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This Manuscn'pt Has Been Reproduced from the Microfilm Master. UMI Films the Text Directly Hmthe Original Or Copy Submiiced This manuscn'pt has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly hmthe original or copy submiICed. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while othen may be hmany type of cornputer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignrnent can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Ovenize materials (e-g., rnaps. drawings. charts) are repmduced by secüoning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and cantinuing frorn left to n'ght in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs induded in the original manuscn'pt have bëen reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher qualÏty 6" x 9' black and white photographie prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in mis copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI diredy to order. Bell & Howell Information and Leaming 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 USA MARSHAL N.V. OGARKOV AND THE TRANSFORMATION IN SOVIET MILITARY AFFAIRS BY TIMOTHY S. WADDELL A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Political Studies University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba O January, 1999 National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1*1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. nie Wellington Ottawa ON KI A ON4 Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Canada Canada The author has pnted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence dowing the exclusive permettant a la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or seU reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microfom, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/nlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts hmit Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDlES ***** COPYRIGHT PERMISSION PAGE A ThesidPracticum submitted to the Facalty of Gradaate Stndies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfiUment of the requirernents of the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Permission has been granted to the Library of The University of Manitoba to lend or seii copies of this thesidpracticum, to the National Library of Canada to microfilm this thesis and to lend or sell copies of the film, and to Dissertations Abstracts International to publish an abstract of this thesis/practicum. The author reserves other publication rights, and neither this thesis/practicum nor extensive extracts from it may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the author's written permission, TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT iii I SOVIET MILITARY DOCTRINE: 1917 - 1977 Soviet MiIitary Doctrine Marx and Lenin The influence of Clausewitz Lasting Impressions: The imperid Army Stalin's PermanentIy Operathg Factors Early Formulations The Introduction ofNuclear Weapons: Changes to Doctrine The Second Revolution in Mi1iku-y Mairs Enter Andrei Grechko Circumstances Surrounding the Appointment of Grechko The Return of Conventional Forces Changes to Force Structure Protecting the Military Budget Anns Conîrol htroducing N.V. Ogarkov The Dialectics of Militq Doctrine The Law of Unity and Stmggle of Opposites The Law of Passage fiom Quantitative to Qualitative Change The Law of the Negation of the Negation The Definition of Military Doctrine Soviet Military Science Soviet Military Strategy Theory of Operations The Superiority of Soviet Military Doctrine Circumstances Surrounding the Appointment of Ogarkov Ogarkov on Anns Control and Détente The New Revolution in Soviet Military Affairs Strategic Parity and Military Superiority Lirnited War Changes to Soviet Operations and Force Structure The Rise of Conventional Forces Assessing the Evidence of Change Summary IV - CONCLUSION Ogarkov's Tmsfer to "Other Duties" Closing Observations ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to provide an ove~ewand explanation of Marshal N.V. Ogarkov's interpretation of and contribution to Soviet mi1it;iry doctrine during his tenure as Chief of the General Staff of the Soviet Armed Forces which lasted fiom 1977-1984. Throughout the discussion, emphasis wiIl be placed on substantiating the claim that the sophistication of his ideas and the application of them to the probIems he faced was rare, if not unique, for an oficer of the Soviet Hi& Cornmand. Moreover, an atternpt will be made to demonstrate the influence his ideas carried both within the rnilitary and among members of the political leadership by outlining some of the most significant and far-reaching changes that took place in military doctrine and Soviet force structure during his tenure as Chief of the General Staff. Ogarkov's articulate understanding of the various concepts and tasks at hand and his ability to provide them with theoretical justification will be shown to have been a prirnary factor earning him the title of chief architect of a transformation that was wideiy regarded as a revolution in Soviet military affairs. Ln general, it wiII become clear that Ogarkov's role in shaping doctrine and in bringing about corresponding changes in force structure and planning surpassed those of his predecessors and was unrnatched by his successors. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview and explanation of Marshal N.V. Ogarkov's interpretation of and contribution to Soviet rnilitary doctrine during his tenure as Chief of the General Staff of the Soviet Armed Forces which Iasted fkom 1977-1984. Throughout the discussion, emphasis will be placed on substantiating the claim that the sophistication of his ideas and the application of them to the problems he faced was rare, if not unique, for an offcer of the Soviet High Command. Moreover, an attempt will be made to demonstrate the influence his ideas carried both withh the military and among members of the political leadership by outlining some of the rnost significant and far-reaching changes that took place in military doctrine and Soviet force structure during his tenure as Chief of the General Staff. Ogarkov's articulate understanding of the various concepts and tasks at hand and his ability to provide them with theoretical justification wiIl be show to have been a primary factor earning him the title of chief architect of a transformation that was widely regarded as a revolution in Soviet military &airs. In general, it will become clear that Ogarkov's role in shaping doctrine and in bringing about corresponding changes in force structure and planning surpassed those of his predecessors and was unmatched by his successors. To establish an informed and appropriate setting for the discussion, an overview of the foundations of Soviet military doctrine will be provided. In addition to describing sorne of the basic concepts involved, sorne of the enduring influences on the development of military thought in the Soviet Union leading up to the nuclear era will be identified. The second chapter will begin with an analysis of the arriva1 of nuclear weapons and initial efforts to incorporate them into military doctrine. The discussion will include an explanation of how General Secretary Nikita Khrushchev utilized the emerging Strategic .*. 111 Rocket Forces in a campaign of bluff and deception aimed at the West in an attempt offset reductions in military power he initiated in other areas, notably the army. This will set the stage for the arriva1 of Andrei Antonovich Grechko as Defence Minister in 1967. The discussion of his views and the degrees to which he was able to bring about the changes he advocated will establish a basis for cornparison with those of Marshal Ogarkov as discussed in later clrapters. Of particular interest in this section will be the ways in which Grechko approached relations with his political bosses, how he attempted to influence the military budgeting process, and his perspectives on arms control and détente. Also of interest wiIl be Grecl~ko'sviews on the political and military utility of nuclear weapons, and the impact they had on Soviet force structure and planning. The third and fourth chapters will be most central to the discussion at hand as they deal alrnost exclusively with Ogarkov and an analysis of the concepts and arguments presented in his two books, AZways in Readiness to Defend the Homeland (1982) and Nisfory Teaches Vigilance (1985), as well as those presented in the numerous articles he wrote during his career as a Soviet military officer. The first of these chapters will examine some of the key theoretical questions Ogarkov faced, and how he invoked the teachings of Mmand Lenin in providing answers to them. Specifically, an explanation of how Ogarkov made use of dialectical materialism, and its application to history, historical materialism, in articulating the finer points of Soviet military doctrine will be provided, A review of Ogarkov's definitions of military doctrine, military science, strategy and operational art will follow. The second Ogarkov chapter will begin by describing the circurnstances surrounding Ogarkov's appointment to the position of Chief of the General Staff. Notably, the significance of the political leaderships' decision to break with tradition and appoint a civilian to the position of Minister of Defence and how this affected the role Ogarkov would eventually play within the Soviet military will be exarnined.
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