Human Security, Conflicts and Human Development in South Sudan
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Master’s Thesis 2019 30 ECTS Faculty of Landscape and Society Department of International Environment and Development Studies Human Security, Conflicts and Human Development in South Sudan Tolulope Abiodun Shokunbi Msc. International Development Studies The Department of International Environment and Development Studies, Noragric, is the international gateway for the Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU). Established in 1986, Noragric’s contribution to international development lies in the interface between research, education (Bachelor, Master and PhD programmes) and assignments. The Noragric Master’s theses are the final theses submitted by students in order to fulfil the requirements under the Noragric Master’s programmes ‘International Environmental Studies’, ‘International Development Studies’ and ‘International Relations’. The findings in this thesis do not necessarily reflect the views of Noragric. Extracts from this publication may only be reproduced after prior consultation with the author and on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation contact Noragric. © Tolulope Abiodun Shokunbi, December 2019 [email protected] Noragric Department of International Environment and Development Studies The Faculty of Landscape and Society P.O. Box 5003 N-1432 Ås Norway Tel.: +47 67 23 00 00 Internet: https://www.nmbu.no/fakultet/landsam/institutt/noragric DECLARATION I, Tolulope Abiodun Shokunbi, declare that this thesis is a result of my research investigations and findings. Sources of information other than my own have been acknowledged and a reference list has been appended. This work has not been previously submitted to any other university for award of any type of academic degree. Signature……………………………….. Date………………………………………… ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Completing this work has been extremely challenging, so, I thank everyone that encouraged me to this point. Firstly, thank you Jesus for leading the way and teaching me many lessons through this experience. I appreciate two great women behind the success of this work -my darling wife Oluwayemisi and my wonderful Supervisor Prof. Darley Kjosavik. Thank you for your patience, kind words and encouragements. Secondly, I thank my parents and the rest of my family for their prayers and unrelenting support towards the completion of this study. More so, I appreciate my friends and colleagues for their help to keep me on track. Brenda Apili, thank you for encouraging me not to give up. Lastly, I would like to appreciate the Norwegian government for the opportunity to study without paying tuition. Many thanks to Noragric department, NMBU for having such a beautiful programme and supportive faculty to deliver a great education in International Development Studies. iii DEDICATION To my darling wife Oluwayemisi Shokunbi and our three lovely children Simileoluwa, Oluwasemiloremoyo and Oluwaseyifunmi for bearing with me whilst struggling to reach this feat and trying to be a caring husband and responsible father at the same time. iv ABSTRACT The essence of security is the protection of life and property both of which are important to human beings. However, without life or well-being of humans, property is useless. Human security involves the protection of human lives to enable people to enjoy freedom and fulfil their dreams. This study attempts to ascertain the dimensions of the socio-economic and political marginalisation experienced by different regions in South Sudan thereby explaining how this could have increased the threats to human security and reduced human development of the country. The study employs quantitative research methods by engaging in the analysis of two secondary datasets collected during the South Sudan household health survey in 2006 and 2010 in order to find out if the people of South Sudan are marginalized across regions/states/ethnic groups through the distribution of socio-economic welfare services like education and healthcare services. In addition, the study seeks to identify the dimensions of the threat to human security experienced by South Sudanese due to violent conflicts and the sources of threats to food security experienced by the people. Having agreed with the commission on human security’s idea that human security is the protection of the vital core of all human lives, the study explains marginalisation through the theoretical framework of marginality. Thus, it establishes that South Sudanese, since their days with their Northern counterparts have been experiencing systemic marginality which thrived on positional polarity created by the British colonialists. More so, the study finds that despite their independence, South Sudanese continuously suffer systemic marginality as well as constant threat to their human (in the dimension of economic, food, health, personal and political) security caused by unequal distribution of socio-economic welfare services and continuous violent conflict. v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ANC Antenatal Care BCG Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin ECMR Early Childhood Mortality Rate IMF International Monetary Fund ITN Insecticide Treated Nets MICS Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey NIR Net Intake Rate PAPFAM Pan Arab Project for Family PDF Portable Document Format SHHS1 South Sudan Household Health Survey 1 SHHS2 South Sudan Household Health Survey 2 SSCCSE Southern Sudan commission for Census, statistics and evaluation UNDP United Nations Development Program UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNICEF United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund USAID United States Agency for International Development UNAID United Nations Programme on HIV/ Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome vi Table of Contents DECLARATION.......................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ iii DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................ iv ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................... vi CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 1 1.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Significance of Study ............................................................................................ 2 1.2 Research Objective ................................................................................................ 3 1.3 Research Questions ............................................................................................... 3 1.4 Organisation of the Thesis ..................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER 2 – CONCEPTUAL AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ................................. 5 2.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Conceptualising Human Security ...................................................................................... 5 2.2 Categories of Threats to Human Security OR Components of Human Security ............... 8 2.3 Human Security in Africa .................................................................................... 10 2.4 Human Development ............................................................................................11 2.5 Human Security and Human Development ..........................................................11 2.6 Conflict and Violent Conflict .............................................................................. 12 2.7 Marginalisation .................................................................................................... 13 2.8 Theoretical Framework ....................................................................................... 14 CHAPTER 3 – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ..................................................................... 17 3.1 Quantitative Research Method ............................................................................ 17 3.2 Sampling .............................................................................................................. 18 vii 3.3 Sampling frames and units of analysis ................................................................ 19 3.4 Data collection and analysis ................................................................................ 19 CHAPTER 4 – FINDINGS ........................................................................................................ 21 4.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 21 4.1 Distribution of Socio-economic welfare services across the 10 states of South Sudan .. 23 4.2 Healthcare Indicators/outcomes .......................................................................... 23 4.2.1 Early Childhood Mortality Rate (ECMR) ........................................................... 23 4.2.2 Nutritional Status of Children ............................................................................