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JOHN ROBSON and the BRITISH COLUMBIAN a Study of a Pioneer

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JOHN ROBSON and the BRITISH COLUMBIAN a Study of a Pioneer t JOHN ROBSON AND THE BRITISH COLUMBIAN A Study of a Pioneer Editor in British Columbia James Gordon Reid A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History at the University of British Columbia October 1950 Abstract John Robson, one of the most forceful and dynamic persona• lities of British Columbia's history, was editor and proprietor of the New Westminster British Columbian during the colonial period. This thesis is an attempt to appraise the importance of Robson in the development of the colony primarily from a study of his newspaper writings from 1861 to 1869. Such a stu• dy has distinct limitations: it is not possible to delineate accurately Robson's personality solely from what is revealed in his newspaper, and one cannot claim to arrive at specific conclusions without abandoning fundamental principles of his• torical research. Nevertheless it is hoped that some appreci• ation of Robson's importance can be gained from a close study of his newspaper over an eight-year period. Because of the veritable mine of information that is re• vealed in Robson's writings, it has been necessary to limit the topic considerably. No attempt has been made to embrace the multitude of subjects which Robson discussed in his jour• nal. Those selected for consideration are subjects which il• lustrate to advantage Robson's attitude toward the question of developing the colony's resources and his opinions on matters of economic, social, and political importance.- Since this work is concerned only with an appraisal of the editor's atti• tude to these subjects, and since some of them are but minor threads in the fabric of the region?s history, no attempt has been made to trace the history of each topic. An introductory chapter opens the work. In it the geo• graphical environment is discussed, to indicate the importance of geography in the colony's development. This is followed by brief comments upon the character of the men who were drawn to the region during the colonial period, and leads to a section of approximately twenty pages which outlines the history of the colony from 1855, when gold was first found in the region, to 1861, the year of the founding of Robson's newspaper. In the second chapter an attempt has been made to gather together the known facts of Robson's youth and formative years to serve as an introduction to this important personality. Be• cause of the paucity of available material on his early life, the section of Robson is necessarily brief and incomplete. The second part of this chapter is devoted to a brief discussion of Robson's newspaper, to indicate the medium through which the editor presented his views. Embodied in this section is a sketch of the history of the newspaper from 1861 to 1869. In chapter three Robson's attitude toward the development of the colony's resources is discussed. Seven aspects of this topic are considered: immigration, surveying the colony's ii resources, agriculture, land policy, lumbering, fishing, and manufacturing (these three being considered together), mining, and roads. Considerable use was" made of quotations from The British Columbian in this chapter and in chapter four: the latter considers the editor's attitude toward eight other ques• tions of public importance during the colonial period. These include Robson's opinions on an export tax on gold, retrench• ment in government expenditures, a northern route to the interior, the Indian question, education, union of the colonies, Confederation with Canada, and the location of the capital of the united colony. In conclusion, an attempt is made to appraise Robson's writings and to indicate those qualities of this pioneer editor which are revealed in his newspaper. A bibliographical note, in which emphasis is placed upon The British Columbian as the most important source for the thesis, concludes this study of a pioneer British Columbia editor and his newspaper. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter , Page 1. The Environment 1 2. The Man and the Newspaper 34 3. Robson and the Development of the Natural Resources of the Colony 57 4. Robson's Attitude toward Certain Other Public Questions 93 5. An Appraisal of Robson's Writings 136 Bibliographical Note 158 ILLUSTRATIONS Map Showing the Relevant Features of British Columbia 4 John Robson 35 Preface Of the many fields of research open to students of British Columbia history, not the least fascinating is that of the news• papers of the colonial period. Several forceful and dynamic personalities rose to prominence on the journalistic stage during the eighteen-sixties. Of these, possibly the most stri• king was John Robson, editor and publisher of the New Westmin• ster British Columbian. An exhaustive study of this:.important personality would certainly prove a valuable contribution to the region's history Unfortunately this project is not yet possible, for up to the present time there is no evidence that Robson's personal papers have survived. However on the basis of his public writings it is possible to gain some insight into this interesting histori• cal figure. This thesis is an attempt to appraise the importance of John Robson in the development of the colony primarily from a study of his newspaper writings from 1861 to 1869. Such a study has distinct limitations: it is not possible to delineate accurately Robson's personality solely from what is revealed in his newspaper, and one cannot claim to arrive at specific con• clusions without abandoning fundamental principles of histori• cal research. Nevertheless it is hoped that some appreciation of Robson's importance can be gained from a close study of his newspaper over an eight-year period. Because of the veritable mine of information that is re• vealed in Robson's writings, it has been necessary to limit the topic considerably. No attempt has been made to embrace the multitude of subjects which Robson discussed in his jour• nal. Those selected for consideration are subjects which il• lustrate to advantage Robson's attitude toward the question of developing the colony's resources and his opinions on matters of economic, social, and political importance. Since this work is concerned only with an appraisal of the editor's attitude to these subjects, and since some of them are but minor threads in the fabric of the region's history, no attempt has been made to trace the history of each topic. It is hoped that this study will arouse interest in the field of British Columbia's pioneer newspapers and will encou• rage further study of that prominent personality, John Robson. Chapter 1 THE ENVIRONMENT On February 13, 1861, a. little over two years after the colony of British Columbia was founded, the first issue of The British Columbian appeared on the streets of the capital, New Westminster. In the leading editorial John Robson, the editor and publisher, dedicated his newspaper to the conside• ration of problems arising in the colony, promising to air all just grievances and to agitate without fear or favor for their redress. Robson was well suited to the task. Endowed with a keen and active mind, fearless in the promulgation of the truth as he saw it, he guided his newspaper through the forma• tive years of the colony until forces which were beyond his control compelled him to retire from the capital. During the eight years of The British Columbian in New Westminster, John Robson faithfully mirrored the development of the colony. But he went farther: realizing the tremendous potentialities of this frontier region he strove continually and consistently to focus attention on the undeveloped resour• ces of the country. He saw, too, that his dream of a great and prosperous British Columbia could not become a reality un• til the problems that hindered the colony's development were solved. While an estimate of the success of Robson's endeavors to better conditions iii the colony is beyond the scope of this work, a study of his attitude to the problems that beset the pioneers of the community reveal him as a powerful force for good. He was a man of vision: many of the policies he advo• cated have since proved their worth. He was a perpetual op• timist, continually drawing his reader's attention to the great future of the colony once its problems were solved. And he was a persistent agitator for the redress of grievances that he believed stood in the way of future greatness. That he envisaged in broad outline the region's future development is the more remarkable when it is remembered that underlying the immediate problems of the community were geographic and economic problems which were to harass the region throughout its history. The influence of geography on history is particularly evi• dent in any study of the early settlement of British Columbia*! Geographically this area is part of the Cordillera region which stretches along the western border of North America and includes many coastal islands, the most important of which are Vancouver Island and the Queen Charlottes^ Two great barriers bar access to the region, the Rocky Mountains on the east and the Coast Range bordering the Pacific Ocean on the west. Be• tween these mountain ranges lies a plateau ranging in altitude from three thousand to four thousand feet, and broken by lesser mountain ranges and deep river valleys. These valleys form 1. The geographical section of this chapter is based primarily on A. ¥. Currie, Economic Geography of Canada. Toronto, The Macmillan Co., 1945, passim and pp. 245-312. -3- the only natural lines of communication in the region.
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