D. C, Around the interior of the dome runs a the. supervising architect of the Treasury frieze composed of cupids bearing grain, Department, under whose supervision the fruits, flowers, etc. , emblematic of the pro- building was erected. ductions of the country. On the ground- The structure is of " modern Renaissance" floor are panels adorned with national tio- architecture, the main feature being a hand- phies, and on the gallery-floor are eight some dome 120 feet in diameter and 275 feet panels representing the leading industries high to top of flagpole, while the building of the North, South, East, and West, and the itself covers an area of 350 feet by 420 feet, various industries of each section. The " with projecting central bays on each front. North is represented by Commerce," the " " This building is occupied solely by United West by Agjriculture," the South by Cot- States Government exhibits, sent to the ton and Fruits," and the East by " Art and Fair by the Treasury, State, Navy, War, Science." Of tte- other four panels, one Interior, and Post represents tapestry-work, one wood and Office depart- stone work, one ceramic-work, and one ments, the De- metal-work. Over the south door is a paint- partments of Jus- ing representing the cave-dwellers; over the tice and Agricult- north, one typifying the triumphs of liberty; ure, and the Fish over the east, a bird's-eye view of Chicago Commission. The in 1893, and over the west, Chicago in 1492. Fish Commission Outside the building, over the east and also has an exhibit west entrances, are two pieces of statuary, on the grounds called the " liberty groups," by A. Waagen, outside the build- and huge bronze eagles surmount the pedi- ing. ments of all the entrances. W. J, Edbrooke. The elegant The Government Building has an exceed- stairways leading from the east and west ingly fine location; its eastern fayade having entrances to the galleries, where the offices an unobstructed view of Lake Michigan, and occupied by the Government officials in its western face looking across the Wooded charge of the various exhibits are located, Island and the waters of the lagoon to the are noteworthy; although, of course, the iili- Horticulture, Woman's, and Choral build- posing central dome, with its elaborate, ings; on the south it faces the gigantic artistic decorations, represents the main Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building; feature of the building. This dome is con- and across an arm of the lagoon to the north structed of steel and is supported on sixteen is the beautiful Fisheries Building with its columns. It is deservedly ranked as a cred- annexes. This building, as has been stated, itable and unique work of engineering. covers an area of 350x420 feet. Its style of Special attention is called to the perfect architecture is classic, and is lai-gely mod- architectural proportions and lines of the eled after that of Government buildmgs at interior of the dome, and a personal exami- Washington. Its leading feature archi- nation of all its details will reward any tecturally is the central dome, 120 feet in critic or student. From the dome galleries, diameter and 150 feet in height. The floor to which the public is admitted, a very de- space in the rotunda under the dome has but sirable view may be had of the general ex- a single exhibit, occupying a space in the position halls below and around the dome. center twenty-three feet in diameter, which The entire cost of the United States Gov- will be described when the interior is in- ernment Building was $325,000, or $2.07 per spected. This building is a very substan- square foot of its floor area, or 3 cents per tial one, being constructed of brick, iron,

148 A WEEK AT' THE FAIR. on the grounds will he meet and glass. Adjacent to it, and a part of of the many agreeable surprise than m this. the Government exhibit, are field-hospitals, with a more of the edifice gives to the spec- light-houses, life-saving stations, etc. Upon The exterior hint of the variety and richness of one of the building's fronts is a plaza tator no within, whether the beautiful where troops are occasionally drilled. The the exhibits of the central dome or the dis- entire amount expended in this work was decorations different departments be the but the cost of the buildings and plays of the $400,000, consideration. Entering at exhibits together amounts to over a million subject under the visitor should walk a few and a quarter. Like that of all of the other this doorway the rotunda and turn, facing buildings the interior space of this one has steps toward Looking toward the gallery he been carefully planned with a view to the the door. suspended at its central point an Alas- uses for which it is intended. sees

PATENT OFFICE FI5HINQ iMh°6H .to"-?^

APP.IAN ;ES FORESTRY PATENT -DIVISION

OFFICE VESSEU AND APPUANCES FDR INVESnUTtOAOBKCn

Ground Plan United States Government Building. The Main Exhibits. —Its area has been kan war-canoe, hollowed out of a solid tree- judiciously allotted to and systematically laid trunk, and painted with barbaric designs in out by the various governmental depart- red, black, and white. The model is a fine ments, hence it is easy to plan for the vis- one, bespeaking for the constructors a high itor a trip through the many and interesting degree of skill in marine matters, and its exhibits m such a manner as will save him decorations, while they evidence the savage, considerable time and trouble, enabling him yet show considerable artistic taste. At the to know in advance where the objects of prow, looking inward, is a carved figure, greatest interest are located, so that he may probably of some god of fishing or naviga- not expend his strength in useless turnings tion, and. at its rear, looking outward over and doublings. Let him select the north the stern, is another; this has a frog's body door for his initial point and make his entry with a head that is a cross between uiat of a there. It is safe to say that in no building wild boar and a wolf, and its looks are quite THE GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 149

flendish. At various other points around placed where the bear will find them. They this portion of the gallery are swung canoes, are eaten greedily, the gastric juice of the all differing in type, from a rather common bear's stomach dissolves the sinews, the wooden one to one of walrus-hide stretched whalebone straightens out, piercing the on a wooden frame, and presenting a curious bear's viscera and killing him. In one sec- similarity to a structure of. thin bone. Ris- tion is a row of glass cases showing the ing from the highest central point of the different kinds of rigs of every fishing-boat gallery is a representation of a ship's top- used; also boats with wax dummies, show- mast, with a lookout holding a spy-glass ing the various methods of fishing. and standing in the rigging. To the right of Next west of the Fisheries exhibit is that this central figure a bowsprit projects from of the Patent Office, showing models of the gallery, and at its extreme end stands a numerous inventions, chiefly interesting sailor ready to cast a harpoon. To the left the from the comparative exhibit of the first bow of a whaleboat seems starting from the crude invention and every intervening link gallery, another dummy, dressed as a har- between it and the latest improved model. his lance for death-thrust. Thus the old-fashioned pooneer, aiming a spinning-wheel , with Turning toward the west the Fisheries its single spindle, is shdwn at one end of a exhibit is entered, and here one is greeted line, at the other end of which is the power at the outset with a neat little bit of comedy. spinning-jenny with its i,ooo spindles in First he comes to a fancifully equipped an- motion at one time. Along the .south wall gler, armed with an elegant split bamboo of this display is the most interesting part rod and a landing-net, who is wading along of the exhibit, consisting of cases of fire- in a trout-stream. A little farther on is a arms, from the old flint-lock muzzle-loader barefooted negro resting against the stump to the latest patented repeating rifles. The of a tree, a common willow pole in, his next display, on the left, is devoted to relief

hands, from which depends a cotton fishing- • rnaps, sho.wing sections of the country, with line with a pin-hook on it. The. darky's rivers, lakes, elevation of mountains, etc., head is thrown back aiid he is sound asleep, true to scale. On the right, going south- evidently enjoying the heat of a broiling wardly, is the exhibit of geological speci- summer sun. This dummy, like the casts of mens and surveys. Some of its displays are the fish to be mentioned presently, is made of extremely interesting. Its center-piece is a a composition of glue, glycerine, and some connected and mounted skeleton of the secret ingredient, and very nearly resembles the texture of the human flesh, not only in looks, but in feeling and elasticity, and is much more lifelike than wax or plaster. On every side are rods, reels, boats, oars, lines, and hooks. Every species of artificial bait is represented, from the mother-of-pearl and walrus-ivory minnows of the Alaskan and Pacific Coast Indians to those made of feathers, gum, and metals by their more civilized brothers. In the line of hooks the carved wood halibut-hooks of the Alaskans, each hook bearing the image of a fetich, are the most curious. The colored plates of every variety of our food fishes are exceedingly fine and true to life. There are photographs of fish, rivers, and fishing-scenes, and along the cornice to the south of this

display are representations of seal rookeries, From the Patent Office. showing the seals on the beach being driven inland, their killing, and finally their skin- Dinoceras, a prehistoric animal, whose ning. There are photographs of stranded frame seems to indicate that it partook of whales, of the cleaning, washing, and drying the nature of the mammoth and hippopot- of sardines, stuffed water-fowl of all kinds, amus combined. There are framed glass a fully equipped whaleboat that has been in transparencies upon which are colored pict- actual service, and casts, made of the same ures of the mountain and canon scenery of composition as the dummy negro, of all the Far West; these are magnificent. The kinds and sizes of fish—herrings, mackerel, geological specimens are especially beauti- halibut, flounders, narwhals, sharks, por- nil, particularly one case in which are shown poises, etc. These are perfect reproduc- large masses of colored stones, almost as tions, even the opalescent hues of the origi- beautiful .and brilliant as rubies and emer- nal live fish bemg faithfully copied. One alds. There are samples of fluorite, pale exhibit seems at first glance somewhat out green in color; wulfenite, a beautiful red- of place here. It is an Alaskan bear-trap, dish, glistening yellow; chalcopjrrite, purple, composed of a piece of whalebone about gold, and brown in exquisite combinations; sixteen inches long, sharpened at each end, two kinds of malachite, the most beautiful folded four times, and tied together with vivid greens; tourmaline, a pinkish purple; sinew. These are wrapped in fat and agatized wood ; beryl, etc. "

150 A WEEK A T THE FAIR.

of the cannons is a All of these exhibits belong to the Interior hoops. The largest being 116,000 pounds. Department, next south of which is the dis- monster, its weight 1,000 pounds, and re- play of the Post Office Department, with oil- Its projectile weighs pounds of powder to paintings of mailing scenes, models of river, quires a charge of 460 range is ten miles, and lake, and ocean steamers, and postal cars; fire it. Its effective costs the Government every method of mail-carrjing, illustrated by every time it is fired it smaller arms, as rifles, re- dummy models; a full-size late-style postal $1,000. The etc., make an interesting car and a model post of&ce. Among the volvers, sabers, the old discarded patterns, dummies—all very lifelike—are represented display, and their day have won important a city carrier, a railway mail-service man, a which in the making of dog-sledge and team, a horseback carrier in battles and assisted largely in unique. wiU Western costume, and a mountain carrier American history, are quite As the mortar carriages are equipped with snow-shoes, etc. be noticed, some of fully fourteen feet in The next point of interest is the collection gigantic, being defense and naval of the Smithsonian Institution, which proves diameter; while the coast differently mounted, are sur- a delight to all lovers of birds and beasts. guns, though length, weight, Every species of quail and owl, gorgeous prising from their immense golden pheasants, funny woodpeckers, and size. The dummies dressed to display dainty pink flamingoes, elk, deer, and cari- the uniforms of the army from its first or- time are vastly bou, seals, sea-lions, and walrus, manatees. ganization to the present interesting, not only to persons connected with mihtary organizations and historical students, but to people of every grade and class. Here may be seen the "Old Continental," in his blue suit with buff facings, who starved at Valley Forge and fought at Monmouth, Brandy- wine, and Yorktown; the modified costumes of 1812 and the Black Hawk wars; the plain uni- = forms of the heroes who stood =^=^ with "Old Rough-and-Ready Taylor at Buena Vista, and con- Breech-loading Mortars. quered, though outnumbered five sea-cows, and other species (extinct or nearly to one; and the dragoons who rode with so), Rocky Mountain sheep and goats, and Scott into the City of Mexico and " reveled hundreds of others. As natural and at- in the halls of the Montezumas." Then tractive a feature as any is a family of comes the equipment of the Western Indian- thrushes, the male and female on the boughs fighters, the uniforms of the Civil War, and of a tree, and the young within a nest with those of the present day. There are mouths wide open waiting to be fed. All also shown lithographs in colors of all sorts of ducks, rare lyre birds, eagles, uniforms, and in a glass case are dis- hawks, etc., form a part of the exhibit. played the chevrons, shoulder-straps, etc., Life-sized dummies of Indians of various of the various grades of rank, from tribes, clothed in their peculiar costumes, corporal to general of the army. Fig^ures and bearing pipes with carved wooden of mules and horses harnessed to wagons, stems, etc., are an attractive feature. The ambulances, field-pieces, etc., can be seen; most interesting are those of the Navajos, but the chief display in this line is the group wrapped in their hand-woven blankets, the composed of Major-General Schofield and most artistic and durable fabrics woven by stafl: in gorgeous uniforms. Historic battle- any savage race. flags and a complete outfit of every species The next exhibit, turning toward the east, of standard used by the Government are ex- is that of the War Department, in, which, of hibited, as well as camp and garrison equi- course, the most interesting displays are the page and furniture, tools, band instruments, weapons of every kind. The big guns, such etc. An old forage wagon, originally with as the new breech-loading mortars and huge the Army of the Potomac, and which traveled rifled cannon, 33}^ feet in length, attract over 45,000 miles, is quite a striking feature immense crowds. In size the big Krupp of this exhibit. Among curios, the " long gun to be seen at his exhibit is much larger Tom" of the privateer "General Arm- than any shown by our Government, though strong," which repulsed the attack of a Brit- in rapid firing the American guns. excel, the ish squadron in the harbor of Fayal, in the largest being loaded and fired every two Azores, attracts much attention and com- minutes. One of the mortars is 10 feet 9 ment. There is also shown here a beautiful inches in length, 42)^ inches in diameter, old bronze cannon, carved and ornamented 12-inch Its projectile and has a bore. weighs with fancy trunnions, etc., bearing the royal 630 pounds, and is thrown seven miles. Its arms of Great Britain. Upon it appeal- the explosive charge is thirty of pounds powder. inscriptions: " Made in 1759" and " Capitu- It is of cast-iron, bound with shrunk steel lation at Yorktown, 19 October, 17S1." This THE GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 151 piece had probably fibred in many a figures representing the arts and sciences. European battle before its surrender to the These are the work of a master hand, and Americans at Yorktown. possess rare merit and beauty. The general Turning northward through the veterinary tone of the interior of the dome is light- department of this exhibit, where are dis- brown, with a tracing of gold arabesques played skulls, bones, etc., indicating various and other figures. The effect is very diseases to which the horse and mule are beautiful. subject, the State Department and Depart- The Weather Bureau (F 19) is located ment of Justice are reached. The latter northeast of the Government Building, near will prove a treat to the disciples of Black- the Life-saving Station and the Battle-ship, stone, for here may be seen portraits of in a building of its own. The regular ob- our grandest jurist and Chief Justice of the servations incident to a weather station are Supreme Court, Marshall, with Ellsworth here made twice a day. After work is on his right and Taney on his left. The done up-town, the Chicago force, largely other chief justices and all of the attorney- augmented for the season, goes to Jackson generals also appear, as do the reporters Park and prepares and prints a weather Howard, Peters, map, going through all the operations usual Black, etc. As the at the Washington office. In the hall in the names are ap- second story several short lectures on pended to most of meteorological subjects, with lantern slides, the portraits it is are given every day. The bureau exhibits useless to here * Trophy from Yorktown. Peary's flag, but just back from Green- specify their location. There is a large chart land, with a record of his observations there. showing in different colors all of the United The Weather Bureau exhibits a complete States judicial districts, so plainly laid out set of meteorological instruments in opera- that any one may locate his district at once. tion, and the entire work of forecasting, Next, and occupying the northeast comer from the receipt of telegrams to the publi- of the building, is the Department of Agri- cation and distribution of weather maps, is culture, showing first on the right a beauti- carried on upon the ground in the presence ful collection of tree-stumps and edible and of any one who may care to study the poisonous fungi. On the left are predatory methods of the bureau. The various proc- animals, stuffed. These are very lifelike. esses will be explained with a view to mak- Next to them are wax reproductions of ing the study of meteorology popular. plants, berries, harmful and useful insects, In close proximity the visitor finds a neat etc. An inner room in the extreme north- frame building which is the United States east corner contains cases and portfolios of Life-saving Station (F 19). The building botanical specimens and photographs and is 35 X 67 feet, two stories high, and has a other illustrations. Having completed the lookout above. The interior is fitted up inspection of these displays the central ex- for living purposes, the lower floor hav- hibit should be visited. ing a spacious dining-room, kitchen, pantry, Standing directly under the great dome of closet, and keeper's room, besides an en- the building is what will probably prove the trance hall. The second floor, which is eas- greatest curiosity of the Exposition to ily reached by a wide stairway, is given up ninety-nine visitors out of every hundred. to sleeping apartments. The station is in It is a section (in three parts) 30 feet long charge of Lieu- of one of California's giant redwoods, the tenant McLel- diameter of which is 23 feet. Two of the lan, United sections are 14. feet long each; the other is States Revenue only 2 feet long. The two long sections have Marine, and is been hollowed out, and a spiral stairway manned with runs up from the lower to the upper long the usual com- section, the two being separated by the plement of men, short section, which acts as a floor between surf-boats, ap- them. Before being cut the tree from which paratus, etc. these sections were taken stood about four During the hundred feet high. This exhibit is sur- World's Fair mounted by a glass dome. The rotunda in period, public •which the tree stands is a beautiful creation exhibitions of of the architect's and painter's arts. There boat -drills, in- are eight entrances to it through as many cluding the use pillars of the life-sav- high arches, upheld by groups of two Big Tree from California. on either side. These pillars are of steel, but ing apparatus, are colored to represent bases of chocolate are given daily for the benefit of visitors. marble streaked with white, from which rise Connected with the station are boats of tall fluted shafts of malachite marble, topped various kinds, including the English life- with gilded capitals. Each arch entrance, boat and surf-boat, and also other appa- looking inward from the second floor, is ratus, such as guns for firing life-lines, life- balustraded with ornamental iron-work. preservers, netting, lanterns, colored fire, The dome is colored a pale blue, and upon etc. On the ground-floor, at the west end panels ornamenting its sides are beautiful of the building, which opens out on a broad 152 A WEEK AT THE FAIR.

for use m dehcate lagoon, is a large boat-room, connected with invaluable instrument In the same a broad launch-way, 120 feet in length. In astronomical observations. F. Gardiner shows the boat-room, before going to the rescue or house Prof. William regulated by astronomical for drill, the surfmen are attired in oil-skin his time-system, the manner of sending coats and man the boats, the latter being clocks, and illustrates Washington all over easily launched by means of a steel track the standard time from noon. Professor Gar- leading into the water. From a lofty look- the States. Daily, at drop from the top out situated on the top of the building a diner causes a time-ball to placed on the dome view of the lake can be had. The cost of to the bottom of a post Building. the building at Jackson Park is about Sio,- of the Government a curved which does not include the boats and To the eastward of the light-house 000, and seemingly apparatus. The station at Jackson Park pier extends into the lake, arrived from a pro- will be made permanent, and continue as a moored to it, as if just States Naval life-saving station after the close of the Fair. tracted cruise, is the United " " This makes the third life-saving station Exhibit, the line-of-battle ship Illinois described by its within Chicago city limits, the others being (F 21;, which is thus ably located at the mouth of the river and at constructor and designer, ilr. Frank W. South Chicago. The station is occupied by Grogan: nine coast patrolmen and a keeper. The The idea of having a battle-ship (emblem- station is permanent, and is in every way a atic of power) for the Navy Department model one. It is a pretty two-story struct- exhibit originated with Commodore R. W. ure, built in the style now in vogue on the Meade, U. S. N. The result of this con- ' seacoasts and lakes, and is fitted up with ception is the ' Illi- lies all the modern appliances of life-saving. nois," which h- A regular patrol system of the entire in Lake M i c beach is kept up day and night in fair igan, at the foot of weather. To the tens of thousands of vis- Fifty-ninth Street, itors who will visit the Exposition from the apparently afloat, inland towns, these patient, daring men, but in reality rest- who are looking constantly seaward, illus- ing upon a sub- trate a story but little known away from the stantial foundation coast. They represent the hundreds of men of piling and heavy who, on the lonely dangerous beaches of the timbers. country, watch year in and year out for the This exhibit rocket, for the flag of distress, and the sig- serves the double nal-gun, and who are alwaj'S ready to risk purpose of being: Frank W. Grogan. their own lives to assist those in peril. First, a full-sized The light-house is one of the modern steel model, above water-line, of the latest type pattern, 100 feet high, and braced with guy 10,300-ton coast-line battle-ships, " Massa- rods in four directions. Four men are de- chusetts," " Indiana," and " Oregon," of the tailed to take charge of it during the Exposi- United States Navy, with proper facilities for tion, after which it will be taken down and showing the discipline, manner of living of sent to the mouth of the Columbia River, on officers and men, and for the display of the the Pacific Coast, to warn mariners who ap- gun, torpedo, boat, and other drills, such proach that dangerous bar. It is a revolv- as are customary on a man-of-war; and ing light of the first magnitude, showing second, of serving as a building for the red and white, with the most powerful re- illustration of the various bureau exhibits, flectors made. The two combined exhibits the greater portion of the berth-deck having show the Government's method of warning been reserved for this purpose. The sides those who go down to the sea in ships away of the hull from berth to main deck are made from a dangerous' spot, and the method of of brick laid to the contour of the vessel, assisting them' if they approach it. and finished with Portland cement. Below The lifeboat used in this station is made the berth-deck the ship is finished with of mahogany, diagonally planked, and of steel plates extending well into the oak and ash. It is .34 feet long, 8 feet wide, water. The sides of superstructure, tur- and 3 feet 6 inches deep. One thousand rets, redoubts, 13-inch and 8-inch guns, pounds of gun-metal were used in the keel. are of wood framing, also covered with The boat weighs four tons, and contains cernent laid on metal lathing. The other nine air-tight compartments. If upset it paits of the ship and fittings are made of rights itself and expels all water in twenty- materials similar to those used in the con- five seconds. struction of a real vessel, such as the decks East of the Government Building, and and their framing, military tower, chimneys, close to the light-house, a low wooden hatches, bridge, skylights, etc. structure marks the place where the United The exhibits from the different bureaus of States Naval Observatory (F 20) stands. the Navy Department are placed in their It consists of three small buildings, an equa- respective positions on board the ship, as torial telescope, a transit telescope, and a far as practicable. Most of them were heliostat house. The latter contains ap- made especially for this purpose, but will be paratus for observing the face of the sun transferred for use upon genuine vessels of reflected upon a mirror in a dark room, an the navy at the close of the Exposition. THE BATTLE-SHIP ''ILLINOIS." 153

The " Illinois" has the same number of inch breech-loading rifled guns; eight 8-inch guns as her originals, and most of them are breech-loading rifled guns; four 6-inch real. The exceptions are the 13-inch and breech-loading rifled guns; twenty six- 8-inch guns, which, owing to their excessive pounder Hotchkiss guns; six one-pounder weights (62 and 14^ tons each, without their Hotchkiss guns; two Gatling guns, and six mounts), it was not practicable to place upon torpedo tubes or guns. On the pier and a structure of this nature. The magazines beach adjacent to the battle-ship are shown and sjjell-rooms are shown, also the manner the Naval Observatory buildings, with of working the guns and torpedoes, and the transit,' equatorial telescope, photo-helio- handling of ammunition. graph, and lime ball system, and samples

United States Battle-ship "Illinois.' The forward berth-deck has been reserved of armor tests, torpedoes, anchors, cables, for the living-quarters of the crew, fitted out kedges, etc. with furniture, lockers, etc., for their " mess- F. W. GROGAN, ing" and "berthing." The after-deck has Architect Navy Department Exhibit. been fitted up and furnished with state- Return from the Exposition.—Unless rooms, cabins, etc. , to show the living-quar- The ters of the captain and officers of a ship of a night fSte allures the visitor to prolong his this type. The actual living-quarters of the stay in the grounds, he will now in all prob- captain and officers attached to the " Illinois" ability seek the element in whose proximity are on the main deck. An electric light he is, and on one of the fleet of steamboats plant has been installed, with dynamos, hie him to his much-needed rest—on the search-lights, motors for working the guns, route to the city observing the line of electric buoys moored for his safety, and referred to turrets, etc. , and for illuminating purposes. ' the opening chapter of this guide. If he The length of the ' lUinois" is 248 feet on load in laid for this water-line, and 65 feet 3 inches' extreme has followed the route do^vn breadth. The battery consists of four 13- day, well indeed has he earned his rest. CHAPTER V. THIRD DAY AT THE FAIR.

PREPARED kitchen has all kinds of miniature furniture, for an early- and the children are taught to set the table, start on the make beds, etc. In the room for the older third day, boys, modeling in clay, carving, carpentiy, the visitor etc., -are taught, while in the gymnasium will take physical culture methods are displayed. For the cars at the babies and little toddlers there is a well- one of the appointed creche, or day nursery, where stations of they may be taken care of by competent the Illinois nurses, who will feed and tend them while Central R'd their mothers visit the exhibits. The chil- and enter dren's exhibits also are here. In the librarj- the grounds are found all manner of children's books, pa- at Sixtieth pers, and magazines, in all of the languages; Street (G m the play-rooms every species of games, 12). As the dolls, and toys may be seen. This building trains stop is beautifully and appropriately decorated at this sta- inside and out. The outer frieze is chiefly tion for the in tints of blue and gold, with sixteen ' " Plaisance shields, four on each wall, bearing each a costume, entrance at Fifty-ninth Street (F 12), as child's figure clad in some national well as for this (Sixtieth Street) entrance, it and with the national flower or emblem. the will be well for the visitor, if unaccompanied The library ceiling shows a design of by a guide, to make sure, by inquiry, of starry heavens, the Pleiades represented by reaching the correct entrance (a policeman. soft, roseate cupids playing on a field of World's Fair guard or guide, or the railway light, fleecy clouds. The assembly-room is conductor will indicate the proper direction fiSl of quaint and beautiful pictures, and has to be followed to reach the Sixtieth Street a frieze whose treatment is light, airy, and gate). After entering the grounds the vis- graceful in the extreme, with panels repre- itor will see to his right hand a building senting scenes from Grimm's Fairy Tales. erected by the Ducker Portable House Com- Between the windows, medallions bearing pany of New York, and known as the the signs of the zodiac, represented by Ducker Hospital (G 14). The structure is cherubs, alternate with others showing the built in interchangeable sections, which can occupations and amusements of children. be easily packed and removed and again set There are also scenes appropriate to the up. A noUow shaft between the floor beams different seasons of the year. In the slojd admits of the introduction of fresh air, dis- room there is a representation of wood-carv- infecting fumes, etc., each room being fur- ing, from the felling of the tree to its final nished with registers, which may be shut or adornment. In the deaf-mutes' room the opened at pleasure. It has been adopted pictures show the methods of amusingand in- by the United States Government, recom- structing these unfortunates. Japan, France, mended in Belgium, and has taken a special Paragfuay, and Guatemala have been liberal German medal. in their contributions of toys, etc., for this From this building to that set apart for the building. little ones the route is straight toward the In the assembly-room George Schreiber east. The Children's Building (G 15) at the has painted six panels, 4 x 10 feet each, of Fair is located between the Woman's and such subjects as" Cinderdla," " Briar Rose," Horticultural! buildings, and near the pretty "The Sleeping Beauty," "Red Riding little Puck Building. It is a light, airy, Hood," "Babes in the Wood," "Silver graceful edifice, two stories high, and 150 Hair and the Three Bears," etc. There is feet long by 90 feet wide. It is built arovind also a beautiful wall-paper frieze designed a court, so as to give as much light, air, and by Miss Blanche McManus. Between the out-of-door play-room as possible for the eight windows of this room are eight little ones; and to still further increase its medallions representing child-life at differ- capacity in this direction there is a play- ent times and seasons; and on the opposite ground on the roof, fifty feet above the side are decorated panels. In each corner ground, with flowers, plants, and trailing of the room are large landsct^es j-epi-esent- vines in profusion, and made thoroughly ing the four seasons. safe by a strong wire netting, which incloses Just beyond and east of this building is a it. It is a veritable child's world; its model lovely little pavilion, the Puck Building (154) THE HORTICULTURAL BUILDING. 155

(G 15), which, as has been truly remarked, From this pavilion, turning southward needs no sign. The merry little fellow's along the shore of the beautiful lagoon, workshop and show-room can be distin- upon whose surface may be seen fleets of guished readily enough by the artistic group launches and gondolas and flocks of curious in bronze which crowns the portico. It was aquatic birds, one comes to the entrance of designed by Mr. Henry Baerer, the celebrated sculptor, and represents Puck stand- THE HORTICULTURAL BUILDING ing on an eminence from which he commands a view of the world, represented by (H 15), just about opposite the center of the the Exposition which surrounds him. In Wooded Island. one hand he grasps the mirror which he The Horticultural Building—W. • L. B. holds up to nature, and which typifies the Jenney and W. B. Mundie, architects—is paper in whose pages are reflected in bright 1,000 X 240 feet in dimensions, and lies and pleasing colors the various scenes and on the west side of the park, facing the happenings that come within his ken. The lagoon. The broad space in front, be- other hand holds the crayon with which he tween the building and the lagoon, is transfers to the sketch-block slung across devoted to ornamental gardens and par-

Puck Building. his shoulder whatever of a humorous or terres. and forms a part of the exhibit of picturesque nature may strike his fancy. the Floral Department. The varied nature His costume is the one with which we are all of the exhibitions assigned to the Horticult- familiar, and which represents his conces- ural Department gave variety to the design. sions to nineteenth century conventionality In the center is a glazed dome 180 feet in —the claw-hammer coat and the plug hat. diameter and 114 The artist has been remarkably felicitous in feet high, for the catching the spirit of Puck in the graceful accommodation of figure and the merry face, bright and inno- the largest palms, cent, yet with a kindly appreciative smile at tree ferns, bam- the numberless follies of mankind. At his boos, bananas, and feet, in half-reclining attitudes, are two other tall-growing smaller figures, Humor and Satire, repre- tropical trees and senting his two most faithful allies and aids. plants that can be Adjoining the home of this merr^ little procuredand trans- sprite on the east is found the exhibit of ported. To accom- the White Star Steamship Company (G 15), modate the great consisting of a pavilion with a neat little quantity of plants portico, its pillars wrapped with rope, with of moderate dimen- represents the sions there are four a plaited rope capital. This W. L. B. Jenney. pilot-house of a steamer, and is filled with galleries, or cur- handsome models of both the old and tains, as they are technically termed, each new style boats of this line. These are about 270 feet long, connecting the dome perfect in every detail. In addition are and central pavilion with the two end pavil- shown reproductions of the smoking, din- ions. There are two of these galleries with ing, and reading rooms of the steamers glazed roofs, on each side of the dome, leav- " Majestic " and " Teutonic." ing a court 90 feet wide and 270 feet long

THE HORTICULTURAL BUILDING. 157 between them. One of these courts is their windows and the very pleasing and intended for an orange grove, and the other appropriate surroundings of plants and for a large tank of warmed water for the flowers. A horticultural building,' more exhibition of the great Victoria-Regia, and than any other on the grounds, must indi- the numerous and beautiful family of cate its purpose; it must be adapted to the smaller Nymphseas and other water-growing preservation of growing plants, shrubs, and plants. The great pavilions, one on either trees, and inconsequence requires long, low side of the building, are two stories high. galleries, not only with glazed roofs, but The front end of the second story in either also with the maximum of light in the walls pavilion is a restaurant; the other parts of consistent with architectural effects. At the pavilions are for the exhibition of wines, the same time the building must harmonize, fruits, cut flowers, horticultural seeds, and as far as practicable, with the surroundings.

Scene in Horticultural Building. is the Venetian Renaissance, the implements, etc. —exhibits that require onhr The style broad frieze decorated amount of light. In the build- order Ionic, with a the ordinary The treatment ing may be seen some of the finest speci- with cupids and garlands. joyous, to conform to the light- mens of tropical vegetation; the largest is gay and character of the specimens and the greatest number of tree ness of the structure and the either end, and nearest to the ferns, bird's-nest ferns, elkhbrn ferns, palms, exhibits. At and much higher buildings of the etc., ever exhibited. There is a silver other • which it must stand comparison, model of this Horticultural Hall on exhibi- Fair with great pavilions. The central tion in the building, made by Alberto End- "are the two large pavilion crowned ,by a weiss of Monterey, Mexico. It is eleven feature is a wijde-spreadmg;..dame, the most im- feet long and'cost $3,000. The two restau- glazed portiQil:.of 'the building. In front of rants, one in each pavilion, are particularly posing is a highly ornamental pylon, attractive because of the fine view from this pavilion 158 A WEEK AT THE FAIR. forming tho main entrance, with a recessed choly, spirit of autumn, and with this object vestibule decorated with statuary. On the in view has kept aU lines as harmonious face of the pylon are groups, one on either side, representing the "Awakening" and the " Sleep of the Flowers." Thus, and in graceful diction, does Mr, Lorado Taft describe the artistic sculpture and statuary: The sculptural decorations of the Hor- ticultural Building, aside from the frieze, consist of six single figures and two large groups. On the eastern front of each pavilion, at the ends of the building, are two figures placed on the level of the second story. The

' one on the south is called ' The Painting of the Lily "—a process which the poet tells us is not necessary. The figure of a nymph is represented holding the lily and regarding it intently, with her brush poised in the air. The ancients attributed to these spirits of wood and field the care of plant-life. The next figure is symbolic of the cultivation and use of the grape, and represents a faun, a joyous, soulless creature, holding in one hand a brimming beaker and in the other a bunch of grapes. The drapery of this figure is the tiger-skin, a favorite costume of Bacchus, the god of wine. On the north pavilion is the draped figure of a

^ woman, intended

to , personify the study of botany. In her hand she J. M. Samuels. holds a scroll on which is inscribed the lore of that science. The last figure, at the extreme north of the building, represents a gardener of the ancient type examining the bursting buds of a vine. Just inside the vestibule stand two figures, each ten feet in height. The one on the right is a light, airy personification of Flora. She is poised on tip-toe and with outstretched arms holds aloft a flowering branch, to which she turns her smiling face. Around her feet are plants and blossoms Erofusely decking the earth in response to er glad presence. The motive of this figure" was suggested by the well-known statue of " Hope," by Bodenhausen. On the opposite side is the figure of Pomona. Her form is a full, matronly one; her smiling face suggesting amused disap- pointment as she strviggles with the overflowing basket of fruit, \vliich in spite of her development she is unable to lift. The principal sculptural decoration -of ihe building consists of two large gi-oups just outside the main entrance. On the south GROUND FLOOR side is the artist's idea of autumn. The HORTICULTURAL BUILDING. composition has been called the "Sleep and graceful as possible. The faces of the of the Flowers." The sculptor endeavored two sitting figures suggest sleep, and even to su8;gest here the quiet, almost melan- the standing figure looks mournfully down . — ; ; ,

THE HORTICULTURAL BUILDING. 159

Tijjon them, as though she too would soon Classification.—The following is the offi- join them in their slumbers. The only cial classification of this department (J. M. touch of animation is the single belated Samuels, chief): Cupid, who sits contentedly absorbing a GROUP NO. bunch of grapes. This fruit is shown hang- 20. —Viticulture — manufactured products, ing in abundant clusters from the rocks on methods, and appliances. either side. At the feet of the figures is 2 1 . —Pomology — m anufactured products Elaced a branch of withered oak. The methods, and appliances. gures are entirely draped. 2 2 . —Floriculture. On the other hand is the springtime 23. —Culinary vegetables. •oup, sometimes called the " Battle of 24. —Seeds, seed-raisirig, testing, and distri- lowers."1 In this the artist has tried to bution. express the vigor and push of awakening 2 5 . —Arboriculture vegetation by means of broken and angular 26. —Appliances, methods, etc. lines, making the composition as great a In the interior of the building the scene is contrast as possible to the autumn group. full of pleasure for the lovers of nature's In this we have the figures of the three dainty garniture. The "quaint enameled

Senator Leland .Stanford's Wine Exhib t. nymphs, a faun, and two Cupids, all laugh- eyes " of vernal flowers exchange glances ing heartily as they pelt each other, with with the buds that " sad embroidery wear." buds and blossoms. The faun is engaged There are pale primroses and bold oxlips, in binding a garland around the waist of the dim violets and sweet daffodils, and fine

' central figure, while she in turn has her examples of the tulip race, in which ' beauty arms full of flowers which she uses in the plays her idle freaks." The exulting florist mimic warfare. marks with swelling pride the wonders of The figures in these groups are about his hand. Yet a little while and no gradual eight feet in height. The work required bloom will be wanting several months. The artist's principal assistant in the execution of this statuary was From the bud. his pupil, Miss Julia Bracken. First-bom of spring, to summer's musky tribes; LORADO TAFT. Nor hyacinths of purest virgin white, ' Low- bent and blushing inward; nor jonquils Of potent fragrance; nor narcissus In the frieze around the inside of the fair. As o'er the fabled fotmtaiu hanging still dome—painted by C. C. Coleman—are fes- Nor broad carnations; nor gay-spotted pinks; toons and wreaths of the passion-vine; in . Nor, showered from every bush, the damask rose Infinite numbers, wreaths the names of men famous in delicacies, smells. the With hues on hues expression can not paint. horticulture and kindred arts. The breath of nature and her endless bloom. 160 A WEEK AT THE FAIR.

Under the dome in the central pavilion is where the two great promenades meet, it a miniature mountain, surmounted with the has at once prominence and beautiful sur- rarest palms, ferns, trailing vines, and roundings. blooming flowers. This mountain artistic- Its location enables it to be seen from dif- of the grounds, across the la- ally conceals the heating - apparatus, and ferent parts beneath it is a brilliant reproduction of one goon, with its beautiful island and green of the chambers of the Mammoth Crystal shores. To the one side stands Horticult- Cave in the Black Hills of South Dakota, ural Hall, while the Tra;nsportation Building which has been explored for thirty-four stands on the other. miles, its underground tunnels opening and The style of the building, which is Doric, closing into 1,400 rooms, glittering with makes it simple and severe in treatment; its diamond-like stalagmites and stalactites. form, which resembles an amphitheater sur- Entrance fee, 25 cents. mounted by a dome, gives the building, To attempt to merely mention the most both externally and internally, a rounded beautiful of the exhibits would be like placing form, from which project, on the four sides, before the reader an immense florist's cata- porticoes, the one facing the lagoon being logue. Therefore let us only say that nearly the principal entrance, and enriched by every flower known to savage and civilized fluted Doric columns b% feet in diameter. man finds in this build- From the portico leads a flight of spacious ing a. representative. steps, at the foot of which stand two statues, Never before in the being reproductions of celebrated marbles history of flower-shows of Handel and Bach. has such a collection On either side of the portico are panels been gathered to- in relief work representing, the Progress of gether, and the century Music, and in the panels over the doors are plant now in bloom relief portraits of Glilck, Berlioz, Wagner, under the beautiful Schumann, Schubert, Mozart, Mendelssohn, central dome may burst Bach, Handel, and Beethoven. Cider-Press. forth into flowers again The interior has the form of a Greek thea- before such another may be viewed. ter, except that the chorus of 2,500 voices Just west of this building, in its rear, are occupies the part. assigned by the Greeks to found the Greenhouses (I 14). These are the stage, and thus it becomes amphitheat- not open to visitors usually, though there rical in form. .There are no galleries of any are times when special circumstances cause kind to obstruct the view or sound. The them to be thrown open to the public. As building seats 6,500 persons. The decora- a general thing they are used only for the tion of the interior is in the same order as propagation and forcing of plants and flow- the exterior, in relief work and color. A ers, which are afterward removed to the large foyer extends around the building, exhibit-rooms or set out in the parterres in giving ample room for promenades. front of the building, where are also the FRANCIS M. WHITEHOUSE. exhibits of a number of private florists. Back of this building, to the west, is the Leaving this building and turning to the Official Photographer's Building (J 14), with left the visitor will find a beautiful little an able corps of operatives, ana Mr. C. D. bridge, from which he may obtain a fine Arnold as chief. They alone are author- view in ev-ery direction. Toward the north, ized to make and sell views of the grounds upon the left-hand side, the eye takes in and buildings, and their work is first-class in the airy building devoted to floral displays, every respect. the large State Building of Illinois closing The new Public Service Building (J 14) is the vista; to his right the west shore of the southwest of the Horticultural Building and Wooded Island, with its queer Japanese west of the Choral Building. It provides structures, rose-gardens, and sphinx, meets offices for Chief of Construction Burnham his gaze. Turning his face toward the and his assistants, and also for the engineers south the gorgeous fa(;ade of the Transporta- and others connected with the management tion Building, and the beautiful but less of the grounds and buildings. It is situated highly ornamented ones of the Mines and just west of the Choral Building, lying imme- Electricity buildings, are seen, while to the diately to the right of the Sixty-second Street east and northeast loom up the gigantic entrance to the grounds. There is but little Manufactures and Liberal Arts, the United of interest in or about this building for the States Government, and Fisheries buildings. average visitor, a brief inspection and will Having exhausted the pleasures of tiie satisfy his curiosity; when retracing his different views presented from the bridge, toward the will way east he find upon his the visitor crosses to the east and steps right hand, opposite the lower or southern upon the Wooded Island 17). Turning end of Lsland, (J the Wooded the Choral Build- off to his right he finds a pathwav leading ing, or, as it is also known, the Festival to another bridge, crossing to another and Hall 15). Among the group of (J buildings smaller island known as Hunter's Island at the Exposition probably none have been (K 17). To the right of the bridge he will assigned a more beautiful location than notice a very primitive structure built of Festival Hall. Standing as it does upon the logs with the bark still on them, just such a very shore of the lagoon, and at a point cabiii . as the backwoods of Kentucky or THE HOO-DEN. 161

Tennessee can show to-day in their secluded pathway and finds upon his left hand, near districts. This is a reproduction of the the southeastern bank of the larger island, cabin of of one America's quaintest charac- the Rose Garden (J 17). This garden con- ters, David Crocket, who as hunter, states- sists of about 13^ acres of ground, and there man, jester, and patriot was unsurpassed. are nearly 2,000 varieties of roses shown One of the heroic band of Texans who to here. The ground is surrounded by a wire a man perished in the Alamo, it was re- fence six feet high, having four entrances. corded of him and his comrades: " Ther- South of the garden are seen all kinds of mopylse had her messenger of defeat, but plants. Proceeding farther north are found the Al^mo had none!" In the c^in are many relics of the noble old hunter and of other rude but heroic men of the Western borders. The fittings of the cabin are in harmony with its exterior; deer-horns, flint-lock rifles, wooden benches, etc. But a short distance to the east is seen the Australian Squatter's Hut(K 17), a true copy of that antipodean structure. It is located on the east end of Hunter's Island, to the right of its neighbor, Davy Crocket's cabin. In the outlying district of that immense island

groups of ornamental leaf trees, of various kinds, and popular shrubs, natural to this country and latitude. The center of the island is novelly treated, having old-fash- The Hoo-den. ioned gardens, rustic seats, stone edgings, and Australia, there are thousands of just such many winding paths. The beds are all huts occupied by hardy shepherds and cat- filled, with sweet-scented shrubs. North of tlemen. Within are seen whips, saddles, this is the German exhibit, consisting of a sheep-skins, culinary utensils, etc., in every- large show of standard roses and herba- day use among the frontiersmen of that ceous plants, a specialty being made of dwarf country. roses. Turning back from this homely edifice Still northward, about the center of the and recrossing the rustic bridge, the tourist island one encounters Baur's Sphinx, which walks first east and then northward along a he calls "The Secret," and which differs 11 163 A WEEK A T THE FAIR.

fresh from the old Egyptian idea of this tiny garden of the humble home, and f;reatly every abulous monster. His inspiration is derived flowers are placed or incense burned day each year from a passionate little poem by Heine, day for hun&eds of years. A of all the entitled "The Sphinx." The figures are is commemorated for the honoring strongly modeled and the artist's ideas well dead. Wooded Isl- carried out in this statue. The Hoo-den built on the plan, with At the northern end of the island are the and for the Fair is after this interior decorations quaint but beautifully decorated edifices a. few changes. The magnificent. The erected by our Japanese guests. These are more beautiful and of a room in the structures represent the Hoo-den, or Phoenix center hall is a fac-simile Kioto, built by Tokugawa Palace (G i6). The picture here presented Nijo Castle, shoguns portrays the original Hoo-den Temple, Nji, lyeyasu, a. shogun, in 1601. The their reign ending near Kioto, Japan. It is one of the groups ruled seven centuries, the mikado came of the Bidodins. It is built with tiled roof. with the year 1868. Then govern the The cross-trees are logs, the ends beauti- forth from his long seclusion to building fully carved with heads of lions. The temple empire. Everything used in the with the is intended to represent the Japanese fabu- of the temple has been chosen lous bird, the Hoo. The central part is greatest care, and no expense spared. All wood-carving, and two-storied—this is the body of the bird; the paintings, bronze, the colonnades right and left are the wings; lacquer for the interior decorations have the corridor at the back forms the tail. The been the work of picked artists, at the Fine two bronze phoenixes on the top are 3j^ feet Art School, Niyemo Park, Tokyo, under the high. They are made so flexible that the supervision of Mr. K. Okakura, the director wings and heads are moved by the wind. of the school. Mr. Okakura superintended The temple dates back to 1502, but it was the completion of the temple. It is without begun over twelve hundred years ago. It doubt one of the most expensive buildings was originally the private house of a cele- erected on the Fair grounds, and the brated noble poet ^Kawa-ra-nosa-clea-pin). Japanese exhibition is one of the most enter- After his death it passed into the hands taining and costly. The building is a gift of the imperial family and was converted to Chicago from his highness the emperor into a monastery. After a hundred years —a magnificent present. it was dedicated to Amedia, the Buddha of At the northeast end of the island a Japan. She is the ideal of boundless light, graceful bridge leads the visitor again to the goddess of wisdom, the ruler of the the mainland, where he finds himself con- heavenly paradise. The decorations of the fronted by the light and graceful structure, temple are all by famous artists. The with its annexes, devoted to fish and fishing paintings represent twenty-five festivals. exhibits, and known as All the gods and goddesses, the Buddhists believe, have the power of either bestowing THE FISHERIES BUILDING blessings or inflicting curses, and deal out to mortals their degree of merit, which (F 18). It embraces a large central struct- entitles them after death, if worthy, to a ure, with two smaller polygonal buildings place in the pure lands of the West, where connected with it on either end by arcades. the saints dwell. The altar is covered with The extreme length of the building is 1,100 gold lacquer; the bronze and wood carvings feet and the width 200 feet. It is located are very fine. A large figure of Amedia to the northward of the United States Gov- is said to have been carved by a prince ernment Building. imperial who was a devout Buddhist. The In the central portion is the general fish- ceiling of the room is inlaid with mother-of- eries exhibit. In one of the polygonal build- pearl, lacquer, and bronze. It is remarkable ings is the angling exhibit and in the other that the temple has withstood the ravages the aquaria. The exterior of the building of time and war. It has been the scene of is Spanish-Romanesque, which contrasts many a battle, and sheltered warriors bold. agreeably in appearance with that of the Heroes who have performed great feats of other buildings. valor found death under its portals sweeter To the close observer the exterior of the than defeat. building can not fail to be exceedingly inter- In front of the temple is a beautiful lotus- esting, for the architect, Henry Ives Cobb, pond. The lotus is the sacred flower of the exerted all his ingenuity in arranging in- Buddhists. It is a symbol of purity, chas- numerable forms of capitals, modillions, tity, single-mindedness, and usefulness, as brackets, cornices, and other ornamental its roots are edible. The lotus-flower always details, using only fish and other sea forms suggests thoughts of Buddha. Buddhism for his motive of design. The roof of the was brought into the country from India building is of old Spanish tile, and the side and China. The Sin-tu faith was formerly walls of pleasing color. The cost is about the worship of the people. It can not be $200,000. said that Sin-tu faith means religion, for it In the center of the polygonal building is is hero worship, reverence to the dead, to a rotunda sixty feet in diameter, in the imperial ancestors, and to great men. middle of which is a basin, or pool, twenty- Shrines to loved ones are erected of stones six feet wide, from which rises a towering and bronzes placed on the la*n, or in the mass of rocks, covered with moss and U-

164 A WEEK AT THE FAIR.

Michigan. B. Mora was se- chens. From clefts and crevices in the rocks from Lake J. States Fish Commission crystal streams of water gush and drop to lected by the United aquaria, which constitute the masses of reeds, rushes, and ornamental to decorate the attractions of the Fisheries semi-aquatic plants in the basin below. In one of the chief aquaria, while seemingly pool gorgeous gold-fishes, golden ides, Building. These this kinds—those for fresh- golden tench, and other fishes disport. From all alike, are of two for salt-water fish. The the rotunda one side of the larger series of water and those represent the rivers aquaria may be viewed. These are ten in sweet-water aquaria States, such as the number, and have a capacity of 7,000 to and lakes of the United Colorado; Lakes Michi- 27,000 gallons of water each. Mississippi, Hudson, nearly as possible the Passmg out of the rotunda a great corri- gan, Superior, etc. As conditions of the beds of these dor, or arcade, is reached, where on one hand scenery and reproduced. The salt- can be viewed the opposite side of the series waters have been different views of tide- of great tanks, and on the other a line of water aquaria give with salt tanks somewhat smaller, ranging from 750 water rivers, estuaries, etc., filled representing the rocks, gravel, to 1,500 gallons each in capacity. The cor- water, and their beds. A beauti- ridor, or arcade, is about fifteen feet wide; sand, etc., peculiar to fountain in the center the glass fronts of the aquaria are in length ful feature is a grand surrounded by large aqua- about 575 feet, and have 3,000 square feet of of the rotunda,

^.W:'\v-

Arcade in Fisheries Building. surplus. The total water capacity of the ria. In the fountain there springs up a rocky aquaria, exclusive of reservoirs, is 18,725 mass, twenty-two feet high, covered with feet, or 140,000 gallons. Thisweighs 1,192,- moss, lichens, and aquatic vines and plants, 425 pounds, or almost 600 tons. Of this and from small crevices in it spout streams amount about 40,000 gallons is devoted to of clear water, which fall back upon the the marine exhibit. In the entire salt-water rocks, and thence down into the fountain's circulation, including the reservoirs, there basin. Mr. Mora also prepared the decora- are about 80,000 gallons. The pumping and tions for the Illinois fish exhibit, consisting distributing plants for the marine aquaria of a large fountain, thirty-six feet high, are constructed of vulcanite. The pumps from which the water descends in miniature are in duplicate, and each has a capacity of cascades from rock to rock until it reaches 3,000 gallons per hour. The supply of sea- several little lakes, in which are the fish. water was secured by evaporating the neces- Across one of the lakes is a small rustic sary quantity at the Wood's Holl station of bridge, lending an additional element of the United States Fish Commission to about beauty. In the interior of this fountain, one-fifth its bulk, thus reducing both quan- with an entrance at one side, is a grotto tity and weight for transportation about 80 decorated with stalagmites and stalactites. per cent. The fresh water required to The whole represents a natural landscape, restore it to its proper density was supplied with plants, trees, etc. THE FISHERIES BUILDING. 165

Classification.—The following is the offi- 39. —Fresh-water fishing and angling. cial classification of this department (Capt. 40. —Product of the fisheries, and their J. W. Collins, chief): manipulation. 41. —Fish culture. The greatest interest of the average visitor to this building centers in the room where the live fish are to be seen, and indeed this is one of the most interesting of all the Exposition displays. In warm weather its grotto-like interior is cool and pleasant, and the drip and plashing of its fountains' waters soothe the hearer's senses to a deli- cious state of rest and quietude. The gaudy fishes, whose pool is the central basin, charm the eye by their bright colors, while the rush and lightning-like turnings of the pike, pickerel, gar, and other piratical denizens of the aquaria amaze by their swiftness and dexterity. Beautiful speckled trout from the streams of the Atlantic and Pacific water-sheds; curious sun-fishes, or, as the boys used to call them, "tobacco-boxes"; and graylings, fully as beautiful, in a quiet way, as the brook-trout, are seen on every hand. To offset the beauty of these specimens there are hideous crawling sea-lizards, that suggest the forms seen in nightmares, and clumsy looking turtles by the dozen. The tank containing specimens from the

, Mississippi and Missouri rivers is the largest of all, being 70 feet long, 12 feet wide, and 9 feet deep. Dog-fish, bass of several kinds, croppie, drum, pike, pickerel, gizzard shad, all kinds of cat-fish, buffalo, sturgeon, shovel- fish—armored on the outside but boneless within—gar; spoon-bill cat-fish, which are not cat-fish at all, but a species of sturgeon, and many others may be seen. Some of the cat-fish weigh nearly two hundred pounds, and these will prove a revelation to those of

' the piscatorial fraternity from ' down East," where the largest members of this species never exceed a weight of two or three pounds. This tank takes up the eastern half of the first series of aquaria immediately surrounding the crystal pool. There are white-fish and grayling from the Great Lakes; muscallonge from North- ern New York; pompanos, red snappers, and croakers from the Gulf of Mexico and Galveston Bay. Lake cat-fish, suckers, rock, white, and black bass; blob, pike, perch, eel- pouts, and curious water-dogs are plentiful. The Wisconsin lakes and streams furnish many varieties, and Pennsylvania, North Dakota, and Missouri have supplied collections of every species of their fishes. Min- nesota and New York also show their many varieties. Rhode Island has a fine display, as has also North Carolina. The Govern- ment displays from the hatcheries, and also GROUND PLAN from their sea and fresh water catch, are magnificent. They consist of almost every OF FISHERIES variety of fish from the Pacific and Atlantic BUILDING. coasts, as well as from the interior lakes and streams. Illinois exhibits her fishes in ornamental open pools formed by abtautiful GROUP NO. fountain, constructed for this purpose. The 37._Fish and other forms of aquatic life. idea is quite a unique one. 38.—Sea fishing and angling. Not only is the fish display not limited to 166 A WEEK AT THE FAIR.

expositions. live representations of the various species of ever attempted in the history of in food fish and those noticeable only for their Books, engravings, paintings, specimens, beauty, but there are specimens preserved short everything that has a bearing upon the in alcohol, casts of others, fish packed in tin subject of angling, may be seen. Upon the is and wood, and even destructive fish, snakes, adjacent waters of the lagoon opportunity turtles, predatory birds, and other enemies offered for tournaments in the various meth- of the fish tribes. In fishing appliances ods used in fishing, as fly-casting, bait-fish- the exhibit is on a comparative basis, ing, trolling, skittering, etc. Fishing-camps, showing hooks, lines, trawls, nets, spears, from canvas tents to log cabins and porta- specimens of small fishing- etc. , beginning with the crude implements ble houses, and of savage tribes and bringing the exhibit craft are displayed along the banks of the down through the various stages of im- lagoon. In the other wing, as has been al- provement to the latest improved apparatus ready noted, are the large beautiful aquaria, of the present day. Along with this exhibit fiUed with their finny inhabitants. The is presented a history and statistics of the main building contains the other exhibits conditions of fishing industries for the last mentioned, as the cured products, boats used in the fisheries, etc. An object of unusual interest is the complete skeleton of a humpback whale of moderate dimensions, wired together, with every bone in its proper place. This whale was found stranded on a beach on the Pacific Coast, was bought by the citizens of the city of Tacoma, and was denuded of its flesh and brought to this buUding, and here wired together. While not a very large specimen, and of a species far inferior in size to either the sperm (or white) whale or the "right" whale of our old Arctic and Pacific whalers, yet it serves to give one at least a fair idea of the proportions attained by some species of the class of animals of which it was a humble member. It is suspended over the Wash- ington exhibit. Of the foreign nations, Norway is more largely represented in this building than any of the others, and her display is exceedingly fine. To give some idea of the magnitude of the fishing industry to this nation, it is probably sufficient to say that its take of codfish in three months amounts to 50,000,000, and that 40,000 of its men are engaged in fishing pursuits. Wal- rus and seal fishing are displayed, and Detail of Fisheries Building. a number of boats, including the famous 400 years. Fish culture, which has made Lister boat (a new model of a fishing-boat). freat strides in the last twenty-five years, A Norwegian fisherman's hut is shown; also as not been neglected, nor has the sport of stuffed birds, etc. To aid the \'isitor in trac- angling, as contra-discing^ished from coming these exhibits, a route has been planned mercial fishing. The true disciple of quaint as follows: old Izaak Walton, who fishes from a pure In the west wing of the building are the love of angling, and who will spend money displays of Ohio, freely, and tramp a dozen miles and feel Missouri, Brazil, recompensed by " a glorious nibble," finds and the fresh- here a splendid array of tackle to delight fish exhibits of him. Split bamboo rods, genuine "Old the P e n n s Y 1- Kentucky " reels, silk lines, g^t and sinew vania and Wis- snoods, etc. , of every grade and design, may consin fish com- be noted. To return to the commercial ' missions; also aspects of the subject, the machinery and that of Fortst appliances used in curing, salting, packing, luid Stream and and tinning fish are shown, and also the the Ameriitin oils, leather, etc. , obtained from marine ani- A >i£-/i'r, consist- mals. Sponges, corals, pearl shells (rough A Whale's Flipper, ing of angling and manufactured), form one branch of tne and hunting tro- display. To specify the plan of the exhibit phies, and a large collection of paintings it is only necessary to say that in the most and engravings. Here too are displays by western of the three buildings is the display manufacturers of rods, reels, lines, etc. of angling apparatus of all kinds, American Entering by the western door, the first ex- and foreign, entered for competition. The hibit to the right is that of Great Britain, collection here shown is the most complete consisting principally of fishing-tackle, nets, THE FISHERIES BUILDING. 167 seines, linen lines, etc., and a model Irish W. Boyd, Harrisburg, Pa., and others will fishing-school. The next exhibit is that of interest all anglers. Of course every one France, east of which is the large display of will go to see the large live alligators New South Wales, showing a very large penned in the lagoon near this building. collection of preserved and dried fish, fish- They can be found in the water near the ing-boats, nets, tackle, and groups of stuffed bridge which crosses the lagoon from this seals. Opposite is the Norwegian exhibit, to the Government Building, and are already noticed, and adjoining, on the right, located just to the left of that portion of it is the collection of Canada, a very complete which touches the shore nearest to this (the one, among which is a stuiEed white whale, Fisheries) building. sixteen feet long, and a model schooner, Leaving this building by its north front, such as is used and turning to the left, the visitor finds a by the fishermen roadway leading to a bridge which crosses of Newfound- the lagoon toward the Illinois Building. land and Nova On the near shore upon his right hand one Scotia, 30 feet sees a fine building used as a restaurant, and long, 8 feet _ known as the Cafe de Marine (F 17). This beam, and 6 building is 100 x 130 feet, three stories high. feet draught, It is French-timbered Gothic. It is a very fully rigged and picturesque building, with four round tow- equipped. East ers, four square towers, and a very high, of Norway are steep roof. The building is covered with the exhibits ofl plaster, the roof shingled. The interior is Russia, Maine, all open, and it is so arranged that the and Massachu- rooms and veranda can be thrown into one. setts. Of the lat- It is to be run as a fish-restaurant. There ter, Gloucester will be nothing sold or served but shell-fish, ~_ occupies a prom- Porcupine Fish. poultry, and game. Opposite the south en- inent place, with models of a succession trance is the grand staircase leading to the of schooners and their rigs, dating from second floor, which is all open as one large 1623 down to 1893. The paintings, figures, room, with a balcony looking down into the and inscriptions of this exhibit are worthy main floor. of note. East of the central aisle are some Crossing the bridge above mentioned, private exhibits, also those of Oregon, whence a beautiful view toward the south- Washington, and North Carolina. The west and southeast is obtained, the visitor Oregon exhibit contains the skeleton of an finds on his right hand the Merchant Tail- immense whale. Japan is next north of ors' World's Fair Building (E 16). This these displays, with a very large exhibit, structure is 55 feet 9 inches square, inside consisting of models of the different kinds measurement, with porticoes front and rear, of boats used in that country, as well as which are alike. The building is 94 feet every species of fin and shell fish, bait, hooks, etc. Their hooks are smaller than ours and are made of superior steel, so as to have about the same strength. The collection of photographs illustrating the fishing industries of the " Flowery Kingdom " is very complete and interesting. East of Japan is the exhibit of Holland, the leading feature of which is a full-rigged herring lugger. Minnesota is next east, showing preserved and dried Polish Cafe. fish, stuffed aquatic birds, etc. The private display of the San each way, over all. The interior of the Diego (Cal.) high school is interesting, and main room is octagonal in shape, forming a the display of reels shown by B. C. Milan & small room in each corner. Upon the north Son of Frankfort, Ky., and the exhibits of and south sides are semicircular rooms, 14x22 feet; and ladies' and gentlemen's the James R. Neal Co. of Boston, Mass. , Max Ams, Wolff & Ressing, A. G. Spalding & toilet-rooms. The walls are finished in of York, R. cream and gold, and beautifully decorated Bros., J. A. Moore & Sons New Connable & Sons, Petoskey, Mich., George with mural paintings in oil, on canvas, rep- 168 A WEEK AT THE FAIR.

different from those of resenting the eight great historical periods Japanese tiles, quite ceilings have beauti- of dress. First scene, Adam and Eve mak- other nations. The paintings. The floors are ing aprons of leaves; second, a barbarian ful water-color mattings, and thick scene; third, Egyptian; fourth, classical covered with heavy carved arm-rests, covered in Greek; fifth, medieval; sixth. Renaissance; cushions, with Nishijin fabrics, are provided for guests, seventh, Louis the XIV. to XVI. ; eighth, their tea in the Japanese modern. There are also six frescoes em- who can thus enjoy people employed about the blematic of the trade. The floor leading mode. The artists in drawing and serving from the entrance is covered by one of the building are water-front are rare Japa- finest pieces of ceramic mosaic ever brought teas. Along its flowers. The buildings, to this country, designed and made espe- nese plants and by native carpenters, cially for this building by Maw & Co. of which were constructed electricity, and also by gifu Shropshire, England. The building is in are lighted by lanterns. the form of a Greek temple; in its details, a . buildings to the next point of reproduction of those of the Erectheum at From these short distance. It is the Athens, finished about 410 B. C, planned interest is but a Restaurant (E 17), and lies north by Pericles, and erected under the super- Swedish of the Fisheries Building. vision of Phidias, the great Greek sculptor. of the west wing represents a tavern in South- The details are most elaborate and beau- Its architecture and the structure, cooking, and tiful, and some of them have never before ern Sweden,

Merchant Tailors* Building.

been reproduced in modern architecture. bill of fare are thoroughly Swedish. Guests The tailors of the United States may well may here enjoy, if they can, smoked rein- be proud of it. S. S. Beman was the archi- deer, baby sausages, craw-fish tails, raw tect of the building. " delikatess," herring, fried stromming, The roadway winds gently north and then smoked goose breast, reindeer tongues, and east, and another bridge is reached, span- " grartax," a conglomeration that no one ning the stretch of water between the la- but a Swede has ever yet succeeded in eat- goon and the North Pond, from which an- ing. Swedish " brannvin," a potato whisky, other fine view is obtainable. Crossing this, is there to wash down this bill of fare, to the right stands a little building easily which in addition to the articles named recognizable as belonging to the Japanese. includes, of coui-se, many common to the This is the Japanese Tea House(E 17), com- tables of all people. posed of two different buiJdings, constructed Next in order in this queer agglomeration in true Japanese style of kinoti and other of eating-houses is the Polish Cafe (E 18), Japanese woods, and bamboo. The larger situated at the northeast corner of the Fish- of the two buildings is made chiefly of the eries Building, a fine edifice, whose cuismt latter material, with green bamboo roof and is devoted to the national dishes of the beautifully cemented floor, and is used for Polish people, though other edibles are also serving Japanese green teas to visitors. served here. The smaller structure is built of kurogaki, From this cafe the wav next leads to the keynkt, and k/r/irrkt\ woods peculiar to the Home of Izaak Walton ^l^ iS) —the quaint, " Flowery Kingdom," This is roofed with kindly apostle of all true fishermen—which

—"

170 A WEEK AT THE FAIR.

of iron. On account has been faithfully reproduced, and stands ies, floors, and roof are value and perishable nature on a site on the northeast shore of the North of the immense be so constructed Pond, between the Art Galleries and the of its contents, it had to from this fact first Costa Rica Building. A visit to the home as to be fire-proof, and making it a permanent of this patron saint of all lovers of "the arose the idea of from the roof with gentle craft of angling," can not fail to structure. It is lighted enhancing greatly its value prove of interest to those who are piscatori- glass sky-lights, pictures. Statuary is ally inclined. for the display x)f and the walls Walking along the shores of the North exhibited on the grbund-floor, well as those of the galleries Pond one finds, about the center of the north of this floor as shore of the pond, the south door of the main are hung with paintings. winged figure of building of the Art Galleries, with Great In addition to Martiny's " globe over the dome Britain on his right hand and the other Fame, "poised upon a frieze he has placed countries as before stated. of the building, upon its others; here is "Architecture," a chaste BUILDING figure with a stem yet not unpleasing face, THE ART denoting intellectuality and study. The lines of her drapery are simple, and alto- (C 17), designed by C. B. Atwood of Chi- the flowing robes of cago, is in ttie chastest and finest style of gether different from " Paint- Grecian architecture, the Ionic. In dimen- the voluptuous figure representing line of whose face and sions it is 500 X 300 feet, with an intersecting," every curve and ing nave and transept crossing the building figure speak of gaiety and sensuousness. " north and south, east and west. At the Music" is pensive and poetic, her beauty melancholy point of intersection rises a flat dome, somewhat overshadowed by the springing from a gabled pediment above cast of her features and the drooping lines ' " the roof of the building, the diameter of the of her figure. ' Sculpture is more vigor- dome being 60 feet and its height 125 feet. ous and robust than any of the sisters, and Surmounting the dome is a colossal statue her face and figure are characterized by a ' strengfth and firmness superior to those of of the famous figure, the ' Winged Victory. The building has four grand entrances, the others. On each side of these figures richly ornamented with sculptures and other are two large winged female figures holding decorations, and approached by broad garlands of flowers in their hands. There flights of steps. Columned porches with are two female figures on each side of the gabled pediments lead from the steps to the main entrances supporting the pediments to doorways, and there are flanked with shallow right andleft of doorways. These entrances square towers, lower than the porch, and are g^uarded by large lions, one on either with fronts bearing gabled ornaments. side, designed by Theodore Baur and A. Along the fafades run colonnades with Phimister Proctor. graceful pillars and square pediments, ter- The ofiicial grouping of the contents of minating at the corners in slightly advanced the Fine Arts Building, Department " K" towers, showing the gable style of pediment. (Halsey C. Ives, chief), is as follows; At the east and west ends the slightly ad- GROUP NO. vanced entrance-ways Tun up into high, 1 39. —Sculpture. sharp gables, with the receding sides simi- 140. —Painting in oil. larly ornamented. The ^race and beauty 141. —Painting in water-colors. of the facades of the building—especially 142. —Painting on ivory, on enamel, on that toward the south when viewed across metal, on porcelain, or other wares; the waters of the lagoon—are beyond the fresco-painting on walls. power of words . to describe. A pillared 143. —Engravings and etchings; prints. promenade forty feet wide surrounds the 144. —Chalk, charcoal, pastel, and other entire building, and between this promenade drawings. and the nave are small rooms devoted to 145. —Antiejue andmodern carvings; engrav- special collections of pictures and statuary. ings in medallions, or in gems.cameos, On either side of the main building are an- intaglios. nexes to accommodate the overflow from 146. —Exhibits of private collections. the larger structure. In dimensions they In this building there are such vast num- are 120 x 200 feet each, one story high. The bers of exhibits, all worthy of the most care- walls of the colonnaded fa9ades are deco- ful inspection, that the visitor must needs rated with extremely fine mural paintings, be very industrious, who, in the time al- which typify the rise and progress of uie lowed him by the programme, manages to arts. About the principal entrances and see even the most noted pictures and statu- upon the exterior frieze are portraits of the ary. Rare indeed have been the occasions old masters and sculptured bas-relief deco- when such vast art collections have been on rations. In color the general tone of the view, every picture and statue in which is exterior is a cool gray. This building will of the highest degree of artistic merit. In be made a permanent feature of the park, the main building alone there are seventy- and has, in consequence, been built in a four galleries, varying in size from 30 x 30 more substantial manner than any of the feet to 36x120 feet. The nave and tran- others. The principal walls are of brick sept are 70 feet high and 100 feet wide—the covered, of course, with staff—and the galler- transept having a clear space through the THE ART BUILDING. 171 173 A WEEK AT THE FAIR.

peculiarly Germanesque in treatment. The murdered father , " is very strongly drawn and

' artist is Sommer. Herter shows a ' Triton painted. In Room 33 perhaps the best can- Catching a Mermaid." Siemering has a vas is Volz' " Mary," though its setting in

' strong figure typifying ' Peace. " Heiderich excessive green detracts from its beauty. exhibits two hunting groups, " In the Open "The Nun," by Hcecker, is good, as are " ' Field and ' Badger Hunting." In painting, the "Death of Dante," by Friederich, it is hard, when all are excellent, to select " Flag of Truce," by Speyer; " Chamois one more deserving of mention than another, Hunter" and " Rafting on the tsar River," still I venture to name a few. Schlabitz by Karl Knabl; " Fishing in Norvi'ay," by has a beautiful " Church Interior " and Nor- Ekenas—these are all from Munich; " Near man a fine lake and mountain view. Wim- Naples," by Achenbach; " Alone," by mer's portrait of William II. is excellent, and Alberts; " Village in the Spessart," by An- a large nude figure by Stockinger is well dorf; " Still Life on the Game Preser\'e," by drawn and colored. The same can be said Arnz; " The Wedding Mom," by Bachman; " The Martyr's Daughter," by Baur; " The Cigarette Factory," and " On the Heights," by Von der Beck; "The Vidette,"by Carl Becker; " Sinai,"byBracht; " The Surprise," " by J. von Brandt; Industrious Sisters," by Crola; "On the Brook," by Deiter; "Sum- mer Evening," by Duecker; " Italian Women at Fountain,'" by Flamm; "Vaccinating Office," by Gabl; " Dante on the Alps," by Hertel; " Queen Louise," by Hilde- brand; "North German Landscape,"- by Malchin; "Summer Night," by Normann; "The Flood," by Scherres; "Landscape on the Riviera,' by Tuercke; "At the Sick Bed," by Vautier; "The Berlin Con- gress," by Von Werner; and many portraits. The above-named paintings display the merits of every school of painting in the empire, nearly every city of note being represented. In portraits, that of Professor Virchow, by Lehnbach, is probably the best of the collection. "Spin- ners" is excellent. "Sheep," by Ziigel, and "Cattle," by Baisch, are fine paintings. In Room 33 Bransewetter's " Christ " is an exceedingly strong painting, as is the " Roll- ing Mill," by Menzel. Lehnbach 's portrait of Pope Leo is above criticism. Gysis' " Carnival in Greece" is a chai-ming composition. In Room 31 the strongest works are " The Review," by Schmidt; " Balanc- ing the Egg," " A Portrait," by Lehnbach; "A Winter Landscape," by Hildebrand; and the "Congress of Nations," A. von ^yerner. In Room 30 are a fine marine and river view, a desert scene, and a mountain landscape. In excellence but few, if any, of the exhibits surpass that of Austria. In ' Music." Philip Martiny, Sculptor. Room 36 are five panels by Hans Makart, represent- of a partially nude female figure by Schauss. ing "The Five Senses." These are five " An "Interior Scene by Fischer-COrlin is nude female figures, and in drawing and good, and two marines by Bartels are excel- color are unsurpassed. " Never Returns," ' lent. Lespering's ' Sick Girl " is quite a gem, by Payer, is a strong though somber can- " " and Von Stettin's Italian Boys in Paris is vas. Other fine pictures are "Equestrian particularly strong in color and drawing. Portrait of Washington," bv Huber; \"on small " A Interior "by Weimer is a gem, Bloss' "Children with Orange"; Bacher's as is another near it, by Albert Flamm. In "Mother of Christ"; a " Landscape," by Room 34 Bohrdt's " Marine," to the right on Russ; a " Portrait," by Temple; an " Inte- entering, is magnificent, and nearly as " good rior by Probst; " Sunday," by Brozik, and is the " View on the Beach," hanging just a " Landscape," by Fischer. In Room 35 is above it. Gude's " Marine " is also fine, but Brozik's magnificent picture "The Defense the most attractive picture in the room is of Prague "; Hinchl's " Prometheus "; Knup- Papperitz's" Daughterof Herodias." Hilde- " fer's Mermaid and Man "; Von Deflfrigger^s brand's immense canvas " Tullia attempt- " Men and Girls Drinking "; Schmid's" Suf- ing to drive her chariot over the body of her fer Little Children"; Wertlieiraor's "Vis- THE ART BUILDING. 173 ion"; Mailer's "Market Place at Cairo," one, 41 X 24 feet, shows a portion of the and Deutsch's " Egyptian Interior "; " The Church of St. Giles; one, 20 x 36 feet, is Cemetery in Dalmatia," by Schindler; " The from the gallery of Limoges Cathedral; one, Hunting Master," by Canon; a portrait of from the " Portal of the Virgin," from Notre William Unger, by Temple; and two por- Dame, Paris, is 18 x 25 feet, etc. The archi- traits by Unger—" Rembrandt " and " Reu- tecture and sculptures represented begin with ben's Son." Mme. Weisingen, Austria's the art era of the twelfth century, and are most famous woman painter, sends " Morn- followed down to the seventeenth century ing at the Seashore," "Breakfast in the era continuously, the examples chosen as Country," and "The Laundress of the follows: The cathedrals of Chartres and Mountains." The " First Court of the Hus- Boiirges (12th); Paris, Rheims, Amiens, sites," by Brozik, may be seen in the north Lyons, Rouen, and Laon (13th); Bordeaux, alcove of the Austrian space, close by a Nantes, and Sens (14th); Mans (15th); Beau- heroic statue of the emperor. Portraits of vais, Limoges, and Tours (i6tn); the members of the royal family, by Victor Tilgner, the court painter, have been sent by the Emperor Franz Josephhimself. Hans Makart, the most celebrated painter of Aus- tria, contributes five scenes. The micro- scopically small paintings of A. Pazmandy, a Hungarian artist, are very curious—one, " The Landing of Columbus," is half an inch square, and contains seventeen human figures, besides boats, sea, land, etc. They are highly finished paintings. The French claim, and it seems justly, to be the successors to the ancient Greeks in the art of sculpture. In their section the display is superb. One group represents a "Combat between a Lion and Crocodile"; " Mercury," a beautiful small bronze; " The First Funeral" (Abel's); "The Return," a bronze relief; "Egyptian Harp Player," bronze; " The Suez Canal; " " Jezebel Tom by Dogs; ' " David's Triumph; " " Age of Iron;" "The Age of Stone;" "Genius of the Grave;" "Earth;" "Ninon;" "The First Sin;" "Source of the Seine;" "The First Born," and "The Blind Carrying the Paralytic. " Probably the most intense work in this exhibit is " The Bullet in the Head," an old woman holding in her lap the dead body of her grandchild, killed during the Coup d 'Eiat. Other fine ones are Aube's " Dante," a marble statuette copied from the original bronze figure, which stands in front of the College of France; Fremiet's "Jeanne d'Arc," the " Gorilla"; Chapu's " Joan of Arc," Rodin's " Les Bourgeois de Calais," Falguire's " French Republic," Idrac's " Salammbo;" four figures from the Lamericiere Monu- ment, by Dubois; two groups by Mercie; Painting." Philip Martiny, Sculptor, Cain's "Attack of the Tigers," Berria's famous " Child Mozart." churches of St. Giles, St. Trophime at Aries,. In the French exhibit there is also a mag- St. Martin at Brive, St. Euthrope at Saintes, nificent display of historic sculptures, con- and Notre Dame du Port at Clermont-Fer- sisting of a collection of casts, duplications rand (i2th); St. Denis and St. Croix at of the most important reproductions of Nievre (13th); St. Maclou at Rouen (i6th); Tl^orks shown in the Museum of Comparative St. Nicholas and St. Jean at Troyes (i6th); Sctdpture, in the Trocadero Palace, m Paris. the cloisters of Moissac (12th); the Abbey These casts show portions of the fapades of de la Dourade at Toulouse (12th); the churches and cathedrals, grdnd portals, Chapel of St. Germer (13th); the Chateau Gaillon (i6th) the beautiful galleries, altars, statues, columns, of Lude (15th), and ; capitals, etc. They are as perfect as the Hotel de Rohan, Paris; the Palace of highest degree of French art and skill can Versailles, and the Hotel de Ville of Toulon make them, even the time-worn appearance (17th). The " Christ of Amiens" shows the of the originals being faithfully reproduced. height to which the sculptor's art had risen These replicas are not reduced in size, and in the medieval ages, and though there was consequently some of them are very large; later a decadence from such sublime ideals. ";

174 A WEEK A T THE FAIR.

and execution, yet the gallery of the Cathe- " The Rehearsal," by Aublet; "A Hosspital dral of Limoges, wrought in the sixteenth Scene," by Dauban; "Returning from century, during the reign of Francis I., Market," by Moreau; " La Paix," by Michel; shows a Renaissance. The tomb of Louis "La Leda," by Souchetet; "Catharine de de BrSz6, husband of the famous Diane de Russie,"by Deloye; " Judith,"byD'Aizelim; Poitiers, and the door and doorways of the the TaUeyrand "Portrait of Columbus." Church of St. Maclou, of Rouen, are fine Near the east door is seen " Dav(m," by examples of the sixteenth century Renais- Madaline Lenoir; Zuber's " Forest of Fon- sance. The French government has kindly tainbleau "; Weber's " Flessingue," and St. presented to the American people a large Pierre's " Saadia," gorgeous in tone and number of these casts, with the understand- perfect in drawing. Rozier's " Fish Market," ing that they are to be placed in some Wencker's " Blacksmith," and " Marat," by American art museum. This grand collec- Saulies, are all good. Goquet's " Madonna " ' " tion was obtained chiefly through the exer- and Child and Rixin's ' Portrait of a Lady tions of Prof. Halsey C. Ives, director of the (in the third room) are fine figure-pieces. St. Louis Museum of Fine Arts, who is also Delacroix exhibits a beautiful nude fignwe, ' chief of the Department of Fine Arts of the and Perairie a magnificent ' landscape, "on a Columbian Exposition. very large canvas. Clairin's "Day on the " ' Lagoon ; Berand's ' Dead Christ" " Blessing the Bread;" an old female figure, by Deully; a nude figure, by Axiletti; a female figure, by Bisson, and one by BrouiUet; Adan's " Girl and Flowers "; Jules Breton's "Pardon of Kergoet"; Virginie Demont-Breton's " Bath-

' ing" and ' Children and Dog "; Dantan's " Studio," and Benner's "Bear Hunters" are exceedingly fine. In the second room to the left of the entrance is Bonnat's " Portrait of Cardinal Lavagierie," the finest portrait at the Exposi- tion. A "Girl Martyr," by Cav6, in the same room, is very fine. English artists exhibit numerous very fine portraits and landscapes, prominent among which may be mentioned "The Roll Call,'^ by Lady Butler, the greatest English woman artist. This is loaned by the queen, who also sends twenty- two portraits of members of the royal family. The original portrait of Pocahontasi painted in 1612, is sent by a descendant of the Indian princess. There are "The Slug- gard," "Needless Alarm," " Bath of Psyche," and " Garden of the The Cider Press Hesperides," by Frederick Leigh- ton; also " Hercules Wrestling with Deatti In paintings, the artists represented and and Perseus and Andromeda/' by the same the subjects treated by them would require artist. Others in this class are "Halcyon a catalogue fully as large as this guide to Weather," " Lingering Autumn, "and " The merely name them, and even in the briefest Ornithologist," by Sir J'ohn Miller; " Dedica- manner their note peculiarities and beauties. tion to Bacchus," "Roman Bath," and In the French section are found, among "The Sculpture Gallery," by Alma Tad- hundreds of first-class canvases, the follow- ema; " The . Harvest Moon," "Return ing, of world-wide celebrity: Dagnan from Plowing," "Only a Shower," and Bouveret's famous " Conscripts ; the "Pris- Girls Dancing," by G. H. Mason; oner" and "El Bravo "The Toro," by Aime Maiden's Race," by Wegnin; " Love and Morot; the " Capture of the Dutch " Fleet by Life and " Love and Death," by Watts; French Hussars in 1790," by Delort; " Love's "The Church Door," by Burgess; "The Captives," by Aubert; " Returning from the Race for Wealth," by Thrift; "The River Vineyard," by Adan; "The Deatti of Will- Road," by Murray; "Forging the iam the Conqueror," by Maignon; " An- A Bap- chor," by Forbes; "Storm at Harvest," tism," by Fran9ois Flemang; " Miners on a by Losmell; " Portrait of Earl Spencer," by Strike," by Latouche; "The Twins," by Hall; "The GenUe Craft," W Marks; Mme. Demon t- Breton; " A Blessed One," " by Abington," by Cole; " Ihe Last Muster," Courtois; "President Carnot," by A. Yoon; " Hen and Chickens," and portrait, by Her- THE ART BUILDING. 175 kimer; " Monmouth Pleading for His Life," " The Discovery of Vineland (America) Pettie; " ' by Daniel and the Magician's Door- by Lief Erikson. " Dirik's ' Winter Scene at way," by Riviere; "Under the Sea "Wall," Sea," Strom's "Interior, with Figures," by Pointer; "Victorious," by Sir Jam,es Sindring's "Cattle," Munttie's "Winter Linton; "Sons o£ the Brave," by Morris; Scene m Village," and Wentzel's " First "The Reverie," by Moore; "Sea of Gali- Communion Feast " are all good. " lee and " The Palm Offering," by Goodall, The collection from Italy is not large, but and numbers of others. it contains some very fine pictures. The Belgium exhibits many notable works of Pope sends four copies of Raphael's master- art, among which there is only space to pieces done in mosaic. There are two gen- particularly mention; "The Avenue of uine " Madonnas," known since 1548; a Oaks" and " Winter," by Lamoriniere; portrait of Cardinal del Monte, from the " Martyrs," by Verhas; "Sheep," by Cour- Medici gallery; a "Madonna and Child," tois; "An Interior with Figures," by On- and "The Saints." Among the water-col- deraa; "Nuns," by Tytgadt; "Girls and ors is the immense one of Aureli, "The Cherries," by Bource; "Emigrants," by Tara- Presentation of Richelieu to Henri IV." syns, all in Room 63. In 64, "The Last Gabrini sends fourteen canvases, the most Day of Pompeii," by Slingeneyer; "The important one a large painting of "The Bather," by Fischepet; "Souvenir d'lta- Landing of Columbus." The exhibit of lie," by Leon Herbo; " Interior, with Fig- statuary is very fine. "The Republic of ures," by Brimm. In Room 65 the finest are the United States" and "Companions in " a Lake Scene," by Kegeljahn, and " Ja- Misfortune" are by Bistolfi; "American lousie." These are very fine, as are the fol- Mythology" and a statue of " Burns," by lowing in Room 66: Claus' "Cock Fight"; Apolloni. Oom's "Cupid in Ambush"; Bouvier's Holland, " the land of Rembrandt'," sends " Marine," and Maeterlinck's " Peace." a complete and characteristic collection. In Room 67: Lefebvre's " Arab Encamp- The dead painters Mauve, Bosboom, and ment"; Verhaert's pictures; Roszman's Artz—the greatest of her modern artists in " Female Figure," and Carpentier's " Chil- rendering sheep and shepherds, church dren and Goat," are excellent. interiors, and rustic life—are all represented Sweden contributes to the art display the by their works. On view are also the fol- following fine canvases; "Night on the lowing:, "At Anchor," "Ready to Sail," Swedish Coast," "Evening," "Stockholm " In Danger," " Morning on Shore," and by Moonlight," " Misty Night on the Oise," "Summer Morning," by Mesdag; "Moon- " River Landscape," " Morning on the light on the Rhine," " A Cottage," " Even- Oise," and " View on the West Coast of ing on the Heath," and " Still Life, "by Mrs. Sweden," by Wahlberg; "The Forest," Mesdag; "Alone in the World," "Sweet "Autumn Day," and "The Temple," by Home," " Fisherwomen at Zandvoort," Prince Eugene; " Lap Running on Snow- " Summer Day on Shore," and " A Type of shoes," " Laps Catching Reindeer," and Fisherman," by Israels; " The Synagogue " Landscape with Laps,"by Tiren; " Night," in Amsterdam," "The Dutch Reformed " Moonrise," " Dawn," and " Daylight," by Church, Haarlem," and others, by Bosboom; Nordstrom. In etchings, water-colors, and "Cows Going Home," "Carts on the engravings there are some very fine pro- Heath," "Pasture near the Dunes," and ductions, and the sculptures are likewise " Plowing the Fields,"by Mauve; " Between strong. the Hague and Delft," " Fishing Shells," In the Danish exhibit, among other paint- and" Canal at Rotterdam,"by Jacob Maris; ings are the famous one of the royal family, "Under the Willows," "Milking Time," by Tuxen, who also exhibits " Susanne and " Dutch Pasture," and " The Duck Pond,'" the Elders," and Matthieson's 'Teamster by William Maris; "Girl Knitting," "The

' and Horses" and ' Imprisonment of Chancel- Pet Lamb," and "Girl Sleeping on the lor GrifEenfeldt," both strong paintings, the Dunes," by Artz; " Landscape with Cattle," latter exceedingly fine in drawing and rich " Cows on the Dunes," " Donkeys on the in color. The artist is the Royal Commis- Shore," and " Cows Resting," by De Haas. sioner at the World's Fair. Other fine Vos, Henrietta Renner, Mrs. Rosenboom, ones are; Arbo's "Walkyrie"; Hyerdahl's and others are represented. The largest "Bathers" and "Girl and Boy," all in canvas is "An Old Woman's Almshouse." ' Room 71. In Room 74 are Pederson's very ' Poor People " is another strong canvas. oriental " Isaac Seeing Rebecca at the Mr. A. Preyer, the Commissioner from this Well," a blaze of color; and " Moses Striking country, shows "The Angelus " and " Home the Rock," by Jerndorff. In Room 73 are Rulers." Zahrtmann's "Job and His Friends"; a The art exhibit of Japan differs, of course, " Marine," by Lacour; " Night on the North from that of other countries. It includes, Sea," by Locher; "Marines," by Blacke; however, paintings in oil and water-colors " Portrait of Lady," by Kroger, and a on canvas, wood, and silk; metal-work, " Marine," by Ornesen. artistic in itself,as well as in its decorations; In the Norwegian gallery, where forty- wood-carvings, tapestries, embroidery, five artists are represented by one hundred lacquer-work, enamel and porcelain wares. and fifty pictures, a striking one is the One piece of tapestry, representing "The very large canvas of Krogh, representing Gate of Nikko during a Festival," contains ; ,

176 A WEEK AT THE FAIR.

" "; hundreds of figures, and required four years of a Lady "; Mrs. Shaw's Family Group " " for its completion. This exhibit must be Boyle's " Stone Age "; Calder's Cordelia " seen to be appreciated. and " Boy with Ribbon "; Elwell's Dickens Brazil displays about one hundred and and Little Nell"; Grafiy's "Daedalus"; " " fifty paintings and a number of pieces of Kretschmar's "Aurora and Temptation"; " statuary. Among the latter is "The Murray's Bust of Walt Whitman." Trie- Christ " of Brandao. bel, a young sculptor, shows some fine work, In the American section the display of " Mysterious Music," a bronze; " The First paintings, statuary, drawings, etc., is be- Fish," " Love Knows no Caste," and a bust wildering in its riches and the immense of General Logan, that is excellent. His number of subjects shown. American artists low reliefs of Donatello and Savonarola are from Paris, Rome, and other cities of very strong. Europe, and from every part of the United The architectural drawings, models, etc.

The Merck Building.

States, are fully represented, and it is thus are in such multitude that it is impossible rendered extremely difficult to select from to mention even the best of them, and the the innumerable canvases, all excellent in same is true of the oil-paintings, water- their lines, the particular ones most deserv- colors, etc. ing of mention. In sculpture, Gelert's To show the utter impossibility of giving "Struggle for Work," "Theseus," and even mere mention to the hosts of fine " Little Architect "; Bush-Brown's " Indian American paintings and other works of art, Buffalo Hunt"; St. Gaudens' "Logan"; it is best to give the reader some idea of their Pardridge's "Shakespeare," "Hamilton," number, and this can be done by stating that others; Powers' (son of the great Ameri- and of New York's 1,350 paintings offered. -,2, " can sculptor, Hiram Powers) Figure of a were accepted; Philadelphia presented about Miss Peddle's "Virgin Buffalo'; Mary"; 600— 1 12 accepted; Boston, 600— 139 accepted, Bartlett's bronze," Bohemian Teaching Bear etc. These of oil-paintings alone. Most of Tilden's " Hunter "; to Dance"; Bear Dol- the noted American artists are represented, " lin's Indian Cavalier"; Hartley's "Pan"; as Chase in Marines; J. G. Brown, known ' " French's ' Angel of Death and the Sculptor " as Gamin," from his paintings of street Nehau's busts, " Primavera" and " Portrait Arabs; Elihu Vedder, distinguished for his "

THE WOMAN'S BUILDING. 177 choice of weird subjects; E. A. Abbey, Foremost among the women of America, painter of genre subjects; William Hamilton and one to whom so much of the Exposi- Gibson, Peter Moran, Eastman Johnson, tion's success is due, is Mrs. Potter Palmer, Swain Giflford, S. J. Farrer, Carl Marr, the esteemed President of the Board of O. L. Warner, Blashfield, Gari Melchers, Lady Managers. Fortunate indeed has the George Hitchcock, Anna Lea Merritt, Exposition been in intrusting woman's Weir, Borglum, Carrie participation in this enterprise to so J. Alden John G. vast Brooks, Enella Benedict, Fannie E. Duvall, able an administrative head. Success has Charles Heberer, John H. Fry, Laurie Wal- crowned her every effort, for whether in se- lace, Douglass Volk, F. Reagh, Winslow curing priceless exhibits from the jealously Homer, H. F. Farny, E. A. Burbank, guarded relics of royalties, or in appealing Jules Guerin, Charles Corwin, Frank Fowler, to America's legislators to support with the Dielman, Stewart, Ida Waugh, and others. nation's funds the nation's Fair—in every The loan exhibits which have been case the rare tact and remarkable business gathered by Miss Hallowell are magnificent, talent of this typical American woman came comprising some of the finest works of the prominently and promptly into play, and best masters—ancient and modem, Ameri- with but one result, invariable success. can and European. These pictures have With considerable pleasure and pardon- not been gathered into national groups, but able pride the publishers here present to the have been hung solely with regard to the reader the graceful and interesting article best effect of light and surroundings upon the paintings. Pictures by Constable, representing the early English school; Diaz' "Descent of the Bohemians"; Corot's " Evening," from the Jay Gould collection; " ' " Orpheus and ' The Flight from Sodom," by the same artist; a " Landscape," by Rousseau; Millet's "Pig Killers"; Dela- croix's "Columbus at the Convent of St. Anne"; Decamp's " Job and His Friends"; Fromentin's " Audience with a Caliph and " The Falconer"; Daubigny's " Cooper Shop";Troyon's" Cattle and Sheep"; Meis- sonier's "The Lost Game"; De Neuville's "Spy"; Breton's "Colza Gatherers"; Mauve's " The Shei)herd's Flock"; Ingre's " Cardinal Bompiani Presenting His Niece to Raphael"; Gerome's "Son Emmence Grise "; Tadema's " Reading from Homer "; " The Beach at Portici," Fortuni's last work (unfinished); Puvis de Chavannes' "Sum- mer," "Hope," and "Dawn"; Manet's "Dead Toreador"; Dega's " Ballet Girl"; Cazin's "Moonlight," and others; nearly every prominent artist in Europe and Amer- ica being represented by his works, secured through the untiring efforts of Miss Hal- lowell. Leaving this palace of sculpture and painting by the west entrance of the main and walking southward, one be- building, Mrs. Potter Palmer, holds on the lawn of the Ohio Building a group known as the " Ohio Gracchi," and which Mrs. Potter Palmer has been good passing on finds north of the Woman's enough to prepare especially for " A Week Building, near the Sixtieth Street entrance at the Fair." Entitling her contribution to the grounds, the Public Comfort Building "Woman and Her Work at the World's (E i8). Here umbrellas, parcels, etc., may Columbian Exposition," Mrs. Potter Palmer thus proceeds: Southwest of this building is' the Merck The Woman's Building (F 15) in the Building (F 14), whose exhibit will prove Columbian Exposition is one of the most interesting to persons engaged in the drug interesting of the great aggregation of won- or chemical line, as a full supply of every derful exhibition structures. It was de- kind of article used by them will be seen signed by Miss Sophia G. Hayden of Boston, here. The location is ]ust west of the north- and is of the style of the Italian Renaissance. west comer of the The opportunity which it affords for a roof- garden accents the beauty of the design. WOMAN'S BUILDING, The caryatides were modeled by Miss Yan- dell of Louisville and the groups of figures which is the next of the chief buildings to standing on the roof-line were designed by be visited. Miss Rideout of San Francisco. The inte- 1 o.

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THE WOMAN'S BUILDING. 119 rior of the building has been arranged and women of California, Kentucky, and Con- decorated in a style harmonizing with the necticut. On the west of the gallery is the exterior. The scheme of color, which be- library, the cases of which are filled by the gins in the gallery with an ivory-white, is literary works of women of all countries and carried out in cream and other tints, illus- periods. The finish and decoration of this trating the radiation of light from a central beautiful room was donated by the women point. There are a number of very impor- of New York. The ceiling is an important tant painted decorations. Mrs. MacMonnies' composition painted by Mrs. Dora Wheeler

Keith. -. The assembly-jropm, at the north end of the galle1?jf,'will be the scene of many interesting gatherings during the time of the Exposition. Here will be given instructive talks by able and distinguished women. These talks will occur every day at stated hours, and will embrace domestic scie'Uces, philanthropy, literature, and indeed every topic in which women are interested, and which is illustrated in this Exposition. At the south end of the gallery is the association-room, in which is located the headquarters of the strongest and most influential organizations. Here are represented the associated efforts of women in education, philanthropy, and sociology. Upon the main floor the south end is devoted to exhibits of foreign countries, curious and valuable exhibits from Emrope, Asia, Africa, the Americas, and the islands of the sea being here suita- bly grouped. At the north end of the main floor is the English, exhibit, and also the domestic exhibitl - which represents the work of the women of the United States. This work will be found to cover schools, factories, applied arts, and inventions. The loan collection, installed in the main gallery, embraces the priceless laces of Queen Mar- gherita of Italy, which were offered the board as a special mark of favor, they never before having left Italy. Relics of Queen Isabella have been given a place of honor, as, indeed, is fitting upon this occasion, which commemorates the discovery of America, due in so great a degree to the ability of Queen Isabella to comprehend and pro- mote the plans of Columbus. On the main floor are found the salesrooms, where is provided an sell articles which illustrate large composition representing primitive opportunity to woman occupies the tympanum in the the pecuhar ability of women to apply art thereby north end of the gallery, while that of Miss to ordinary fabrics and uses, and of value. Cassatt, showing modern women, is placed produce articles beauty and of Managers is looking in the correspontoig position in the south The Board Lady The main parlor on the east was dec- forward to the erection of a memorial build- end. commemo- orated and furnished by the women of Cin- ing, by means of which may be in the cinnati, and on either side are smaller rated the part taken by women Exposition, which pro- parlors furnished and decorated by the Columbian and may x

180 A WEEK A T THE FAIR. vide a permanent home for many of the exterior treatment is evolved from these beautiful decorations of the Woman's Build- conditions. The horizontal dimension is ing, and also for many of the most interest- divided into two stories; the first-story order ing exhibits which have been presented by being twenty-one feet; the second, twenty- foreign countries. In order to create a three feet, the whole resting on a five-foot fund, it has been decided to devote to this base. The lower order consists of round purpose the proceeds from the sales of cer- arches resting on Doric pilasters, between tain souvenirs in the Woman's Building. which the windows are placed. The second Among these perhaps the most attractive story is treated with coupled pilasters, of a is a miniature model of the building itself. modified Corinthian type, which support a Its architectural beauty will thus be com- wide frieze and cornice. The central feat- memorated, and form a charming souvenir ures of the east and west fagades, which of the Exposition. Another memento, quite are similar, are the entrance porticoes. in line with the present public taste, is the These are two stories in height, and are souvenir spoon, which is made in two sizes. brought forward some fourteen feet from This spoon has represented upon the handle the main waU. Three arches of the lower the goddess of Industry, upon the bowl an order form the entrance, Ionic columns etchmg of the Woman's Building. Another being substituted for pilasters. memento of some interest is a photograph of The second story is an open balcony sur- the official flag of the Columbian Commission. rounded by Corinthian columns, which sup-

The flag itself . occupies a place in the Gal- port a pediment evolved from the second- lery of Honor, and has an interesting his- story cornice. This pediment is decorated tory, the silk being from cocoons raised in with a bas-relief representing the occupa- twenty-two States, and having been reeled tions of women, and was designed and and spun by women. The staff is composed modeled by Miss Alice Rideout of San Fran- of pieces of historic wood. The eagle sur- cisco. Connecting the entrance porticoes to mounting the staff is of metal from the old the end pavilions are open arcades, which Chicago fire-bell. form balconies to the second stories. The BERTHA HONORfi PALMER, end pavilions have a frontage of eighty feet President Board of Lady Managers and are 200 feet deep, forming the north World's Columbian Exposition. and south sides of the building. To these a third order is added in the form of a screen The plan of the Woman's Building was of small columns and caryatids, which sur- laid out to serve the dual purpose for which round the roof-gardens before mentioned. the building was intended—that is, to be the The walls of the central hall rise above the headquarters for the women connected with surrounding roofs and are pierced with clear- the Fair, and also to afford space for exhib- story windows. its. Under these circumstances it was The oriental details of this building are necessary to divide the space granted, 200 modeled after classic and Italian Renais- 400 feet, into several large floor-areas, and a sance types, and on account of the compara- larger number of small apartments, which tive small size and scale of the building, should serve as committee-rooms, parlors, are more delicate 'and refined than those of assembly-rooms, and offices. Most of these the other main structures of the Fair. small rooms are on the second story, and a SOPHIA G. HAYDEN, third story was added later, to afford still A rchitect. more space for offices. The ground-plan of the building is symmetrical north and south, Decorations of the Woman's Building.— on the axis of the Midway Plaisance. The decorations of this building were all The main feature is the great hall, 67 planned and executed by women, with the feet wide bjr 250 feet long, and attain- exception of the mere manual labor of placing an exterior height of 64 feet. This ing the staff upon its exterior, and the plaster is lighted by a skylight in the form of and canvases for the painting, etc., upon panels of the elliptical vault with which it the interior. At the end of the Gallery of is roofed. Around this all the small apart- Honor are two mural paintings, each 14 feet ments are grouped in alower two-story struct- wide by 58 feet long; one by !Miss Cassat, ure, which forms the four fagades of the representing " Modern Women "; the other building. Near each of the four corners of by Mrs. MacMonnies, "Primitive Womeh." this haU staircases are placed which lead to The contrast between the two paintings is a gallery overlooking the hall. This gallery, great and the effect a strong one. On each in the form of an arcade, extends entirely side are two panel paintings, also by women around the central court, and affords means artists, and of decided merit. Those on the of intercommunication for the second-story south side represent a group of Puritan rooms. The latter, with the exception of an maidens, painted by Mrs, Sherwood, nee assembly-room in the north wing, are small Rosina Emmett, and her sister. Miss Lydia rooms. The third story covers only a por- Emmett; those on the north side are the tion of the end pavilion. It is a low struct- work of Miss Fairchild and Mrs. Sewell, nee ure, occupying the middle of an open deck, Amanda Brewster. The drapings between which is the roof of the second story. This the panels and end paintings are of gold- deck is surrounded by a screen of pillars, colored cloth, forming an effective back- and is to be used as a roof-garden. The ground for the canvases. A broad gold —"

THE WOMAN'S BUILDING. 181

frieze surrounds the gallery, and on the Columbus, which is preserved in the Royal panels between the arches are inscribefi the Armory at Madrid; this, together with a names of famous women, from the earliest portrait of Isabella and some jewels which Bible heroines to the latest modern belles. belonged to her, occupies the place of honor The library ceiling was decorated by Mrs. in the Spanish women's exhibit. Spain is Dora Wheeler Keith; the central group con- followed by Siam and Sweden and Norway, sisting, alas for the inconsistency of the fe- in the order named. The Japanese exhibit male sex! of two male figures and one female is also located in this section, with vases, figure, representing science, romance, and screens, etc. , all made by women. In the imagination. The four corner paintings Swedish exhibit is a fine portrait of Queen illustrate the four departments of literature; Sophia of Sweden. This exhibit is in the the whole design connected by a band of southwest corner of the building. small winged Cupids and cherubs twining On the west wall of the main hall are the garlanded wreaths of flowers with the flow- following, among other fine paintings: A mg draperies. In this room are booliis by "Female Portrait," by A. E. Klumpke; a the women authors of the world, and auto- " Female Figure," by Enilda Q. Loomis; an graphs, on winged screens, of many of the " Oriental Female Figure," by K. A. Carl, most famous of the gentler sex. The carv- and "Children Blowing Bubbles," by the ings on and about the cases and friezes were same artist; a " Female Figure," by M. H. all done by women. The north and, south Carlisle; and " Eurydice Sinking Back to porticoes are ornamented with shell-pinlc Hades, "by H. Roe; an " Army Scene '.' and tiling; and the east and west loggie are a fine " Female Figure," by Louise Jopling. finished in salmon pink, with panelings These are all fine paintings, strong in draw- of pale green. On each side of the door- ing and rich in coloring. On the east side ways are canvas panels, 5x9 feet, bear- are: A " Marine View, "by Elodie Lavilette; ing figures representing the occupations of a " Female Figure," \)j Louise Abbema; women. "Flowers," by Jenny Villebesseyx ; "Girl The pediment and statues on the roof- and Goat," by Euphemie Murciton; "Music," line (reproduced) are by Miss Alice Rideout by Maximilienne Guyon, and an " Interior," of California. The first group represents by I. Buchet. All of these are very fine. woman's virtues; the central figure typifies Ascending the staircase at the southeast woman's spirituality, with the pelican corner, one finds at the entresol landing a which symbolizes love and sacrifice—at her case of dressed dolls, and at the head of the feet. A nun laying her jewels upon the staircase the entrance to the board-rooms. altar typifies "Sacrifice." "Charity" In the first of these are several portraits,

' stands to the left of ' Virtue. " The second among them one of Miss Leftwich-Dodge group represents woman as the genius of and one of Mrs. Lilly Devereaux Blake. A civilization, with a figure at her right rep- painting of dogs, " Watching and Waiting," resenting a student; on her left is a woman by Lilly I. Jackson, is good, as are also groping for the light, as yet in mental dark- " The Mandolin Player," by Florence Mack- ness. At the feet of the central figure is ubin; " Head of Negro Woman," by M. the bird of Minerva, the owl, representing Kinkead; "Portrait of Boy," by L. M, "Wisdom." The pediment represents wo- Stewart. To the right of these rooms, as man's work in the progress of civilization. one faces south, is a large exhibition-room, The figures typify " Charity,"" Beneficence , the first door of which opens on the Austra- "Literature," "Art," and "Home Life." lian display. In the American section are The caryatids sustaining the roof-garden American female college displays, among are the work of Miss Enid Yandell of which is a fine little boudoir in white and Louisville. The mural decorations of the blue and gold, placed by La Salle Seminary. Gothic dining-room are by Miss Pitman. On the west side of this gallery-floor are " Youth," ill the frieze of the building, by three rooms, the central one a finely deco- Ida J. Burgess, is quite charming; as indeed rated library, already mentioned. In the are all of the figures in the decorations. At northwest corner are the cooking- school ex- the north end of the building appears the hibits, and next on the right a fine assembly- name of Bertha Honore Palmer, president of room. Here is a beautiful set of benches, the Board of Lady Managers, and at the desks, tables, etc., sent from Mobile, Ala. south end, that of Sophia G. Hayden, the There are some fine portraits displayed, architect. notably that of Angelica Kaufman. The It may be best to specify the various ex- eastern stained windows are rich and beau- hibits and what they contain, though owing tiful. First on the east side, as one goes to its limited size the visitor who enters wiu toward the southern end of the building, are be certain to visit every part of the building. the Japanese rooms, decorated with bamboo In the southeast corner of the first floor is screens and panels. The ceiling is finely the German exhibit, next to which is that of decorated. A quaint little painting of a Ceylon, where are again seen her curiously queer little Jap baby, evidently a portrait, is carved pillars of beautiful woods. Spain worth seeing. The little fellow is tied to an comes next, with a staff pavilion in Moorish ornamental block with a silken cord, and " design, containing a space of 200 square feet. bears the infiiction of this " ball and chain In the collection is the sword of Her with the stoicism of a chronic chain-gang Majesty Isabella of Spain, the patron of habitue. The rooms of California, Cincin- 182 A WEEK A T THE FAIR.

Price, in paper, 50 cents; nati, and Kentucky come next; all hand- Girls in a Flat." cloth, $1. somely decorated, as is also that of Con- in blue and white also be sold a pencil necticut. At this Dooth will fac-simile of the nail of Owing to the large number of displays, it which is an exact gold presented by the can not be expected that all, or even a large copper, silver, and the Board of Lady part of them, can be mentioned. Cincinnati State of Montana to president at makes a strong showing in paintings and Managers, and driven by its^ Building. ceramics, such artists as Miss Low, Miss the completion of the Woman's McLaughlin, Miss Guysi, and others being Price, 50 cents. in this temple represented. Mrs. Plympton and Mrs. After viewing the treasures the visitor in Stover in ceramics, and Mrs. Valentine devoted to Juno and Vesta,

Fire-boat " Fire Queen."

and Miss Fry in sculptures, show marked search of novelties will find the Homeo- ability. Mrs. Anna F. Cameron of Ne- pathic Headquarters (G 14), immediately braska contributes the handsome candela- back of the southwest comer of the Woman's brum for the electric light. England's Building. Here the disciple of Hahnemann women artists have a splendid collection of wiE find his brothers of the school of small their works. Miss Sears of Boston contrib- pills, and also a characteristic exhibit in a utes a fine stained-glass window. The fol- neat little building convenient to the Six- lowing are the works of lady artists and tieth Street entrance to the grounds. designers: Embroidered portieres, by Misses Sufficiently fatigued to enjoy a trip on the Foote and Francis; fine pottery, by Mrs. E. beautiful lagoons, the visitor has but to walk S. Marchall, and others. The exhibits by to the landing at the east entrance to the the women of foreign nations are superb, Woman's Building, where he may have and consist of laces, embroideries, oil-paint- choice of many different kinds of crafts. ings, water-colors, carvings, books, etc. Before speaking of these, however, a few Of course the exhibits by the different words in regard to a very useful though nationalities have their peculiarities, as, for not ornamental feature, and to some curios, instance, Mexican women contribute fine may not be amiss.

Gondola. feather-work and similar fabrics; the women The boat, named the " Fire Queen," of Fayal send very delicate needle-work on which has been provided to assist in quelling silk, the Imen, etc. ; French display embroi- any fires that may occur on the Fair dei-ies, raised work, and similar decorations; grounds, is 75 feet long and 16 feet wide, the Armenian Christian women, unique but and draws only 3 1^ feet. Her guards and exceedingly fine work, and Turkish women, housings are very low, to enable her to exquisite embroidery. glide easily under the lagoon bridges. She In addition to the other souvenirs to be had has the capacity of six ordinary fire-engines, in this building, Miss Laura Hayes has been and can throw two streams clear over the granted a concession to sell, at the ^'iolet dome of the Administration Building. She Booth, a book entitled "The Story of the has five plugs from which to throw water, Woman's Building," adapted " from Three and carries 2,900 feet of hose. She can A TRIP ON THE LAGOON. 183

throw 2,200 gallons of water per minute, and power is furnished by strong batteries, man- altogether is admirably adapted for the pur- ufactured by the Consolidated Electric Stor- pose for which she was built. age Company, and motors especially de- Drawn up in the rushes that fringe the signed and constructed by the General 'El&c- Wooded Island are half-a-hundred boats, each one unique in its way, and each in its construction emphasizing the peculiarities of the land from which it comes. In a miniature harbor two birch-bark canoes, brought from Hudson Bay, swing at the end of grass ropes. A little farther along is seen the picturesque Klingit canoe.which the Alaskan Indians use on their rivers. The bragozza, with its colored sails, reminds visitors of Venice, as seen in the picture-books. Among other boats are the Brazilian jangada, and two typical boats from Ceylon. They are the baisa, or mail-boat, and outrigger, or Ceylon yacht. Now to the craft by which the visitor's trip must be made. The Gondola Company has twenty gondolas and four bissones, propelled by sixty gondoliers. The costumes of the gondoliers are of bright colors, after the style of the fourteenth century, and those for gala-days and fSte-evenings will be made especially handsome. The canopies of the gondolas and bissones is of rich heavy velvet, with linings of delicate tints to match; the roofs covered with heavy satin. Gold fringe, tassels, and cords are used to ornament these canopies. There are also Electric Launches, propelled by an unseen, noiseless power, that urges the launch swiftly through smooth waters. A fleet of more than fifty of these is now constantly passing and repassing on the lagoons and canals during all the hours that the Fair is open to the public. The course over which they run measures about three miles for the round trip, and there are landings at all the large buildings Gondolier. and principal points of interest. The boats thus furnish the best communication be- trie Company. Batteries and motors are tween diflferent parts of thfe grounds and at placed beneath the seats and flooring, so the same time an excellent means of refresh- that the utmost carrying capacity is availed ing oneself when tired of sight-seeing in of; and they are absolutely free from smoke, the exhibit buildings. grease, offensive o.dors, and vibration.

Bissone, or State Gondola. They are about sixteen feet in length over At the normal rate of speed the batteries all, with a beam of 6 feet 3 inches, and a will drive the boats sixty miles without draught of about twenty-eight inches. They recharging, and while the speed of the are elegantly finished in mahogany, are lux- launches on the lagoons is limited to six uriously cushioned and carpeted, and carry miles an hour, they can be spurted to a about thirty passengers each. The motive rate of nine to twelve miles when desired. 184 A WKKK J J^-C £^.^II\.

The launches are provided with gaily sparkling fountain and gilded dome, Moor- striped canopies to protect passengers from ish minarets, statues, and golden portals, stretch of the sun , and with side weather-curtains for in six months will be a deserted -use on stormy days, or in case of a low-lying ground and wide reaches of storm- sudden " — ' shower. tossed lake ' Delenda est Carthago! Whatever means of transportation he may Even in its conception and building the idea select, there is now before him one of the of perpetuity was never entertained, and pleasantest trips that a mortal may ever coincident vsnth its creation was the fiat that hope to enjoy. Gently gliding over the in six months after its perfection must all smooth crystal waters of the sunny lagoon, that is builded be ruthlessly destroyed. But at every turn some new beauty bursts upon i/2ve la bagatelle! " Sufficient unto the day the enraptured view and sinks deep into the is the evil thereof,' so let us enjoy the pres- soul. Glorious vistas, filled vnth visions of ent, with no thought of what must or may transcendent loveliness, open up in a shift- come. Lie back in your gondola of far- ing panorama of antique sculptures, pala- away, old-time Venice, or your trim launch tial architecture, and tones of color that may of modem America, and let all trouble glide be conceived in fancy, but which can never from your mind, as the water from the prow be told in cold prose. Drifting idly along of your stanch boat, for only a very few and abandoning himself to the sensuousness times in a long life may such a perfection of of the hour, on every side surrounded by pleasures to all the senses be enjoyed. sights of beauty, it seems no extravagance But all things earthly must have an end, to say that nothing short of the " New Jeru- and disembarking from his pleasure-craft salem " can present more entrancing scen- under the shadow of French's gigantic ery, and only a vision of its glories can golden Statue of the Republic, the traveler surpass the perfect beauty of those to be ascends the steps at the east end of the enjoyed on this trip. A feeling of sadness Basin, and passing through the graceful steals into the soul in connection with the colonnade of the Peristyle reaches the Main deep draughts of beauty and sensuous ease, Pier, whence he ^^^ll take one of the large for he realizes that where to-day stand steamers for his home in the city. CHAPTER VI.

THE FOURTH DAY AT THE FAIR.

EW indeed by the larger vessels. Another method of in number easily reaching the foreign-building district, are the and especially suited for those going by any people of of the railroads, is by m.eans of transfer the civil- from them to the Intramural Elevated Rail- ized world who road, alighting at the Iowa State Building failed to respond and walking southward, or at the loop by right royallj to the Fisheries Building, and retracing one's Columbia's invi- steps. Assuming, however, that tempted by tation, for either the bright sun and the balmy breezes by a separate which caress Lake Michigan's limpid surface, and distinctive the visitor will select the water-route, the building or by first of the foreign buildings he notices after national exhib- landing near the Naval exhibit is that its, or both, erected by our cousin John Bull. It is a most of the tjrpical English " half-timber " house of the many nations of the earth are represented style of the sixteenth century, and has been on the grounds of Jackson Park. The whole officially named "Victoria House" (E 20). world felt an interest and its nationalities par- The building is generally characteristic of ticipated with the grandest and most char- the best type of English half-timber houses of acteristic exhibits of their arts, sciences, natu- the time of ral resources, and customs, so illustrative of Henry VIII., of the conditions and progress of their respect- which there are ive peoples. From far-away India, Burmah, still so many Siam, China, Japan, Persia, the islands of good examples the Pacific, Australia, Tasmania, Egypt, extant. Terra Turkey, and the strange lands of mysterious cotta, however, and almost unknown Africa have come is used exten- most interesting and magnificent attractions. sively in the All the European nations have displayed the lower story, with greatest interest and have given their un- red brick facing qualified support and cooperation. The fin- and muUioned est collections of art are gathered here, and windows; yet in each country displays in the most complete its main features manner its varied productions. the building is Millions of money have been expended by Walker Fearn. a tjrpical exam- these, the participating foreign countries, ple of an old and the beauty of the Exposition has been English manor-house. The upper portion enhanced thereby to a great degree. They is of half-timber construction of natural oak have constructed buildings of the finest timbers, with overhanging gables and tiled character in which to make their exhibits, roofs. As the building can be seen from all the style of architecture in each case being points, each fapade has been treated archi- characteristic of the country represented. tecturally. The plan forms three sides of a It will thus be seen that in addition to the (juadrangle, with the open side next the lake, beautiful buildings erected by the Exposi- inclosed by a raised terrace with balustrade. tion management and the American Govern- The center, on the front or inland side, is re- ment, there is also a remarkable, handsome, cessed, with steps leading from both sides up and characteristic display of architecture to the covered porticoes which open into a from every part of the world, making the large central hall. On one side of the hall variety of design so extensive as to be be- is a large library and reception-rooms; and wildering in its outlines. on the other side, the secretary's office, and Chicago's guests from foreign climes are other rooms required for the work of the frouped in the northern portion of Jackson Commission. On the first floor is a large ark, in one of the choicest sections of its suite of rooms and offices. The walls and previously improved part. Their buildings ceilings of the principal rooms are elabo- are in close proximity to the North Pier, rately paneled. Colonel Edis, the honorary which is reached by the smaller excursion architect of the Commission, who designed steamers from Chicago's Lake Front; and the building has also furnished special within easy distance of the principal pier, by designs for all internal fittings and furniture. means of steam-launches, for those arriving Besides the necessary offices the house

(185 ) 186 A WEEK AT THE EAIK. contains large rooms for meetings of juries, larly in high art works and pottery. A at receptions, etc. The exhibits are numerous Seychelles cocoanut plant may be seen and exceedingly fine, some of which are as this building. This plant, the coco-de-mer, " " follows: A large scale map showing the dis- was considered by Chinese Gordon to be It is coveries made by England in America, for, the real "forbidden fruit of Eden." of excepting the claims of the Norsemen, it is an extremely rare curiosity. Just west conceded that Sebastian Cabot, the emis- the British building stands a Soda Pavilioa

Victoria House. sary of the merchant venturers of Bristol, (E 20), where the visitor may quench his first landed upon the mainland of America. thirst before going on to the Clam Bake(E The Educational exhibit is very interest- 19), near the Fisheries Building, which has ing, though all the specimens are from a seating capacity of 22,000 persons. the primary classes. Cardboard and clay The building occupies a fine site, and modeling, designs for tiles, wall-paper, etc., like the other buildings is made of staflf, a free-hand drawing, and many others are material that gives the effect of white mar-

New England Clam Bake Building shown. The Post Office exhibit presents ble, and is well adapted for decorative pur- the old and new methods of that depart- poses. The fa9ades, arches, and pilasters ment contrasted, with patterns of coaches, of the Clam Bake Building are richly and locomotives of early and late date, etc. In appropriately ornamented with festoons of the proper departments, as art, machinery, fish-nets, lobsters, crabs, scallop shells, and etc., the displays are especially fine, particu- other specimens of marine life molded in FOREIGN BUILDINGS. 187

stafE. An annex known as the Banquet the tower is circular as it issues through the Hall is 140 X 170 feet, two stories in Height, roof. There is a veranda ten feet wide all with a casino roof. The annex is used as round the building, having a balcony over- the headquarters for the Knight Templars head of the same width supported by twenty- and yacht clubs throughout the world. The eight columns, with a balustrade divided specialty of this place is, of course, baked into panels. The main cornice, which is a clams. bold dental cornice, is carried on a level all From the Clam Bake the route next leads around the building, and over it is a plain to the Canadian Building (E 20), which parapet wall. The building is covered with stands on the lake shore a short distance a low-pitched roof. from the United States Naval exhibit. The Above the roof-line the tower is divided site is one of the best locations in Jackson by detached pilasters into twelve panels, Park. over which is the main cornice, and above The pavilion, including the veranda, covers the cornice is an open balustrade. The nearly six thousand square feet. The main view from the roof of the tower on all sides building is two stories high, and has three is magnificent, having the lake in front to entrances, the principal one facing the lake, the east, and to the west and south the the two others being in the east and west various buildings erected by the different elevations. countries and States. From this position On the ground-floor, in the entrance-hall. you can take in at a glance a panorama of

The Canadian Building.

is a post office, telephone, and an intelligence architecture such as was never before beheld office; to the right of the entrance-hall is the by the eye of man. In order to show the reception-room, and to the left the two different woods indigenous to Canada the ofiices of the executive commissioners and interior walls, ceilings, and fioors of the staffs for the provinces of Ontario and pavilion have been finished in wood, highly Quebec. In the rear of the main stairs are polished, showing their natural grain. Each the lavatories. province has furnished the wood required to On the first floor are two more offices for finish the rooms to be occupied by its com- the executive commissioners and staff, and missioners. The pavilion, with its finishings, four offices for the commissioners and staffs cost about $30,000. It was designed by the from the different Canadian provinces; also Department of Public Works in Ottawa, a committee-room and a parlor. The smok- Canada, and its construction was carried out ing-room is in the tower on the second under tlie direction of D. Ewart, assistant floor, and in the attic are the quarters for architect. L3ring westward of and next to the guardian. this building is that of another English A plain style of architecture had to be colony—New South Wales—which is called adopted owing to the sum allowed for the the "Australia House" (E 19). The New construction of the building, which is 70 x South Wales Building is classical in design 40 feet, having in addition a semicircular and ornamentation. It covers an area projection of twenty feet on the front and of 4,320 square feet, being 60 x 60 feet in rear elevations. Over the front entrance exterior dimensions, with a portico 12 feet !

188 A WEEK A T THE FAIR.

stair- wide extending across the front. There port the roof of column-hall . A circular is a flight of three steps leading to this way, approached from an inside entrance, is portico and extending across its front and the means of reaching the top of the tower. ends. The portico roof is supported by six This building has a frontage of 84 feet and Doric columns, 2 feet 6 inches in diameter 6 inches and a depth of about 95 feet. The and 20 feet high, with a cornice, frieze, and height of the main building is about 50 feet, balustrade extending around the entire the tower rising to the height of about 65 building. At each of the corners is a large feet. Rafael Gaustavino, New York City, is Doric pilaster corresponding to the columns the architect of this building, which is of the portico. The entrance is in the center erected on the lake front between Germany of the front. All openings have molded and Canada. It is occupied by the officers architraves and cornices, and each window of the Spanish Commission and as a recep- has a pair of molded modiUions under it. tion-room for visitors. Many relics of The exterior of the building is staff. The Columbus are shown in this structure; some central portion is occupied by a hall thirty feet of his letters, a sword which belonged to his in width, and extending the entire depth of beautiful and magnanimous patron, Isabella, the building. In the center is a polygonal also one wielded by Cortez in his conquest dome, 30 feet in diameter, the top being of Mexico, ancient Spanish artillery, with its 40 feet from the floor. This dome adds to cannon, ammunition, etc. the effect, light, and ventilation of the Still walking toward the northwest, the

The Spanish Government Building.

whole, and is covered on the interior with next structure to be visited is that of the ornamental staff. Arranged on three sides German Government (D 19). The plans of of the main hall are the various offices of the this handsome edifice were drawn by Gov- commission, eight in number. There is a ernment Architect Johannes Radke, in his large toilet-room in the rear. The architects studio at Berlin. The building has an im- were Messrs. Holabird & Roche of Chicago posing frontage on the lake shore North of Australia of about House, and ly- 150 feet, with a ing between depth of 175. It is next to Canada and Germany, is the the Spanish Spanish Government Building, and but Building (D 19). The building a stone's-throw erected from the British. Its height by the Spanish government at the IS 78 feet, and the tower that overtops it Worlds Columbian Exposition is a three- measures 150 feet from the ground. Over fourths reproduction of a section of the Silk the main entrance, in Gothic lettering, the Exchange at Valencia, Spain. The erection following characteristic of this building was German motto in commenced in 1492 pre- ancient rhyme appears; vious to the departure of Columbus' fleet Nahrhaft The section shown represents the column- und wehrhaf t, hall and the tower, Vol! Korn and vol! Weiu, wherein all defaulting Voll Kraft und Eisen, and bankrupt merchants were confined KlaiiKreich, gedankrelch, Eight loh will dicli large columns 2i feet in diameter sup- pi-eiseu, Vateiiond iiiein !

FOREIGN BUILDINGS. 189

Which in English would be: room and the office of the imperial German Commissioner, Privy Councilor Adolf Wer- Fruitful and powerful, muth, a second hall is reached. This, in Full of com and jylne. fact, is Full of strength aaSf^ iron, a separate wing, some forty feet high Tuneful and thougtitful, and divided by an arched passage of con- I will praise thee. siderable width and height. This inner Fatherland mine wing, with the exception noted, extends In the belfry are hung three huge bells over the entire space in the building, cover- made of cast-steel at Bochum, Westphalia, ing an area of about 2,000 square feet. The and of, respectively, 80, 60, and 40 hundred- pillars everywhere are heavy, short, and weight. These bells will ultimately go solid throughout, and the arches are semi- into the " Church of Mercy," now being con- circular, the style being early German structed at Berlin in memory of the late Renaissance. Balconies rise in tiers on all Empress Augusta. The building is a com- four sides of this vast interior space, the bination of several styles, and, though heavy timber and castings used in their thus somewhat contrasting in its several construction being richly painted and deco- parts, is not lacking in harmony of the total rated. Subdued color effects, such as dull effect. The center is in the form of a chapel, reds, blues, and yellows, are everywhere vis- rich in decorations. Bay-windows, project- ible, and the niches and corners show poetic

The German Government Building.

ing balconies, turrets, etc., lend the struct- paintings made by Max Seliger, a talented ure a most picturesque appearance, closely artist sent by the German government. resembling that of an old German " rath- August Fiedler, a well-known local archi- haus,"^r city hall, such as may be seen, tect, supervised the construction of the even at this day, in Nuremberg, or some whole building up to midwinter of this other anjcient town. The massive walls are year, since which time, however, Herr decorated and frescoed in South German Radke has taken sole charge of the work. style. The rather steep roof is covered with The construction of the German Govern- shining glazed tiles imported from Ger- ment Building (popularly known as the many. The roof-corners, water-spouts, etc., "Deutsche Haus" among the German- down to the large lantern in front of the speaking population) alone involved, for tower, are of shining brass or mellow-hued material and work and interior decoration, bronze. But the interior of the building is an expenditure of $250,000. And this struct- even finer and more impressive than the ure, altogether sui generis and of a style exterior. After passing through the mag- of architecture (the early German Renais- nificently decorated reception rotunda, to sance) never before beheld in concrete form the left of which is the grand reception- in America, is one of the most remarkable 190 A WEEK AT THE FAIR.

on the whole vast expanse of the Fair fashioned of gold and silver; handsome grounds, one which at once attracts atten- illuminated missals and prayer-books and tion and comment, both by its size and Bibles; and lastly, plastic church art, such height, and by reason of its solid workman- as statues and statuettes of saints, crucifixes, interesting ship, for there is neither staff-work nor hol- etc. , form a part of this highly low pillars about it. It seems built to last exhibit. It may be mentioned that a por- for centuries. tion of the material used in the construction Besides being the central point for Ger- and in the inner decoration of the German man interests represented at the Fair, Building itself has been furnished by Ger- whence Commissioner Wermuth will direct man firms for purposes of exhibition. things and where he will hospitably receive Thus the tiles of the roof — quite new visitors and inquiries, the German Govern- of their kind in this country — of which ment Building houses some by no means in- there were used fifteen car-loads, are an considerable portions of the German exhibit. exhibit in themselves, as are the beautiful The German publishers have arranged for a windows, the antique furniture, and the comprehensive general exhibit of their ornate wooden ceilings in the reception- wares, the art of printing being, above all, room of the Commissioner and in the ante- well illustrated by a large assortment of chamber. So, too, are the handsome carpets magnificently bound volumes of every kind, and rugs that are spread on every floor i-are scientific works especially. and staircase in the huge structure, all But cartography, lithography, photog- contributed by large manufacturers- in raphy, chromography, engraving, etc., and Wurzen (Saxony), in Schmeideberg and all their cognate branches, are likewise Duren (Prussia). The exhibits in this build-

The Haiti Government Building. thoroughly represented in thousands of ing are many, curious, and rich, but the beautiful specimens. And this fine collec- visitor must see them for himself, as there tion, which ultimately is destined to enrich is not space in a work of this kind for some American institution, perhaps a public the merest catalogue of such displays. library or a university, is placed on the South and a little westwardly of " Das upper galleries, or balconies, of the build- Deutsche Haus" as the Germans familiarlv ing, arranged so as to easily afford instruc- call this building, maj- be found a much tion and an intelligent appreciation of its smaller but very mteresting exhibit treasures, A reading-room for the public Here Haiti (E 19) has erected a building is also provided, in which students may in- in the Southern colonial style, adapted from dulge the privilege of feasting their minds the Grecian. Broad piazzas' flank three sides, on some particular tome that has engrossed while a central dome rises above the build- their fancy. The second large collective ing. The piazzas are 12 feet wide, and exhibit is placed in the chapel, some fifty on the front portico the coat-of-arms of the firms in Munich, Berlin, Heidelberg, Cre- republic is painted, with its motto, and feld, Carlsruhe, Aix-la-Chapelle, Cologne, below it appear the words " Republique Wuerzburg, etc., being represented in it. Haitienne" in gold letters, and the figures Appropriately enough, this exhibit is one of 1492, 1892, and 1804. The first is the date the modern church art, or rather art applied of the discovery of America, the second the to churches. Some very fine stained and celebration of its four hundredth anniver- painted windows and oriels; magnificent sary, and the last the date of Haitian inde- church vestments of silks, velvets, linens, pendence. In front , supporting the dome , are brocades, etc., embroidered or embossed; eight Doric columns, and from the flagstaff costly and artistic vessels for sacred use, on the dome floats the national standard— FOREIGN BUILDINGS. 191

horizontal stripes of blue and red—with the wood and material and native labor have coat-of-arms in its center. The front en- been used in its construction. It is a small trance opens on a hall 50 feet square, and building, 26 feet square, with a front eleva- this hall, the dome interior, and part of the tion of 32 feet. The wood used is teak, of the exterior are decorated with festoons of the fine kind used in the building of the Malay national colors. In the center of the main proas, and the fa9ade and roof have been hall is a beautiful beautifully carved and gilded. These carv- " statue— Rev- ings, all done by hand, are exquisitely erie"—by Lafor- beautiful, representing the work of the best estrie, a native Siamese artists. • Although her d&plays are sculptor. This not confined to this buildingj, Sfam has here statue received many fine exhibits of gems, rosins, dyes, the second medal silks, cottons, grailW, and a very fine dis- at the Paris Sa-I-^ play of manu&ctofed and leaf tobaccos. Ion. To the right Some of the native boats are wonderful, opens another^ and the work of the native women is very hall, 26 X 54 feet, v j«iV|i fine. Above the pavilion's roof floats the -' with a kitchen in ^ royal standard, a white elephant on a red its rear, where 1 field. coffee of Haitian Immediately east of Siam is the build- growth and made ing of the East Indies (E 18). It was not by a native cook erected by the government, which decided Phra Suriya. is served to visit- to make no exhibit officially, though unoffi- ors at 10 cents a cup. The entire left wing is cially.they-have done something toward this given up to offices, the first a large private private enterprise. Mr. Taillene, collector parlor. From the salon opens the attaches' of Indian curios, has done the ornamental offices and those of the Commissioner. There fitting of the building, etc., and he has is a corridor between the left wing and the within it all sorts of Indian curios, rugs, main hall, terminating in toilet-rooms. The etc., which are offered for sale. There are exterior dimensions of the building are 124 x two tea-bars, similar^ to our liquor-bars,'

The East Inflia Building.

100 feet, 50 feet high. The exhibits of except that tea is served instead of liquor. Haiti have not been scattered through the This tea is drawn by the Indian servants various class buildings, but have all been that Mr. Blychenden has brought over. The concentrated here. One of Columbus' exterior is in East Indian style, modeled anchors, various relics of the aboriginal in- remotely after the fashion of the Taj Mahal. habitants of the island, the bust and relics The most striking part is the doorway. of Toussaint L'Ouverture, pictures of the Associated with Mr. Henry Ives Cobb m first president and others are gathered in the construction of this building was Mr. this building. Coffee, sugar, liqueurs, WiUiam Prettyman, formerly contractor of syrups, fibers, minerals, plants, etc., and color at the World's Fair. He has charge native women's work may be seen. of its decoration. The building is one story -North-west of and- across the walk from high with a gallery, and is entirely lighted the building last visited is the site upon from a central skylight, and consists of one which the Siamese Government has erected open room with a gallery around it and a its Royal Pavilion (D 19). A native piazza in front. It is built entirely of staff, architect furnished the design, and native the exterior decoration with which is a 193 A WEEK A T THE FAIR.

valuable feature of the building. In shape the struct- occupied by a remarkable and very pre- ure is rectangular, 80 x 60 feet, 50 feet high, collection of antiquities, exhumed from comprising and its architecture is generally on Indian historic graves in Colombia, helmets, lines. The main entrance is through a water-bottles, human images, lofty gateway surmounted by minarets, trumpets, breastplates, necklaces, bangles, which are repeated on the corners of the anklets, etc., all of pure gold. There are building; the whole decorated in the high, also several mummies and a large collection striking colors of the Orient. of ancient pottery. The second story con- Just back of this building appears that sists of a gallery, which is partly utilized for for of Colombia (D 18). This handsome little an office and sleeping-apartment the pavilion stands to the eastward of the Commissioner. Swedish Building and almost in front of that The building is surmounted by a glass of the republic of Guatemala. It was origi- dome and a condor, which is the national nally designed by M. Gaston Lelarge, a emblematic bird of Colombia. On each side French architect and resident of Bogota, a group of three figures supports a globe and M. -40"' 4 '

Pavilion of Coiombta, the capital of Colombia; but at the sug- flagstaff bearing the national colors, yellow, gestion of Mr. Burnham, the Director of blue, and red, which are said to have a Public Works of the World's Fair, sundry poetical signification of the blue ocean sepa- changes were made the by architect and rating the bloodthirsty Spaniard from the contractor, M. B, Mora of Chicago, Jean golden shores of Colombia. At a lower level, and accepted by Lieut. H. R. Lemly, Third and occupying the principal place in the United States Artiller)r, who, having been fagade, is the national coat-of-arms, consist- United States Commissioner for the World's ing of a shield with three divisions, viz. , two Fair in Colombia, was requested by the horns of plenty separated by the graitufia, government of the latter country to attend a native fruit, a liberty cap, and finally to the erection of its building upon his return a representation of the Isthmus of Panama, to this country. The prevailing style of its with a ship in each ocean. The exterior of architecture is that of the Italian Renais- the building is of staff. Its interior is pleas- sance. It occupies a space of 45x45 feet, ingly decorated. In the panels tinder the but on each side are conservatories filled dome are found the names " Nunez" and with rare tropical plants, which give it the ' " Caro, president and vice-president of the appearance of much greater dimensions. republic, of Bogota, the capital, and in the There are two stories, the first of which is remaining three sides those of the nine FOREIGN BUILDINGS. 193 departments into which the country is sub- site at Jackson Park. Its entire cost has divided. been nearly $40,000. After the Exposition the collection of an- The design of the pavilion is the product tiquities above mentioned will be presented of the personal taste and fancy of the archi- to the Queen Regent of Spain, in recogni- tect (Mr. Gustaf Wickman, Stockholm), tion of her services as arbitrator in the ques- guided by the style of the Swedish churches tion of the boundary between Colombia and and gentlemen's country houses Of the six- Venezuela, her decision having favored the teenth and seventeenth centuries, and as former republic. far as possible the characteristics of this old South of Colombia, and in the same plot Swedish architecture have been retained. of ground, framed by its triangular lines, The lower part of the front wall of the is the Swedish Building (E i8). The site pavilion forms an exhibit of its own. It has the form of a triangle, and in order to consists of modern brick, terra cotta, and make the best of it, it was necessary to give cement work from the most prominent the buUding a similar form. In preparing manufactories in Sweden, and in itself is

The Swedish Government Building.

the plans a hexagon was inscribed between well worth the attention of experts. Except structure the sides of the triangular floor plan, and the the part just mentioned, tfee entire boundary of this figure decided the shape of is built of wood, and the whole of the wood- the main hall of the building. The comer work has been executed by the Eskilstuna spaces of the structures form each a sepa- Traforadlings Aktiebolag, in Sweden. In fashion, rate room of considerable size, and galleries accordance with the old Swedish run around the building, strikingly indicat- the whole of the roof and walls are covered outside of the woodwork ing its peculiar shape. The hexangular with shingles; the preserving liquid main haU is 60 feet square and the pitch of being impregnatedwith a wmdow-sashes are the cupola is 70 feet. On the top of the to prevent decay. The turned de- latter has been constructed a steeple, carry- all painted in green, and some been colored red, ing a flagstaff, from which the Swedish tails of the balconies have crown on the ensign floats, some 150 feet above the green, and white. The huge ground. The entire area of the floor is top of the steeple, as well as the framework gilded. The inside of 11,000 square feet. around the beU, are The building was manufactured in Swe- the pavilion is painted in light colors, and with bunting, coats-of- den, where it was temporarily put together, richly decorated afterward taken to pieces, sent across the arms, crests, etc. ocean, and erected on its three-cornered The exhibition proper, which is to be 13 194 A WEEK AT THE FAIR. the visitor. found under the roof of this building, con- exhibit meets the gaze o£ " together with " Nor- veys a very good idea of the cultural stand- Turistforeningen" tried to show what point of the Swedish people. Jamkontoret diska museet" has here that crosses the has here arranged a most complete exhibit Sweden can offer the tourist background is placed of the best of the world-famed Swedish iron boundaries. In the handsome capitol of ores, also of manufactured products of iron. a large picture of the of the North," with Several private firms and manufacturers Sweden, "the Venice royal castle. also produce some splendid articles in this its famous and magnificent placed wax-figures, of full department, which, m fact, is the most im- There are also in the gayly colored national portant of all—the mining products standing size, dressed panoramas, number one in the rank of Swedish export costumes of the country. Two goods. one on each side of the room, represent, the China goods and glass products are well one a typical Swedish landscape, the other represented, also gold and silver work. a peasant's cottage with its occupants. Mention should moreover be made of the The sport exhibit proper includes speci- -wood pulp and other manifold articles mens of all the various means of transporta- turned out by the numerous paper manufac- tion used at diflEerent seasons and in differ- tories in Sweden, as well as the unrivaled ent parts of the country, such as skates, safety matches, " sakerhetstanddtickor." snow-shoes, sleighs, canoes, yachts, etc., A complete collection of Swedish minerals and can not possibly fail to arouse the in- and of instructive geological maps has also terest of the sport-loving public. Photos, been brought together. oil-paintings, models of ancient churches, The lady visitor wiU at once notice, and and the like, complete the exhibit in this

^1 f tt-T^=^'fl^fe.^^~^

The Venezuela Government Building, probably be delighted with, the lovely em- department. A carefully executed bust of broideries and other needle-work exhibited the great Swedish sovereign. King Gustaf in this building. A greater collection of Adolph II. , has also been placed in this room. similar articles will, however, be found in At other places in the building portraits of the Woman's Building, where Swedish the present monarch. King Oscar II., and women, under the gracious patronage of of the heroic Carl XII., wnu be found. H. M. the Queen of Sweden and Norway, In the galleries are gathered exhibits illus- are presenting a vast number of delightful trating the school system and gymnastics, and striking works of their own make. which are admitted to be second to no A further attraction of the pavilion is the others. An abundant collection of publica- excellent representation of a genuine Swed- tions of vastly different character and pur- ish home, which consists of four rooms pose is also brought together here, ana as fuUy furnished and decorated according to already remarked, the entire exhibition the custom of the country. Those who are demonstrates the high degree of civilization under the impression that Sweden contains which has been attained by the Swedish very little but snow and ice will be agreeably peofjle up to the present time, and no doubt surprised by inspecting these rooms. Beau- it will prove a valuable means of instruc- tiful suites of furniture, artistically arranged, tion to the student, and by its motley vari- and splendidly executed draperies, etc., ety of articles also a great attraction to tiie testify to the high standard of Swedish public at large. home industry. It is not only by the exhibition just de- Across the hexangular haU, and exactly scribed that Sweden is represented at Jack- opposite the main entrance, an interesting son Park. Smaller collections of articles FOREIGN BUILDINGS. 195 are also ejchibited in the Agricultural Build- and Dr. M. U. Toledo, two citizens of Vene- ing, Machinery Hall, and, as previously zuela resident in the United States. Prehis- mentioned, in the Woman's Building. toric relics, mineral and vegetable products, Swedish artists, moreover, exhibit in the fine arts, manufactures, etc., are displayed. Fine Arts Gallery a carefully selected num- The flag carried by Pizarro during his mar- ber of pictures, some of which have previ- velous conquest and subjugation of Peru is ously received the greatest admiration in shown, as are also many other historic curios. Paris and elsewhere. Along the walk to the east of Venezuela The office of the chief Commissioner, Mr. is a building of a different type, erected by Arthur Leffler, is situated at the north cor- an Asiatic power, that of Turkey (E 17). ner of the building. It is a reproduction of a fountain in Con- West of and across the walk from the Swed- stantinople built 200 years ago by Selim the ish pavilion is fotmd the Venezuela Building Great. On three sides of the structure are (E i8). In view of the recent troubles in marble basins, into which spout crystal this State, and the depleted condition of her waters, while upon the fourth side is a treasury consequent thereon, the decision to beautiful portal for entrance to the interior. make a creditable exhibit of the country's Intricate carvings adorn the exterior walls, resources at the great Columbian Exposition which are composed of mucharabia, a is indeed commendable, showing, as it does, Turkish hardwood of great beauty. There the ambition and energy of this little re- are also alternate panels of inlaid wood and

1 he Turkish Government Building. public. The building is a single story in mother-of-pearl work, with here and there height, and is constructed of white marble, a text in Arabic characters taken from the in the Greco-Roman style of architecture. Koran, the Mohammedan Bible. The effect The graceful fafade is ornamented with three of this dazzling work is magnificent, and is handsome towers, on the left one of which enhanced by the gaudy uniforms of the stands a life-size statue of Columbus. On turbaned guards who night and day patrol the right is the statue of Bolivar, the "Lib- the building. Glorious mosaic floors and erator." Great credit is due to President draped and festooned hangings of rich Crispo for the eflEorts made by him to insure fabrics make up the interior decorations, a creditable building and exhibit from his and everything is made more magnificent country. As soon as the war which re- by the rare display of rich silks, costly- sulted in the overthrow of President Palacio jewelry, and brilliant gems that abound. had terminated, special efforts were made There are also giims, gold and silver wares, to secure sufficient funds for this purpose, daggers, soft fabrics, and other oriental and also for the proper planning and man- wares. Here may also be seen many curios agement of the finances and exhibits. As from the Stamboul museum, and historic soon as sufficient money was_âranteed; a relics of the greatest value. committee of distingûished citizens was ap- Lying west of Turkey and at the head of pointed and the work of collecting suitable a point of land extending into North Pond, exhibits was begûn, and the whole placed with a splendid location, is the Brazilian Building (E The designs for this build- under the charge of Messrs. J. M. Larralde 17). 196 A WEEK A T THE FAIR.

designs and harmonious colors. ing were prepared early in September of appropriate fnd capitals of the four 1892 by Lieut. -Col. Francisco de Souza The columns Corinthian in order. There are Aguiar of the Brazilian army, who is also facades are each with an open observa- a delegate to the World's Fair. It was the four campaniles, from grade. These points intention of Mr. Aguiar, as the architect, to tory seventy feet spiral iron stairs from the build the entire superstructure of steel, are reached by floor to the roof, at which point wood using wood only where it would be required second the means for ascent. The to receive the plastering and staff enrich- stairs complete except the dome, is flat and ments for interior and exterior walls. After entire roof, balustrade. A wood floor repeated conference with the representa- surrounded by a roof-covering proper, thus tives of several of the leading steel man- is laid over the convenient, and safe place ufacturers, and the delay caused thereby, affording a large, observation. The interior is in perfect it became apparent to the architect that to for exterior in all architectural insure the completion of the building in keeping with the broad flight of circular stairs time for the opening of the Exposition wood fixtures. A to the second floor. The must be substituted in place of steel in the affords easy access was $90,000. construction of the walls. These changes cost of this building is the Guatemala were accordingly made, and the entire Northeast of Brazil building is square, work was placed with Mr. A. L. R. Van den Building (E 18). This side, and occupies a Berghen as contractor. with III feet at each Its architecture is ori^- The ground plan of the building is in the space of 1 ,200 feet. classical. It is in me form of a Greek cross, the outside dimen- nal, but in no way

The Guatemala Building.

sions being 148 x 148 feet. The elevation Spanish style, and corresponds well with the has two stories, 25 feet 6 inches and 25 feet country it represents. The height of the high, respectively, surmounted by a central first floor is twenty-four feet. In the center dome constructed of steel, 43 feet in diameter of the building a large court is arranged, at base and 43 feet high at the crown. The 33 X 33 feet, with a gallery built on colon- entire height from grade to the top of finial nades. The court resembles the old Palos is 120 feet. All girders having a span over Spanish House, and affords freshness and twenty-five feet are composed of heavy steel ventilation to the entire building. In the beams, and all braces are of iron, the whole court is a fountain, from which the water forming a rigid and substantial structure plays as from over a large rock. The four without the aid of wood bracing. corner^ of the building are crowned by The style of architecture is strictly French towers, 23 X 23 feet, surmounted by beauti- Renaissance. The Indian figures in the fully decorated domes. The entire height bas-reliefs of the facades and those on the of the towers is sixty-five feet, and in two of stylobate of the dome are allegorical, and them are large staircases, giving access to representative of the republic of Brazil, and the floor above, which extends as a terrace are very fittingly used in this connection. around the entire building. The structure The windows are liberal in size, contain- is of wood and staff. The ornaments on the ing about 4,500 square feet of plate-glass, walls represent tropical plants and flowers. weighing 15,750 pounds. The sashes are The building contains four large rooms on hung on pulleys and weights ; a feature being the first floor, and on the second a reception- that the sash when raised will be concealed, room, two offices, and toilet-rooms. The leaving the entire opening of frame below most interesting exhibit of Guatemala is her the transom free and unobstructed. The coffee, and at a distance of about thirty-five transoms, which are semicircular in form, feet from the main building is found a small are filled with stained glass, hand-painted in rustic kiosk in which this product is to be FOREIGN BUILDINGS. 197 exhibited. The space around the building would be called Doric, is 103 feet long by 60 has been converted into a large garden, with feet wide, with two stories and clear-story, coffee, bananas, and other tropical plants making the full height 50 feet. On each side natural to the country. There are landing- is a Doric portico, twenty-two feet wide, places on the lake, opposite the principal supported by four large pilasters. Three entrance of the building. The amount spent easy steps bring one up to the main floor, in the entire work has been about $40,000. supported by eighteen columns, rising to the No expense or pains has been spared to full height of the clear-story. The cornices, give the Chicago Exposition a building frieze, moldings, caps and bases, window worthy to represent the prosperous and pro- casements, etc., are made of iron. The gressive population of this rich republic. main walls are cemented, and all is painted The builmng is painted in two colors—imi- in effective colors. The inside walls are tation of stone and salmon-rose—a style plastered, and the walls and timber-work are which has never been used in this country frescoed in a modest and becoming manner. before, and which is a specialty of Mr. The building is lighted by twenty large Moras. double casement windows in the first story and ten large skylights in the roof of the clear-story, while on all sides of the latter the. windows are pivoted, so that when opened they will afford perfect ventilation. Ample toilet- _^ rooms have been provided on each floor. Over each main entrance to the building is placed the national shield of the Central American republic in bold relief, making a striking addition to the decorative part of the work. The building cost about $20,000. The exhibit of tropical birds and plants displayed here is magnificent. Reluctantly turning away from the glow and perfume of the flowers and the songs and brilliancy of the birds, to reach the building of Norway (D 18), which is the next of the foreign exhibits to be visited, it is necessary to take a course due northeast. From Costa Rica's building cross under the Intramural tracks, and the next building on the right, going north, is the desired one. It is a little strange that the Norsemen, who claim to have been the original discoverers of America —naming Lief Ericsson as the finder, and the year goo A. D. The Norwegian Government Building. as the date—should be the most put their Following the curving shore of North Pond, tardy of those making exhibits to up In style it is built after the model as it bends first to the east and then to the building. " apecuharly Norwe- north, another representative of the Latin of the old Stavkirke," architecture, which dates back states of Central and South America is gian style of century. It is an oddly built reached. It is the Costa Rica Building (D to the twelfth cross-gabled edifice, the peaks of its gables 18), situated at the east end of the North decorations similar to those Pond, facing west, and its location is one of ornamented with of the time of Lief the best in the confines of the park. Across with which the Norsemen discoverer of Amer- the North Pond, and within a distance to be Ericsson—their alleged embellish the prows of fully appreciated, are the Illinois, Washing- ica—were wont to vessels. In size the building ton, Indiana, Ohio, and Wisconsin build- their sea-going feet, and is constructed of Norway ings. To the right are the magnificent Gal- is 60x25 planned and built in sections in leries of Fine Arts, and on the left stand the pine. It was and sent here and structures erected by Guatemala and Spain, Norway, then taken down its workmen and materials while as a background, and not far distant, set up. AH of Lake Michigan murmurs praise to the efforts are Norwegian. of Norway, an antique Bud- of mortal man. A better site could not have Northeast Michigan, presents been chosen. The building, which in style dhist temple, facing Lake 198 A WEEK AT THE FAIR. one European national structures. It has an attractive appearance. It is the Ceylon purposes, the best situations for such Court (C 1 consisting of a central oc- of 8), does at the southeast Mid of tagonal building with two wings facing, standing as it Street on the lake shore. There respectively, north and south. The length Fifty-seventh pavilions, connected by a semicir- of the entire court is 145 feet; the width of are two colonnade, at the center of which and the central hall, 50 feet. The architecture cular thus made is a very tine fount- partakes of the Dravidian style, as it in the court decorated with bronze stat- appears in the ruins of the ancient temples ain elaborately over from France. The throughout the island. The beautiful Sin- uary brought pavilion faces the lake, the in- ghalese woods have been used in the build- court of the thus made forming a delightful ing, cut and fitted in Ceylon, and shipped closure smaller pavihon is on the here and put together. These woods are retreat. The contains the large room for the na, hulan-htk, margosa, suriya-mara, south side, and of Paris, fitted up and decorated by palu, and others. A projecting basement, the city merchants of that city, the walls four feet above the ground-level, sustains the best in the finest gobelin tapestry, the entire court, which is reached by four being hung containing only works of art highly carved stairways, two leading into and the room The pavilion on the the central building and one into each and fine bric-a-brac. very large room, elabo- wing. These stairways and the general north contains one in staff, with ornamental scheme of the court are copied from the rately decorated

The Ceylon Court

ruined temples of Anuradhapura and Polon- ceiling and cornices. The panels between naruwa, the capitals of Ceylon between 543 the pilasters and walls contain some of the B. C. and 1235 A. D. The cobra-shrouded best pictures of France. The room of this figures in bas-relief guarding the ap- pavilion is entitled " De La Fayette," and it proaches are termed doratupalayas (jani- contains all the gifts, mementos, historical tors). There are other carvings of yakkas relics, and things of interest regarding the (evil spirits), hansas (sacred geese), viaka- dealings between La Fayette and this ras (fabulous beasts—half lion and half country. This pavilion includes, besides crocodile), etc. The doorway is beautifully this room, suites of offices for the French hand-carved in imitation of those of ancient Ejcposition officials. temples. The nari-lata, a woman's body The sketches for this building were made terminating in a leaf, and the liya-7'el are in France, and most of the staff models were beautiful decorations, as are also the female made there and sent here. The French busts over the doorways representing architects are Motte & Du Buysson, and R. divinities. So rich are the decorations in A. Deuelle, associate architect. this building, and at the same time so intri- The exterior of the building is in the style cate and numerous, that space can not be of the French Renaissance, entirely of staff, spared for a mere mention of them, though and elaborately decorated, there being a they are well worthy of a faithful descrip- very large group of statuary on the north tion, and should be seen and studied by all. fagade, and several historical paintings Northwestwardly from the Ceylon Build- placed on the exterior of the building. The ing, and adjoining it, is the French Gov- general effect of this structure is quite ernment Building (C 18), the last of the pleasing. In dimensions it is 250x175 FOREIGN BUILDINGS. 199 feet, and is but one story high. In addition the rules and regulations which govern the to the exhibits already alluded to are mod- World's Fair system of water transportation. els and plans of the schools, prisons, hospi- Under his care has been placed everything tals, and sewerage systems of Paris, and pertaining to the safety and comfort of pas- many others of great interest. Taken alto- sengers by the various water routes. Sub- gether there is more of interest, for Ameri- ordinate inspectors are on every pier and cans, centered in this building of our old landing to see that the rules are observed, Revolutionary ally than in any of the other and the regulations for loading and unload- foreign buildings. ing passengers at the outer piers are as No visitor to the World's Fair should miss nearly perfect as can be devised. All of getting a glimpse of the Great Central Court the officials are uniformed and charged with and Basin from the water approaches. the duty of preventing overcrowding, de- Those who enter Jackson Park from the lays, or confusion, having ample police land approaches will be like guests who powers to enforce their authority. Captain enter a mansion by the back door. At Symonds' jurisdiction extends to Van Buren any of the entrances on Stony Island Ave- Street Pier up-town, and his inspectors see nue, or even at the great railroad termini in that there is no undue crowding at this the Central Court, the visitor's first impres- point. sion is gained mainly from rear or side There are two piers for landing passen- views. To get the full efEect of the noble gers at Jackson Park within the Fair plan on which the grounds and buildings grounds. The Main or Casino Pier extends are laid out, one should approach the park 2,500 feet into the lake and is 400 feet wide. by water, landing preferably at the Casino, Its foundation piers are stone, and it is so or Main Pier, or, better still, he might board constructed that there is safe landing in a steam-launch at the north end of the park, any kind of weather. This pier is used by and after a short trip in the outer harbor the larger steamers of the Henry syndicate be carried under this majestic Peristyle into and by excursion-boats. About two hun- the Grand Central Basin. He will find him- dred feet from the outer extremity of the self directly in front of the Administration pier there is an anchorage-ground, where Building and surrounded by four of the ar- excursion-boats may remain during the day chitectural wonders of the world. Before without interfering with the channel. North leaving the water he will see more of the and south of the Casino Pier there are moor- architectural glory of the Fair than from ing-buoys for visiting yachts. The other any other point of vantage. He will have pier, at the north end of the grounds, is entered by the front door. somewhat smaller, being 800 feet long by The outer piers are the daily means of 60 feet broad. At the northern pier steamers

landing at the Fair Grounds employed by of light draught land their passengers . The tens of thousands of World's Fair visitors, south side of this pier is used by visiting the interior system being used to convey yachts. visitors from one point to another within Using both piers, the Henry sjmdicate the grounds. has contracted to land 15,000 passengers per It has been estimated that on warm sum- hour at the Pair grounds. At the Casino mer days not less than 100,000 visitors enter Pier there is from fifteen to eighteen feet of the Fair grounds through the turnstiles at water, sufl&cient for the new whaleback the two outer piers. Besides the crowds steamer, built especially for World's Fair which embark at the Van Buren Street pier traffic, and with a capacity of 5,000 passen- in the center of the citj', the water route is gers. favored by many visitors from a score of The World's Fair Steam Launch Company points along the lake shore; ranging from takes passengers in and out of the various Kenosha on the north to South Chicago on water-gates to the Fair grounds, and gives the south. Besides the Henry syndicate them a short ride on Lake Michigan. This boats—which ply between the two latter company has a special concession for this points—there are numerous excursions from purpose, and its launches ply between three other lake points within a few hours' sail principal landings. Starting from a land- from Jackson Park. ing in the North Lagoon, adjacent to the Steamers from Michigan City, St. Joe, Clam Bake exhibit, the launches pass out Grand Haven, Milwaukee, Racine, and into Lake Michigan through the North other points outside the syndicate's territory Channel, rounding the Battle-ship, and mak- unload and reload crowds of excursionists ing a detour they enter the Grand Basin at the Casino Pier. Nor are the interior and make a landing at the south end of the water-ways less popular on summer days Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building. when the sun's rays invite to shade and Returning to the outer harbor, the launches Pond, ad- rest. Gaily decorated launches, with cano- continue their trips to the South pies and side-awnings, make la.ke and joining the Agricultural Annex, where is steam- lagoon trips a pleasure. Sleepy-looking gon- located the Live Stock exhibit. The prescribed dolas float softly along, carrying women and launches do not venture from this children, who are going nowhere in par- route, and can not embark passengers from ticular, except to bask in the artificial any point outside the grounds. beauties of their surroundings. The Electric Launch and Navigation Captain Symonds, U. S. N., has perfected Company has forty electric launches plying 200 A WEEK AT THE FAIR.

on the interior water-ways. The course for interior water-ways except a low opening to the electric launches is three miles long, and admit the passage of the fire-boat. On all includes the Grand Basin, North Canal, the interior water-ways there is a uniform East, North, and West lagoons, and North depth of six feet, although none of the Pond. On this course there are about fif- launches draw more than three feet. There teen landings, one in front of each of the is, needless to say, a constant current of main buildings. The point of starting is in fresh water throughout. the Grand Basin, and the northerly extrem- For Exposition officials there is a special ity of the route is in the North Pond, where fleet of four electric launches. One is for there is a landing 200 feet wide in front of the Director-of-Works, one for the Director- the Fine Arts Building. The electric General, and the other two for distinguished launches make the entire round trip in about guests. Captain Symonds has a special forty minutes, going up one side of the steam-launch for his exclusive use in making Wooded Island and returning the other. official trips about the grounds or to and Stops are made at every landing, not more from the Van Buren Street pier. The steam- than a minute and a half being consumed launches have a pilot, an engineer, and one at each stop. If all the launches and gon- deck-hand each. The electric launches each dolas were kept running they would be have a motor-man (who glides the craft) within 200 feet of each other throughout the and a deck-band. entire course. There are one or more The uniforms of aU the officials connected launches always in front of each landing, so with water transportation at the Fair are that intending passengers never have to navy-blue, in single and double breasted wait. The capacity of each launch is about coat patterns. The rank of the official is on twenty-four passengers, and the only sched- his cap, and the company to which he be- ule time will be to keep moving. longs on his coat-collar. Captains have Purely pleasure travel on the interior three stripes on the sleeve, pilots two, first water-ways is attended to by the Venetian mates one, and chief engineers one. The Gondola Company, which keeps twenty gon- brass buttons are of special Columbian pat- dolas and two steam-barges afloat in the la- tern, with an anchor in the center. goons and canals. The Italian craft are all The hulls of the Henry sjmdicate boats are of the fourteenth century pattern, and are painted white, with buff smoke-stacks. The gorgeously upholstered in velvets. They same colors are to be seen on the steam- were built in Italy, and approved by the launches. The electric launches have a nat- United States Consul-General before being ural-wood finish, with a border of varnished shipped. Manned by expert Venetian gon- cedar. The awnings on large steamers and doliers, the capacity of the gondolas is about steam-launches are navy-mue and white. twelve , and that of the barges twenty-five. Awnings on electric launches are red and The only other craft on the interior water- yellow. ways are the occasional canoes, manned by Every species of craft under World's Indians from the Ethnological exhibit, or Fair control flies two flags—the American some special exhibit of small craft by the and the Columbian maritime flag. The lat- Transportation Department. ter is of white bunting, with an orange At various points along the Wooded Island wreath of oak leaves in the center, and a canoes and odd-shaped boats are run up on blue anchor in the center of the wreath. the shore as purely decorative features. Whether on the monster whaleback or the There are other decorative features at the trim launch, the Columbian colors blend bridges and landings. The South Canal is with those of the nation. The dreamily for the exclusive use of the gondolas, the drifting gondolas have fourteenth century Electrical Fountain being the principal at- flags, in keeping with the illusion that the traction at that point. There is no connec- Middle Ages have been transplanted to tion between the South Pond—where the Chicago to rub shoulders with the advanced Marine exhibit is placed—and the rest of the civilization of the nineteenth century. CHAPTER VII.

THE FIFTH DAY AT THE FAIR.

I5^\ LOQUENT thus afforded was grasped may be judged "^ as have from the fact that within thirty minutes of been the Director-General G. R. Davis receiving his praises of formal appointment as the executive head this, the of this vast Exposition, Secretary Chase, the greatest of enterprising representative of the State of all exposi- Iowa, was in Chicago calling upon the tions, the authorities and soliciting a first-class site

,', visitor, like for the structure of the " Hawkeye State." ^Queen Sheba That the result was satisfactory will be seen ,\Siof old, must by perusing the description of Iowa's build- feel that " not ing and viewing her display. From nearly the haK had every other State and Territory came eager been told him," applications and enthusiastic responses. Did as he now constitutional restriction or legislative en- turns on this actment forbid the expenditure of public his fifth day at money on buildings outside the limits of the Exposition any particular State, its spirited citizens to see the thirty handsome structures erected raised by voluntary and public subscription by the forty-four States, six Territories, and the sum necessary for a proper display. As one Federal District which together, banded a result every one of the forty-four States ex- ' in indissoluble ' union of lakes and union of cept Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, Nevada, lands," constitute the greatest and grandest North Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina, English-speaking nation on the earth. It Tennessee, and Wyoming, and three out of was a happy inspiration, indeed, which led six Territories, have appropriate structures

The South Dakota State Building. the Exposition authorities to apportion such wherein to display their historic curiosities or ample space for State buildings and invite whereat to receive their citizens and guests. the legislative authorities of each sovereign How to See the State Buildings.—These State to participate, not only by exhibiting characteristic structures are grouped in the its products, but by erecting a rallying- extreme northern and previously improved point and rendezvous for its sons and portion of Jackson Park. Let the visitor daughters. How eagerly the opportunity take the Illinois Central Railroad from the (201) 302 A WEEK AT THE FAIR.

interests city and alight at its South Park Station, display, showing the diversified dairy, where he will find the Fifty-seventh Street and resources of the State. Its been entrance to the grounds. sheep, and cattle products have not tha,t no Immediately upon his left on entering is neglected. Those who imagine Dakota will be situated the Esquimau Village (A 14). For fruits are grown in South pomological ex- a fee of 25 cents one can not only see the fifty- agreeably surprised at the seven natives, with their wolfish-looking hibit. The educational department is very of dogs, their sledges, spears, stoves, canoes, fine. Curious fossils from the bed Chey- and lamps, but may gaze upon a large lot of enne River, immense blocks of fine coal gravestones, images, and carvings upon from her coal-fieMs, and photographic views walrus ivory, and watch the domestic life of of her varied scenery, artesian wells, etc., this curious people. They have a store of make up a grand display for this young blubber, seal-oil, and other table delicacies so State. tempting to Esquimau palates. There are Having seen everything of note here, men, women, and children in the village, the Washington State Building (C 15), and their modes of life and the sanitary lying just south, is the next point of inter- conditions (or rather the want of them) est. This is a very unique and pleasing peculiar to them and their crowded quarters structure, built largely of lumber and

The Colorado State Building.

' do not ' lade the pulsing air with sweetest materials brought from the State, and it perfumes." There are some expert carvers shows, in a marked degree, the immense and wood-workers in the village, and also timber resources of that far-off section. many curious objects, which will repayavisit. For instance, the largest logs used in the Having satisfied his curiosity in regard foundation are 52 inches in diameter and to " children these of theNorth," he crosses 120 feet long, perfectly clear, sound tim- the bridge over Northwest Pond and finds bers. Much larger could have been ob- on his right the South Dakota Building tained, but the railroads were unable to (C the first 15), of the State structures. transport them. The dimensions of this This building, which has an exception- building are 140 x 220 feet. The exterior ally fine location, is 60 feet wide by 100 IS covered with Puget Sound lumber, and feet long, and is two stories high, each story it is roofed with the famous "Washington being fourteen feet. As far as possible South cedar" shingles. The 2,000,000 feet of Dakota's brains, muscle, and material only lurnber used were donated and placed in have been used in its construction. The Chicago by tlie Lumbermen's Association exterior is coated with Yankton cement fin- of the State. The motive throughout the ished in imitation of cut-stone, and is very architecture is to call attention to the un- attractive. Mines and minerals, grains and paralleled advantages of Washington as a grasses, fossils, pottery, clays, etc., have source of lumber supply, and the idea is been given due attention and form a large thoroughly carried out. STATE BUILDINGS. 208

Leaving the Washington Building, the by v?hich the lanterns are reached, and a visitor will find it most convenient to next beautiftd view obtained. A rear balcony call at that of the "Centennial State," overlooks one of the lagoons, while an open 14). Colorado (D ' This btiilding is 125 court is surrounded with another balustraded feet long by 45 feet deep, and 26 feet veranda, thus giving an abundance of out-

The California State Building, from the ground to the main cornice, with door space for pleasant lounging. The two slender towers 80 feet high. The tone two reading-rooms and the assembly-room is an ivory white, with a faint color sug- can be thrown together, making one room gestion, and the architectural style that of ninety-two feet long. The two hanging the Spanish Renaissance. The entrance is balconies at the end of the building form an 40 feet wide and 28 feet deep, and on either attractive feature. The fittings in onyx and

The Illinois State Building. side are the main stairways by which the Tennessee marble are especially beautiful, second floor is reached. Smoking, reading, and the ornamental front and the red Span- toilet, assembly, and ladies' rooms are pro- ish-tiled roofs give a picturesque and pleas~ vided, and the front balcony, 8 x 24 feet, ex- ing eifect to this building. tends the entire length of the building. Having fully investigated it, the visitor Each tower is ascended by a spiral staircase next reaches what seems to be a Catholic 304 A WEEK AT THE FAIR.

is three mission of the days of the Jesuit regime. presents a massive appearance, and is Indiana gray- This is the California Building (D is), stories high. The first story third are wood covered and it is a reproduction of the typical stone, the second and interior finish mission that was once common in that with stafiE. The doors "and and polished; the floors State. The length is 435 feet, the width 144 are in oak, carved the first and second feet, from the ground to the eaves 50 feet, are laid in mosaic. On extends from tower to and to the roof-center 65 feet. To the top fioors a wide hall oflBces, parlors, toilet of the dome is 113 feet. The walls are a tower, separating the assembly- close imitation of the adobe, or sun-dried and reception rooms from the large brick, used in the original structures. The hall and the hall of exhibits. separate parlors roof is covered with tiles similar to those On the ground-floor are covering the Jesuit missions. The principal for women and men, with toilet and check features of the building are copied from the rooms attached to each. On the second beautiful old mission at Santa Barbara; the other faxjades recall those of San Luis Rey and San Luis Obispo. The whole mass, otherwise somber, is relieved by a large central dome, around which is an open roof- garden filled with semi-tropical plants. These glorious California products add an element of grace and beauty that gives a gala appearance appropriate to such an occasion as a world's great holiday. The building is further embellished by the rich molded windows over the arched entrances, and made musical by the old mission-bells in its towers. The departments for exhibits are arranged along the sides of the building on the ground-floor; the offices are grouped in the second story. The exhibits consist of minerals, petrified woods, native wines and other viticultural displays, brandies, State industries, etc. Bidding adieu to this reminiscence of a by-gone time, the next building presents a more modem appearance. It is that of Illi- nois (E 16), in the form of a Greek cross, one axis of which is 450 feet long by 160 feet wide; the other 285 feet long and 98 feet wide. At the intersection of the arms of the cross rises a dome with an internal diameter of 75 feet and an inside height of 152 feet. The galleries circle the interior of the dome, one 15 feet the other 96 feet 6 inches above the floor. Over the entablature rises the drum, covered with galvanized iron. A round lantern, 12 feet in diameter and 35 feet high, crowns the whole, its height above the ground being 234 feet. At the east and west ends are large entrances. Within the building are rooms for the governor of the State and his suite; others for the members of the State board; a great exhibition-hall, ante-rooms, and rooms for the accommodation of the woman's board. There are rooms at the east end for school-exhibition floor are a reading and writing room, a purposes, one being devoted to the use of a woman's room and private office, a men's model kindergarten. In the northern end is rootn, two toilet-rooms, and the offices of the a fire-proof room called the Memorial Hall, President and secretary of the State board, which contains historical objects usually 'here are fine displays of historical portraits; kept in the State capitol at Springfield. archaeological, mining, manufacturing, agri- 'The next building upon the route laid out cultural, and educational exhibits. On the belongs to the State of Indiana (D 15). front of the building is a statue of heroic This structure is Gothic in design, with proportions, the work of an Indiana sculp- cathedral windows, turrets, and towers. At tress, Miss jeannette Scudder. It represents either tall spire rises end a above the roof to the typical Indiana beauty, and is called the a height of 150 feet from the ground. The " Maid of the Wabash." ground dimensions, including the wide ve- The visitor now passes _ on to the Wiscon- randa which extends entirely around the sin Building (D 15), which is 50 feet deep building, are 53 x 152 feet. The building and has a frontage of 90 feet, exclusive of the STATE BUILDINGS. 205 porches, of which there axe four—two run- has several fountains and is lighted by elec- ning the entire length of the building on the tricity. east and fronts, west and one each in the Ohio's building (D 15), which is next centers of the north and south elevations. reached, is not intended for exhibits of any For three feet above grade the walls are of kind, but rather as a social headquarters for Lake Superior brownstone, and the first people of that State visiting the Fair. It story of Menominee red pressed brick. The occupies a prominent site at the west of the rest of the exterior finish is chiefly in dimen- Art Gallenes and ha,s a fine outlook over sion shingles. The front and rear porches the water to the Fisheries Building. The are supported by massive brownstone pil- architecture is of the style of the Italian lars—one at each corner and one at each Renaissance, simple yet dignified. The side of the main entrance. There are also dimensions are. 100x80 feet, exclusive of polished granite columns in these porches. bay-windows, porticoes, and terraces, and In the angles of the gables is seen tiie coat- its two stories are about thirtv-five feet of-arms of the State, modeled by Miss high. The semicirciolar portico 'has eight

The Indiana State Building.

Eunice Winterbotham of Eau Claire. The Ionic columns the full height of the building, building is modem in architectural style, surmounted by an open balustrade and and is that generally used in club-houses roofed with red tile. The entrance vesti- and large private residences. The exterior bule leads to the reception-hall, 23x48 feet, is painted m contrasting colors, and. the ef- the vaulted roof of the building forming its fect is quite harmonious. The first floor ceiling. Around it run gaUenes level with contains the lobby, or reception-room, the the second floor. Opposite the entrance is a ladies' reception-room, the intelligence spacious alcove with an open fire-place, oflBce, post office, and men's lavatories, all above which is a stained-glass window bear- finished in Wisconsin woods. About three- ing the State's coat-of-arms. The frieze of fourths of the way up the grand staircase is this hall is a decoration of buckeyes, the a Venetian stained-glass window, represent- State emblem. From the central hall open ing Superior City. The lobby is floored the rooms of the commissioner, bureau of with colored tiles. The second floor has information,, ladies' and gentlemen's par- three large rooms, one occupied by an art lors, writiilg-room, etc., with a smoking- exhibit and two by the State Historical room in.the'rear wing. The assembly-room, Society. There are also smaller rooms, as 30x42}^ feet, is approached by way of the the men's reading-rooms and board of main staircase. The stained glass in the directors' office. The third floor is occupied upper portions of the windows in the various entirely by sleeping-rooms. The building rooms shows the names of the sixteen chief A WEEK A T THE FAIR.

entrance opens into a tiled cities of the State. James W. H. McLaugh- high The main sixty-two feet wide and lin, architect of this building, was born in reception-hall, entire depth of the building. Cincinnati in 1834, and commenced the extending the opening out of this hall, are practice of his profession in 1855; and from Near the front, office, post office, check- that time to the present, with ttie exception the secretary's m^y

The Wisconsin State Building. of one year (from 1861 to 1862), he has been rooms,, and barber-shops. On either side of actively engjaged in its pursuit. the halls are reception, reading, and toilet Having disposed of the " Buckeye " Build- rooms for men and women. Wood fire- ing, Michigan's (D 15) comes next. This is places with high oak mantels adorn each quite an imposing structure, 104 x 144 feet in room. On the second floor is the assembly- ground area and three stories high. There room, 32x60 feet, in which is a fine pipe-

The Ohio Slate Building. is across the entire a veranda front, from the organ; also an exhibit-room, 31 x loo Here center of which rises a tall tower, balconied, will be shown specimens of the flora and and pierced with windows, and 131 feet fauna of this State. On the thii-d floor are STATE BUILDINGS. SOT twelve sleeping-rooms, for members of the After the close of the Fair the group will commission and other State ofi&cers. On be cast in bronze and placed near the falls in the second floor is the press exhibit, showing Minnehaha Park at Minneapolis. The first sample front pages of every paper and floor is devoted chiefly to an exhibition-hall, magazine published in the State. The where is shown a fine collection of the birds pomological display presents 500 models of and beasts of the State. Here are also the various fruits grown in Michigan. The specimens of her grain, minerals, and other salt exhibit is especially interesting, as are products. In the center of the hall is a also those of woman's work, educational, drinking-fountain of Mankato stone; on the grains and grasses, etc. Probably the most left is a relief map, 23x25 feet, of Duluth

' unique thing is the poem entitled ' The and its harbor, and in the rear the superin- Red Man's Rebuke," composed by the last tendent's room, check-rooms, postofiice, and chief of the Pottawatomies, and printed on information bureau. In the mezzanine story birch bark. The exterior of the building is of are sleeping-rooms for the ofiicials and em- Michigan pine and shingles, the latter stained ployes. One side of the second story con- soft red. The general color tone is light-gray. tains yae Woman's Auxiliary Board room, Leaving this building the visitor retraces with reception, reading, and toilet rooms.

The Michigan State Building. his steps, passes back by those of Washing- In the rear are two guest-chambers. On ton and Colorado, and just across the waUi the west side is the State Boardroom, with by which he entered the grounds finds on the reception, reading, and toilet rooms. his right the Minnesota Building (B 15). The interior is decorated in plain tints, with Its ground area is Sox go feet, and its elaborate friezes selected from designs by height to the main cornice is 41 feet. The women artists of the State. William frame is of wood covered with staff; the Channing Whitney was the architect of this style of architecture being that of the Italian building. Renaissance. The roof is covered with Just across the walk from the Minnesota metallic Spanish tiles. On the front portico Building is found that of Nebraska (B 15). stand statues of Hiawatha and Minnehaha It is of the colonial style of architecture. executed by Jacob Fjielde and contributed Classical size is 60x100 feet. The outside by the school children of Minnesota, aided of the building is covered with staff, made by the Woman's Auxiliary-Board; to represent stone. On each side of the This beautiful group is inspired by Longfel- building is a large portico, with eight large low's poem, and finds its motive in the lines: massive columns, running the full height of both floors, supporting the gables over the Over wide and rushing rivers. onto these In Ins arms he bore the maiden. porticoes. Six large rooms open A WEEK AT THE FAIR. gorticoes, giving space for exhibits. On the Emerging from this structure and cross- rst floor is found a large exhibit-hall, recep- ing the walk, next in order is the Arkansas tion, check, waiting, commission, and men's State Building (B 15). The architecture selected toilet rooms. Reaching the second floor resembles the French rococo style, first from this floor, by a large staircase ten feet as appropriate because Arkansas was

The Minnesota State Building. wide, a large exhibit-room is entered. The settled by the French. Staff constitutes the janitor's and reading rooms are located on chief material of construction, its cheapness this floor, as are also waiting, reception, and making it possible to enrich the facades of toilet rooms for ladies. The building is the structm'e at a moderate cost, which was amply equipped with stand-pipes and other necessary, as the building was erected en- apparatus for checking fires, apd has every tirely by popular subscription. The build-

i.y^..H._5^

The Nebraska State Building. convenience for the comfort of visitors. ing proper is 92 feet deep by 66 feet wide. Henry Voss of Omaha is the architect, and The main entrance is through the ornate for the money expended ($15,000) he has elliptical veranda, the steps leading up to produced a very creditable building. which are granite quarried and cut at Little STATE BUILDINGS. 209

Rock. From this a triple arcadp leads into tion, and was the only woman occupying a the rotunda, 30 x 30 feet, extending the en- similar position. She is a member of the Ar- tire height of the building, rising to a square kansas Board of World's Fair Lady Mana- dome mirty feet in diameter. The unique gers, and is also a member of the National featvire of the building is the foimtain in the Press Association. center of the rotunda, donated by the Ladies' Having beheld all that is notable in the Columbian Club of Hot Springs. From the Arkansas State Building, the visitor, cross- center of the basin, which is ten feet in di- ing ta the west side of the walk, sees before ameter, rises a granite base bearing the him that erected by the State of North figure of a boy holding over his head a pas- Dakota (B 15). The style of architecture sion-flower, the floral emblem of the State. happily named the "colonial" seems ex- Around the base is grouped a fine collection tremely appropriate to the State buildings,

of Hot Springs crystals, while crushed crys- since it is dignified, though not severe ; home- tals cover the petals of the flower. Aquatic like and hospitable, yet not trivial. In the plants are placed at the corners of the basin. North Dakota edifice the solid structure of When illuminated by electric lights it is ex- the front elevation is essentially classic, with ceedingly unique and attractive. This feat- large exterior colonnades, or porches, carried ure was designed by Mrs. P. H. Ellsworth up to cover two stories, a feature which is of Hot Springs. The three rooms, 15x15 useful and at the same time softens and feet each, on either side of the rotunda are makes attractive the severer lines, rect- used as ladies' reception and exhibit rooms; angles, and arches of the classic ideal. The the large one in the rear, 25 x 65 feet, extends ground-floor colonnade forms the porch and

The Arkansas State Building.

the width of the building, and is devoted to the second story a " gallery " (as it is called general exhibits. It is extended through in the South), and the eifect is rendered triple arches, opposite which is a beautiftd doubly attractive by the fine situation of the mantel (twelve feet long) made of Arkansas building. The interior offers generous stair- white onyx. In the second story a broad ways and hall space, lighting and ventila- gallery encircles the hall, affording entrance tion. The whole first floor is thrown into to six rooms, 15 x 15 feet each, corresponding one room, 60 x go feet, affording ample room to similar rooms on the first floor. "The tw^o for display of the State exhibit,- which in- large rooms over the exhibit-rooms are used cludes nearly every product of the soil found as parlors for ladies and gentlemen. Al- in the temperate zone—whether from field or ihost tbe entire first floor is laid in clear rift forest, farm, garden" or orchard. A feature Arkansas pine, donated by the various lum- of this room is a large fire-place facing its ber companies of the State. Mrs. Frank main entrance, flanked on either side by stair- Middleton Douglas, nee Miss Jean Lough- ways, which meet at a landing and, merging borough, the architect, was born in St. Louis, into one, give access to the second floor, Mo. .Her father served as a colonel in the where are found reception, press, and com- Confederate army. Mary W. Loughbor- mittee rooms, and toilet accommodations. ough, his wife, was an author of note. In The decorations of the building, both inte- AprU, 1892, Miss Loughborough submitted rior and exterior, are conventionaUzed rep- her design for the Arkansas State Building, resentations of the natural and agricultural and was given first prize over all competitors. products of the State of North Dakota. She was made superintendent of its consfruc- Wheat, corn, grasses of many kinds, etc., 14 210 A WEEK A T THE FAIR.

State Building is are shown in bas-relief on bands, panels, Just north of the Kansas Comfort (A 15). and angles; and pedestals are occupied by a department of the Public where but one allegorical figures and groups appropriate to There is a park gate here to enter— the time and place. The material used for class of visitors wUl be aUowed and at one other en- the structure is wood, covered with staff the bicyclers. Here, be left, and arrange- except where its position requires that the trance, all wheels must to accommodate 16,000 wood shall retain its own aspect. The ex- ments are made toilet-rooms treme dimensions of the building are 40 x 70 -wheelmen daily. Check-rooms, provided for both male and feet and its height is 30 feet. It cost $1 1 ,000. etc. , have been riders. On the same side of the walk a little female , , , j ^^ of wheels and the farther north is found the Kansas State Leaving the ranks visitor, turning toward Building (A 15). The "Sunflower State" crowds of riders, the State has a building which at once attracts the the east, next reaches the Texas provided en- attention of visitors by its unique features Building (A 15), which was State. Plans inside and out. It follows the model of tirely by the women of that Gordon of San those structures which seem to have devel- were prepared by J. RUey oped, by natural evolution, under a warm Antonio for a structure of considerable and sunny sky. The building, cruciform architectiural grace and beauty. The build- feet square in plan, measures 135 feet from north to ing contains assembly-rooms, 56 south and 140 feet from east to west, and and 20 feet high, provided with a large

The North Dakota Stats Building,

was one of the first State buildings to be art-glass skylight in the ceiling, with a completed, and the first to be dedicated. mosaic Texas star in its center. The ros- The rear of the building was especially trum, ante-rooms, etc., are finished in the designed for the valuable natural history natural woods of Texas. The administra- collection of the State University, which is tion wing contains a register and rooms for one of the most notable exhibits of the Fair. a bureau of information, messengers, tele- The bas-reliefs in front of the tower rep- phone, telegraph, secretary', president, di- resent the State as she was when admitted rectors, Texas Press Association headquar- into the Union in i86i, armed for her strug- ters, lady secretary, president, and executive gle " ad astra per aspera " (through diffi- committee, lobby, historical museum, and culties to the stars); and again under her library ; also toilet-rooms, rooms for county present prosperous aspect, crowned with the collective exhibits, etc. The main entrances wealth of her endless resources. Seymour are through vestibules, flanked on either side Davis, architect of the Kansas and Territo- by niches and colonnades. The main vesti- rial buildings, is well known west of the bule terminates in a large auditorium, from Mississippi River. HLe was born in Phila- which entrance is afforded to the various delphia, Pa., in 1863, and here he completed working departments above mentioned. In his architectural education. He moved to the treatment of the design the architecture Topeka, Kan., in 1883, and has been actively has not deflected from the traditions of the in engaged his profession since 1886. " Lone Star State," which from the first has STATE BUILDINGS^ 311 been marked bjr a Spanish tinge, whose Son of Chicago. J, Riley Gordon, the archi- architectural feeling and beautiful botanical tect of this building, was born at Win- effects lay down a chain of thought far too chester, Va,, in 1863. In 1873 his family beautiful to forsake for that of this modem moved to San Antonio, Tex., and in 1881 day. Therefore the architect has designed Mr. Gordon began the study of architecture

s^?=5^^*«^-.» "?;;w *-

The Kansas State Building. the building, colonnades, grounds, fount- under W. K. Dodson of Tennessee. Mr. ains, foliage, etc., to present a Spanish Gordon is widely known in his adopted vista, u bower of beautiful Texas foliage, State, and has a. large patronage within its comprising the banana, palm, magnolia, borders. pomegranate, Spanish dagger, orange, and From the " Lone Star State" to the " Blue

The Texas State Building. many rare tropical pla«tt»coBxmon to Texas. Grass State" seems quite along distance. The building coefcfoM«w> the contract hav- but here they are found as near neighbors, ing been semxitato Messrs. W. Harley & for across the walk, just south of the former. 212 A WEEK A T THE FAIR.

is seen the Kentucky State Building (B er's room, sleeping-rooms, and bath-rooms desired, 16). The architect's idea in this structure are also on the second floor. When is to typify the Southern colonial style as the exhibition-rooms can be thrown into one. distinguished from that of New England; The woodwork throughout is finished in and the most striking features of the former being white enamel. Mason Maury W. J. the great pillared porch in front. Another Dodd of the firm of Maury & Dodd, Loms- object is to suggest the better class of the ville, Ky., were the architects of this build- old Kentucky homestead, and at the same ing. The former is a native of Louisville; time to give enough variety to meet the de- the latter was bom in Chicago. This firm mands of the occasion and furnish an at- is a noted one, and has a large clientele in tractive club-house where Southern hospital- the " Blue Grass State." ity can be dispensed. The exterior of the Just south of and next to this building is building is covered with staff—the material the interesting structure of Florida (B 15). used on the large national buildings—colored The group of Southern buildings upon the a rich cream, trimmed with pure white for grounds of the World's Columbian Exposi- all columns, cornices, etc. The size of the tion in Chicago contains several noteworthy building, exclusive of porches, is 75 x 95 specimens of work by Southern architects, feet, with the main entrance in the center of both in the shape of the original designs of the principal fa9ade, under the cover of the typical Southern character and in the re- porch. This entrance leads into the large production of Southern buildings that claim central haU, from which open offices, parcel- attention because of their historic interest. rooms, post offices, etc., and under a wide These buildings lack the pretentious propor- platform just opposite the front door, at the tions and elegance of some of the structures

The Florida State Building. other end of the hall, is the entrance to the erected by Northern and Western States, dining-room. This platform is midway but most of their modest size and character between the two stories, and as the greater is largely due to the fact that the provision part of the hall extends upward to the roof, for these Southern buildings was made al- with galleries around the second story, it is most entirely by private subscription, apart ' " an excellent ' coign of vantage for the ora- from legislative aid. This does not in any tors (of which this State produces such an respect detract from their attractiveness or abundance) to glorify the past, present, value, for in nearly every instance they have and future of the" dark and bloody ground." been planned and constructed to meet a On the left side of the hall, in a recess, is specific purpose, either in making provision the great fire-place, where huge "back- for a particular line of exhibits or to em- logs ' will be burned to combat the chill blasts body Southern chaiacteristics in their archi- of the " Windy City." The ladies' parlors tecture. In nearly all respects they are dis- are on the left side of the building, off the tinctively Southern, being the embodiment reception -hall, and adjoin the check-room of Southern ideas in Souti&ern materials. and post office. Opposite are the gentle- The commonwealth of Florida, for in- men's parlors, smoking and toilet rooms, stance, carrying out this idea, chose a with side entrance. The dining-room, 20 x unique design for a State building, which is 40 feet, well lighted, and recessed for a fire- as striking as it is original and historic. place opposite the entrance, communicates Few of the State buildings on the World's with the kitchen, store-room, etc. Three Fair grounds have attracted so much atten- lar^e exhibition-rooms extend across the tion during construction as the reproduction entire front of the building and open out of old Fort Marion, St. Augustine's remark- onto the wide gallery. The commissioner's able Spanish fortress, which will serve as room, a private hall, the lady commission- the Florida headquarters during the Expo- STATE BUILDINGS. 213 sition. This structure probably outranks American troops have alternately battled for any other building at the Fair in the antiq- and occupied it, and like a martial barometer uity of its historic interest. St. Augustine, it has recorded many mutations of national- Fla., and Santa Fe, N. M., are the oldest ity, to rest at last calmly and securely under towns in North America, and the history of the domination of the United States. It did St. Augustine is the history of Fort Manon. not figure in the war between the States, The old fort has figured in the stirring but has been used as a place of detention events of three centuries. It was called by for fierce Apache raiders, who, separated the Spaniards San Juan de Pinos, San from their marauding brethren by almost the Augustin, San Marco, and by the English width of this vast continent, have cooled St. Mark, the name of Fort Marion being their impotent rage and smothered their given by the United States Government in despair within its walls of stone. The re- honor of Gen. Francis Marion, of Revo- production is faithful; bridge and moat, lutionary fame, in 1825, when the peninsula watch-tower, sentry-box, and parapet, cur- came into the Union. This ancient fortress, tain and bastion are exactly as in the origi- first used as such in 1565, witnessed the nal. In the interior in addition to the court struggle between the Spanish and French is a hall and several rooms for the conven- for the possession of the river of dolphins; ience of guests and others. the destruction of the early Spanish settle- From the " Peninsular State," fraught ment by the English sea-king, Sir Francis with the glow of summer suns and antique Drake, in 1589; the bitter warfare with the reminiscences, the visitor, still going south-

The Missouri State Building.

EngUsh colonists of South CaroUna and ward, next reaches the Missouri Building (B the Georgia, under Governors Moore and Ogle- 16), which is a massive structure of com- fagade, thorpe, and lastly the fierce ravages of the posite order of architecture. A long Indian foe in the Seminole "War. Its walls pierced with deeply recessed arches, is two have sheltered half-starved Spanish garri- stories high, the upper lighted by square is square sons, have kept in misery the Indian slave windows. At the west end a low and the English prisoner, and have been tower, with a steep roof running to a point, the home of the convict. The fortress is in terminating in a flagstaff. At the east end also square, surmounted all respects a castle built after the style of is a taller tower, the Middle Ages. The foundations of the with a lantern, which has a towering flag- its summit. At each corner of this fort, as it now stands, were laid in 1620. pole on which flags After more than a century of toil by an tower is also a shorter pole, from is obtained army of troops, bands of Indian captives, are floating. A beautiful view tower. in- slaves, convicts, and exiles, the great bas- from the upper story of this The is divided into large tions were finally completed, under the terior of the building name of Fort San Marco, in 1765. It then halls for displays of women's work, curios, also nu- required an armament of 100 guns and a and historical relics, and there are garrison of 1,000 men. It is this old for- merous reception-halls, toilet and check for and reading tress, with its historic associations, that rooms, parlors men women, building, the Florida Commission has reproduced at and writing rooms, etc. The as Jackson Park, and but few of the buildings far as was practicable, was built of Missouri Missouri mechanics, its there attract so much attention. Indian, materials, by and furnishings Spaniard, Enghsh buccaneer, French and rugs, carpets, curtains, and other ;

214 . A WEEK AT THE FAIR. panels are largely the prod-ucts of the labor of spection. Eleven beautifully carved women of the the women of this State—the wool clipped designed and executed by that from the native sheep having been carded, State form a feature of the exhibit is from spun, and woven by them. Although the pro- quite charming. The rice industry, the its growth, ducts of this member of the Sisterhood of planting of the grain on through States are distributed chiefly in their appro- gathering, and final use, is shown, as are also industries. Other agri- priate national buildings, the exhibit here is the immense sugar of great interest. Specimens of the fruits of cultural products are not neglected, and the the Olden Farm, m Howell County, the display of woods is very fine. Last but not largest orchard in the world, show what this least is the Creole kitchen, where gumbo favored section can do in that direction. soup, puis cafe, cafe nozr, and the thousand The year 1892 was the poorest fruit year and one delicacies for which the State is in a century,' yet South Missouri, judg- noted are served. Iberia's Tabasco pep- ing from what is seen here, seems not to per-sauce contributes its pungency to the have realized it. Grains, grasses, and the seasoning, and those who have never eaten fine cabinets of woods and economic min- a real Creole meal now have an opportunity erals displayed rank this exhibit among to obtain one, cooked and served in ante- the best. bellum style by snowily turbaned and

The Pennsylvania state Building, Just west of Missouri, and between that aproned colored cooks and waiters, and State and Minnesota, is found the exhibit of superintended by young ladies of Caucasian the " Pelican State." The Louisiana State blood, representing the beauty and hospi- Building (B 15) is north of and facing the tality of that gi-and commonwealth. western Annex of the Art Galleries. Of its Turning back from the " Pelican State," eight rooms, one is devoted to the Acadian one finds upon the right-hand side of the exhibits from the quaint old French col- north and south walk, down which he ony in the lovely Bayou Teche country. came, the stately edifice of Pennsylvania Longfellow in his " " Evangeline has im- (B 16). The style is colonial, reproducing mortalized both the country and its dwellers, the historic clock-tower of Independence and this exhibit will be exceedingly interest- Hall, in Philadelphia, with the old liberty ing. Another room is devoted to the relics bell. The first and second stories are of of the French and Spanish days of Louisiana Philadelphia pressed brick, floors of native and a third contains the richly carved an- marble and woods, and the walls orna- tique furniture of Governor Galvez, which is mented with wainscot panelings from Penn- usually kept in the museum of the capitol sylvania forests. The front entrance opens at Baton Rouge. A Creole concert com- into a central rotunda -,o feet in diame- pany and a comprehensive exhibit of the ter and 40 feet high. To the right and schools for negro children are worthy of in- left are general reception, toilet, and dress- — —

STATE BUILDINGS. 315 ing rooms. In the rear the exhibition-room homa, with her grains, grasses, fruits, and extends the entire width of the build- cattle products; Arizona, with her minerals, ing, its walls ornamented with portraits of her sub-tropical fruits, her cacti and other distinguished Pennsylvanians. Many rare flowers, and the handiwork of her Indians documents and relics of historical interest are displayed, the grandest of which is the old Liberty Bell, whose tocsin pro- claimed to all the world the birth of the Republic. Broad staircases lead to the second story, where the waiting-room and offices of the executive commissioner are located; also a room for the use of press correspondents, and another containing Pennsylvania newspaper-files. The .doors and windows of the second floor open upon broad verandas, and outside staircases lead to the roof-garden. Statues of William Penn and Benjamin Franklin, historical maps, books, portraits of governors and other prominent citizens, and .relics are exhibited. Surmounting the main facade of the building are several pieces of statuary the Pennsylvania coat-of-arms; figures of William Penn and Benjamin Franklin, heroic in size, about twelve feet high, and the allegorical groups at the right and left angles of the building. The last are indicative of mines and mining on the one hand, and of science, manufactures, and ^ricul- ture on the other; with the central figure, in either case, of their sheltering and guiding spirits. The designer of the building was Mr. Old Libe ty Bell. Thomas P. Lonsdale, a noted Philadelphia architect. such as Navajo blankets, Moqui water-bas- Leaving the building in which these inter- kets, and Apache whips and braided work; esting exhibits are seen, the journey is re- and New Mexico, with her display of gold, sumed, and on the right-hand or east side of silver, and mining appliances, her glorious the walk, opposite the Florida Building, fruits and wines, her artistic gold and silver stands the Joint Territorial Building (B i6) filagree work, done by Indian and Mexican of Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma. artists, are certain to attract attention.

The West Virginia State Building. Characteristic views of the dwellings, the This modest little structure was designed people of these Territories by Seymour Davis of Topeka, Kan. Though scenery, and the these Territories are yet in their infancy, are shown. Next in order, on the same side of the their exhibits are exceedingly fine. Okla- 216 A WEEK AT THE FAIR.

outside being weather- -walk with and north of the Joint Ter- shingle roof, the painted. The interior is plas- ritorial, is that of West Virginia (B i6). boarded and hardwood finishing, and the In this building, as is appropriate for a State tered, with ornamental ironwork from bearing the Virginia name, the style is ceilings are of In fact all the exterior strictly colonial. It is a wide-spreading Wheeling, W. Va. native to the State. It house, with great hospitable piazzas, re- is made of material (including the semicircular sembling those of Mount Vernon, Monti- is 58 X 123 feet the cost was $20,000. cello, Harperly, Malvern, and other historic verandas), and due north of this houses along the Potomac, the Rappahan- Across the walk and (A 16). This nock, the York, and the James. The broad structure is that of Utah extreme north veranda makes almost a complete circuit of building is situated at the and is 90 feet the mansion, and on the northern and south- end of the Fair grounds, with the major axis em fronts forms a semicircular porch. The long by 50 feet wide, the principal front doors and windows are all of generous running east and west, stones high. The width, and the stairways and halls of simi- facing south, and two exhibition-h^ extend- larly hospitable proportions. The ornamen- first floor contains an story and form- tation follows the same idea, being carried ing up through the second and gallery at out in classic forms in the way of festoons ing a semicircular light-well and other graceful arrangements of flower the intersection of the second floor; the the bureau of infor- and leaf. The main entrance is surmounted secrfetary's apartment, together by the arms of the State in bas-relief. On mation, and ladies' reception-rooms,

The Utah Building.

each floor are two fine colonial fire- with toilet-rooms, etc. On the second floor places, with wood mantels elaborately are located the officers' quarters, and a large carved. The aim in this, as in all examples room for special exhibits. The architectural of the style, is a combination of beauty and style chosen for the exterior of the building simplicity. As is necessary in this sum- is Renaissance, this being appropriate for mery, almost semi-tropical house, the open- small buildings, and at me same time in ings, both exterior and interior, are broad perfect harmonv with the larger ones. The and airy. The main floor is entered through entrance is reached by a spacious approach a vestibule flanked by committee-rooms, and and broad steps leading to a semicircular after passing through this the visitor enters portico, which forms the principal feature the large reception-hall, having parlors with of the south front. It is used as a head- drawing-room and toilet-rooms. The second quarters for Utah people visiting the Fair, story contains other committee-rooms, and also as a bureau of information generally, also an assembly-room of generous propor- where people can get reliable information, tions, being 76 x 34 feet, and 13 feet high. The statistics, and data regarding Utah and its exhibits from West Virginia being largely people. There are also kept in the building composed of minerals and things beautiful some special exhibits—many of which are of and curious connected with mining and great interest—and such others as do not metallurgy, preparations have been made enter into competition in the general build- for their display and safe-keeping in cabi- ings. Dallas & Hedges of Salt Lake City nets of great size, number, and variety. are the architects. The cost of the building The building is of wood, with high-pitched and furniture complete was $18,500. Mr.Dal- STATE BUILDINGS. 217 las of the firm of Dallas & Hedges, archi- into a spacious vestibule, 24x28 feet, with tects for the Utah Building at the World's 16-foot ceilings, finished in staff, and Fair, is a native of Utah, bom in Salt Lake painted and grained in oak. The walls and City in 1857. He has designed many of the ceilings are paneled; the heavy arches over finest buildings in Utah, Nevada, Idaho, openings supported with molded pilasters. and Wyoming, and is a member of the The floor is of marble. From this vestibule American Institute of Architects, Salt Lake are entrances to the lobby, the ladies' Institute of Architects, and of the Polytech- reception-rooms and parlors, and men's nic Society of Utah. reception-rooms and parlors. In the lobby Immediately to the west of the Utah are entrances to ladies' and men's reception-

Building, and on the same side of the walk, rooms and parlors ; also to a rear banquet-hall. is seen the Montana State Building (A The lobby is 22 x 22 feet, and is covered 16), designed by Galbraith & Fuller of with a glass dome 38 feet high. Its walls Livingston, Mont. It is one story, in contain eight panels of Georgia pine, re- Roman style, the dimensions being 62 feet cording historical events of the State. To 10 inches front by 113 feet deej); height of the right and left are entrances to two story, 16 feet in front and 20 feet in rear, with reception-rooms, parlor for ladies, 20x22, gallery. Its frame is constructed of wood aiid smoking-rooms. These are finished in and iron, covered with glass and staff, and Georgia pine, having 16-foot ceiling, and • the building contains spacious reception- heavy wood cornices painted in oil tints.

The Montana state Building. rooms for men and women. The main From the lobby to the banquet-hall, 52x40 entrance, through the vestibule, leads to the feet, we pass through a large arch in the lobby, reception-hall, with gallery, smoking front, on either side of which are located and toilet rooms, ladies' parlors and toilet- two offices, 12x12 feet; also entrances to reach rooms, and office, baggage-room, kitchen, lavatories. The stairs at either side a and two janitors' rooms. The exterior of gallery 40X 52 feet, surmounted with a glass exhibits the building is ornamented with heavy dome, 32 X 32 feet, used for special molded and fluted pilasters, Roman caps of the State. On the first floor, on either and bases. The two side wings in front, side of the rear entrance-, are baggage-rooms with main entrance, are ornamented with and offices, 14x16 feet; also a kitchen with heavy pediments representing clusters of pantry. All are ceiled with pine painted in lava- fruit. The main entrance between these oil tints. There are ladies' and men's with recess wings is 28 feet wide and 16 feet high, tories, toilet and reception rooms, with a large Roman arch supported with drinking-fountains. The interior is lighted columns, molded caps and bases, and with 128 clusters of electric lights. The cost balustrades between. On either side of of the building was $15,125- point of this arch are two panels containing the seal Still moving eastward, the next on of the State and the date in Roman figures. interest is the Idaho Building (A 171, This young These are 4x5 feet, and solid sheet gold. the same side of the walk. beautiful Above the arch is a pedestal supporting State, though traversed by many a miniature mountain-peak, upon which and fertile valleys, is in the main a mountr being stands an elk nine feet high, the antlers ainous region, its mean elevation Indian measuring ten feet from tip to tip. Enter- 4,700 feet above the sea-level. Its signi- ing the building, you pass through the arch name, a word of the Shoshone tongue 218 A WEEK AT THE FAIR.

stained to present the weather- fying "light," or "gem of the mountains,'' cedar-logs, appearance of age. Swiss bal- is indicative of its glorious beauty. Its beaten about it, and it is roofed with many streams are bordered by dense forests conies hang held in place by rocks. ihe of valuable timber and its motmtains are "shakes" large and roughly stuccoed to massive treasure-houses of the precious chimneys are

The Idaho State Building.

metals. Though its progress toward refine- imitate the chimneys of actual pioneer days. into large ment and riches has been, and is, rapid, yet An arched stone entrance opens a the log-cabin of the pioneer is still a famil- hall, at the end of which is a stone fire-place of iar sight, and the forests and hills abound with log mantel. The remainder this with game. These have given to the floor is divided into offices, sleeping and architect his motive in creating a struct- toilet rooms. By stairways on either side of ure which should truly typify the spirit the fire-place, an upper hall is reached, the and conditions of young Idaho. Hence windows of which are glazed with Idaho

The Maryland State Building.

this structure, which is three stories high, mica. In front of this hall is the women's with a foundatioh of lava and basaltic reception-hall, representing a miner's cabin, rock, is made to resemble a three-story its fire-place of metalliferous rock, and and- log-cabin. The timbers used are stripped irons, door-latches, etc., made in imitation of STATE BUILDINGS. 3ia miners' tools. At the rear of the hall the the right of the main hall is another exhibi- men's reception-room, an imitation of a tion-hall, 25x26 feet, used for the women's hunter's and trapper's cabin, has a fire-place exhibit, and adjoining it is a ladies' parlor and of Idaho lava, the andirons made of bear- toilet-room. In either corner of the hall is traps and fish-spears; the other hardware an office, bureau of information, and pas- therein representing arrows and other Indian senger elevator. The second floor contains weapons, etc. The entire third floor is one three parlors on the front, and on the end large hall for exhibits, receptions, etc. an office, reading, smoking, and toilet rooms. From the rugged but beautiful edifice of On the third floor are the janitor's rooms this State the visitor crosses the walk and and those of the commissioners in charge. due south finds the Maryland Building The building was designed and executed (B 17), which is 78 feet deep and 142 under the direction of Baldwin & Penning- feet wide. The architecture is of the so- ton, architects, of Baltimore, Md., whose called free classic Corinthian order, the style fame is not limited to the /boundaries of from which the colonial work of the last their own State. century developed. The building is three Adjoining and south of Maryland is her stories high. The main entrance is through sister State, Delaware. The State Building

The Delaware State Building. like the State itself, is a. Corinthian portico two stories high. At of Delaware (B 17), each end of the building are smaller ones. small, though it is handsomely built. It is A spacious piazza extends the full length of of the Southern colonial style of architecture, the building, its top having a. deck roof. A and is wholly constructed of Delaware ma- similar roof covers the two wings of the terial. The building is 60 x 58 feet and cost It has arched and pillared entrances building, from which a view of the entire $7 , 500. park may be had. The building is of frarne, and ornamental balustraded cornices, and a with iron supports, finished exteriorly with very handsome portico on the west end, staff or plaster work. The interior is fin- with fluted columns reaching the full height ished in wood and plaster, carrying out the of the building. This State was among old colonial style as it appears in early the first to make a World's Fair appropria- Maryland country-seats. The front entrance tion, and her building one of the first to be leads into a reception-hall, 38 x 40 feet, from completed. In the interior are seen models the center of which a main stairway, branch- of many interesting structures in the State— ing from a landing into two lesser stairways, some of them built during the seventeenth leads to the second floor. To the left of the century—and many other objects worthy of hall is the principal exhibition-hall, 36x26 attention. feet, extending upward through two stories, The building immediately to the south of with a gallery at the second floor level. To this one presents quite a contrast in size. A WEEK A T THE FAIR.

side of the main entrance, being that of the " Empire State," as New dras. On either niches outside the building, are plafed York (C is called. The Board of Gen- in the 17) George Clinton and Roswell P. eral Managers of the State of New York, the busts of and present governors of consisting of Chauncey M. Depew, Gorton Flower, the first the other niches m the fa9ade W. Allen, John Boyd Thacher, Louis Mere- the State. In are two heroic-sized Howland, Walter L. Sessions, and of the second story dith Hudson and Christopher Charles A. Sweet, desired to have the State figures of Henry the four works of art being the Building a fitting monument to the people Columbus— of Olin Warner. The exterior of the State. The idea of adopting any ex- production is lit by electricity, the belt isting structure was abandoned, and the of the building the second stoiy being wired unique opportunity of erecting a summer course marking around the sides of palace has been made the most of by the ar- for incandescent lights Above the chitects,McKim,Meade & White. The build- the building at short intervals. the great seal of New ing fronts the Art Building, and is flanked arched entrance is illuminated by myriads on one side by the Pennsylvania Building York (ten feet high), together. The main and on the other by that of Massachusetts, of tiny lamps, set close of the upper deck Delaware's house being immediately in the cornice and the cornice incandescent lamps. rear. It may be said without invidious dis- are also defined by

The New York State Building.

tinction that New York's building is the The main floor of the building consists only one of the State structures that has of a vestibule, 17.6 x 46 x 33.10 feet. On been designed in the palatial form. It ex- either side of this vestibule are three niches tends over an area of 14,538 feet, exclusive in mosaic, and it is the most elaborate and of terraces, porticoes, orexedras, which cover beautiful work of the kind that has ever an additional area of 3,676 feet. The build- been done in this country. The entrance- ing is 214 feet in length, 142 feet in depth, hall, 46 X 84 feet, and 20 feet high, is and in height, from grade to apex of tower, light in color, the main mural decorations g6 feet. The approach is from the south, being on the grand-staircase hall, 37x46 by a flight of fourteen steps, forty-six feet feet; the dome ceiling being 46 feet high. wide, giving access to a terrace 15 x 80 feet, These paintings are adapted from Pom- from which the loggia, 46x17.6 feet, is peian designs not previously used by any reached. At the entrances to the building artist. In the well of the staircase is a are casts of the celebrated Barberini lions, room, 36 x 46 feet, in which is placed the and the four pedestal lamps lighting the ter- relief map of the State, on a scale of an inch race are reproductions of the best unique ex- to the mile. On the west of the entrance- amples in the Museum of Naples. The por- hall are the women's State apartments, ticoes east and west of the building have a consisting of three rooms, 28.7x32.8 feet, diameter of fifty feet, the open portion of and 20 feet high. The walls of the suite of which is covered, in the Italian fashion, by rooms are covered by a light silk of Renais- a colored sail, stretched flat above the line of sance pattern, the floors of hard oak covered caps of the coUimns, as in the Greek exe- by Indian rugs. On the east of the enb-ance- STA TE B UILDINGS. 221 hall is a similar suite of rooms, designed for an allegorical subject. On the west of this the use of men, papered and furnished ac- hall is the women managers' board room, cording to the general design. On the same 32. 8 X 56.7 feet, and 15 feet high; off which is a floor are the lavatories, coat-rooms, post room, 17.6x18 feet, communicating with a

The Mass^hu&etts State Building.

office , telegraph and telephone offices , and the retiring-room, 22.6 x 28.7 feet, leading into bureau of information. An elevator is pro- the lames' lavatory and toilet-rooms. This vided to enable the visitor to reach the roof. suite of rooms is very attractive, the paper- The second floor consists of a staircase-hall, ing being of a large Watteau design, and the giving access through three double doorways furniture especially adapted to the use of to the reception-hall, 84 x 46 feet, and 45 feet ladies. In the eastern wing is the museum.

The Rhode Island State Building, high. The hall is the main feature of the 32.8x56.7, and 15 feet high, which is filled interior. The general scheme of decoration with historical relics and documents relating is white and gold. The panel^in the center, to the history of the country and State. Ad- the work of Frank D. Millet, represents joining is the general manager's board room. 232 A WEEK A T THE FAIR.

22.6 X 28.7 feet. Two other rooms, 18x21 general reception-room. Its fittings are feet, complete the space on this floor. On unique. The floor is of marble, the the third floor are. the service-rooms and a walls covered with tiles, the beams and model kitchen. The roof-garden is com- rafters bare, and the mantel high, as in the posed of the space on the east and west por- old Dutch houses of New York and Penn- ticoes, 375 feet each; the main roof, 9,840; sylvania, as well as of Western Massachu- belvederes, 256 feet each; connecting deck setts. On the left of the hall are two between the belvederes, 704 feet—the whole large parlors, forming a room 80 x 25 feet forming a triple tferrace garden enriched by- when thrown.together. The front parlor is terra cotta pots, decorated with palms, bay- furnished by the Essex Institute, an old his- trees, and flowering shrubs, and furnished torical society. The second-floor rooms, with awnings, arbors, tables, and chairs, furnished with antique cedar chairs, etc., and lighted at night by electricity. are given over to the women's use. Pea- The visitor now crosses the walk east- body & Steams of Boston are the archi- ward and finds himself at the Massachu- tects. The cost was $50,000. setts Building (B 17), which is an exem- Next to the "Bay State" Building and plification of the Northern colonial style of north of it, on the same side of the walk, the architecture, and is really a reproduction of visitor reaches that of Rhode Island (B 17), the historic residence of John Hancock, built by Messrs. Stone, Carpenter & Wilson, which stood on Beacon Hill, Boston, Mass., architects. Providence, R. I. This building

The New Jersey State Building. near the State capitol. It is three stories IS m the style of a Greek mansion, and is in high, surrounded in the center by a cupola, plan a parallelogram, 39 x 34 feet, with a the e.xterior finished in staff in imitation of semicircular porch, 12 x 22 cut granite. Above the feet, on the cupola is a flag- west front toward the avenue staff with a gilded which marks codfish for a weather- the front entrance; and vane, and a is flanked bv a north liberty-pole, eighty-five feet and south porch, high, about eight feet deep, the stands in the front court. The house, full width of the building. The buildmg is like its original, which it strikingly resembles, amphiprostyle, the two porches being of the is surrounded by a raised terrace, filled in full width of the building and having four front and one side with old-fashioned flow- fluted Ionic columns, 24 inches in «5ame- ers and foliage. Two flights of steps, one ter and 21 feet high; while the rear from the street to the terrace, the other entrance is between fluted Ionic pilas- from the court to the house, reach the build- ters of the same size and height. The ing. The main entrance opens into a spa- tront entrance is through three cious hall, with a tiled floor, semicircular and facing it is arched openings between a broad colonial stairway leading the pilasters of to the the semicircular porch. second floor. This The columns and stairway is lighted by pilasters are surmounted an old-fashioned by enriched Ionic bull's-eye window. On entablature with the right decorated' moldings, mo- of the hall is a large room used diUions, and dentils, and above tlie entab- as a registration -room, post office, and lature the building is finished with a balus- STATE BUILDINGS. 323

trade surrounding the four sides of the roof, the north with that of the secretary. The with ornamental urns over each pedestal in janitor's room is in the southeast corner of the balustrade. The main hallway, running this story. In the rear of the building, and the whole depth of the house from front directly on a line with its axial line through to rear entrance, is i8 feet wide and 30 the front and rear entrances, is located a feet long. In the center of the hall is a fire- vine-covered arbor, and the grounds are place and marble mantel taken from the planted with old-fashioned flowers and old colonial mansion in which was formed shrubs in keeping with the surroundings. the plan for the destruction of the British From " Little Rhody," as this one of the schooner " Gaspee," _ by citizens of Provi- sisterhood is called, there lies next to it on the dence, June 9, 1792; which plan was duly north, and still on the east side of the walk, earned out by the capture and burning an edifice full of historic interest. It is the of the vessel in the early morning of the New Jersey Building (B 17), designed in next day. From the hall on the right opens the colonial style, and is on the lines of the the women's parlor, 12 x 24 feet, and on the historical building in Morristown, N. J., left is the ofiice of the secretary, 11 x 13.6 which was occupied by General Washington feet; behind which is the grand staircase as his headquarters during the winter of

The Virginia State Building. leading to the second story. On this story 1779 and 1780. This building, on account of are placed toilet-rooms for men and women, the part it played in Revolutionary times, and the whole floor is fitted with comfort- was selected by the New Jersey commis- able antique furniture and its walls hung sioners as a model for their headquarters at with portraits and pictures of historic value. the World's Fair. It is said that it has The staircase to the second story is broad, sheltered more people celebrated in the easy, and graceful, and leads to a landing colonial times than any building in Amer- the whole width of the hall, and from which ica. Among those who have been beneath by equally easy flights the second story is its roof are Alexander Hamilton, Generals reached. The hall in this story is of the Greene, Knox, Lafayette, Steuben, Kosci- same width as in the first, with a large usko, Schuyler, " Light Horse " Harry Lee, balustrade-protected opening in the center, "Mad Anthony" Wayne, Israel Putnam, commanding, as does the stair-landing, a and Benedict Arnold. The original design fine view of the lower hall. Opening from has been modified by the addition of another the hall in the front of the building is the wing and more piazzas front and rear. The governor's^ private room, which is -a com- building is not intended for exhibition pur- plete circle in plan, eighteen feet in diame- poses, but will have more the nature of a ter, with windows looking to the west, north, club-house for the use and convenience of and south. This room cojnmunicates on the visitors at the Fair from New Jersey. The south with the commissioners room and on entrance is into' a large general ^sembly- 224 A WEEK A T THE FAIR.

the building to the hall two stories high, with balconies at the back from each wing of long, feet ynde, and second story. This hall contains a large rear, about 20 feet 9>^ connecting each with a 14- fire-place, also the coat-room and a liberal II feet high, feet. These were staircase leading to the second story. In story structure, 40x20 Altogether there the right wing of the building are placed called the dependencies. rooms in the structure. On the rooms set apart especially for ladies, are twenty-five floors of the main and which consist of a meeting-room for the the first and second rooms; in the attic, six; Board of Lady Managers and several par- buUding are eleven dependencies, four. Ihe lors for general use. the right-hand wing and in each of the & the banquet-hall, are located the secretary's office and the largest in the building is 16x19 feet; the main offices of the State commissioners and presi- 31 X 23 feet; the library, chamber—in which he dent. The third story is given over to the hall, Washington's chaniber---in apartments of the care-taker, and storeroom. died; and Mrs. Washington's after her So far as possible the material for the build- the attic—to which she removed she occupied ing has been brought from New Jersey. husband's death, and which on account The general contractor was James W. Lan- during the remainder of her life in the house that ning of Trenton, N. T.;, the architect, of its being the only room apartments Charles Ailing Gifford of Newark, N. looked out upon his tomb. The J. 17x17 feet; The next building represents, in all that average upon the first floor height of the goes to the making of American history, the upon the second, 17x13. The the second, grandest of the grand links in the chain of first story is 10 feet 9 inches; of feet the Union. It furnished the immortal 7 feet II inches; of the attic, 6 9

The Iowa State Building.

Washington, Patrick Henry, Jefferson, Mad- inches; the distance from the ground to ison, and many others of the foremost men the top of the cupola is 50 feet. In the of the Republic, and is endeared to the main hall is a large staircase, four feet American people by its familiar name, the wide, ascending by platforms to the floor " Mother of Presidents." It lies northwest above. On the first platform of the stair- of and across the walk from the building way is an old Washington family clock, a of New Jersey. The Virginia Building very interesting historical relic. This hall (A 17) is the exact representation of the is furnished with antique sofas and pictures Mount Vernon mansion (in Fairfax County, of the last century. The rooms upon the Va., near Washington City), the building first floor are ornamented by heavily carved in which George Washington lived and died. and molded wood trimmings, and hand- It was a present from his brother, Lawrence some mantels, very antique. This Virginia Washington, and was btiilt in the early part building is not only an exact representation of the last century by the father of the latin every particular of the old Mount ^'emon ter. The main building is 94 x 32 feet, with structure, but everything within is of the two stories and an attic, and a two-story por- same character. Nothing modern is seen in tico, with large columns extending along the it except the people and the librarv of books whole front, being 94 feet long, 18 feet high, by Virginia authors. As far as" could be and 14 feet wide. The portico extends up to done the building was furnished with arti- the cornice of the roof, with an ornamental cles which were collected from all over the railing around the top, and is furnished State—the heirlooms of old Virginia families; with settees along the whole length next the and with portraits of the same character. wall. There are two colonnades running The building is presided over by the lady STA TE B UILDINGS. 335 assistant of the Virginia board, Mrs. Lucy- make as few alterations as possible in this Preston Beale, a daughter of Hon. Ballard building, and yet produce harmony in the Preston, and granddaughter of General whole when completed, the design of the Preston, a former governor of Virginia. new part was subordinated to that of the She has for attendants in the building old older portion, and something of the same Virginia negroes, and undertakes to repre- style of architecture adopted. On the two sent in every particular an old home of the principal dormers and capitals is to be seen colonial period. There is a rare collection the emblematic bird of the " Hawkeye of relics of colonial times and of the Revo- State." In the spandrels of the porch-arches lutionary War, and other antiquities, among are the State, National, and Territorial seals. which is the original will of George Wash- Various industries are portrayed in low re- ington. The library is furnished entirely lief in the columns, and on the main walls with books written by Virginians, or relat- under the porch are authentic relief portraits ing to Virginia, and ornamented with old of the Indian chiefs Black Hawk and Keo- Virginia portraits, views, and other relics kuk. On the high friezes of the towers are of the colonial period and of the last century. variovs dates of important events in the Somewhat saddened by his visit to the history of the Territory and State, with the " ' home of the father of his country," whom names of the largest cities. The ' Shelter," even the cynic Byron characterized as the which is one large room, is used for an ex- " Cincinnatus of the West," and whom hibition of .the natural products of the State.

The Connecticut State Building.

Frederick the Great pronounced the " great- The decoration and display are unique and est of generals," the visitor again resumes his well worthy of a visit. On the first floor of journey, and turning back toward the east the new part are parlors and other apart- and passing the already examined building ments for the accommodation of visitors and of New Jersey on his right, he goes on of the Commission, while upstairs is a large under the elevated railway-tracks, and on hall with an exhibit of art-work, rooms for the left of the walk, overlooking Lake Michi- the press, and small rooms for the use of those gan, he sees the State Building of Iowa in charge of the building. toward the southwest and (A 1 8), standing immediately upon the Turning now lake shore at the northeast corner of the passing under the elevated railway-tracks, park. This structure is made up of the per- southeast of and adjoining the New Jersey manent building known as the " Shelter" Building is the Connecticut Building (B 18). and several additions and alterations. The This is intended to tjrpe the prominent this permanent portion is built of brick and stone, features of the high-grade residences of with the interior open to the roof, and broad State, with the addition of circular windows projecting eaves. The newer portions are in the north and south and a circular piazza 60 X 140 feet, two stories high. The " Shel- in the rear. Its ground area is 72 x 73 feet, stories high. ter " is to be restored to its former condition including the piazza, and is two at the close of the Exposition. In order to The exterior is weather-boarded and painted 15 226 A WEEK AT THE FAIR. covered white. The roof has five dormer windows, The second story and gables are clap-boards, and is decked on top, the deck surmounted with heavy molded sidings, or the natural with a balustrade, and from its center rises of hard pine, oiled, and left in of a rectangle a flagstaff. The main entrance is through wood color. The plan is that feet, ex- a square porch, covered by the projecting with a large central hall, 22 x 35 stories to the roof, pediment, which is supported by heavy tending through both square columns. A balcony runs along the lighted by a large skylight, and windows in roof entire front of the second story, its columns the first and second stories. The being square, but of smaller dimensions trusses are shown in the ceiling. The hall than those of the two-storied porch. The is surrounded by a wide balcony on the fire-places. interior is finished in the Northern colonial second story, and has two large style, with tiled floors, paneled walls, and There are smaller fire-places in several of hall Dutch mantels. On the first floor is a recep- the rooms. Upon the right of the you tion-hall, 21 X 48 feet, lighted by a well in enter the commissioner's room, 14 x 17 feet; the center above. In the rear of the hall is the men's parlor, 14 x 16 feet; postofiBce, and a stairway with a landing half-way up, reach- rear vestibule. On the left is the ladies' par- ing the second floor. Flanking the hall are lor, 14 X 20 feet, and back of this are the parlors for men and women. The second lavatories. In the second story are the fol- floor is divided into several living-rooms, and lowing rooms: The general reception-room

The Now Hampshire State Building, will be occupied by the Connecticut com- over the front entrance, and forming a loggia missioner and his family during the Fair. opening into the two-storied hall; reading- There are many interesting relics to be seen rooms for ladies and gentlemen; a retiring- in this building, among them a lately dis- room for ladies; smoking, secretarj''s, and covered shaving-mug of George Washing- janitor's rooms. There is an L, forming an ton , a copy of a New York paper of Octo- annex, used as a gallery for New Hamp- ber 8, 1789, and various others. shire views, in the center of which is a large Having exhausted the curiosities of the map of the State. A second-story gaUer>-, "Nutmeg State" Building, southeast of surrounding the room, extends from a broad it is found the New Hampshire Building landing in the main staircase. The color- (B 18), which is in imitation of the heavily ing of the building is in the burnt sienna bracketed and balconied chalets of the Swiss and black tones of the Tvrolese peasant symbolizing the villages, "Switzerland of chalets. Stone walls compose the first story. America," as New Hampshire is so often The cost is about §12,000. Geo. B. Howe, called. It has one of the best locations on architect of this building, was born in Con- the grounds, facing directly upon Lake cord, N. H., in 1867. He attended the Michigan. The building is comparatively public schools and Fulton College, and low, with low-pitched roof and overhanging took the course of architecture at the verge-boards. first eaves and The story is Massachusetts Institute of Technologv-. of plaster-work, with quoins to the doors In 1890 he entered the office of Walker and windows of various kinds of New Hamp- & Kimball of Boston and Omaha, and is shire granite arranged in perfect harmonv. still with them. He secured the award STATE BUILDINGS. 237 for the New Hampshire Building in an open vestibule through the arcade of polished contest. columns, an octagonal rotunda two stories The pilgrimage of the State buildings is high is reached, upon which open the par- rapidly nearing Its end, and-next to;the last lor, committee, reception, toilet, and smok- " the 1'. Granite State appears. It lies south ing roams. -One of the sides of the rotunda of the New Hampshire edifice, and, like it, contains a large fire-place, above which looks upon the lake. The Maine Building hangs a painting of Poland Springs and (B 18) is the most eastern of the New vicinity. Opposite, the main staircase leads England group, on an angular corner lot, to a balcony extending around the central the shape of which, so its architect says, rotunda, giving access to the various oiEces determined the style and architecture of the and small exhibit-rooms of the second story. building. It is in shape a regular octagon, Besides serving as a State headquarters, 65 feet m diameter and two stories high. the building contains maps, profiles, and

The Maine State Building;.

with a high dome surmounted by a lantern, paintings illustrating the scenic beauty of the floor of which is 64 feet above the Maine, and many historic curios. The cost ground, and the point of its roof 20 feet of the building was $20,000. Charles S. Higher. The first story is of granite taken Frost, the architect, was born in Lewiston, from many of the State quarries, showing Me., May 31, 1856, and was educated in the various textures and colors. These speci- the public schools. After several years' mens have received various treatments, as training in a local architect's office he rock-face, carved, and polished surfaces, went to Boston and entered the Institute etc. The second-story exterior consists of of Technology, taking a special architect- four balconies, separated by round bays ural course. The next three years were projecting over the granite below, finished spent in prominent Boston offices. In in wood and plaster panels, covered by a 1882 he opened an office in Chicago in large expanse and varied outline of roof to partnership with Mr. Henry I. Cobb. The exhibit the excellent slate of the Monson partnership was dissolved by mutual quarries, showing large plain surfaces, agreement in 1889, since which time Mr. tapering cones, and, what is unusual, the Frost has continued the successful practice double slating of the hips. Entering tHe of his profession alone. 338 A WEEK AT THE FAIR.

the walls and One more edifice and the State structures gatherings. The material of staff, but are exhausted. The "Green Mountain" of most of the ornamentation is is employed in the in- Building is yet to be seen, and it is the last. considerable marble decoration. The structure It lies west and back of the Maine Building ternal finish and presents an adaptation of classic and next to it. The Vermont Building (B as a whole to modern uses in a manner sure to 1 8) is unique and attractive. It was the forms of all intelligent desire of the commissioners to expend command the attention observers. their appropriation as far as possible in . . ... conscientiously fol- aiding exhibitors of the natural resources of If the visitor has suggested, he -nnll the State, which are chiefly agricultural. lowed out the itinerary trip on the lagoons, They therefore obtained a special subscrip- not be disinclined to a rest to his some- tion in the nature of a guarantee fund, to which will give a welcomed to his gaze which loo gentlemen signed $ioo each, and what fatigued muscles, and offer rarely enjoy. There the $10,000 thus assured became the starting a feast such as he may lagoon trip, if point for the construction of the building, is a sensuousness about this that will which cost, however, in the neighborhood the launch be not overcrowded, be remembered, and in many future of $1 5 ,000. After examining tentative plans, long night, the submitted by various architects, the one out- dreams, both of the day and the lined by Tarvis Hunt of Weathersfield, Vt., visitor will again drift on through the golden was preferred, and he was instructed to glow reflected from the glorious skies and

The Veimont State Building. prepare final drawings. Vermont's assign- many-tinted buildings, past isles and ment is a narrow lot facing to the south, be- bridges, by flowery parterres and g^ups of tween the imposing structures of Massa- statuary, recalling the magnificence of chusetts and Maine. The limitation of ancient Greece and Rome. To reach the means and of space compelled a building of landing he must leave the Vermont Build- small dimensions, one of the smallest on the ing and go east along the walk in its front ?;rounds. At the same time the most care- until he comes to the elevated railroad. ul and intelligent work was insisted upon, Here the walk turns to the right (south); fol- and the result is universally pronounced an low this, keeping on its right side until the artistic gem. The general idea is that of a Art Galleries are reached, and continue on Pompeian residence, suggested by the around them until in their front. Here are adaptation of the leading industrial product steps leading down to the launch-landings, of Vermont (white marble) to classic forms and getting aboard, the tour of the lagoons of architecture. Passing through a vesti- is begun. Looking backward, the beautiful bule, between pillars surmounted by em- front of the Art Galleries is seen from the blematic figures, the visitor enters an open water; on the right the Illinois State Build- court, having in the center a white marble ing is again in view, while upon the left the fountain. This court is flanked by small Fisheries Building looms up, a beautiful rooms, affording space for committees and sight. On the right again is the AVoman's other necessary conveniences, while beyond, Building, grouped with the smaller but an entrance opens to a semicircular recep- beautiful Puck and Children's buildingp. tion-hall of considerable height, and occupy- and then comes the exquisite Horticultural ing the rear half of the building, which Building, its terraces a mass of bloom and gives ample room for social and business its interior rich with the rarest plants and STATE BUILDINGS. 229 flowers. The Choral Building (also known bridge glides the launch, and is in the South as Festival Hall) next comes to view, followed Canal, the Machinery Building to the right ' " closel}? by the ' Golden Door of the Trans- and the Agricultural Building to the left, portation Building. All of this while the while straight in front towers an Egyptian visitor has had the Wooded Island, with its obelisk, and beyond it are seen the Colon- picturesque Japanese structures, upon his nade and Stock Pavilion. Another turn, the left; but now, curving a little north of east, bridge repassed, and sweeping oflE to the his boat glides under a Venetian bridge, right, between the-front of the Agricultural with the Mines and Electricity buildings on Building (on the right) and the south end of his right, and Hunter's Island, with its the Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building Davy Crocket's Cabin and Australian Hut, (on the left), the boat plows its way to the on his left. Once through the bridge, a end of the Basin, where from its clear water curve .to the north is made, the launch skirt- rises French's beautiful " Statue of the Re- ing the right bank of the Wooded Island public" (or " America," for it is known by and passing near its upper end and into the both names), and disembarks its passengers. eastern arm of the lagoon between the Pausing to study his surroundings, the vis- Fisheries and Government buildings. A itor beholds immediately in his front the number of minor buildings are also seen, graceful Peristyle, while to the south is the and a glimpse under another graceful bridge Casino and to the north Music Hall. In the reveals the blue waters of Lake Michigan. angle of these buildings are two graceful The sturdy little craft, turning upon its pavilions, erected by private parties for the course, dashes swiftly southward past the sale of their products. Passing between immense front of the Manufactures and the tall columns and under the heroic stat- Liberal Arts Building, and gliding under a ues of the Peristyle, the visitor emerges onto bridge enters the North Canal, fronted its en- the main pier, and after making a round tire length by the Electricity Building on its trip on the sidewalk, which furnishes the right and the Manufactures and Liberal Arts means of locomotion instead of the pedes- Building on its left. Another bridge passed trian doing so, he embarks on one of the and the beautiful Basin is reached, showing steamers lying at the pier, and returns to on its right bank glorious fountains and the Chicago by the water route on Lake Mich-

Administration Building. Beneath another igan , landing at the Van Buren Street wharf. —

CHAPTER VIII. THE SIXTH DAY AT THE FAIR.

HE tourist's last The first attraction the traveler encounters day at the is on the right-hand side and the extreme great Exposi- southern edge, where runs what is knpwn as tion dawns, the Barre Sliding Railway (G i). It is and in many a French invention, and was first g^ven a respects it will practical demonstration before the public be more r£- during the Paris Exposition of i88g. It is Jmarkable than the an elevated road, the cars having no wheels. 'Others. Hitherto The rail is eight inches wide, the substitute he has seen the for the wheel being a shoe which sets over monumental edi- the side of the rail, and is practically water- fices of American tight. Immediately behind each shoe is a architectural skill pipe connection, in which is water under a and exhibits of the production and manu- pressure of about one hundred and fifty factures of the entire world; now he turns pounds. This water is forced under the to the interesting reproductions of noted for- shoe and produces a film which raises the eign buildings, of classic Old World towns, entire train about one-sixteenth of an inch and huge panoramas of entrancing scenery. from the rail. Connected with every second Never since construction-work ceased on car is a turbine motor, which gets its water- the Tower of Babel has such a confusion of power from the same source as does the tongues been brought together as in the pipe connecting with the shoe. The power locality he is now about to explore. With- IS delivered from a main pipe extending the out quitting the sandy shores of Lake Mich- extreme length of the road, and Ijnng under igan the visitor can mspect the Temple of the track in sections of fifty feet; that is, the Luxor, which stood by "hundred-gated application power is changed at every inter- Thebes' " historic walls; haggle for a curio val of that distance. The speed claimed with a swart follower of Mahomet, as if he by the inventors is 120 to 160 miles per hour. were on the banks of the " Golden Horn"; A speed of about one hundred miles an watch the war-dance of Dahomey's dusky hour has been demonstrated on a track less Amazonian belles; breathe the rare air and than one-third of a mile long. drink in the entrancing scenery of the Then on either side of the central walk is Bernese Oberland; stand awe-struck in found the Nursery Exhibit (G 2), which Kilauea's stupendous crater, or sip his extends on both sides of the center walk, and Hof-brau in " Der Graben," or medieval contains about five acres, devoted chiefly to Deutschland, with a dozen or more of other flowers, fine shrubbery, ornamental plants, attractions, and all on the Midway Plai- etc. We here find masses of gorgeous color- sance. To proceed systematically, let the ing and scents that rival those which must visitor board the cable-cars of the Cottage have blessed the senses of our primal ances-

' Grove Avenue line (taking those marked tors, ' the grand old gardener and his wife," "Seventy-first Street, Oakwoods"), and in the Garden of Eden. The gaudy poppy alight at the Fifty-ninth Street entrance to and sensuous jasmine stand side by side the Midway Plaisance. The route has with their more delicate sisters the pansy already been described (ante p. 39). Passing and the violet. The rose, queen of all through one of the turn stiles , after paying the flowers, is represented in all of its types and regular entrance fee of 50 cents (which per- varieties, and attractive orchids are to be mits him also to pass into the Exposition seen on every side. Smilax and orange grounds proper without further fee), the blossoms, so dear to maidens' hearts, are visitor finds nimself in the Midway Plai- here, and also their funereal sisters the sance, a tract lying between Fifty-ninth and myrtle and the cypress; sensuous tuberoses Sixtieth streets, extending east and west load the air with their heavy perfumes, and the eastern end being beside the Woman's seem to shame their soulless companions. Building. The Midway Plaisance is 600 There are fruit trees of every kind, including feet wide and approximates one mile in an orange grove in bearing. This exhibit is length. It forms the connecting-link be- rarely beautiful. Well may one recall amid tween Jackson and Washington parks. On this sweet profusion of blossom, scent, and each side runs a twenty-five-foot passage- bloom Cowley's truism that " Grod the way, for fire police use, and and also tor first garden made, and the first city Cain." supplying the various villages, etc., with In a corner is a cranberry-bog, where this supplies during the night. In the center is acid and useful berry is cultivated for the a broad walk for visitors. fall crop. On the left or northerly side of

( 230) MID WA Y PLAISANCE. 231 the Plaisance the next attraction is the native costumes and modes of life of the dif- Blue Grotto of Capri (F 2), contained in ferent nationalities which compose this em- a rough rock mass 175 feet long, 100 feet pire are shown. Slav, Saxon, Vend, Croat, wide, and 150 feet high, broken and gashed and other tribes, arrayed in appropriate with cliffs and rents, which strikes the garb, sing the songs and go through the eye of the beholder rather unfavorably picturesque dances of their countries. The after gazing upon the flowers. On enter- roof-garden, decorated with palms and ever- ing the mass uirough a jagged rent in its greens, is filled with chairs and tables where

side, a scene at once novel and beauti- meals, lunches, etc. , are served. The guests ful is before us. A lovely grotto, copied are waited upon by seventy-five Hungarian accurately from but of course on a smaller maidens, dressed in their rich national cos- scale than the original, with a pool of crystal tumes; and at intervals Hazay Natzy's fa- water in its center, charms the spectator by mous Hungarian band discourses choice the intensity of its deep-blue tint. This water music. There is also a gypsy band under is kept in continual agitation by mechanical the leadership of Paul Olah, a distinguished means, and thus resembles the waves of the Hungarian musician, who is said to be the in-dashing sea, which ebb and flow into the only one of that wonderful race of born original cavern in the Island of Capri. musicians who has ever received a scientific Around the pool, whose waters are made to musical education and training. glow with the most perfect cerulean hues, is Next to the Hungarian Orpheum, on the a smooth, pebbly beach, circling which are same side of the walk, is the Lapland Village ornamental cases containing shells, corals! (G 3), in which may be seen thirty-seven

The Dahomey Village.

cameos, breastpins, fruits, and other produc- native Laplanders—twelve of whom are tions of the island. These are sold as me- women and six children. Six of the females mentos of the Fair to visitors. Historical are artists, musicians, hair-workers, etc., relics, photographs, street scenes of daily life and there is in the number one Lap nurse. in Capri, pictures of the twelve ruined palaces Within the village confines are twenty-five where the Roman emperor Tiberius reveled reindeer and a number of sledges. The in vice and debauchery, and other curios are natives have their peculiar costumes, and to be seen. The quaint old towns of Capri they exhibit quite a number of curios, me- huts. and Anacapri, the one-storied houses of chanical products, etc. , in their native stone and plaster, the streets filled with The exhibit of this northern nation is a curi- donkeys, and heavily laden women, who ous one, and will interest many. seem to be there considered as beasts of Next to this exhibit, still on the same side burden, can not but interest all. of the central walk, is the Dahomey Village of Let us cross to the southward, whence the (G 4), which consists of three houses—one " inspiring strains of the " Rakocksy March them fitted up for a museum—a group of appeal to us, and enter the Hungarian Or- huts for the women, and others for the men. there are four open sheds used pheum (G 2). The exhibit consists of a cafe In addition and concert pavilion, contained in a building for cooking. The rustic front of the exhibit constructed of wood brought from Daho- 75 X 195 feet, with a covered garden on the is side of the roof. The theater is in the lower part, and mey, and on platforms on each concerts are given every half-hour. The per- gates are seated two sentinel warriors of formers are Hungarian artists .brought direct that country attired in their native costumes. from Budapest, Hungary's capital city. The These grounds are divided into two parts. 332 A WEEK AT THE FAIR.

Park, and is one for the women's huts, the other for the side as the Captive Balloon theater, joss- men's. Of the latter there are sixty persons; next to it. It consists of a tea-garden. of the former, forty. The various dances house, bazaar, restaurant, and richest cos- and other ceremonials peculiar to these peo- The best dramatic talent and direct from ple are exhibited, and their songs, chants, tumes, etc., have been secured theater, while the burning and war-cries given. They also sell unique China for the incense, and grotesque products of their mechanical skill, such as candles, fragrant will be recognized by quaint hand-carved objects, domestic and idols in the joss-house Kung-fu-tse (whom we out- warlike utensils, etc. the disciples of Confucius) as genu- Crossing the walk one finds, on the oppo- side barbarians miscall appurtenances. The site or north side, the park containing the ine Chinese theological is conducted upon both the Amer- Captive Balloon(F 4), which is the next feat- restaurant fried chicken, ure. The grounds inside this building are ican and Mongolian plans, and

Captive Balloon Park. fitted up as a miniature park, -^nth fountains, ham sandwiches, etc., will alternate wdth rustic seats, flower-beds, etc. The balloon Chinese fruits, preserves, shark's fins, bird's- is a fac-simile of the one used at the Paris nest soup, and similar delicacies. The tea- Exposition in 1889. Its car accommodates garden shows a fine collection of teas, some sixteen to twenty people, and three ascents priced at $100 per pound, and requiring but per hour are made, m good weather, to a a few leaves to make a full pot of tea. The height of 1,493 feet; its flights last year bazaar has a fine collection of rich silks and having been confined to i ,492 feet in honor embroideries, elaborately decorated table and toilet wares, and other curiosities. Crossing to the south side of the walk, the Austrian Village (G 4) is found, adjoining that of Dahomey. " Old Vienna " is one of the interesting sights of the Plaisance. It is a reproduction of " Der Graben," a portion of Vienna as it existed about 150 years ago. It covers a space of 195 x 590 feet, the greater part of which is a court, or plaza, around which the buildings circle. There are thirt}--six buildings in all, by far the largest of which is the rathhaus, or city hall. Then there is a church where services are held according to the Austrian custom, and thirty-four shops and dwelling-houses. In these shops are sold all sorts of Viennese wares of the present and early days. One of the buildings is fitted up as a grand restaurant, with seats for 1,000 people. Here fifty or more young \'iennese women serve coffee, Vienna bread, and other delicacies from a Viennese bill of fare. There are tn the Austrian Village. about 500 Austrians employed in the village. Arnold Weissberger, of the Imperial and of the Columbian discovery anniversary Royal Bank of Austria, has established a year. A magnificent view ot the grounds, branch of the bank in the "Old Vienna" the lake, and the surrounding country is settlement. A national bank holds the ex- afforded by this ascent. In the balloon clusive privilege for banking accommoda- park we find the Grand Plaisance Restau- tion at the Fair, but it has granted per- rant, the seating capacity of which is 3,000. mission to Jlr. Weissberger to establi^ a Admission to this park is 25 cents; for bal- branch on the grounds. This is in the loon ascension a charge of $2 is made. nature of an exhibit, shownng the working The Chinese Village (F 4) is on the same of banking affairs as conducted in the Aus- —

MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 233

trian Empire, and is designed mainly for and which is- ceaseless in its awful activity. the accommodation of the Austrian firms In the background one sees the snow- exhibiting at the Fair. capped peaks of Mauna Loa and Mauna Opposite the eastern end of the Austrian Kea, each of which is about 15,000 feet high. Village, across the walk, is the Cyclorama of Opposite them are the vast reaches of the the. Volcano of Kilauea (F 5), which stands mighty Pacific, its waves lighted by a full on Midway Plaisance about directly south moon and its surface glittering like a sheet of of the University of Chicago. The building silver. Over the entrance portal of the build- is polygonal in shape, 140 feet in diameter ing, and fifty-five feet above the ground, and 60 feet high. Circling the walls hangs stands the figure of Hawaii's goddess of a canvas 54 feet high and 412 feet long, upon fire, Pele. It is built of wood, covered with whose 22,248 square feet of surface the staff to represent stone, and is the work of artist has depicted the weird sublimity of Mrs. Ellen Rankin Copp of Chicago. In the world's greatest volcano, the "Inferno size it is probably next to the largest at the of the Pacific," in the Island of Hawaii. The actual crater is a huge depression, or pit, about three miles long and two miles broad. The walls are mostly precipitous, though quite irregular, and the floor is some three hundred feet below the surface of the island at that point. In the reproduction, the point of view selected for the visitor is the center of the

. crater, and to this point he is transported for the time being, and gazes upward and around him upon bubblmg and seething pools and lakes of fire; tall, jagged crags; toppling masses of rocks; outpourings of lava—some flowing along in hissing, smoking streams, and some, cooled into every fantastic shape imaginable. Great fathom- less pits yawn below, him, huge puffs of smoke arise from the bowelg of the earth, and from innumerable -jrents and fissures in the ragged edges of the crater fierce flames and sulphurous gases escape, intermingled with the froth and spume of the infernal regions, among which he sees the long, glassy threads which the natives call " Pele's hair," after the dread goddess of the crater. At one point be beholds an inky lake of molten lava slowly pulsing and throbbing, through whose Stygian waves ever and anon burst forth jets of many-colored flames. Beyond this he looks down into a perfect sea of fire—the great, active crater—and the sight is absolutely indescribable. In its center are seen the flames act- The Goddess of Fire, Pele. ive in their fury, white or golden yellow, tinged with phosphorescent hues of crimson Exposition. The pose of this awful divinity and green, fading out toward the edges was suggested by an island legend which into a dull, sullen red, still more terrible; tells of a race between the goddess and a while over all there hangs a pall of smoke native prince. Winning at the first trial, he like an infernal curtain about to be dropped taunted her to try again, and looking back upon the awe-inspiring scene. To add to beholds her seated on a wave of molten lava its terrors dull rumblings, as of distant in fierce pursuit, her hands bearing fire- thunder, and an occasional deafening explo- brands and hot lava, which she hurls after sion, break on the ear, which is continually him as he takes refuge in the sea. assailed by the hissings and growlings of Leaving this exhibit the visitor will find on the vexed waves; while beneath the feet the the same side of the walk a typical Indian huge earth shakes and labors. Of all this Bazaar (F 5), where the natives of the Orient the cyclorama gives a vivid representation, vend their unique, characteristic wares; with its built-up foreground, which blends and opposite is a Fire and Guard Station imperceptibly into the painting on the can- (G 5), for the protection of the Plaisance. vas, aided by skillful pyrotechnic displays, Back of the Indian Bazaar may be seen the colored electric lights, and other mechan- Algerian and Tunisian Village (F 5), which ical means, so that we have in miniature occupies an area 165 x 280 feet, and consists every feature of this grand crater, whose cir- —in addition to the large Algerian concert cumference is fully nine miles. It is the only hall, with a seating capacity of i ,000 people .volcano whose terrific fires never die out. of a Moorish caffi, Kabyle house, an Arab 234 A WEEK A T THE FAIR.

struct- tent-village, desert tents, etc. The main and upon an exact scale, the original building has a Moorish dome, towers, and ure of the Renaissance, the most magnifi- minarets, and its exterior is covered with cent monument in the world. This model the richly colored and glazed tiles of Tunis was begun in the sixteenth century from and Algiers, as are indeed most of the build- the original plans and drawings of Bra- ings. The L-shaped building in the center mante, Sangallo, Michael Angelo, and other shows the street in Algiers; that immedi- famous artists and architects, and is of ately to its right a Tunisian street. Next carved wood, coated with a substance which to the concert hall, half-hidden by the cafe, perfectly imitates marble, reproducing the is one of the curious Kabyle Arab houses. exact color of the original structure, and The Arabs, Kabyles, and negroes are seen being, undoubtedly, one of the most extraor- about their daily labors and amusements, dinary pieces of workmanship ever exe- and palms and fountains add an oriental air cuted. The minutest details of the bas-relief to the scene. Connected with the theater of the fa9ade, the stucco, statues, and in- are fifty people—native musicians, jugglers, scriptions are faithfully reproduced on a dancing-girls, etc. Jewelry, embroideries, scale of one-sixteenth of the original cathe- and other Norfti African wares are sold. dral, measuring about 30 feet in length by No charge i? made for entrance to the vil- 15 feet in width, and 15 feet in height. lage; and btit a small entrance fee to con- After having been in possession of several certs. popes and noble Roman families, the model

Vienna Cafe.

Having exhausted the sights here, the has now become the property of Mr. Spiri- visitor will next enter the Vienna Cafe (F 5), don. The interior of the building in which a very ornamental structure, the lower floor it is exhibited is rendered still more inter- devoted to regular meals and the upper to e^ing by an array of rare portraits of several cold lunches and wine and beer tables. popes, together with a number of papal The rooms are decorated with Japanese coats-of-arms of large dimensions. Arranged screens, etc., and a fine orchestra is em- in the corners are four small ancient models ployed. The site of the cafe is in the middle of religious and medieval monuments in of the central walk, at the west end of the Italy, as follows: Ferris wheel. The Cathedral of Milan, in carved wood, Just south of the Vienna Cafo is the made by De Simoni, measuring 31 x27j

Roman Pantheon of Agrippa, in its interior loaded at the same time . The time required and exterior. for what we may truly call a round trip is In order to enhance the attraction of this twenty minutes. The motors which revolve unique exhibit the persons in attendance are the wheel are two reversible, link-motion dressed in the exact uniforms of the Vatican engines of 2,000 horse-power, one of them Guard, and armed accordingly. being held in reserve in case of an After visiting this reproduction of accident. some of the world's architectural mas- From this exhibit the visitor will next terpieces, the visitor turns south and walk toward the northern bound'ary of enters the Ice Railway (G 6), an ex- the Plaisance, where he will find The hibit partaking of the nature of a Street in Cairo (F 7), which pre-

skating-rink and a toboggan-slide sents to the visitor a view , or rather By means of ice-making machin a series of views, in that mystic, ery a surface is kept contin- land whose civilization ante- ually coated with a layer of dates all authentic history, ice, and thus is realized the and whose works and wonders small boy's idea of a perfect hold us enchained by an irre-

~~Model of St. PetQr's Cathedral, Rome.~~

amusement, viz. , the ability to slide on the sistible fascination. Here we find on the ice in the summer-time, minus coat and Midway Plaisance a street in the city of the shoes. From this exhibit we can not but Khalifs, as accurately reproduced as if it think that the time is not far distant when had been lifted bodily from the ground there all of our skating, snow-balling, etc., may and set down in its present location; be performed in midsummer. The next point of interest lies to the north, and consists of a Glass-spinning exhibit (G 6), just west of the Moorish Palace, where all of the curious processes of spinning this delicate and fragjile material into products which will bear considerable rough handling may be viewed. North of the glass-spinning booth may be seen one of the most curious structures erected at the Exposition grounds. It stands in the center of the walk about midway of the Plaisance, and is the next object to be visited by the tourist. It is the Ferris Wheel (F 6). This is a novelty in amusement structures, and is built entirely of steel, somewhat resembling a huge bicycle wheel hung between two towers. The wheel is 264 feet high, and consists of two skeleton wheels liyi feet apart, and held together by strong steel shafts and ties. Between the outer rims, or crowns, of this gigantic wheel-frame are suspended thirty-six passenger coaches, balanced upon great steel trunnion pins. These coaches are larger than ordinary passenger cars on railroads and accommodate sixty passengers each, or a total of 2,160 when all are loaded. The two steel towers upon which the axle rests and revolves are 137 feet In addition to the oriental nature of its decorations, resem- high, 5 feet square at the top, and 40x50 architecture and the feet at the bottom, and rest upon solid blance is carried still farther by peopling masses of concrete masonry over eighteen the street with the identical types of per- feet deep. The axle is the largest steel sons and animals one sees in grand Cairo. forging e'ver made, being 33 inches in diam- Here are Egyptians, Arabs, Soudanese, camels, donkeys, donkey- eter, 45i feet long, weighing fifty-six Africatni^iiKabyles, tons. It was made by the Bethlehem Iron boys, etc.,^nd the visitor can easily fancy —,

236 A WEEK AT THE FAIR. The fine re- himself transported for the while to the aspect is decidedly oriental. beautiful small mosque banks of that mystic river, the Nile. production of a of its interior, to be Entering at the eastern portal, we catch a turns out, on inspection fragrant Mocha coffee is to be view of houses, mosques, and booths, such a cafe where the plaza are Egyptians, Arabs, as recall, to those who have seen it, the old had. Upon all the varioiis nationalities street " Beinel Kasrein." The first typical and persons of streets of this wondrous city. building to the right is a wide hall with who throng the temples, and the deep projecting roof and five fine archways Here, too, are .tents and donkey-boy urging on his to the street, here used as a cafe. Looking shrill cries of the the voices of people on beyond, the vista presents houses dec- lazy steed mingle with world. orated with gorgeous colors and subdued of all the nations of the Street" are to tints, and with projecting bays, stone brack- In the marts of "The wares of every kind ets, and overhanging second stories. be found oriental priceless jewels, damascened scimiters and daggers, fine

wood - carvings , embroideries silks, shawls, bangles, pipes —in short, everything found in the bazaars of the wondrous East are here oflEered for sale. We have tried to describe the architecture. It is true to the original. But the pains taken in bringing the very wood-carving (meshrabieh) and ivory inlaid doors, which have served for centuries in Egyptian buildings, and the manner of their decorations, the tradesmen employed with ^heir primitive tools and appli- |~" ances at their various crafts, the i^ dancing-girls in the famous " P • danse du ventre," the musicians and conjurers, the representations of wedding proces- sions, and " mouled," typical street scenes, are indescribable. They must be seen to be appreciated. Leaving this representation of the world's most ancient civilization, the visitor next finds a curious contrast, a model of that singular but almost entirely useless structure, the Eiffel Tower (F 6), which was one of the features of the last Paris Exposi- tion. This model is a perfect reproduction, one-fiftieth the size of the original. It is twenty feet high, feature of STREET IN CAIRO. and every the original has been accurately To the left is a fine mosque with tall, reproduced, even to the rivets and graceful minaret, girdled with three airy bolts which hold the structure together. balconies, from the uppermost of which Eight elevators work at the same speed as the muezzin calls the faithful to prayer. those that ran in the original tower, and a Both mosque and minaret are reproduc- miniature light-house looks just as the big tions of fifteenth-century architecture. one did at Paris. At regular intervals the Across the street from this building is one tower bursts into a blaze of light—hundreds representing the dwelling of a wealthy mer- of little lamps taking the places of the ones chant of the seventeenth century; its in- used on the original. Gardens, lawns, flower- terior walls decorated with marble mosaics, gardens, two little lakes with swans gliding and its ceilings richly gilded. idly across the water, and all the bronze Still farther on, standing to the left of the statuary are reproduced with accuracy. A street, is a faithful reproduction of the charge of 25 cents per person is made for " Okala," the public warehouse before the admittance to the booth containing this advent of railroads and steamers. The exhibit. theater next engages our attention. Its in- Next to the tower, on the same side of the terior is richly decorated with fine cloth walk, is the Persian Concession (F 7V Here hangings and pendent lanterns, and its the disciples of Zarathustru (or, as we have MID IVA V PLAISANCE. 237 corrupted the name, Zoroaster), the earliest upon the charmed visitor. Objects of art, of the pure moralists, may be seen. They bronzes, rugs, tiles, and other curios are sold may not seek to convert you to the worship in the bazaar in this structure. One of the of fire, as "the pure element," but they are most curious exhibits is the " Fountain of Youth," representing aged females entering a pool, and emerging from it ravishingly beautiful and fresh in their teens. Alas that this should be a delusion, and the fountain of youth, long' sought for by Ponce de Leon, be but an idle myth. Southeast of this palace is a station of the Barre Slid- ing Railway. East- ward, across Wood- lawn Avenue, but on the same side of Plaisance cen- Zoopraxographical HaM. the tral walk, is the ready to sell you Persian rugs, damascened Turkish Village (G 8), which lies on the scimiters, curious daggers, and others of the south side of the Plaisance, opposite the -wares for which their artisans are famous. German Village, and consists of a street in Next to the east, and still on the north imitation of one of the old streets in Con- side of the walk, is the Lecture Hall, or the stantinople. A pavilion said to represent of Zoopraxiscopic exhibit (F 7), which will the Bagdad Kiosk is a fine specimen prove of vast interest to artists and scientists. early Turkish architecture, and the effect of Animal locomotion is a new study, pursued the street is quite oriental. An immense chiefly by electro-photographic investiga- tent, formerly belonging to the Shah of tion; and instantaneous photographs, taken Persia, and a silver bed weighing two tons, with the aid of the electric shutter, show all preconceived opinions as to the method of representing animals in action (as a dog running, a horse leaping, etc.) to be utterly false, and the art of picture making and painting may be partially or entirely revolutionized by those later revelations. Lectures on ' " ' animal locomotion in its relation to " design in art" are g^ven at this hall. The exhibit-^consisting of illustrations of the movements of men, women, and children; boxing, dancing, and jump- ing; horses leaping, etc. —will not prove uninteresting even to the non-artistic or non-scientific spectator. Across the walk from the three last-described exhibits is the Moorish Palace (G 7). The building is a fine one, in the elaborate style of Moorish architecture, surmounted by an airy dome; and the slender pillars of its interior, with their graceful stems and richly carved capitals—vastly multiplied

in number by an ingenious ar- Scene in the Turkish Village. rangement or mirrors — suggest that marvel of Moorish art, the Alhambra. and once the property of a Turkish sultan, The walls and ceilings are decorated with fine are among the curiosities shown. Turkish, paintings. Grottoes and fountains illumin- Smyrna, and other oriental wares abound. ated by colored electric lights abound, and There are about two hundred of the natives Arab attendants, in native costume, wait in this village, whose spiritual needs are 238 A WEEK AT THE FAIR.

himself looked after by one of their priests, and the the visitor for the time being to fancy call of the muezzin to prayer may be daily in some portion of Deutschland. Twenty- heard from the lofty minaret of the .mosque. five cents is the charge for admission to On the north side of the Plaisance, just concerts. the oppo- aaross from this village, is the German Facing th? German Village, on is picturesque build- Village (F 8). It faces on Midway Plai- site side oif the walk, a sance from Woodlawn Avenue eastwardly ing in the Swiss style of architecture, con-

Moorish I for 780 feet. It covers a space 223 x 780 taining the Panorama of the Bernese Alps feet, and consists of a restaurant and wine- (G 9), which is the work of Messrs. Dur- hall built in the style of a German castle, and mand, Furet, and Brand-Bovy, three weil- there is also an open-air garden. There are known Swiss artists, and is of huge propor- exact representations of houses of the Bava- tions, being 65 feet high and over 500 feet rian Mountains, of the Black Forest, and of long. All the characteristics of an Alpine Westphalia. The domiciles of the Silesian tableau stretch before us, and so perfect is peasants and those of the middle Germans the representation that it is difficult to be- stand side by side with those of lower Sax- lieve that these "Alps on Alps arising" ony, and others from Spreewald and Nieder- are but creations of the painter's art.

~~5^^** .r's-'":?.:^-~~

German Village deutsche. Every feature is purely German. Along the horizon are seen sparkling Wines from the Rhine, various German glaciers, great fields of snow, rugged moss- beers, cheese, and other eatables peculiar to covered rocks jutting out into the air, the Vaterland, served by German waiters, pastures dotted with S^^nss chalets, herds of and cheered by German music discoursed cows and goats peacefully grazing in the by German musicians, are sufficient to cause deep valleys — in short, everythmg that —

MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 239 makes Alpine scenery fascinating and beau- ingenious and artistic people, consisting of tiful, and, above all, grand. screens, fans, lacquered wares, steel, iron, Here at the World's Columbian Exposi- and brass-work, etc. All of the articles tion the myriad beauties of the marvelous exhibited are ifor, sale. Alps are brought to our yery doors. Grossing the walk to wherj^ la large and The Natatorium (G 9)ris, situated on 'the south side of Midway PliiSance, next east of the Panorama of the Bernese Alps, and opposite the east end of the German Village. This large building is divided into three sections—^the first devoted to the baths, swim- ming-pools, etc., where many species of bathing may be enjoyed; the second, 50 x 200 feet, is a bakery, adjoining which is a lunch- room 50 X 120 feet; the third is a caii, 100 X 200 feet in size. There is also a dining- room, 100x400 feet. There are one large and many small dining-rooms. Just outside the cafe is space to be used m pleasant weather as an open-air dining-room, where 1,000 persons may be seated. Meals or lunches of any kind may be obtained. Farm-house in German Village. Continuing his journey eastward, the vis- handsome building is visible the tourist will itor next enters the Dutch Settlement , occupy- find ing large spaces on each side of the walk. Hagenbeck's Trained Animals (G 11). The exhibit known as the Dutch Settle- This exhibition is on Midway Plaisance near knent (G 10) is really a collection of South Sea the point where Madison Avenue crosses Island villages. It occupies a space of 200,- this part of the World's Columbian Exposi- 000 square feet, contains eighty dwellings, tion. A large and beautiful building has and a caf6 built after the fashion of Dutch been erected, which serves to house Mr. dwelling-houses in these islands, and is peo- Hagenbeck's menagerie, and which has in ?led with 300 natives from the islands of its center a large arena surrounded by an ava, Sumatra, Borneo, Jehore, Samoa, Fiji, auditorium with a capacity of 4,500 seats. New Zealand, and the Sandwich group. The front of the building is taken up by There are two theaters in the settlement; restaurants and caf^s, and the upper floor one erected by the Hawaiians, the other by contains a collective exhibit of German the Javanese, who largely outnumber the wine-growers, other nationalities. At the latter theater is which is in itself the Javanese gamelung, or band, which be- a highly inter- longs to the Sultan of Jokjerkata, as do also esting agricult- the dancing-girls who accompany it. These ural feature of dancers are young, lithe, beautifully formed, the World's Co- 1 and consequently extremely graceful. Their lumbian Expo- dancing is an hereditary talent, derived sition. Mr. Carl from long lines of dancing ancestresses, for is Hagenbeck |

there is a caste in the island devoted to renowned t h e - this occupation. These dances consist world over as ' chiefly of beautiful poses and swayings, the most suc- greatly resembling the Delsarte exercises, cessful of ani- and are charming in their rhythmic grace. mal trainers, The music to which they dance is made by and also as the ail orchestra whose instruments are chiefly largest dealer §ongs, differing in size and tone. The in wild animals, amoan ballet corps gives a different style he having con- of dance, with more shouting and vigor, and tracts to supply less grace. all the zoolog- Their brilliant red ballet-skirts are semi- ical gardens of transparent, and are made of the fibers of a the world. He certain kind of tree-bark. The Singhalese, has achieved Malays, and other South Sea nations have wonderful suc- their jugglers, medicine-men, acrobats, and cess in training dancers, who also give exhibitions of their and taming the Panorama of Bernese Alps. skill; and some of their performances are most ferocious really wonderful. animals known to man. Having examined whatever is curious and The menagerie shows to visitors a large attractive in the Dutch Settlement, the collection of lions of all sizes and ages to the visitor, crossing Madison Avenue where it number of twenty, two large, beautiful intersects the central walk, finds first on his Bengal tigers, one polar bear, two black left hand the Japanese Bazaar (F 1 1). Here bears, a collection of the finest boar-hounds, one sees the characteristic exhibits of this which has ever been brought to this coun- 340 A WEEK A T THE FAIR.

try, a large number of young panthers, Another of the prominent features of the leopards, tigers, monkeys, and parrots. Be- performance is Mr. Darling with his five sides this there is a very creditable ethno- lions, which have been trained by their logical exhibit, comprising New Caledonia, owner, to the greatest perfection. British Columbia, the South Sea Islands, Every visitor to this exhibition will highly Africa, and the Indies, containing a vast appreciate these performances, and will number of implements, hunting trophies, leave fully satisfied that he has seen feats skins, etc. There is also to be seen an which have never been before accomplished. imitation of an aquarium representing the The Venice-Murano Glass exhibit (G ii) Indian Ocean, with all the wonderful plants, is contained in a building in the Italian- fishes, etc., in their proper places. Gothic style, richly decorated with glass The arena serves the purpose of showing enamel, and surmounted by the winged lion the wonderful training which Mr. Hagen- of St. Mark, the emblem of Venice. Here beck's animals possess, and the complete thirty Venetian artists produce the blown- control he has over them, and no visitor to glass wares for which their factory is fa- the Fair should fail to witness their wonder- mous. Elegant vases, copies in glass of art ful performances, of which there are three treasures contained in various European exhibitions every day. The most prominent museums, etchings, mosaics in Roman,

~~Hagenbeck's Trained Animal Pavilion.~~

features of these performances are. The Byzantine, Middle Age, and modern styles, trained lion on horseback, the trained pigs are to be seen, and the exhibit is performing well the most wonderful evolutions, worthy of a visit. and the greatest zoological wonder of the Back of this exhibit is another railway present time, the dwarf elephant "Lilly," station, and north and a little to the west, which is the smallest elephant of which the across the walk (on the north side), is the records give any account. She is only thirty- Irish Village (F 11), which occupies the posi- five inches high, four and a half feet long, tion between the Libbey Glass Works and and weighs 155 pounds. the Japanese Bazaar. As the visitor passes Mr. Hagenbeck's greatest stl>ength is in down the Midway Plaisance he sees bringing together the most heterogeneous the gray towers of. a medieval gateway, a animals, which mingle and play with each faithful reproduction of the St. LawT^nce other in perfect peace and harmony. This Gate at Drogheda, which was built in the is especially shown in the last part of the year 1200. This is now the picturesque performance, where a group of twenty approach to a pleasant street illustrative of animals, lions, tigers, leopards, bears, and Irish industrial life in the countrv dogs, are brought into the ring at the same At districts. the end of the street, immediately facin? time, made to gravely take their appointed the gate, are the beautiful ruins and ban- seats, and afterward put through different queting-hall of Donegal Castle, performances, one by one and in beyond groups. which IS seen a tall round tower, and m its ,

~~MID WA Y PLAISANCE. 241~~

middle is a fine carved Celtic market-cross. spuns, spun, woven, and plant-dyed by The interiors as well as the exteriors of the peasants, trained in the most remote dis- houses are reproductions of those of Irish tricts in County Donegal; iridescent, and cottages, and the workers are genuine Celts, colored linens, Irish and "Kells" laces,- brought from Ireland expressly. In the first daintily stitched and embroidered ladies' underwear, among which are replicas of articles made by order of the Princess of Wales for the trousseau of the Duchess of Fife; ecclesiastical vestments, wood-carvings, hammered iron—the artistic work of ' " ' The Village Blacksmith outside—knitted hosiery, sprigged and veined handkerchiefs, and house linen, all the work of Irish hands. Besides these there is a fine collection of Irish marbles, bog-oak carvings, jewelry, blackthorn sticks, photographs of scenery, etc. Among the art works is the great statue of Mr. Glad- stone by Bruce Joy, the Irish sculptor, who also shows replicas of his Man- chester statue of John Bright and of his charming bust of Mary Anderson. Mrs. Ernest Hart. Here also is a gallery of portraits of great Irishmen, taken from engravings in the Brit- ish museum ; paintings by Irish artists, and of Irish scenery and history; replicas of the old Celtic illuminations; engravings of the Irish carved crosses, and reproductions of the ancient Celtic metal-work and jewelry. Antrim Round Tower. The picture by Begg of " Gladstone Bring- cottage on the left a man is seen weaving ing in the Home-rule Bill " will appeal to all the " Kells Art Linens," which are famous; Irishmen. The exhibition is illustrative of they were introduced by Mrs. Hart for the Irish art from the earliest to the present "Kells Art Embroideries," for which she time, and is such as has never before been was awarded the gold medal at the Inven- seen in this country. We pass through tions Exhibition in London in 1885. A girl the concert and lecture hall into the court- in the same cottage is embroidering linens, yard, which is one of great interest to the in polished flajc-threads, from designs adapt- student of Irish history and art. From the ed from ancient Celtic -MSS. of the seventh century, specimens of which are seen in the banqueting-hall. In the next cottage are two women employed in lace-making — one, a very skillful worker, is making Limerick lace in a tambour frame, and the other making "Kells " lace on a pil- low. In the third cottage is found work of another description namely, wood-carving Entrance Gate to the Irish Vi and drawing designs for the marble-carvers, who will be found at the center of the court-yard springs, to the height end of the court-yard. of 120 feet, a round tower, a replica of one Passing into the banqueting-hall of Done- of the eighty still standing in Ireland. In gal Castle, built from measureinents of the the court-yard of the tower are found faith- original, the ancient seat of the O'DonneUs, ful reproductions of Ogham, Bullen, and the princes of Tyrconnell,we see embroidered Hole stones; of cromlechs and crosses; chief hangings and coverlets; unequaled home- among the latter is a cross twenty-seven 16 342 A WEEK A T THE FAIR.

carried out by feet Wgli, splendidly carved, in interlaced exhibition, was designed and Celtic design, in Irish limestone. The size Mrs. Ernest Hart. and proportions are exactly the same as East of and adjoining this village, on the those of the great cross of Monasterboice. north side of the walk, is the beautiful

~~Libbey Glass Co.'s Exhibit.~~

~~At the end of the court-yard is found a spot building of the Libbey Glass Company appealing to the heart of every Irishman, (F 12).~~

VIZ. , the Wishing Chair of the Giant's Cause- One of the most interesting of the exhibits way, standing on real Irish soil. When the of the Fair is the complete cut-glass manu- soil was peeled from the mountain-side it factory of the Libbey Glass Co. of Toledo, was covered with a carpet of shamrocks, and Ohio, on Midway Plaisance. Here the every effort has been made to keep them many processes of glass-making, from the green and fresh. Passing through the mixing of the sand with oxide of lead, lime, archway of the ruined keep of Donegal and alkalies to the latest and most approved Castle, we pay a visit to the village smithy, methods of cutting, polishing, and finishing, where the village blacksmith is making are displayed. The most prominent and ' " ' things of beauty out of iron rods. In the attractive feature is the glass-blowing de- next cottage is seen the whole process of partment, where the waxy molten masses

International Dress and Beauty Show. homespun-making, as taught and carried out of the material are drawn from the white- under the auspices of the Donegal Indus- hot furnaces by boys armed with Ions;- iron trial Fund. rods, and turned over to the skilled "work- This village, with its street of cottages, man, who blows it into shape. In the glass- its castle, Roman tower, art and industrial cutting department forty men are continu- '

MID WA Y PLAISANCE. 243 ously engaged in cutting upon this fragile highly attractive souvenir of the Exposition, ware the most delicate and intricate pat- resembling the cut at page 17 of this guide. terns. Still another department is that The Electric Scenic Theater (F 12) is where facile artisans are employed in paint- erected on the north side of the walk, just ing upon glass, which is afterward trans- east of the Libbey Glass Co.'s pavilion and ferred to kilns and fired, to fix the designs directly opposite the New England Log indelibly. Glass spinning and weaving is Cabin, on the Midway Plaisance. It con- likewise exhibited. The wheels used for sists of a display of scenery shown by the spinning are six feet in diameter, and draw latest electric methods of scenic effects by out threads of glass almost as thin as gos- electricity. The scenery was executed in samer, which are then woven into beautiful Germany, and is considered a triumph of art. fabrics for dresses, napkins, lamp-shades, The seating capacity of this pavilion is

~~.N/Zy Muckross Abbey as Reproduced at the Irish Industrial /'/ Village.~~

bonnets, etc. Goods of the highest Ameri- about 350, and a charge of 25 cents is made can standard and of every grade and kind for each person. are manufactured here. This building Across the central walk from this theater accommodates 5,000 visitors at a time, and is the Log Cabin (G 12). In this cabin, there is no charge for admission to any part erected on the Midway Plaisance just east is of it. of the Venice-Murano Glass Co., shown The artists of this company blow in glass, New England life of one hundred years ago. before the visitor, the bust of personified This cabin is furnished in old-time style, Chicago, familiarly known as " the I WILL and the inmates are attired in the costumes girl, "from the improved pattern of the same, of that day. Back of the cabin is the and also make a placque from a similar face. dining-hall, where old-fashioned dinners, pie, The glass used is made from peculiar mate- consisting of pork and beans, pumpkin rate of cents rials imported from Scotland, and looks etc. , are served at the 50 per like silver, thus making a beautiful and meal. 244: A WEEK AT THE FAIR.

Crossing to the north side of the walk and in Ireland of all classes, creeds, and political making his way toward the east, the tourist opinions, and which has for its object the encounters an exhibit that is somewhat of a development and organization of cottage novelty. He has probably attended bench or home industries throughout Ireland, shows, horse shows, and baby shows, and thus providing for the peasantry a perma- now has a chance to attend a woman show, nent means of subsistence other than that for such is really the exhibit of the Interna- of agriculture alone. Bad seasons and un- tional Dress and Costume Company (F 13). fruitful land often reduce the people to the

The forty-five or more beauties who display verge of starvation ; but when another way their charms of form and face, and their of earning money is open to them, such as striking national costumes, at this point, the making of underclothing, lace, embroid- are of many different countries, and were ery, knitting, hand-loom weaving, and the selected from France, England, Austria, like, their prospects are greatly bettered. Japan, etc., by the managers. The Irish Industries Association has already t-ast of the Beauty Show is the Phila- been able to do much in making the work delphia Model Workingman's Home (F 14). of the Irish poor known in Great Britain, The ground-plan of this model structure and in finding a market for it, and they now covers a space 16x43 feet, and the exterior seek, through this Irish village at the is plain and unpretentious; the front com- World's Fair, to demonstrate the expertness posed of Bedford rock and pressed brick. On the first floor are a parlor, 18 feet 7 inches by 9 feet i inch; a dining-room, 10 feet I inch by 12 feet 2 inches; and akitchen, 9 feet 6 inches by 7 feet 4 inches. The hallway is 5 feet wide, and a narrow staircase leads to the second story, which has a front bedroom, 14 feet 3 inches by 11 feet 10 inches, with walnut mantel and corniced ceiling. A second bedroom is 11 feet i inch by g feet i inch; and next is a bath- room, 6 feet by 6 feet 3|^ inches. A back sitting-room has an overhanging bay-window 4 feet deep. There is a basement the full length of the house. The cost is $2,500. At the end of the Plaisance, on this side of the walk, is the booth of the Diamond Match Company (F 14), which here displays its wares, the materials from which they are made, and the processes by which the raw material is converted into the finished product. Across the walk, on the south side of the Plaisance, opposite the Beauty Show, is the Adams Express Com- pany's Office (G 13), with facilities for trans- acting their usual business. East of this office, on the same side of the Plaisance, is the Irish Industries Exhibit (G 14), in charge of Lady Aberdeen. The Irish Industrial Village (G 14), the exhibit of the Irish ..^-*» Industries Associa- Donaghmo.-e Cross, KevMj tion, is located on of the workers, and to find a market for the right-hand or their goods on this side of the Atlantic; also south side of ]Mid- to get together capital wherewith further to way Plaisance, at improve and develop these industries. its eastern end, oc- The gateway of the village on the Plai- cupying the south- sance is modeled after the entrance to King east portion of that Cormac's chapel. Rock of Cashel, and is of part of the grounds. Itself enough to arouse the pride of the This exhibit is un- patriotic Irishman. Just beyond the en- der the presidency trance is a replica of the cloister from Muck- of the Countess of ross Abbey, exact in every detail, as a repro- Countess of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, the wife duction, save the giant yew which occupies of the Earl of Aber- the center of the original. The visitor deen, formerly Viceroy of Ireland, and passes from the cloisters through a succes- newly appointed Governor-General of Can- sion of cottages, in each of which a ada. While in Ireland, Lady Aberdeen home industry is exhibited in course of production- founded the Irish Industries Association, such as the methods of making the different the members and supporters of which kinds of lace produced in different society include the most prominent parts of persons Ireland, embroidery, hand-loom weaving MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 245 spinning, knitting, a model dairy—in which Irishman may once more stand on true Irish dairy-maids of the Munster Dairy School turf, and carry away a piece of it or a native show both old and new ways of making the blackthorn as a memento. A beautiful best of butter. Bog-oak and wood carving specimen of an old Irish cross, made at are also represented, and a most beautiful Messrs. CoUes' Marble Works, at Kilkenny, selection of oak and Galway marble goods stands in the village square. A village con- are exhibited for sale under the care of Miss cert hall, a museum, a village store, and a

~~Lady Aberdeen s Cottage at the Irish Industries Village.~~

Goggin of Diiblin. Then, too, there is public house are also prominent features, another cottage devoted to a show pf jewelry clustering around the historic Castle of in characteristic design. The special designs Blarney, from the top of which it is true to are replicas of the Tara brooch, the say that " all Ireland may be viewed," and Fingal pin, initials from the Book of Kells, the more adventurous may gain eloquence the old Celtic traceries—all being made by by kissing the Blarney Stone. Irish workmen in the village. ISHBEL ABERDEEN, Besides these attractions the patriotic President of Irish Industries Association. OUTSIDE ATTRACTIONS.

will be held Naturally many kinds of entertainments Sunday-school purposes. Here and other gath- have been attracted to Chicago to remain Sunday-school conferences, character. The building during the term of the Exposition. In addi- erings of a like complete exhibit of Sunday- tion to those mentioned in the earlier part of contains a and will prove a place of this book, among others, the following are school appliances, all those interested m the selected as especially likely to afford instruc- deep interest to of the young. tion or amusement to visitors. religious instruction to many visitors to hear Buffalo Bill's world-renowned Wild West It may be news that Chicago has been invaded by a foreign army. Nevertheless, Tommy Atkins is here three hundred strong; cavalry, artillery, and infantry have come, and captured, by their skill and pluck, the hearts of their American cousins. Located at Tattersall's, Sixteenth and Dearborn streets, is the Military Tour- nament, where may be nightly seen, and on Saturday during the daytime, in that mammoth and luxurious hall, an unsurpassed display of skill in the use of arms, feats of daring horsemanship such as have made English cavalry famous the world over, charges and counter-charges, attacks and repulses, san- guinary battles that are almost too terribly realistic, keen combats between bayonet and sword, sword and lance, wrestling on horseback, tent-pegging, and charming musical rides, where the perfectly trained horses rival their riders in knowledge of the intricate movements, and in the pride they take in with Show occupies fifty acres between Sixty- performing the complicated evolutions second and Sixty-third streets, close to the unerring accuracy. Exposition entrances on those streets. It is The brigade consists of detachments from an easily accessible location, being reached the First Life Guards, Grenadier Guards, by cable, electric, elevated, and steam cars. Royal Horse Artillery, Fifth Royal Irish Colonel Cody has outdone himself in his Lancers, Eleventh Hussars, the Black efforts to make the exhibition outshine all its Watch, and Connaught Rangers—all regi- previous brilliant successes. England, Italy, ments with records which have made them France, Spain, Austria, and many other the theme of poets' songs. They do not countries have been visited by him and con- forget their glorious past, and under the quered, but he feels that success is not com- able command of Gen. Digby Willoughby, plete until Chicago is subdued. The covered an officer of long and gallant service, are grand-stand has a seating capacity of 18,000, and the open arena covers seven acres, which is not too large an area when it is remembered that 450 persons take part in the performance. Gauchos from South America, Indians from the Far West, Cossacks from darkest Asia, and Cowboys from Texas combine in friendly rivalry to make a show of unique interest and unending variety. Feats of horsemanship, miraculous skill in the use of fire-arms, battle, murder, and sudden death, civilization and barbarism in kalei- doscopic intermixture, viewed from a com- The Model fortable seat, will prove to World's Fair visit- Sunday-School. ors, as they have to princes and peasants in daily adding fresh, albeit peaceful, num- far-off lands, sources of unbounded diversion. bers to their long list of warlike conquests. Not far off, between Fifty-seventh and Other attractions of nearly or as great Fifty-ninth streets, stands a building erected interest as these exist in great numbers. for a verv different purpose, and known as For instance, between Sixty and Sixty- the Moody and Sankey Home. Here Mr. first streets, the Serpentine & Cavern Moody, aided by other eminent divines, will Railway and Paine's Fireworks will afford hold constant services, and strive to win the abundant amusement; and near bv, at erring from their ways, and spur on the Washington Park, the lover of sport can virtuous to further works of righteousness. have the satisfaction of seeing the great Near by, on Island Stony Boulevard, American Derby run for a prize of S6o,ooo, stands the Model Sunday-school, the plans on June 24th, and on the following thirty for which were accepted, after much severe days be entertained by daily races, for sums competition, as being the best possible for that will attract the best horses. (246) WifiraveUty Eeldik niOouoSTLY U ift. Fifth flYSNUE F^otbl

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Headquarters on Exposition Grounds in the Administration Building in connection with the Chemical National Bank. 247 THE AUDITORIUM. THE GRAND MONUMENTAL STRUCTURE OF CHICAGO SITUATE OK CONGRESS ST., and WABASH and MICHIGAN AVES.

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~~Book of Photographic Interior Views, and Rates Mailed on Application 248 GENERAL INDEX.~~

PAGE Adams Express Co.'s Office 244 Consuls, Foreign __ 24 Administration Building 67 Connecticut Building 225 Agricultural Building 120 Construction Begun 26 Algerian and Tunisian Village 233 Continental National Bank 265 Amusement, Places of 24 Convent of Santa Maria de la Rabida.. in Allis&Co.,E. P 2 Cosmo Buttermilk Soap Co 267 American Straw Board Co i Costa Rica Building. 197 American Radiator Co _ 4 Crown Pen Co _ 93 American Casualty & Security Co 10 Dahomey Village 231 Anthropological Building 104 Daily Columbian 94 Andrews & Johnson Co 92 Dairy Barns 104

~~Appropriations , for World's Fair 30 Dairy Buildings _ 104 Arkansas State Building '.. 208 Dayton, Poole & Brown 5 Art Building _-_ 170 Deering & Co., Wm 6, 126~~

; Auditorium 248 Delaware Building . 219 Australia House, The 187 Dernburg, Glick & Horner 16 Australian Squatter's Hut _ 161 Depots 17 Austrian Village 232 Diamond Match Co ^. 244 Baggage and Baggage-Checking 19 Dibblee Co., Henry.. -. 252 Baker's Cocoa and Chocolate Pavilion. . 130 Dimensions of Buildings.. 36 Banking Facilities at the Fair 72 Dodge Manufacturing Co 92 Barre Sliding Railway. 230 Driving to the Fair. _ _ 39 Barber Asphalt Paving Co 63 Ducker Hospital 154 Baths 23 Duplicate Baggage Checks 19 Baur's Sphinx 161 Dutch Settlement _-_ -. 239 Beauty Show 244 East Indies __ 191 Bernese Alps, Panorama. ._ 238 Eiffel Tower 236 Bethlehem Iron Works 49 Electricity Building. _ 80 Blooker's Dutch Cocoa Exhibit 100 Electric Launches _ _-_ 183 Blue Grotto of Capri 231 Electric Scenic Theater 243 Boarding-houses .- 23 Engle Garbage Furnace. ._•_ 104 Boats to the Fair --_ 38 Enterprise Carriage Mfg. Co Bogue & Co 2d page cover .See Kauffmann Buggy Co. Brazilian Building 195 Entrances to the Exposition _ . 40 British Building 185 Esquimau Village 202 Buildings and Grounds, area and dimen- Ethnographical Exhibit 106 sions 36 Explanation of References 8 Buildings of the Exposition 31 Exposition, How to Reach 37 Bureau of Construction 30 Exposition Station 42 Bureau of Public Comfort 23 Fargo&Co.,C. H _ 12 Cab Pares _ 19 Fairbanks, Morse & Co 263 Cable-cars to the Fair 39 Fair Grounds, How to Reach 37 Cafede Marine 167 Farson, Leach & Co 247 ' Calendar i4> 15 Ferris Wheel -1 235 California Building _ 204 Festival Hall 160 Canadian Building 187 Fifth Avenue Hotel 247 Captive Balloon... 232 Fire and Guard Station 233 Carpenter Co., Geo. B 253 Fire Queen, The ..- 182 Caravels of Columbus 115 Fish Bros. Wagon Co 52 Car-shops --_ -- 104 Fisheries Buildmg 162 - Florida Building ___ 212 Case, J. I., Plow Co.. 3

Casino 120 Foreign Consuls , 24 Central Terminal Exposition Depot 65 " Forest King " Restaurant 102 - Forestry Building _ 107 I CeylonCourt 198 Children's Building. 154 French Bakery Exhibit 99 Chicago Cottage Organ Co 262 French Cider-Press - 234 Chinese Village - 232 French Colonies ._ 100 French Government Building 198 j^ Chop-houses and Restaurants 23 Claim Checks 19 Furnished Rooms 23 Clay, Robinson & Co 5 Gage Bros. & Co 252 Clam Bake Building 186 Garbage Furnace, Engle 104 Cliff Dwellers' Exhibit 102 Gane Bros. & Co 252 Colorado Building 203 Gate Facilities -- ,41 Colombia Buildings 192 Gardner Sash Balance 256 Columbia Coach Co _ 40 German Government Building 188 Columbia Navigation Co 38 German Village 238 Columbian Fountain,. 78 Glass Spinning Exhibit 235 Columbian Guards 131 Gondola Co.. 183 (249 250 GENERAL INDEX. PAGE PAGE 219 Grand View Tower and Roof Prome- Maryland Building.. - Massachusetts Building. 222 nade - 144 Tailors' Building 107 Great Central Court and Basin 1 99 Merchant Building i77 Great White Horse Inn... 99, 3d page cover Merck Building - 20& Greenhouses -- 160 Michigan Plaisance - - 23° Hopkins 5 Midway Gridley& 140 Guatemala Building .- 196 Military Tournament. Building 56. Hagenbeck's Trained Animals 239 Mines and Mining 57 207 Haiti Building, The 190 Minnesota Building 213 Hardy Subterranean Scenery Co 255 Missouri Building - Home loi Hayward's Restaurant 65 Model Workingman's 267 Hercules Iron Works^of Chicago 42 Monarch Cycle Co - 217 History of the World's Cotnmbian Ex- Montana Building Palace - 237 position - 26 Tiloorish Sidewalk. _ "8 Hitchcock, Darling & Co - - . . 247 Movable Homeopathic Headquarters 182 Munson Typewriter -- 144 129 Hoo-den, or Phoenix Palace 162 Music Hall.. Horticultural Building I55 Natatorium 239 267 Hotels 19-23 National Typewriters' Exchange -- 207 How to Reach the Exposition 37 Nebraska Building Building 226 How to See the State Buildings 201 New Hampshire Hungarian Orpheum 231 New Jersey Building 223 220 Hunter's Island 160 New York Building.. Hygeia Mineral Springs Co. 42 North Dakota - 209 I97 Ice Railway 235 Norway. -- Idaho Building 217 Nursery Exhibit.. 230 - 205 Illinois Building 204 Ohio Building " Illinois," Man-of-War 152 Oil Industries - - 97 Indiana Building 204 Oil Tank Vault 104 102 Indian Bazaar - 233 Old Times DistUlery Co Indian School Exhibit m Omnibus Fares _ 19 Co.. - 42 Information , How to Obtain 19 Ore Mining International Dress & Costume Co 244 Oyster Saloons 23 Intramural Elevated Railroad 42,116 Panorama of Bernese Alps 238 Iowa Building - 225 Panorama of Kilauea 233 Irish Industries Exhibit (Lady Aber- Parmelee's Omnibus & Baggage Trans- deen's) - 244 fer Co - 19 Irish Village (Mrs. Hart's) 240 Pennsylvania Building 214 Isabella Booth 145 Pennsylvania Railroad Co.'s Exhibit.. 42 Izaak Walton, Home of 168 Perkins Windmill Co 264 Buildings 162 Persian Concession 236 iapanapanese Bazaar -- 239 Philadelphia Model Workingman's apanese Tea House. 168 Home 244 omt Territorial Building 215 Phoenix Palace. 162 [ansas Building : 210 PhotoOTapher's Building 160 KauflEraann Buggy Co 266 Piers, Launches, and Steamers 199 Kentucky Building 212 Places of Amusement 17 Keyless Lock Co 266 Policemen, Ask Information of 19 Krupp's Exhibit iii Police Patrol Wagons 131 Lagoon Trip 228 Polish Cafe _ _ 168 Lapland Village 231 Potter, C, Jr., &Co La Rabida, Convent of Santa Maria de iii Power House 104 Leather Exhibit 110 Preface 9 Lecture Hall 237 " Progress," Old Whaling Bark iii Libbey Glass Co 242 Public Comfort Building 177

Libby , McNeill & Libby 268 Public Service Building 160 Livestock Exhibit. 97 Puck Building 154 Log Cabin (Bernheim's) 101 Pumping House.. 104 Log Cabin, New England 243 Pumping Works 93 Loggers' Camp 97 Purchasing List 257, 261 Louisiana Building 214 Quadriga Statuary __ 129

Lowney Pavilion 130 Railroads _ 17, iS Machinery Hall 87 Restaurants 23 Machinery, Outside Exhibit 94 Rhode Island Building 222 MacMonnies Fountain. _ _ 78 Rolling Chair Around the Grounds 131 Main Columbian Pier iiS Rooms, Furnished 23 Maine Building 227 Rooms with Board 23 Manufactures and Liberal Arts Build- Rose Garden 161 ing 132 Sears Co., Henry.. 253 Map of World's Fair Grounds 13 Sewage Cleansing Works 104 GENERAL INDEX. 251 PAGE, Siamese Government Pavilion 191 Utah Building. _ 216 Sibley & Ware 267 Vanderbilt Railroad Exhibit 42 Silurian Mineral Water Co. _ 5 Van Houten & Zoon's Exhibit 145 Simonds Manufacturing Co 4 Van Rensselaer's (Mrs. Schuyler) Article 73 Site of the World's Fair 27 Venezuela Building 195 South Dakota Building 202 Venice-Murano Glass Exhibit 240 South Sea Island Villages 239 Vermont Building 228 Spanish Building. 188 Victoria House 185 St. Peter's at Rome, Model of 234 Vienna Caf§. 234 Statuaryof Main Basin 94 Viking Ship _ 116 Statue of Columbus 72 Virginia Building 224 Statue of the Republic 128 Virginia Hotel 248 Steamer l,andings 41 Vosburgh Manufacturing Co., W. C 251 Steamers to the Fair Grounds 38 Volcanoof Kilauea _ 233 Stokes Manufacturing Co. , The Chas. F. 254 Wagner Palace Car Co. Exhibit 42 Street-car Fares. 19 Washington State Building. 202 Street in Cairo _ 235 Weather Bureau, The 151 Swedish Building 193 Western Wheel Works 54 Swedish Restaurant 168 West Virginia Building 216. Table of Contents 11 Whaling Bark, The Old iii Texas Building.. 210 White Star Steamship Co 155 Theaters __ 24 Wild West Show 146. Tickets, Where to Purchase 41 Windmill Exhibit 99 Transfer Co 19 Wisconsin Building 204 Transportation Building 43 Wolf &Co.,F. W.. .-.- 1 Trip to the Fair 42 Woman's Building 177 Turkish Building 195 Wooded Island 160. Turkish Village 237 World's Congress Auxiliary 21 United States Government Building 55, 146 World's Fair Location 29. United States Life-saving Station 151 World's Fairs 27 United States Model Army Hospital... 146 World's Inn 10 United States Naval Exhibit. _. 152 World's Fair Steam Launch Co 199. United States Naval Observatory. . 152 Yucatan, Ruins of. _ 105 United States Wind-Engine & Pump Co. 42 Zoopraxiscopic Exhibit.. _ 237- THIS WEEK CALL ON.

W. C. VOSBURGH |VI>^^- C^*

~~DESIGNERS AND MAKERS OF GAS AND ELECTRIC FIXTURES.~~

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~~Our Exhibit is in the Transportation Building Our General Offices and Salesrooms, 293 Wabash Avenue Factory, 236-240 Carroll Avenue~~

~~Stokes Mfg. Co. DENVER CHICAGO MILWAUKEE 254 THE HARDY SUBTERRANEAN THEATER. The Hardy Subterranean Theater~~

Is located on Wabash Avenue, south of Sixteenth Street. Here sight-seers are given an opportunity to see the marvels hidden underground, by means of an elevator which apparently descends to great depths. Though the elevator car (a miniature theatrical hall in itself, accommodating comfort- ably one hundred people) only moves up and down in a shaft about fifteen to twenty feet deep, the illusion is made perfect by a combination of mechanical devices, and the effect produced is a real descent about i,ooo to 1,200 feet under the surface of the earth. The elevator car moves into the center of a circular platform, carrying different stages arranged with appropriate scenery and living actors. The platform turns on rails, and is made to revolve and bring successively each scene in sight of the elevator car at the different stops made by the car in its descent. Entrance to the subterranean scenery is obtained through a hall, decorated to resemble a chamber of stalactites, having a stage at one end, where variety performances are given every afternoon and evening. Admission to the Hardy Theater, 50 cents.

THE GROTTO. 2S5 The Most Masnificent Building in Philadelphia materials In a building of this ciiaracter only the best are used. Hence the adoption of the Gardner System of hanging windows with Aluminum Ribbons. No of half- other can compare with it. Send for catalogue tone etchings of one hundred of the finest buildings in sent free the world, all using the Gardner Ribbon; for postage and men- if you enclose four cents in stamps tion "Week at the Fair." GARDNER SASH BALANCE COMPANY

~~"'\'„c„,°cr" 164 Dearborn Street, Chicago, Illinois~~

~~Rand, McNally & Co.'s~~

~~Bird's- Eye Views /i\ and Guide to Chicago~~

~~320 PAGES. POCKET FORM. EACH PAGE 5x7 INCHES IN SIZE.~~

Nothing that would prove of interest to the visitor has been omitted. The following synopsis of a few chapters shows its completeness in detail. Historical Facts.—First settlement, growth, etc. Arrival in Chicago.—How to reach any hotel or part of the city from boat or from any of the nine great railroad depots. Hotels.—How conducted, whether American or European plan, rates, etc., with special map showing locations of reliable houses. Restaurants and Cafes.—With special map showing locations. Transportation.—Rates for all classes of conveyances, with directions how to reach any point in the city at the least expense. Notable Buildings.—Why a necessity and how constructed. Illustrated by architectural drawings which are so plain that any one can readily understand the construction of a modern steel building. Separate Chapters on Amusements, Churches, Educational Institutions, Beautiful

Lights at Night, Municipal Affairs, etc. , etc. Tours of the City.—Over loo pages are devoted to drives about the citv. How to reach the parks and what to see. Description of residence districts, with the names of prominent residents and location of their houses by number. In addition to being a complete Visitor's Guide to the Chicago of to-day, it is illustrated with 38 full-page Bird's-eye Views, or Graphic Maps. These graphic maps give a bird's-eye view of several blocks, and are so accurately drawn that all buildings can be readily recognized, their locations as to streets seen at a glance, and with these views before him a stranger can find any desired location without seeking further information. Each district included in these graphic maps is fully described, and the kind of information as to the size, construction, and occupants of the buildings in that district is fully shown in the reading matter. Accompanying the Bird's-eye Guide is; 1st. An indexed map of the entire city of Chicago, 21 X28 inches in size. 2d. A map of the business district giving the numbers of houses at all street corners. 3d. A map showine all transportation lines to and from the World's Fair Grounds. Price, Flexible Morocco, Gilt Edges, Rounded Corners, by mail, $1,50. Bound in Cloth, $:.oo. Bound in Paper, 50 cents. Sent prepaid on receipt of price. Rand, McNally & Co., CHICAGO AND NEW YORK. 266