Situation Overview: Greater , January - March 2018

Map 2: REACH assessment coverage of the Greater Equatoria region, January (A), February (B) of the situation in a hard-to-reach settlement. REACH Area of Knowledge (AoK) settlement coverage - February 2018 Introduction REACH Area of Knowledge (AoK) settlement coverage - January 2018 1 and March 2018 (C) 1 Legend Legend 0 - 4.9% From January to March 2018, REACH 0 - 4.9% 5 - 10% Following the outbreak of violence in in (A) 5 - 10% (B) July 2016, the conflict in South Sudan expanded interviewed 900 KIs that had knowledge about to previously peaceful areas, including the 400 different settlements: 214 settlements in all six counties of State, Greater Equatoria region (Central, Eastern, 71 settlements in five out of eight counties of REACH Area of Knowledge (AoK) settlement coverage - March 2018 and Western Equatoria states). Many areas 1 Legend Eastern Equatoria State and 115 settlements 0 - 4.9% in the Greater Equatoria region are largely 5 - 10% in six out of ten counties of Western Equatoria (C) Map based on Longitude (generated) and Latitude (generated) and Latitude (generated). For pane Latitude (generated): Color shows details about A.Indicator color (coverage). Details are shown for County and Month Month. For pane Latitude inaccessible to humanitarian actors due to (generated) (2): Size shows Settlement Size (Parameters). Details are shown for Namecounty. The data is filtered on Month Month and State Label. The Month Month filter keeps February 2018. The State Label filter keeps Central Equatoria, Eastern Map based on Longitude (generated) and Latitude (generated) and Latitude (generated). For pane Latitude (generated): Color shows details about A.Indicator color (coverage). Details are shown for County and Month Month. For pane Latitude Equatoria and Western Equatoria. The view is filtered on Latitude (generated), which keeps non-Null values only. (generated) (2): Size shows Settlement Size (Parameters). Details are shown for Namecounty. The data is filtered on Month Month and State Label. The Month Month filter keeps January 2018. The State Label filter keeps Central Equatoria, Eastern State (Map 2). Findings were triangulated with 4 Equatoria and Western Equatoria. The view is filtered on Latitude (generated), which keeps non-Null values only. insecurity. As a result, only limited information is 0 44 21 0 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) conducted in 4 10 1 100 available on the humanitarian situation outside Kapoeta Town with internally displaced persons of a few large towns and displacement sites. (IDPs) from Budi County, and secondary data, 11 20 ee ettleent In order to fill these information gaps and including other assessments conducted by

Map based on Longitude (generated) and Latitude (generated) and Latitude (generated). For pane Latitude (generated): Color shows details about A.Indicator color (coverage). Details are shown for County and Month Month. For pane Latitude REACH in the Greater Equatoria region over communities across the Greater Equatoria(genera ted) (2): Size shofows Settle mensouthernt Size (Parameters). Details are shown for Nam ecoCentralunty. The data is filtered on Month Mon th aEquatoriand State Label. The Month Month filter keeps March 201State8. The State Label filter keep s Ce(Morobo,ntral Equatoria, Eastern facilitate humanitarian programming, REACH Equatoria and Western Equatoria. The view is filtered on Latitude (generated), which keeps non-Null values only. began collecting monthly data on hard-to- the reporting period. Primary data collection region from January to March 2018. The Yei, Lainya and Kajo-Keji Counties), in Mundri reach areas in the Greater Equatoria region was complemented by consultations with following analysis will summarize trends for the East County (Western Equatoria State) and fro January 2017 through interviews with Key humanitarian partners based in Yambio and Greater Equatoria region as well as analyse in Kapoeta South County (Eastern Equatoria 1 Informants (KIs). Between January and March Kapoeta towns. the three states separately. State). 2018, data was collected through phone call This Situation Overview provides a summary Population Movement and Due to the combination of relative safety interviews with KIs residing across the Greater of displacement trends in addition to access to around main towns and the beginning of the Equatoria region and who had direct knowledge food and basic services for both IDPs and host Displacement cultivation season in the Greenbelt area of Map 1: Counties in the Greater Equatoria Region, March 2018 Following episodes of heavy armed clashes South Sudan, some of those displaced by and large scale displacement at the end of conflict which began in July 2016 started Nagero Tambura 2017, lower intensity fighting continued to take returning from their displacement areas

Mvolo place in the first quarter of 2018. While security outside and within South Sudan, mostly to

Terekeka deteriorated in areas previously quiet such as settle in population centres perceived to be Mundri Lopa Ibba West Mundri Kapoeta Kapoeta Kapoeta South County, other areas were more secure and to look for income generating Ezo East North East Maridi quiet than through most of 2017, including activities. This has lead to a trend of urban Nzara Yambio Juba Kapoeta the western portion of Western Equatoria. displacement by IDPs returning from foreign South Yei Lainya Torit Budi The main towns of the Greater Equatoria or remote displacment sites and settling in Ikotos Kajo-Keji Magwi region were largely quiet, but armed clashes major towns, including Kapoeta, Torit, Juba, Morobo continued to displace populations in rural areas Yei, and Yambio. Whether these movements

1. ACLED. Political Violence and Protest Data - South Sudan. March 2018. . Figure 1: Proportion of assessed settlements displacement caused by the recent clashes A REACH assessment in Yei County in March METHODOLOGY reporting IDP presence, March 2018 remains unknown. Finally, partners reported 2018 found a large numbers of IDPs who had To provide an overview of the situation displacement due to cattle raiding from returned from refugee settlements in Uganda in largely inaccessible areas of Greater 50%Yes Terekeka toward the town of Kuda, in Jubek from where they had been displaced since Equatoria, REACH uses primary data provided 4 50% No State, in late March. 2016, and who had settled in Yei town while by KIs living in or recently arrived from these Displacement toward urban areas waiting for the security situation in rural areas areas, or “Areas of Knowledge” (AoK). 50+50+A to become more stable.7 Those IDPs were As of 28 February, UNHCR reported that Information for this report was collected refugee settlements in most border areas often found to be occupying the homes of 1,053,598 refugees from South Sudan were primarily from newly arrived KIs from Greater such as Magwi, Torit, Ikotos, Kajo-Keji and people who were still in Uganda. in Uganda.5 The number of South Sudanese Equatoria to Yambio and Kapoeta Towns Lainya County. In March, 80% of assessed Temporary returns and supplemented with remote phone calls settlements reported that members of the local refugees present in Uganda has been stable to KIs living in the settlements of interest. community had returned to the settlement since July 2017, following a steep, sustained Another REACH assessment of displacement 6 The remote assessment involved in-depth following prior displacement. Among those, increase throughout the previous year. While between Moyo town in Uganda and Kajo interviews with participants selected through a 34% reported that returns had a large impact populations are still occasionally moving out Keji County also found that traditional and snowball sampling technique, where each KI on the population’s ability to access enough of South Sudan toward Uganda as a result of religious leaders from Kajo Keji County had bouts of small scale fighting in the southern was asked to name two addtional people who food in the settlement, including 100% of successfully negotiated safe access to South portion of Central Equatoria State, returns could be interviewed. A standardised survey assessed settlements in Lainya County. Sudanese refugees seeking to go cultivate are increasingly being reported. Following the tool was used that comprised questions on the land in February. This reportedly led to an 50% of assessed settlements reported trend in the rest of the Greater Equatoria region, displacement trends, population needs and increase in short trips across the border (Map access to basic services. IDP presence in March 2018, suggesting most of those returning to South Sudan settled 4).8 that many areas remain off limits and that in major towns as they do not feel safe enough After data collection was completed, all protracted displacement remains the rule in a Astose settlessed sbackettle mine theirnts r originaleportin grural yes settlements to average .o f the selected indicators - March 2018 data was examined at the settlement level, large portion of the Greater Equatoria region. 1 and settlements were assigned the modal Map 3: Percentage of assessed settlements in the Greater Equatoria region reporting IDP presence, 0% Central Equatoria State 1 - 20% response. When no consensus could be March 2018. 21 - 40% found for a settlement, it was not included in 41 - 60% Many instances of localized fighting caused 61 - 80% Nagero 81 - 100% reporting. Descriptive statistics and geospatial Tambura displacement in Central Equatoria State during Insufficient data analysis were then used to analyse the data. 1 the first quarter of 2018, including displacement Mvolo

of over 3,360 persons toward Yei County Terekeka Mundri qualify as permanent returns is still unclear. Lopa following armed clashes in Mukaya Payam, Ibba West Mundri Kapoeta Kapoeta A more detailed discussion will follow in the Ezo East North East Lainya County.2 Moreover, dislacement of an Maridi Nzara Yambio Juba “Central Equatoria State” sub-section. Kapoeta unknown magnitude was reported in Mundri South In addition to this broader trend of movements East following clashes.3 Populations were Yei Lainya Torit Budi Ikotos of people previously displaced in Uganda or likely also displaced by armed clashes in Kajo-Keji Magwi 0 61 80 Morobo in the bush toward population centres, smaller Morobo County during this period. However, 1 20 81 100 numbers of people have also returned to their KIs reported that constraints on humanitarian 21 40 nufficient ata rural settlement of origin. Over the period, access prevented assessments from taking 41 60 ee ettleent REACH KIs reported returns from Uganda place in the area. As a result, the extent of Map based on Longitude (generated) and Latitude (generated) and Latitude (generated). For pane Latitude (generated): Color shows details about A.indicator color (yes/no bad) compare. Details are shown for County and Month Month. For pane Latitude (generated) (2): Color shows details about A.settlement color (yes/no bad) compare. Size shows Settlement Size (Parameters). Details are shown for Namecounty. The data is filtered on Month Month and State Label. The Month Month filter keeps March 2018. The State Label filter keeps Central Equatoria, Eastern Equatoria and Western Equatoria. The view is filtered on Latitude (generated), which keeps non-Null values only. 2. OCHA. Humanitarian Snapshot. February 2018. 5. UNHCR. South Sudan Refugees in Uganda. March 2018. 2 3. WFP. National Multi-Hazard Early Warning Bulletin. February- 6. Ibid. May 2018. 7. REACH, Yei Displacement Brief, March 2018. 4. Jubek State Humanitarian Coordination Forum. Meeting 8. REACH. Regional Displacement of South Sudan Brief. Kajo Minutes. 29 March 2018. Keji County. March 2018. Permanent returns Map 4: Displacement patterns across the Greater Equatoria region, January - March 2018. From late February, a trend of more permanent ie eranent an teorary return fro gana to urban area returns to Kajo Keji was observed, with REACH ie eranent an teorary return fro enya to urban area KIs reporting approximately 760 permanent Nagero ilaceent caue by inecurity Nagero returns to Kajo Keji town.9 Even in these aily croborer oveent Mvolo eorary return fro abio to rural area in etern Equatoria cases, however, these permanent returns Tambura were usually partial households (HHs) This Mvolo Tambura Kediba Terekeka suggests that other members of the family had Maridi Mundri Terakeka Kapoeta remained in the settlements in order to access afon Eo Ibba Mundri North Eo Maridi Kapoeta East services. Partners also reported that among Juba Riwoto Ibba est ambio Imeheek Kapoeta household returning to South Sudan through Nara Juba

the border crossing point at Nimule, Magwi Nara Torit Narus ambio ei ainya County in January 2018, the main destination Torit Chukudum ainya Magwi Ikotos was Juba.10 Budi ei Magwi Kao Kei Ikotos Cattle migration Morobo Following a government decree, several large cattle camps in Kajo-Keji and Magwi Counties and others transited toward other counties of the refugees and the local communities.14 Returns from Uganda were disbanded between February and Eastern Equatoria State (Torit, Budi, Kapoeta March. This situation led an estimated 60,000 As of March 31st, the total South Sudanese Humanitarian partners have also reported East Counties) as well as to Juba. Many HHs refugee population registered with UNHCR people, along with 200,000 heads of cattle, that refugees to Uganda who were originally returning to Juba were found to move straight in Kenya was 114,090, and very few new from areas of Eastern Equatoria such as Torit to consolidate and move along the Kit-Nesitu from Kakuma refugee camp and its Kalobeyei registrations were still being reported.15 County and Magwi County are also returning corridor, south of Juba, ultimately aiming to settlement extension in Kenya to the Juba Insecurity along the Kapoeta - Narus road in increasing numbers.17 REACH KIs from reach Bor County, , as a final Protection of Civilians (PoC) sites, which slowed down movements of people into and Magwi reported that such returns had created destination.11 The migration was not seasonal, suggests that returns are not necessarily out of Kenya. After a prolonged period of competition over access to resources. and such a consolidated movement along fueled by a perception of safety within South calm in the Greater Kapoeta area, a series non-traditional routes in difficult conditions Displacement toward urban areas Sudan. HHs returning from Kenya cited of localized armed clashes and violent road raised potential concerns for the safety of perceived safety concerns and distance from robberies, often targeting humanitarian Perceived insecurity of rural areas and roads of cattle keepers, as well as for the spread of family as primary push factors, as found during Eastern Equatoria State continued to prevent 12 convoys, took place between January and cattle diseases among the herd. a REACH assessment on intentions of South March along the road from Kapoeta town to IDPs displaced in main towns from returning

19+22+33 Eastern Equatoria State Sudanese refugees in Kalobeyei refugee Narus, which is the main entry point to Kenya, to their settlements of origin. FGD Participants settlement.13 The assessment revealed that and Kakuma refugee camp. This reportedly led in Kapoeta Town who had fled from Budi Returns from Kenya refugees who were returning to South Sudan some population living along the road to move County in 2016 explained that many HHs Returns from refugee camps located in Kenya from Kenya at the time largely did so due temporarily to the bush, and in some cases to were still split between the Kakuma refugee have been noted by REACH road monitoring to reportedly deteriorating living conditions cross to Kenya and register as refugees. By camp and Kapoeta town since the fighting and teams based in Kapoeta town. HHs returning in Kakuma refugee camp and Kalobeyei the end of March, the area was reported to be would ideally return home but were inhibited from Kenya often settled in Kapoeta Town, settlement, with reports of tensions between relatively safe again.16 by perceived lack of services, insecurity

9. REACH. Regional Displacement of South Sudan Brief. Kajo 11. REACH. Kit-Nesitu Corridor Cattle Migration Brief. April 15. UNHCR Data. South Sudan Refugees in Kenya. March 2018. 3 Keji County. March 2018. 2018. 16. WFP. Joint Mission to Facilitate Humanitarian Access in 10. IOM-DTM Nimule data as cited in REACH. Situation 12. Ibid. Kapoeta. 23 March 2018. Overview: Regional Displacement of South Sudanese. March 13. REACH. Regional Displacement of South Sudanese - 17. OCHA. Humanitarian Snapshot. March 2018. 2018. Returns from Kalobeyei Settlement. December 2017. Assessed settlements reporting yes to average of the selected indicators - March 2018

1

Map 5: Percentage of assessed settlements in the Greater Equatoria region reporting adequate 8450% IDPs to be lacking access to food, and in particularly in Maridi and Juba Counties. access to food, March 2018. 1 - 20% 20 urgent21 - 40% need of NFI and shelter support. Insecurity was the second most cited primary 41 - 60% reason for inadequate access to food (21% of DisplacementInsufficient data to the Democratic Republic Nagero Tambura of1 Congo (DRC) assessed settlements), followed by lack of rain (15%). Mvolo Movements to and from DRC were reportedly Terekeka In Central Equatoria State, reasons for Mundri Lopa minimal among both South Sudanese Ibba West Mundri Kapoeta Kapoeta inadequate access to food were still heavily Ezo East North East refugees settled in refugee camps in DRC Maridi connected to conflict. The primary reasons Nzara Yambio Juba and Congolese refugees settled in Makpandu Kapoeta South for lack of adequate access to food cited Yei Lainya Torit Budi camp, Yambio County. The total number of Ikotos South Sudanese refugees registered with by assessed settlements of Yei County, for Kajo-Keji Magwi 0 61 80 Morobo UNHCR in DRC increased slightly over the example, all revolved around conflict: in March, 1 20 81 100 period, reaching 91,038 as of March 31st 43% of assessed settlements cited insecurity, 29% others cited the destruction of crops 21 40 nufficient ata from 88,870 as of December 31st, 2017. New registration were likely a result of heavy by fighting and the remaining 29% reported 41 60 ee ettleent Map based on Longitude (generated) and Latitude (generated) and Latitude (generated). For pane Latitude (generated): Color shows details about A.indicator color (yes/no good) compare. Details are shown for County and Month Month. For pane Latitude that inadequate access to food was primarily (generated) (2): Color shows details about A.settlement color (yes/no good) compare. Size shows Settlement Size (Parameters). Details are shown for Namecounty. The data is filtered on Month Month and State Label. The Month Month filter keeps March 2018. clashes in the Mundri area during the second The State Label filter keeps Central Equatoria, Eastern Equatoria and Western Equatoria. The view is filtered on Latitude (generated), which keeps non-Null values only. along the roads and the ever-increasing Equatoria State remained relatively calm half of 2017.21 caused by looting of stored harvested crops. price of transportation toward Budi County. during the first quarter of 2018. This allowed Situation in Assessed Other parts of the Greater Equatoria region FGD participants further explained that adult people to visit their cultivation land in rural Settlements did not face the same challenges. Settlements male members of the HHs often travel back areas, visit family members or look for in the Greater Kapoeta area, in the eastern to Budi County first in order to assess the livelihood opportunities in urban centres. Food security and Livelihoods portion of Eastern Equatoria State, did not condition of their HH’s possessions and to Temporary returns Conflict, inflation, and environmental shocks report being directly affected by conflict as decide whether a permanent return would all contributed to severe levels of food much as other parts of the Greater Equatoria be possible for the HH. In some cases, men The majority of departures and arrivals insecurity throughout the Greater Equatoria region, but have been affected by dry spells stay in Budi temporarily and look for income recorded by REACH road monitoring teams in region during the first quarter of 2018. Twelve for several years, preventing HHs from generating opportunities while women and Yambio town were HHs travelling to and from percent (12%) of assessed settlements in the accumulating harvested crops and, in remote children remain in Kapoeta town or in Kakuma Nzara County and other neighbouring counties Greater Equatoria region reported adequate areas, forcing HHs to rely almost exclusively refugee camp and Kalobeyei Settlement to and were mostly moving to reunite with family, on livestock products such as milk and wild 18 access to food in March. Inadequate access access services such as food distributions access food and healthcare services. Both 22 to food was reported to be particularly high fruits. and education. It was reported that community arriving and departing HHs were planning to in Magwi County, Eastern Equatoria State, relations were often tense between IDPs from stay in their new location temporarily. Cultivation was reported to be the main source Mvolo County, Maridi County and Ezo County, Budi in Kapoeta town and host community of food in 54% of assessed settlements in New displacement Western Equatoria State (100% of assessed due to historical rivalries and competition March. Almost no assessed settlements settlements) and in Terekeka County, Central over increasingly scarce income generating In mid-February, armed clashes in the area of reported that livestock was their main source Equatoria State (84%). activities and resources. Deim Zubier, Western Bahr al Ghazal pushed of food in March, including in traditionally IDPs to cross into Western Equatoria State.19 A plurality of settlements (22%) in March pastoralist areas of Central Equatoria State, Western Equatoria State An assessment conducted by World Vision reported that inadequate access to food was such as Terekeka County, where cattle keeping In contrast to other states, most of Western International toward the end of March found caused mainly by high food prices in markets, is a major source of livelihood, but where

18. REACH, Yambio Town Road Monitoring, March 2018. 22. REACH. Now the Forest is blocked. Shocks and Access to 4 19. REACH, Deim Zubier Displacement Brief, April 2018. Food. March 2018. 20. World Vision, Fact Finding Assessment Report for Namutina IDPs, Nagero County, 29 March 2018. 21. UNHCR, South Sudanese Refugees in DRC, March 2018. the animals are rarely slaughtered for food. Figure 2: Percentage of assessed settlements mission was deployed along the Kapoeta to capitalize on slightly improved security to Animals are rather often sold or exchanged reporting inadequate access to food, March town - Narus road and re-opened the axis for access larger quantities of food. against food and other commodities at the 2018 humanitarian convoys, including WFP’s own In addition to restricting and rationing market. 88% of assessed 25 supplies from Kenya. Traders movements consumption of available food, HHs also settlements reported between Kenya and Kapoeta became fluid In March, traditional livelihoods such as inadequate access to compensated for inhibited livelihoods by again. subsistence agriculture and livestock rearing food relying on strategies designed to increase were all reported to be widely taking place in 88+12+A Coping strategies overall quantities of food available. The most areas of the Greater Equatoria region where widely used strategies of this type in March (December-January) had been exhausted HHs in the assessed settlements have adopted such livelihoods are typically found. As such, were borrowing food from neighbours or and that many HHs were relying on income various types of coping strategies during the 50% of assessed settlements reporting relatives (72% of assessed settlements) and generating activities in order to be able to first quarter of 2018 in order to to cope with livestock rearing to be taking place in their gathering wild food (57%). These strategies access food until harvest reserves become a shortage of food or resources to buy food. settlement. This was particularly reported in were most widely reported by assessed available. Many HHs are therefore dependent The majority of settlements assessed in March semi-pastoralist areas of northern Central settlements in Central Equatoria State where on markets to compensate for shortcomings reported adopting strategies such as relying Equatoria State, including 95% of assessed armed clashes were reported during the of their other sources of livelihood. In March, on less expensive food (71% of assessed settlements in Terekeka. Moreover, 75% quarter (Yei and Lainya Counties), suggesting Juba and Magwi Counties were found to be of assessed settlements reported that settlements), limiting meal sizes (72%) and that normal livelihoods are still inhibited in especially market dependent, with 89% and subsistence agriculture was taking place. reducing the amount of meals consumed per areas that suffered recent waves of insecurity. FAO’s Global Information and Early Warning 71% of assessed settlements respectively day (84%). Eighty-three (83%) of assessed Protection System reported in its March 2018 update that reporting that market was the primary source settlements reported consuming one meal a favourable rainfall in the Greater Equatoria of food in their area. day, suggesting that HH resilience for further Perceptions of safety remained low during region had allowed for an early start to the In spite of a stabilization of large parts of the shocks is low, with food consumption already the reporting period. The vast majority of cultivation season.23 FEWSNET reported that Greater Equatoria region during the period, restricted for many in the area. assessed settlements of the Greater Equatoria farmers in Magwi and Budi Counties had been pockets of insecurity continue to inhibit market A smaller proportion of assessed settlements region reported that most people “sometimes” able to begin cultivation early, but warned that access in areas where populations are heavily reported adopting additional coping strategies felt safe (76%) in March, and 20% of assessed above average rainfall early on in the season dependent on markets, such as the Greater that suggest more severe food insecurity, such settlements reported that people felt safe “all could indicate that flooding of cultivated land Kapoeta area. KIs in Kapoeta town reported as spending entire days without eating (19% the time”. A very low proportion of assessed could occur in areas of the Greater Equatoria that insecurity along the road from Kenya had of assessed settlements) and only feeding settlements reported that people “never” felt 24 region later in the season. KIs from NGOs in prevented traders from bringing supplies. This children within the HH (25%). In March, safe (3%). However Yei County in particular Yambio town reported being optimistic that the reportedly led to less products being available settlements in Mvolo County reported high had a relatively higher proportion of assessed agricultural output of Western Equatoria State at the market and to a rise in prices. The past instances of severe coping strategies, where settlements reporting a permanent perception would improve in 2018 due to good patterns of few years have been characterized by low 89% of assessed settlements reported that only of insecurity (15%). rainfall and improved security. agricultural output in the Greater Kapoeta children eat, and 33% reported that HHs spent While armed clashes and road ambushes Nevertheless, casual labour remained the area due to annual dry spells, and as such entire days without eating. Nevertheless, the continued to be reported during the first quarter second most widely reported livelihood source the population is reported to be highly market prevalence of reporting such strategies at the of 2018, the conflict intensity was relatively among assessed settlements of the Greater dependent, thus particularly vulnerable to Greater Equatoria region level has diminished lower than during the last half of 2017.26 Equatoria region in March (66%), suggesting negative changes in market conditions. In late over the quarter. This suggests that some of Accordingly, only 11% of assessed settlements that stored food from the previous harvest March 2018, a World Food Programme (WFP) the most food insecure settlements were able reported that an incident of conflict had taken

23. GIEWS Country Brief: South Sudan. 29 March 2018. 26. ACLED. Political Violence and Protest Data. March 2018. 5 24. FEWSNET. South Sudan Key Messages. March 2018. 25. WFP. Joint Mission to Facilitate Humanitarian Access in Kapoeta. 23 March 2018. place in the month prior to data collection in Figure 3: Reported incidents during which example, revealed concerns that worn out usage reported in areas inhabited by semi- March, and 18% reported incidents of looting of civilians were killed or property damaged, March plastic sheeting covering existing rakoobas nomadic cattle herders (Terekeka County), an property. However, presence of armed actors 2018 would not be sufficient to endure the rainy area where open defecation is very common. in bush areas across the Greater Equatoria season.29 A large proportion of the population have 11% of assessed been on the move in grazing areas during the region continued to create uncertainty among settlements reported Settlements in southern Central Equatoria 27 period, limiting access to WASH infrastructure local populations. conflict-related State (Lainya, Morobo, Yei, and Kajo-Keji even further. Among women, the most frequently cited 11+89+A incidents Countie) reported relativly higher proportions primary protection concern in March across of assessed settlements where most IDPs Health the Greater Equatoria region was domestic reported such destruction. The County were living in abandoned buildings in March, Access to health services remained stable violence (22% of assessed settlements), had been disputed in this area in previous including 33% of assessed settlements in Yei across the Greater Equatoria region over the followed by sexual violence (19%) and family months and low intensity armed engagement County. assessment period, with 65% of assessed separation (9%). Among men, protection continued over the quarter. Humanitarian Water, Sanitation and Hygiene settlements reporting that healthcare services concerns were found to be very diverse access was also reported to be very low were accessible from their settlement in March. across the Greater Equatoria region in March. in most rural areas of the Greater Mundri Access to at least one functioning borehole Among assessed settlements reporting access The most frequently cited concerns were area (Mundri East, Mundri West and Mvolo was reportedly high across the Greater to health services in March, most reported looting (9% of assessed settlements) and Counties), both due to insecurity and to poor Equatoria region in March, with 77% reporting that the closest facilities were within an hour cattle-raiding (9% of assessed settlements). road conditions.28 the presence of one or more boreholes in walk (81%). However, 18% also reported that their settlement, and 91% among those The latter was most commonly reported in Across the Greater Equatoria region, most the facilities were at a distance of up to half pastoralist areas such as northern Central reporting that at least one of the boreholes a day ‘s walk. Among counties where REACH host communities were reported to be was functional. In March, 22% of assessed Equatoria State (Terekeka). 44% of assessed living primarily in tukuls (79% of assessed AoK data met minimum coverage of 5% of settlements - mostly the ones without access settlements in Mvolo County also reported settlements) and to a lesser extent in rakoobas settlements in March 2018, access to health to a functional borehole in their settlement - that the main protection concern for men was (17%). Access to conventional shelters such services was especially low in Maridi County reported that the average walking distance to cattle-related violence, although Mvolo is not as tukuls was much lower for IDPs. In over a (64% of assessed settlements reporting no and from the nearest water point was between traditionally a pastoralist area. During the dry quarter of all assessed settlements reporting access), Terekeka County (53%) and Ezo one hour to half a day. In spite of improving season, pastoralist communities often migrate IDP presence (28%), IDPs were mostly County (57%). In Mundri West County, all access to boreholes, 33% of assessed south from Lakes State through Mvolo County reported to be staying in abandoned buildings, assessed settlements where health services settlements reported that perception of in search of pasture, and often destroy crops community buildings or tents. Elsewhere, IDPs were said to be unavailable reported that lack insecurity has prevented people from fetching while moving, creating tentions and conflict were mostly reported to be hosted in rakoobas of access was caused by the destruction of water at their preferred water point in March. with local communities. (38% of assessed settlements reporting an facilities by violence. The Greater Mundri area The use of latrines was reported to be low has been affected by heavy armed clashes Shelter IDP presence). Rakoobas are commonly known to be less solid than tukuls, made up among the assessed settlements of the Figure 4: Access to a functioning borehole, In March, 15% of assessed settlements of dried grass and stacks, and protected from Greater Equatoria region, with 68% reporting March 2018. reported that shelters had been destroyed or rain with plastic sheeting. With the arrival of that less than half of the population were 70% of assessed partially destroyed in the month prior to data the rainy season in the next few months, IDPs using latrines. Moreover, 18% of assessed settlements reported collection. The highest recorded proportion at living in rakoobas will be more vulnerable to settlements reported that no one in the access to a the county level was in Mundri East County, flooding of their residence than those living in settlement had been using latrines at all. This functioning borehole where 100% of assessed settlements tukuls. FGDs with IDPs in Kapoeta town, for number is likely attributable to extremely low 70+30+A 27. Ibid. 29. KIIs with NGO and UN Agency partners in Yambio Town, 18 6 28. FGD with IDPs from Budi County in Rei B neighbourhood, April 2018. Kapoeta Town, 1 March 2018. Assessed settlements reporting yes to average of the selected indicators - March 2018 Map 6: Percentage of assessed settlements in the Greater Equatoria region reporting adequate (late1 April and May) should bring an influx of attending school, 32% reported the same for access to health care, March 2018. pastoralist21 - 40% HHs, including children, back from boys. HHs in the Greater Equatoria region 41 - 60% remote61 - 80% dry season pasture areas toward their have been using various strategies to cope 81 - 100% settlementInsufficient data of origin in pastoralist areas such with disrupted livelihoods, including cutting Nagero Tambura as1 northern Central Equatoria and the Greater on service expenses and having children

Mvolo Kapoeta (Kapoeta South, Kapoeta North and help around the house during the day. The

Terekeka Kapoeta East) area. This typically leads to an inability or unwillingness to pay school fees Mundri Lopa Ibba West Mundri Kapoeta Kapoeta increase in admission in nutrition centres due was the reason most cited across assessed Ezo East North East Maridi to malnutrition. 63% of assessed settlements settlements of the Greater Equatoria region Nzara Yambio Juba Kapoeta to explain the lack of attendance of both girls South reported that there was no facility providing Yei Lainya Torit Budi nutrition supplements in their settlement. (44%) and boys (52%). In 11% of assessed Ikotos Kajo-Keji Magwi settlements, girls were reportedly not attending Morobo Education school because they were required to work 0 61 80 around the house, while, similarly, 30% of 1 20 81 100 Sixty-nine percent (69%) of assessed settlements in the Greater Equatoria region assessed settlements reported that the main 21 40 nufficient ata reported that education services were available reason why boys were staying away from the Map based on Longit41ude (ge n60erated) and Latitude (generaeeted) and Latitude ( gettleentenerated). For pane Latitude (generated): Color shows details about A.indicator color (yes/no good) compare. Details are shown for County and Month Month. For pane Latitude (generated) (2): Color shows details about A.settlement color (yes/no good) compare. Size shows Settlement Size (Parameters). Details are shown for Namecounty. The data is filtered on Month Month and State Label. The Month Month filter keeps March 2018. classrooms was because they were supposed The State Label filter keeps Central Equatoria, Eastern Equatoria and Western Equatoria. The view is filtered on Latitude (generated), which keeps non-Null values only. in March, with access levels remaining stable since January. Among assessed settlements to support agricultural work. prior to the reporting period, in November, and but some exceptions were noted at the county that reported that services were not available, a REACH Rapid Assessment conducted in level in areas of Central Equatoria State. 54% Figure 6: Reported proportion of 6-17 year old 28% reported that facilities were too far. Lack December reported that access to healthcare of assessed settlements reported an increase girls and 6-17 year old boys attending school in of access to education services was also assessed settlements, March 2018. services was limited.30 in mortality in Yei County, likely driven by low reported to be tied to conflict or insecurity health service provision and lack of access to Forty-seven percent (47%) of assessed during the reporting period, as 19% of assessed food. This is much higher than the average in 0+24+22+35+19 settlements reported that malaria was the settlements reported that education services 0% None 0% the Greater Equatoria region, where 19% of primary health concern in their area in March, were not available because facilities had 6% Less than half 24% assessed settlements reported the same. followed by 17% of assessed settlements been destroyed by conflict. This was notably 15% Half 22% reporting that typhoid was the primary health While very few assessed settlements reported the case in 60% of the assessed settlements 62% More than half 35% concern. Malaria was also reported to be the malnutrition as either the main cause of that reported no access to education services 17% 19%

17+62+15+6+0 All main cause of mortality in 34% of assessed mortality or most common health problem, in Lainya County. Terekeka was the County settlements in January and 33% in March, the end of the dry season in coming months where assessed settlements reported the followed by diarrheal diseases, reported by lowest levels of access to education services, 18% of assessed settlements. Incidentally, Figure 5: Proportion of assessed settlements with 53% of assessed settlements reporting no reporting primary causes of morbidity, March 90% of assessed settlements also reported a access. 2018. need for malaria drugs in their area. 34+18+16 Availability of education services is not a Most assessed settlements reported that no Malaria 34% guarantee of enrollment. In March, 56% specific increase in mortality had taken place Cholera/diarrhea 18% of assessed settlements reported that half in March across the Greater Equatoria region, Natural 16% or less of the girls of the settlement were

30. REACH. Mundri Displacement and Service Access Brief. December 2017. 7 Assessed settlements reporting yes to average of the selected indicators - March 2018 Map 7: Percentage of assessed settlements in the Greater Equatoria region reporting adequate 1

access to education services, March 2018 21 - 40% 41 - 60% 61 - 80% 81 - 100% Insufficient data Nagero Tambura 1

Mvolo

Terekeka Mundri Lopa Ibba West Mundri Kapoeta Kapoeta Ezo East North East Maridi Nzara Yambio Juba Kapoeta South Yei Lainya Torit Budi Ikotos 0 61 80 Kajo-Keji Magwi Morobo 1 20 81 100 21 40 nufficient ata 41 60 ee ettleent

Map based on Longitude (generated) and Latitude (generated) and Latitude (generated). For pane Latitude (generated): Color shows details about A.indicator color (yes/no good) compare. Details are shown for County and Month Month. For pane Latitude (generated) (2): Color shows details about A.settlement color (yes/no good) compare. Size shows Settlement Size (Parameters). Details educationare shown for Namecoun ty. services,The data is filtered on Mon healthth Month and S tate services Label. The Month M onth and filter kee ps toMarc h 2018. The State ConclusionLabel filter keeps Central Equatoria, Eastern Equatoria and Western Equatoria. The view is filtered on Latitude (generated), which keeps non-Null values only. clean water. However, seasonal early rains The first quarter of 2018 was characterized by expected in April and May risk making roads a generalized reduction in armed clashes in inaccessible and armed actors may seek to most of the Greater Equatoria region. This has make quick territorial gains as a result, which led to some returns among HHs who had been may create renewed insecurity. With the dry About REACH staying in refugee camps and settlements season drawing to a close and given continued or in the bush for the past few months or presence of armed actors in various parts REACH facilitates the development years. However, in many cases returning of the Greater Equatoria region, however, of information tools and products that HHs had moved to urban areas closer to the levels of access to services recorded enhance the capacity of aid actors to their settlements of origin, yet were not ready between January and March are unlikely to be make evidence-based decisions in to move back to the rural areas where their sustained in the long term. emergency, recovery and development homes are. While there have been fewer contexts. All REACH activities are conducted through inter-agency aid attacks by armed groups, armed actors are coordination mechanisms. still present in many rural areas surrounding main towns of the Greater Equatoria region, For more information, you can write roads were still largely not secure and civilians to our in-country office: southsudan@ and NGOs alike were vulnerable to robberies reach-initiative.org or to our global office: [email protected]. and ambushes. Visit www.reach-initiative.org and Access to services remained stable over follow us @REACH_info. the quarter, including levels of access to

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