Joint Crisis Committee

Berkeley Model United Nations Introductory Letter: Hello, delegates! My name is Megan Gramling and I will be your head chair for BMUN LXIX Joint Cabinet Crisis. I am currently a second year at Berkeley, hoping to major in Business or Political Science. I have always had a growing interest in international politics and relations, which was what originally sparked my interest to join MUN. This will be my second year in BMUN and my sixth year in MUN altogether. Outside of BMUN, I hold a position in my sorority, Delta Gamma, and mentor students at a local elementary school through the Sage Mentorship Program. Some of my favorite things to do are travel, go to the beach, and binge watch Criminal Minds. I can’t wait to meet you all in committee! Jin Wei is a junior at UC Berkeley, studying Computer Science and Economics. This is his third year in BMUN and fourth year in MUN. His past chairing experiences include vice-charing UNIDO (66) and head chairing UNEP (67). His hobbies include binging Youtube and cooking new recipes he’s seen from Youtube. Vishnu is a junior at UC Berkeley studying Economics and Business Administration. This is his 3rd year in BMUN and 7th year doing Model UN. Last year he was the head chair for JCC, and previously was a vice chair for JCC. In his free time, Vishnu enjoys playing video games like Super Smash Bros. and Pokemon. Eric is a sophomore studying Computer Science. This is his 5th year of MUN, and he’s incredibly excited to dissect the intricacies of the Cold War Era and potentially blow some things up. Outside of BMUN, Eric is also part of Cal’s ballroom team and an Extended Reality researcher. In his free time, he loves running, board games, and late-night chats. Mathilde is a junior studying EECS. This is her 6th year of MUN and in her free time she enjoys swimming, dancing and exploring the bay, and these days she has also been baking a lot. She is super excited about this committee topic and can’t wait to meet all of you at BMUN LXIX! Vaishik is a freshman studying Molecular and Cell Biology. This is his 4th Year of MUN and he is super excited to be chairing JCC this year! Vaishik enjoys playing volleyball, binging political & Jocelyn is a freshman studying Business Administration and Political Economy. This

BERKELEY MODEL UNITED NATIONS 1 bake, and take naps. She can’t wait to see what happens in committee this year! Milana is a sophomore studying Computer Science. She enjoys playing cards, trying new cafes, and walking around the city. She attended BMUN twice as a delegate and was a vice- chair for CSTD last year. She looks forward to hearing the delegates explore such a fascinating, explosive topic during committee! Alex is a freshman studying Mechanical Engineering. This is his 4th year of MUN and memes. He’s excited for a fun committee full of creative crises and solutions! learned of the Soviet nuclear-armed medium and intermediate range ballistic missiles being installed set in stone, yet all events and decisions starting October 16th, 1962, are up to the delegates. So, history worldwide, whether it be an end to the Cold War or the start of a nuclear war. Prior to the installation of missiles in Cuba, tensions between the two global superpowers had been escalating for decades, arising as World War II came to an end. The end of WWII brought about a divided world based on the ideological systems that the U.S. and U.S.S.R. followed and reached its peak during the Cuban Missile Crisis. This crisis is said to have been one of the tensest periods of the Cold War as it marked the closest point that the world had ever come to a global, nuclear war (Chan, Amy). During this crisis, the fear of a nuclear attack spread worldwide which truly tested the diplomatic capabilities of the United States and Soviet Union governments. Although the central topic for committee is the Cuban Missile Crisis, there are lots of other internal and external challenges that the two countries continued to face during the crisis, ranging from the nuclear arms race to tension in Berlin to the escalation of the Vietnam War. As representatives of your respective cabinets, it is your job to come up with solutions to the missile crisis that will ensure the safety of your citizens and their future, as well as maintain the strength of must also be aware of the problems their nation faces domestically and internationally, from protests BERKELEY MODEL UNITED NATIONS 2 to proxy wars. Throughout committee, delegates will be given the chance to rewrite history, while working in the interest of their character and country. Please note that this topic synopsis contains welcome to read both to further understand the ideas, perspectives, and roles of delegates in the other cabinet.

Megan Grammling

Head Chair, Joint Crisis Committee

BERKELEY MODEL UNITED NATIONS 3 Topic: Cuban Missile Crisis

Historical Background: The Start of the Cold War

Before World War II had even ended, there was already a baseline of tension, rooted in the Soviets’ anger about the Allies’ delayed start to opening a second front against Germany and the United States’ fear of Stalin and his tyrannical government. At the end of World War II, although the divided world which had developed throughout the 20th century. The two contrasting systems of capitalism and communism soon engulfed the world, further increasing tensions that would last for decades. In this growing competition, the Soviet Union began taking over Eastern European countries, some before WWII ended and some after. The Soviets controlled these satellite states, At the same time, the United States jumped at every opportunity to instill democracy in Western the world of the dangerous iron curtain descending through the middle of Europe (“Revelations from

After the war, hostility rose even more when it became clear that the Soviet Union was not Union failed to remove their troops from Iran after six months of armistice in Europe, one of the terms agreed upon at the Tehran Conference (Cleveland). Next, the Soviet Union proved that they BERKELEY MODEL UNITED NATIONS 4 would not uphold the Potsdam Agreement, in which the Allies agreed to treat Germany as an economic unit (Cleveland). The Soviet Union’s negligence of these agreements only ripened the animosity between the two nations. the Greek government appealed for international help, Truman called upon the U.S. congress to allocate funds to assist not just Greece, but Turkey as well (Cleveland). Soon after providing aid to Greece and Turkey, it became apparent to the United States that other European countries were in dire need of assistance in restoring their industries, infrastructure, and economies. In 1948, the Marshall Plan was passed, guaranteeing U.S. aid to European countries, including those in Eastern controlling Eastern Europe. By managing the satellite states of Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union not strengthening of capitalism across Western Europe. Both countries felt overwhelmingly threatened by the other’s expansionist and interventionist policies, essentially leading to the creation of NATO and the Warsaw Pact (Cleveland). These treaties shared similar terms in which the signatories formed an alliance, guaranteeing collective security to all countries who signed on. As World War II came to an end, a mutual distrust and hostility sparked across the United States and Soviet Union, ultimately leading to the competition and tension which shaped the Cold War (Cleveland).

Nuclear Arms Race

In order to maintain their position as a global superpower after World War II, the Soviet Union needed to construct a similar or more powerful weapon than the U.S. made atomic bombs. As a new enemy of the United States., the Soviet Union was extremely threatened by the United States possession of bombs which could obliterate a city in seconds. So, after the explosion of the bombs on Japan, the Soviet Union worked to develop their own form of an atomic bomb (Thee, 19). Due to the competitive environment between the superpowers, both countries formed BERKELEY MODEL UNITED NATIONS 5 Just four years after the U.S. dropped the atomic bombs on Japan, the Soviet Union successfully accelerated to have the biggest and strongest weapon. The next generation of nuclear weapons developed were the thermonuclear bombs. These hydrogen bombs had the potential of being 1,000 times more powerful than the atomic bomb, meaning a bigger blast, shock wave, heat, and radiation (Chan, Melissa). As each nation further developed their nuclear arms program, the explosive yields of each bomb grew exponentially, expanding the threat and fear of a nuclear war which could destroy humanity and Earth (Thee, 19).

Both countries were consistently competing to produce the stronger bomb to deter the other from attacking and the threat of these attacks changed the way of life for both Americans and Soviets. Bomb shelters were being built across cities, leaders were recommending constructing a bomb shelter in your own home, and public places would often practice nuclear attack drills (“Threat of Americans and Soviets alike.

Case Study 1: Mutual Assured Destruction

After World War II, the United States continued to produce nuclear weapons. The goal was to provide a deterrence - no foreign nation would dare cross the United States and risk facing its nuclear arsenal (Wilde). Between 1953 and 1961, the number of weapons increased from 1,000 to BERKELEY MODEL UNITED NATIONS 6 18, 000 (Wilde). Nonetheless, the Soviet Union began to increase their own stockpile, and soon possibility. If either country attacked the other, they could be sure that their opponent would mount an equally devastating counter strike. Thus, the two powers reached an equilibrium point where

In 1962, game theorist and member of the Atomic Energy Commission in the United States (Wilde). Soon after, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamera described the term in his speech to Destruction, or MAD, was commonly referenced as the primary deterrent to nuclear attacks for both the US and the USSR. In fact, it became so widely agreed upon as the best strategy that the USSR and the US agreed to reduce the development of missile defense systems so that they would both stay vulnerable and maintain the deterrence equilibrium that MAD provided (Wilde). Today, this equilibrium is used as a classic example of game theory. Consider a situation in which we have Country A and its military opponent Country B. Ordered from most favorable to least

1) Country A has nuclear missiles, and Country B does not. This creates a power imbalance favoring Country A. 2) Neither Country A nor Country B has nuclear missiles. There is no power imbalance, BERKELEY MODEL UNITED NATIONS 7 and neither country is spending the resources to build their arsenal. 3) Country A and Country both have nuclear missiles. There is no power imbalance but both countries are spending resources on the production of missiles. 4) Country B has nuclear missiles and Country A does not. This creates a power imbalance favoring Country B. If these scenarios were ranked in terms of favorability for Country B, scenario 1 and scenario that even though scenario 2 is most favorable for both parties, they will inevitably reach equilibrium at scenario 3 because they can not risk their respective scenario 4s - not producing weapons when their opponent could. Here, we can see that even though MAD is effective at preventing a power imbalance that would lead to war, it is fundamentally illogical. ability to ensure trust and cooperation in the international community. The Cuban Missile Crisis arose largely due to the perceived need to increase missile presence near the United States in order to maintain power equilibrium. The Crisis’s eventual resolution (in history, though perhaps not in our committee) happened because of threats that the US hoped never to act upon (Wilde). Mutually Assured Destruction was a drain on the resources of both the US and the USSR. Moreover, considering that MAD relied solely on fear based logic and mostly empty threats, its overall effectiveness is impressive (Wilde).

Interventionist Policies

As the Iron Curtain, a hypothetical barrier dividing Western Europe and Eastern Europe, powerful worldwide. They began intervening in vulnerable third world countries to establish their title as a global power and to spread their ideologies worldwide. Each country felt threatened by both the power and the ideologies of the other. Very quickly after World War II ended, the U.S. adopted a new defense in protecting their democracy from Soviet communism; containment (Truman). Therefore, the U.S. took it upon themselves to bring their version of freedom and democracy to the world. In one of President Truman’s speeches to congress, he argued that Greece was threatened by Communist terrorists and called upon Congress to provide funds and aid BERKELEY MODEL UNITED NATIONS 8 immediately. Truman proclaimed that “no other nation is willing and able to provide the necessary support for a democratic claiming that bringing democracy to nations worldwide will foster international peace and preserve the security of the United States (Truman). On the other hand, the U.S.S.R. worked to spread communist ideals across Europe and he avoided most intervention in democratic Western European nations. However, this theory did not prevent the Soviet Union from intervening in other nations, whether it be elections in Eastern Both nations took it upon themselves to ensure that other nations didn’t fall at the feet of their opposing superpower. The U.S. and U.S.S.R. took extreme measures to protect their nations ideologies and security. President Truman claimed that the free people of the world looked towards the United States for assistance in maintaining their freedom (Truman). And, as the U.S. believed that spreading capitalism and providing aid to nations in need would secure their peace and safety, the could provide aid to new countries, such as India, then the Soviet Union could “foster state-operated industry as well as obtain control of the new country’s foreign trade and thereby impel that country One example which proves that the superpowers would take all measures to contain their Cold War, the U.S. and Soviet Union intervened in many different countries across the world, whether it be directly, by sending troops to war, or indirectly, through providing weapons or economic aid.

BERKELEY MODEL UNITED NATIONS 9 Space Race

When WWII ended, the USSR emphasized the importance of the production of rockets and it very quickly became their most important military asset. The Soviet Union pursued their goals to NASA, a merely civilian enterprise (Sagdeev). As a result of the constant competition between the superpowers were competing for. Once the Soviets successfully launched Sputnik, fear spread across America that they were failing in the race to develop new technologies. In return, U.S. policymakers accelerated the U.S. space and weapons programs to catch up to their enemy by increasing funding and resources for the Soviet Union’s superiority in technology and weapons, causing the U.S. to attempt to counter States fell behind in the race yet again and felt the urgency to send an American into space. Both the U.S. and U.S.S.R. worked endlessly to enhance their space programs and capabilities, so they could take the title of the superior country for every aspect of life.

Key Actors: Nikita Khrushchev

peaceful coexistence with the West, he hoped that it would foster peaceful competition, “for the

BERKELEY MODEL UNITED NATIONS 10 competition instead of a constant threat of war, even if the other nations followed an ideology other U.S. President in an attempt to de-escalate tensions. Although none of these conventions were completely successful in generating peace, disarming their nuclear stockpiles, or reuniting Germany, policies was De-Stalinization; the process of reforming the Soviet Union to remove some of Stalin’s as oprichnina, a system which inspired terror, used torture, and spied on all citizens (Tucker, 559). stance on Stalin initiated a common hostility between many Soviet leaders that eventually led to his downfall as Soviet Premier.

John F. Kennedy

constantly critiqued the Eisenhower administration for allowing a communist, pro-Soviet government to be a threat to America and its security. Then, in his inauguration speech, he pledged that the United States would pay any price to protect the liberty of the U.S. and all their allies (“Inaugural was threatened by the Soviet Union, as well as communism, and would do anything to protect the BERKELEY MODEL UNITED NATIONS 11 Union’s growing nuclear stockpile and therefore increased the United States’ amount of arsenal in and approved of the operation, under the one condition that the CIA disguised America’s considering the impact of international law, and relying on his trusted, self-picked advisors instead of time on expanding the U.S. nuclear and space programs, by requesting Congress to fund NASA with administration policies were centralized around increasing United States programs to compete with

Cuban Involvement in the Cold War: The Cuban Revolution

a dictator backed by the United States. Batista originally came to power in 1933 and retired from his leadership position by 1944. However, during the elections of 1952, Batista seized power of the Cuban government through a coup. The United States began assisting the Cuban government through the Bureau for the Repression of Communist Activities in 1955 (Editors of Encyclopaedia

Britannica). Essentially, the U.S. was taking action in Cuba to prevent communism from spreading to this neighboring island. “Batista’s government was described as a ‘reactionary dictator- ship’ set up and maintained by American monopolies. The only interest that these monopolies had in Cuba was the maintenance of the island’s economic and political dependence upon themselves and the United group of revolutionaries, attacked the Army Barracks in Santiago, which failed and led to his arrest.

BERKELEY MODEL UNITED NATIONS 12 The revolution started once Castro landed in Cuba. At his base, Castro led and prepped soldiers for guerilla warfare. To start the revolution, there was an unsuccessful attack on the caused Batista to immediately suspend constitutional freedoms including freedom of assembly and freedom of expression across Cuba. With Batista’s increase in corruption and brutality, the U.S. slowly stopped supporting Batista’s regime and support for Castro’s revolution grew. in Hanavan on January 8th, when a provisional government was formed with Castro as prime minister. Castro very quickly nationalized Cuban companies, cutting all their ties with American friendly with Cuba, their relations took a quick downfall. “By the election of 1960, however, the White House had come to regard Castro as the most dangerous revolutionary in the Third World and

Case Study 2: Bay of Pigs Invasion

The Bay of Pigs program began almost 2 years before the invasion actually took place. In March 1960, with President Eisenhower’s approval, the CIA began establishing training camps in BERKELEY MODEL UNITED NATIONS 13 Guatemala for the purpose of guerilla warfare and assault landing. José Miró Cardona was the leader of the anti-Castro Cuban exiles in the United States. Although the United States tried to keep this operation secret, Cuban exiles in Miami learned of this and next, Castro himself with Cuban intelligence was able to learn about the plan as early as October of that year. At the beginning of The Americans wanted to use a main invading force composed of paratroopers and air strikes. The airstrikes were to take out Cuban air bases using obsolete World War II B-26 bombers. They were painted to resemble Cuban air force planes. Next a 1,400 strong invasion force would launch a surprise attack in the night. These forces were to land on the west and east coast of Cuba at the same time to confuse the Cuban forces. In the meantime, the United Revolutionary front would be Bay of Pigs). The whole plan rested on whether or not the Cuban population would join the invasion force. Without them, the plan could not succeed. The beginning of the invasion, marked with airstrikes already did not bode well for the United States. Photos of the repainted B-26 bombers were widely circulated and implicated the United States in pushing and supporting this invasion. As a result, the second air strike was cancelled by landed at the Bay of Pigs, but were met with the Cuban air force. The Cuban forces were able to sink two escort ships and destroy half the exile air support. This coupled with poor weather spelled doom for the ground force. They were now trying to make this happen with soggy equipment and inadequate ammunition (The Bay of Pigs).

BERKELEY MODEL UNITED NATIONS 14 A counter attack was launched by Castro the next day composed of 20,000 troops towards late, mainly attributed to the time zone change from Nicaragua and Cuba. This plan was called There were 1,200 members of the brigade that surrendered and over 100 that were killed. administration became increasingly aggressive in their plans against Cuba, promising the anti-Cuban take advantage of the Cuban support of them. They now saw Cuba to be as valuable as West Berlin

negligible. The difference was 20 minutes between weapons deployed from Cuba, and elsewhere in the hemisphere from landing in the United States. The true purpose of putting the weapons in never experienced having a potential threat close to their borders as all adversaries were separated by oceans. The purpose of having missiles in Cuba following the invasion was to turn the American public against the idea of aggressing against the Soviets, and to never invade Cuba again (LaGrone).

BERKELEY MODEL UNITED NATIONS 15 U.S. Cabinet Specific Domestic Challenges:

Although much of this committee will be focused on the United States interactions with the Soviet Union, it is important to consider the domestic effects of every directives actions. During the Cold War, each country had their own national problems to solve, as well as competing with their involvement in the war in 1961, feelings of objection and dissent spread (Wolfe). Escalating U.S. involvement within the Vietnam War led many American citizens to distrust the government and protest for peace. Another domestic challenge faced by the United States was the constant fear of communist many Americans feared that communism was spreading quickly worldwide. Because of this communists. The hysteria didn’t just take over the federal government, but many state governments followed in forming committees similar to the House of UnAmerican Activities Committee (“Second Another challenge the U.S. faced in the 1960’s was that segregation was still very prevalent, mostly in the South, and many African Americans were still restricted from voting. Even after the Civil Rights Act of 1957, which allowed federal persecution towards anyone who tried to prevent people Riders. It became obvious that Southern states were not upholding anti-segregation laws so it is up were facing a variety of nationwide challenges, besides competing with the USSR in the Cold War and the Cuban Missile Crisis.

BERKELEY MODEL UNITED NATIONS 16 World Relations: U.S. Relations with the Soviet Union

During the Cold War, the United States adopted a strategy of containment; preventing communism from spreading beyond its current scope. After considering the possible effects of the domino theory, where if one country falls to communism, it’s neighbors will soon follow, the United States started focusing on containing communism to the few states where it existed (“Ideological Every time the Soviet Union expanded their military, tested weapons, or made advancements in technology, the U.S. would try to do the same. In order to know what advancements the Soviet Union was making, the U.S. had to utilize spies. Starting in 1956, Eisenhower approved for secret information, they were able to determine that the U.S. still had superiority in the missile department. enemy. However, in 1960, the USSR shot down one of the U-2 spy planes, successfully captured the U.S. tried to cover up that he was a spy or even from the United States, just further angering trying to heal. in Berlin, yet again. While there, the two also discussed the situation in Laos as well as possible disarmament. Although the leaders attempted to make positive strides in the relationship between their countries, they failed to produce an agreement solving any of these issues. One of the biggest

BERKELEY MODEL UNITED NATIONS 17 15,000 reservists while notifying Americans of a possible attack (Carter). During this fearful time, both nations dramatically increased their defense expenditures and many East Germans were successful for the hostile relations between the U.S. and U.S.S.R. It is obvious that the two nations were not on good terms during the time leading up to the Cuban Missile Crisis. Although there had been many attempts to create peace in Germany and disarm both countries’ nuclear forces, nothing has succeeded up to this moment.

U.S. Relations with Cuba

Shortly after Castro’s campaign in December 1958 that seized control from the US-backed cautious optimism. The government hoped that past economic, cultural, and political relations can be used to leverage a dependable ally in reformed Cuba. However, over the next two years, Castro began to nationalize American businesses in Cuba, which led to the loss of millions of American relations with the Soviet Union. As a result of these actions, many anti-Castro Cubans began arriving in the US. By 1960, the Eisenhower administration viewed Castro as a dangerous communist threat and began their plans for the Bay of Pigs invasion. The US government also began to slow trade and impose trade restrictions through the creation of a trade embargo that prohibited the export of American goods to Cuba except for food and medicine. By October 1960, Cuba strengthened its trade ties with the USSR and, in reaction, the US cut all diplomatic ties with Cuba, removing its threat. In April 1961, the US government launched the Bay of Pigs invasion which ended in US defeat. As a result of the Bay of Pigs invasion, relations between the US and Cuba were permanently BERKELEY MODEL UNITED NATIONS 18 This operation’s goal was “to bring about the revolt of the Cuban people [that] will overthrow the included the planned assassinations of important Cuban politicians (Bohning). Leading up to the Cuban Missile Crisis, tensions between the countries were high. There were essentially no diplomatic relations between the countries. By 1962, the previous trade embargo heightened to include almost all exports, damaging the Cuban economy as retaliation to Castro’s nationalization of private American businesses. The US hoped to topple the Castro government through the new Operation Mongoose which grew out of a failed Bay of Pigs invasion.

Questions to Consider:

1. 2. 3. How should the US balance the act of being the world’s superpower while not escalating 4.

Character Bios:

Lyndon Johnson (Vice President): the House of Representatives for six terms, followed by two terms in the Senate. While serving in the

Senate, Johnson embraced the containment theory in Vietnam and crafted two civil rights measures.

BERKELEY MODEL UNITED NATIONS 19

Dean Rusk (Secretary of State): with the Soviet Union, emphasizing civility and communication, and took a diplomatic standpoint while trying to diffuse the Cuban Missile Crisis. When it comes to foreign policy, Rusk believed the U.S. should provide emerging nations with humanitarian aid to lead them to democracy quicker

C. Douglass Dillon (Secretary of Treasure): At the start of the crisis, Dillon favored a military strike. However, as debates among the Executive Committee of the National Security Council (EXCOMM) continued, Dillon ultimately changed his opinion to support a blockade, refuse negotiations, and threaten military action. As a Republican Secretary of Treasure serving a liberal President, Dillon was constantly working to improve the U.S. economy in a more conservative manner, from encouraging

Robert McNamara (Secretary of Defense): A former business executive and current Secretary of Defense, McNamara supported diplomatic actions as an approach to the crisis, fearful that a military Robert Kennedy (Attorney General): been preparing attacks and situations to destabilize Castro and his government. With that idea

John McCone (Director of Central Intelligence): CIA Director McCone foresaw the Soviet development of missiles and ordered the spy planes which discovered them. He had a strong belief warning period to remove the missiles. McCone did not think a blockade would be effective because

BERKELEY MODEL UNITED NATIONS 20 General Maxwell Taylor (Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff): Appointed just two weeks before the crisis, Taylor believed the best solution would be to launch airstrikes against Cuba, quarantine

Llewellyn Thompson (Ambassador at Large): Cuba instead of any form of invasion or airstrike. Thompson believed that the Soviet Union placed

Theodore Sorensen (Special Counsel): Soviet Union. Therefore, he favored the naval blockade of Cuba to open the doors of negotiation

McGeorge Bundy (Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs): Bundy was

George Ball (Under Secretary of State): George Ball compared an invasion or attack on Cuba with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Ball thought that an attack on the new missiles in Cuba

Roswell Gilpatric (Deputy Secretary of Defense): Gilpatric became politically involved with Cuba after the Bay of Pigs when he was added to the Special Group, tasked with forming strategies to eliminate Castro and his government. Gilpatric was very close with McNamara and supported his

Paul Nitze (Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs): Nitze was one of the hawkish members of EXCOMM, calling for an immediate airstrike due to the missiles dramatically BERKELEY MODEL UNITED NATIONS 21 altering the nuclear balance between the U.S. and Soviet Union. During his time in the political realm, Nitze constantly called for a buildup of military spending in the U.S. to prevent the Soviet

George Anderson (Chief of Naval Operations): Chief Anderson thought the best solution to the crisis was to confront Cuba with a military invasion which would have eliminated both the missiles and the communist Cuban government. Anderson did not believe, as many did in the EXCOMM meetings, that the Soviets would get involved in a nuclear war over this situation (“Admiral George

Adlai Stevenson II (US ambassador to UN): Once the missiles were discovered, Stevenson confronted the Soviet ambassador to the UN in an emergency Security Council meeting, demanding

Edwin Martin (Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs): In his position, Martin of American States to gain their support.

Curtis LeMay (Chief of Staff of U.S. Airforce): LeMay strongly favored an airstrike or invasion on Cuba, believing that just a simple blockade would be too weak. LeMay also suspected that if the

Dean Acheson (Advisor to Kennedy): Although Acheson no longer held a government position believed the best approach to the crisis was to launch narrow airstrikes, solely aiming for the missile

BERKELEY MODEL UNITED NATIONS 22 Charles Bohlen (Ambassador to France): ambassador to the Soviet Union, Bohlen believed that even though diplomacy might not be effective to solve the crisis, it was worth a shot. Bohlen encouraged a diplomatic conversation with

Pierre Salinger (White House Press Secretary): During the crisis, Salinger was tasked with reporting eventually about the Soviet missiles stationed in Cuba (Glass, Andrew, and Josh Gerstein).

Walt Rostow (Chairman of the Policy Planning Council): Rostow did not support taking direct military action in Cuba but instead favored a blockade of simply petroleum, oil, and lubricants which

Ray Cline (CIA Deputy Director of Intelligence): Ray Cline strongly believed in a surgical strike on cuba. Cline thought that if the U.S did not take strong measures, the Soviet Union would

William C Foster (Director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency): negotiate agreements with the Soviet Union to stop the proliferation of nuclear weapons, as well as the tensions between the two superpowers through decreasing nuclear stockpiles (Smith).

Roger Hilsman (Director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research): Throughout the crisis, Hilsman participated in the deliberations of the U.S. Intelligence board and also worked with often relaying messages from the Soviet Premier to the U.S. President (“Interview with Roger Joseph Carroll (DIA Director): places in Cuba where his analysts believed the missiles to be. Carroll was then ordered to collect

BERKELEY MODEL UNITED NATIONS 23 as much intelligence as possible about the Soviet buildup in Cuba (“DIA’s Role during the Cuban

U.S.S.R. Cabinet Specific Domestic Challenges:

Although much of this committee will be focused on the Soviet Union’s interactions with the United States, it is important to consider the domestic effects of every directives actions. During the Cold War, each country had their own national problems to solve, as well as competing with the 1950’s-1960’s, was the major transition of powers from Stalin and his dictatorship, to choosing which caused him to make enemies within the government. The implementation of De-Stalinization Stalinization process, they had to address revolutions in satellite states. After the death of Stalin, East Germany demanded they be ruled democratically. Being able to see West Germany ruled in a democratic, free manner, East Germany hoped to receive the same treatment. Similarly, Hungary had a nationwide revolt in 1956 due to the brutality of their leader. Their dictator was chosen by Stalin a month of becoming the new Hunrarian leader, Nagy declared his nation neutral and appealed to the United Nations to receive support. However, Western powers were too timid to intervene and within three days, the Soviet Union invaded and stopped the rebellion. Each Eastern European satellite country presented new and unique challenges to the Soviet government and structure (“The

BERKELEY MODEL UNITED NATIONS 24 domestic challenges, whether satellite countries are granted their own autonomy or held under Soviet control.

World Relations: U.S.S.R. Relations with the U.S.

while serving as Premier of the Soviet Union and once said, “Communism will win in the whole world. ... Your people in the U.S. are cultured people, so you know that all kinds of changes take Soviets believed the spread of communism to be a natural occurrence that was bound to happen, Union was against using military force to bring communism or socialism into a country (“The America. However, his hopes for peaceful coexistence didn’t last too long, especially after noticing

over head. Once successful in shooting down a US spy plane and capturing the pilot in 1961, the When confronted with the details of the captured spy plane, President Eisenhower blatantly lied

BERKELEY MODEL UNITED NATIONS 25 trying to mend. in Berlin, yet again. While there, the two also discussed the situation in Laos as well as possible disarmament. Although the leaders attempted to make positive strides in the relationship between their countries, they failed to arrive at an agreement that could solve any of these issues (United States Relations with Russia). was only worsening (United States Relations with Russia). Just a month after the Vienna Meeting, changes to Berlin’s status and hence, activated 15,000 reservists while notifying American’s of a possible attack (Carter). During this fearful time, both nations dramatically increased their defense U.S. and U.S.S.R. (Carter). It is obvious that the two nations were not on good terms during the time leading up to the Cuban Missile Crisis. Although there had been many attempts to create peace in Germany and disarm both countries’ nuclear forces, nothing has succeeded up to this moment.

U.S.S.R. Relations with Cuba

U.S.S.R. relations with Cuba began with Castro overthrowing the Batista government in 1959, relations were primarily driven by economic ties, beginning with the critical trade of Cuban sugar. The U.S., alarmed that Batista was disposed of, cut the Cuban Sugar Quota in 1960. As a result, the U.S.S.R. stepped in and took over their share of the sugar exports (Walters, 76). In total, the Socialist camp as a whole imported 4 million tons of sugar a year (Walters, 75). However, it is worth noting that the U.S.S.R. possibly paid below market prices for the sugar imports compared to the U.S. paying above market prices prior to 1960 (Perez-Lopez, 127). In addition to the sugar imports, economic development loans were generously doled out to Cuba. A total of “$100m. which could BERKELEY MODEL UNITED NATIONS 26 differences in political ideology, creating tensions that will be critical in the Cuban Missile Crisis. Che Guevara, Cuba’s leading communist revolutionary was not pleased to be merely a client state of the U.S.S.R. He saw that Cuba was being used as pawns in a game between world superpowers, voiceless in decisions such as the removal of nuclear missiles following CMC (Sinclair). Likewise, the U.S.S.R. did not trust Cuban operatives, especially their proximity to the United States posed a large security threat. As a member of the Soviet bloc, Cuba forced the Soviets to defend her. “Cuba, after 1961, became for the Soviet Union the same as West Berlin to the United will not be treated as a superpower. The United States was ready to use nuclear weapons to defend Luckily for the U.S.S.R., having access to Cuba enables short ranged attacks upon the U.S. mainland, leading to a range of military strategies that can be deployed. Crucially, the U.S.S.R. did not have a lot of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), making ranged attacks from Europe into only 20 (Tompson, 250). However, the U.S.S.R. was able to bring in hundreds of nuclear warheads into Cuba, greatly broadening the options of nuclear attack (Matthews). However, placing weapons in Cuba was not without its fair share of struggles. While Cuba was initially reluctant to install U.S.S.R. missiles and become caught in the midst of a global struggle, once the missiles were installed, it became apparent that Cuba was willing to take a far more to do a pre-emptive strike against the US mainland with nuclear weapons. In contrast the USSR deployed missiles as a reactionary measure to US Jupiter missiles in Turkey and Italy. Moscow only authorized Soviet forces in Cuba to use non atomic ammunition at their disposal. The usage and possession of nuclear warheads would prove to be a point of great contention before, during, and after the Cuban Missile Crisis as we know it (Matthews).

BERKELEY MODEL UNITED NATIONS 27 Questions to Consider:

1. How do other governments in South America or the Caribbean have the potential to help or

2. How do U.S.S.R. interests in Europe (namely Berlin) impact the negotiations that are primarily militaristic, it is important to consider the diplomatic effects of military assets and interpersonal relations of world leaders.

3. particular, historically Cuba was cut out of the negotiations and decision making process in a

4. How can the result of this crisis, whatever it may be, be used as an opportunity to unify and strengthen pride within the general population of the Soviet Union (and or Cuba depending

Character Bios:

Anastas Mikoyan (Khrucshchev’s Advisor and First Deputy Premier): decided to send missiles to Cuba, Mikoyan opposed the idea and disliked providing Cuba with such strong weapons. Mikoyan continued to believe that the missiles were sent to Cuba solely for Cuban

Alexei Kosygin (Minister of Foreign Affairs): often supported ameliorating relations with the West, especially the U.S. (“Aleksey Nikolayevich

Aleksandr Alexeev (Russian Ambassador to Cuba): As ambassador to Cuba, Alexeev fully supported the arrival of missiles in Cuba in order to protect the Cuban revolution. Being one of the grow into a Soviet-supported, communist nation. Seeing the potential Cuba had, Alexeev promoted the Cuban Revolution to the Soviet leaders, but also recognized that defending Cuba was not worth

BERKELEY MODEL UNITED NATIONS 28 Leonid Brezhnev (Chairman of the Presidium) held the position of President, just without the power. Throughout his political career leading up to

Rodion Malinovsky (Defense Minister): these forces. Malinovsky worked to balance the development of the Armed forces alongside the Throughout his term as Defense Minister and even the Carribean Crisis, Malinovsky did not believe that a global war could be won through the utilization of nuclear weapons, but instead thought that

Valerian Zorin (Soviet Delegate to UN): During the crisis, Zorin represented the Soviet Union as their delegate to the UN Security Council. With this, if the Security Council calls an emergency meeting during the crisis, Zorin must represent the Soviet Union and their wishes within the committee. He is tasked with explaining the actions and interests of the USSR to other nations. However, since both the U.S. and U.S.S.R. have veto power in this committee, decisions made within

Vladimir Semichastny (KGB Chief): the chiefs before him by supporting national liberation revolutions on a global scale, suppressing nationalism in the Soviet Union, and developing the security and intelligence services in satellite

Issa Pliyev (Army General): In early 1962, Pliyev gained the title of Army General, with one of operating in Cuba, commanding a group of Soviet forces as part of the operation. Pliyev had control over the missiles in Cuba and was given the order to not launch the missiles without authorization

Vasily Kuznetsov (First Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs):

Nikolai Podgorny (First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine):

BERKELEY MODEL UNITED NATIONS 29 Podgorny was constantly involved in a power struggle with Leonid Brezhnev. Podgorny was known, however, to always be skeptical of the Soviet Union forming a diplomatic relationship with the U.S.

Nikolay Shvernik (Chairman of the Central Control Commission): one of the few leaders not concerned with politically advancing himself due to his old age and his previous, powerful positions under Stalin’s regime. While working for Stalin, Shvernik gained the title

Andrei Gromyko (Soviet Foreign Minister): Gromyko was recognized by the international to the United Nations. He served as a communicating point between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, working with Presidents ranging from Roosevelt to Reagan. Gromyko was a very skilled diplomat and

Anatoly Dobrynin (Ambassador to the US): Dobrynin became ambassador to the United States just months before the crisis commenced, yet American leaders could already recognize his tough yet

Frol Kozlov (Presidium Member):

Vasily Garbuzov (Minister of Finance): status. He oversees all forms of foreign trade and investment, including those from satellite states, and controls the nation’s funds with little supervision (James).

Alexander Shelepin (Chairman of the Committee of Party and State Control): Shelepin is a very intelligence. Shelepin also took initiative by supporting left-wing nationalist movements worldwide

Andrei Grechko (Marshal of the Soviet Union): Grechko has always been known to encourage

BERKELEY MODEL UNITED NATIONS 30 growth and strength in the Soviet’s military. Not only was he Marshal of the Soviet Union, but Grechko also served as the Commander in Chief of Warsaw Pact forces. It is Grechko’s duty to prepare the forces of the communist bloc for any war coming their way (“Andrey Antonovich

Mikhail Suslov (Member of the Presidium): After rising to power during the Stalin Regime, Suslov into the Soviet Union. While not wanting to further improve relationships with the West, Suslov also strongly advocates liberation movements in third world countries yet criticizes the communist

Sergie Korolev (Chief Designer of Soviet Space Program):

Dmitry Ustinov (Chairman of the Military-Industrial Commission): Dmitry was well-known to make independent decisions, therefore, he was placed in charge of all defense production activities. During World War II, Ustinov relocated the Soviet’s key industries as the Nazis advanced into the Ustinov was very competitive with the United States and tried to prepare the Soviet space program to always be ahead (Pike).

Nikolai Patolichev (Minister of Foreign Trade): responsible for formulating import and export plans for the Union. However, the Soviet Union conducts the majority of their trade within the Eastern European bloc, trading mostly with communist countries. Patolichev has the opportunity to negotiate and sign commercial contracts on behalf of

Giorgi Abashvili (Soviet Naval Commander): As a naval commander, Abashvili was the leader of the surface combatants, coastal defense regiments, and approximately 6,000 Soviet personnel. Abashvili is tasked with safely and successfully navigating these components to Cuba, without the West learning about the objects aboard the ships (Polmar).

BERKELEY MODEL UNITED NATIONS 31 Raul Castro (Cuba’s Chief of Armed Forces): After essentially initiating and institutionalizing the communist party in Cuba alongside his brother, Castro remained dedicated to Cuba and it’s new contract to move and build Soviet missiles on the island. Raul had previously convinced his brother that the USSR’s support was absolutely vital to the success of Cuba.

Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado (Cuban President): Once Castro’s revolution succeeded, Torrado assisted in drafting the majority of the revolutionary legislation, including the Cuban Constitution and reform acts. While being extremely intelligent and well-versed in legislation, Torrado wielded lots of

Che Guevara (Cuban Leader) opposing all forms of imperialism, neocolonialism, and U.S. foreign policy. Guevara formed a strong image of Cuba becoming a successful, independent, socialist nation, but his image slowly faded as the small island soon became a client of the Soviet Union. At the start of the crisis, Guevara believed

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