DOCSLIB.ORG

With Special Emphasis on Grocery Distribution

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
With Special Emphasis on Grocery Distribution 32 K C\c^0 TRANSPORT AND SUSTAINABILITY Q J[J - WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON GROCERY DISTRIBUTION Kaj J0rgensen . c \3 RAPPORT R-028 1998 ISSN 1396-4011 ISBN 87-7877-029-7 INSTITUT FOR BYGNINGER OG ENERGI DANMARKS TEKNISKE UNIVERSITET IBE Author: Kaj Jorgensen Department of Buildings and Energy Technical University of Denmark Building 118, DK-2800 Lyngby Phone: (+45) 45 25 19 57 Fax: (+45) 45 93 44 30 Print: Lyngby, Denmark Date: December 1997 DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document. Preface This report is a slightly modified version of the report that has served as formal basis for the acquisition of the Ph.D. degree. The Ph.D. study has been carried out at the Department of Physics and the Department of Buildings and Energy at the Technical University of Denmark during the period from December 1992 to June 1997. No specific grants have been received for the Ph.D. study, which instead has been based on different projects. In addition to this report, a number of publications have been produced in the course of the work - as listed in the reference list. Supervisor has been Professor Niels I. Meyer from the Department of Buildings and Energy. Kaj Jorgensen December 1997 1 List of Content Preface............................................................................................................................................ 1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................... 5 List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................... 7 Summary .........................................................................................................................................9 Sammenfatning.............................................................................................................................13 1 Methodology..........................................................................................................................17 2 The Post-war Period in Denmark ..........................................................................................21 2.1 Societal Changes During the Post-war Period...................................................21 2.2 Mobility - Transport Growth, Traffic Speeds and Time...........................................23 2.3 Growth and Technological Development - Progress and Problems .......................... 32 3 The Framework: Transport and Sustainability ............................................................ 37 3.1 Traditional Environmental Policy or Sustainability ............................................... 37 3.2 Efficiency and/or Sufficiency.................................................................................... 38 3.3 Setting Targets........................................................................................................... 39 4 Development of the Grocery Sector of Denmark. .........................................................41 4.1 Overview ...................................................................................................................42 4.2 Structural Changes in the Retail System..................................................................42 4.3 The Grocery Shop Types............................................................................................46 4.4 Classification of Today's Grocery Shops............................................................ 49 4.5 Manufacturing and Wholesale System.....................................................................50 5 The Grocery Consumer System..............................................................................................53 5.1 Consumption and Shopping Patterns..................................................................53 5.2 Shopping Transport Patterns............................................................................... 55 6 Vehicle Stock, Fuel Consumption and Emissions..................................................................57 6.1 Development Trends for Vehicles and Transport in the Post-War Period..............57 6.2 Vehicle Stock and Transport Patterns.................................................................63 6.3 Development of Specific Fuel Consumption and Emissions.......................................65 6.4 Transport Sector Fuel Consumption and Emissions....................................................67 6.5 Light Goods Vehicles................................................................................................ 77 7 Environmental Impacts of Grocery Distribution ................................................................... 81 7.1 The Present and Historical Transport Demand in the Grocery Sector.................. 81 7.2 Energy and Environment - Present State and Historical Development....................83 3 8 Reduction of Fuel Consumption and Emissions by Means of Technical Improvements of Vehicles....................................................................................................87 8.1 Strategies for Technical Improvements....................................................................88 8.2 Down-sizing, Reduced Standards and Driving Behaviour ................................100 8.3 Technologies on the Market ..............................................................................101 8.4 Incremental Improvements......................................................................................104 8.5 Alternative Energy Carriers and Renewable Energy..............................................107 8.6 The Hypercar, PNGV and Other Breakthrough Designs...................................... 124 8.7 Fuel and C02-emission Impacts.............................................................................. 129 9 Conclusions.......................................................................................................................... 139 9.1 Transport, Traffic Patterns and Fuel Consumption.................................................139 9.2 Technical Improvement - Potentials and Practical Results...............................140 9.3 Barriers to Technical Improvements.......................................................................141 9.4 The Impact of Technical Development - Is Green Growth Possible?...................... 142 References...................................................................................................................................145 4 Introduction It is generally acknowledged that the present development of the transport sector is the key problem in any strategy for sustainable development, but the views are much more diverse as to what could and should be done to improve this situation. According to one line of thinking, technical improvements of the transportation means can to a great extent rectify the problems - frequently adding that technical fixes also will have to play this role since little can done to more fundamentally change the direction of the trans­ port sector. In some cases, it is even argued that the technical improvements are not only po­ tentials but that they will materialise, more or less automatically, in the course of time. In contrast, others emphasise that technical improvements cannot have this role - sometimes rejecting the technical improvement potentials altogether. Therefore, it is necessary to com­ pare welfare benefits and costs - if the costs (e.g. the environmental impacts) are to high, the benefits (i.e. increased transportation) has to be restricted. The point of departure for this report is the latter perception with the addition that in­ creased transport is only to some degree meeting a demand - at least an explicit demand - and hence cannot in every respect be seen as a welfare benefit. In addition, much transport is gen­ erated by in social structures social structures, transport systems etc. The study of the devel ­ opment of the grocery sector in the post-war period, in which the motor vehicle was intro­ duced on a large scale in Denmark, illustrates this (cf. Chapters 4,5 and 7). During the post-war period, profound changes have taken place in the grocery sector, with re­ spect to the retail and wholesale trade structures as well as the shopping patterns. In the course of this development, the sector has gone from a structure based on neighbourhood spe­ cialist shops to one with much fewer and larger shops, each aimed at a broader range of needs and each serving much greater areas. A similar centralisation trend can be seen in the manu­ facturing and wholesale trade of groceries. The development has been closely linked to the technological development of both retail shop equipment and, not least, transport technologies. The passenger car and the medium and heavy duty trucks are key technologies, without which the development would not have been possible in its present form. Thus, it illustrates the role of the car in the development of modem consumer society in Denmark, in particular the paradox of the car, namely that it is at the same time a necessity for the existence of the modem welfare society and a threat to it. The case study points to a considerable growth in transport related to grocery distribution, in spite of the fact that the grocery consumption in quantitative terms has only increased mod­ erately. As a result, fuel consumption and emissions
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Comprehensive Study of Key Electric Vehicle (EV) Components, Technologies, Challenges, Impacts, and Future Direction of Development
    Review A Comprehensive Study of Key Electric Vehicle (EV) Components, Technologies, Challenges, Impacts, and Future Direction of Development Fuad Un-Noor 1, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban 2,*, Lucian Mihet-Popa 3, Mohammad Nurunnabi Mollah 1 and Eklas Hossain 4,* 1 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna 9203, Bangladesh; [email protected] (F.U.-N.); [email protected] (M.N.M.) 2 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa 3 Faculty of Engineering, Østfold University College, Kobberslagerstredet 5, 1671 Kråkeroy-Fredrikstad, Norway; [email protected] 4 Department of Electrical Engineering & Renewable Energy, Oregon Tech, Klamath Falls, OR 97601, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] (S.P.); [email protected] (E.H.); Tel.: +27-79-219-9845 (S.P.); +1-541-885-1516 (E.H.) Academic Editor: Sergio Saponara Received: 8 May 2017; Accepted: 21 July 2017; Published: 17 August 2017 Abstract: Electric vehicles (EV), including Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV), Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV), Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV), are becoming more commonplace in the transportation sector in recent times. As the present trend suggests, this mode of transport is likely to replace internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles in the near future. Each of the main EV components has a number of technologies that are currently in use or can become prominent in the future. EVs can cause significant impacts on the environment, power system, and other related sectors. The present power system could face huge instabilities with enough EV penetration, but with proper management and coordination, EVs can be turned into a major contributor to the successful implementation of the smart grid concept.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Vetter's Letter
    Allentown Area Corvette Club, Inc. ‘Vetter’s Letter December 2019 Volume 26, Issue 12 President Joe Iervolino From the val Office 973-219-6307 [email protected] To all our members… Vice-President Gary Warmkessel “‘Tis the Season” is a phrase that refers to things that happen dur‐ 610-767-3605 ing the holiday time stretching roughly from Thanksgiving through [email protected] Christmas. It is also a prelude to the New Year. For we Corvette owners who are Secretary Carol Jenkins in the process of or have completed storing our prized Corvettes, the “season” 610-417-8836 is a much‐needed uplift to overcome the sadness of this self‐induced hibernation. [email protected] Treasurer On the joyous side of things, it is a time for family, worship, good food and drink, Mike Best merriment, wrapping presents, gift exchanging, mistletoe, Santa Claus and the 610-767-6079 Grinch. It is for certain both a happy and stressful time of year, in that there is [email protected] much to do in a short period of time and it is also a period of reflection on the Membership Laura Hegyi year at its end and the hopes of the year yet to come. 610-730-2695 [email protected] For our club, it’s been an uplifting year where we continued to grow, had two Activities very successful car shows, and contributed a record amount to our charity — Jeff Mohring Angel 34 — and provided financial assistance to victims of a deadly hurricane and 610-392-6898 [email protected] the many families left homeless by a devastating fire in the town of our club Merchandise & Clothing namesake, Allentown.
    [Show full text]
  • Digital Twin Modeling of a Solar Car Based on the Hybrid Model Method with Data-Driven and Mechanistic
    applied sciences Article Digital Twin Modeling of a Solar Car Based on the Hybrid Model Method with Data-Driven and Mechanistic Luchang Bai, Youtong Zhang *, Hongqian Wei , Junbo Dong and Wei Tian Laboratory of Low Emission Vehicle, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; [email protected] (L.B.); [email protected] (H.W.); [email protected] (J.D.); [email protected] (W.T.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Featured Application: This technology is expected to be used in energy management of new energy vehicles. Abstract: Solar cars are energy-sensitive and affected by many factors. In order to achieve optimal energy management of solar cars, it is necessary to comprehensively characterize the energy flow of vehicular components. To model these components which are hard to formulate, this study stimulates a solar car with the digital twin (DT) technology to accurately characterize energy. Based on the hybrid modeling approach combining mechanistic and data-driven technologies, the DT model of a solar car is established with a designed cloud platform server based on Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) to realize data interaction between physical and virtual entities. The DT model is further modified by the offline optimization data of drive motors, and the energy consumption is evaluated with the DT system in the real-world experiment. Specifically, the energy consumption Citation: Bai, L.; Zhang, Y.; Wei, H.; error between the experiment and simulation is less than 5.17%, which suggests that the established Dong, J.; Tian, W. Digital Twin DT model can accurately stimulate energy consumption. Generally, this study lays the foundation Modeling of a Solar Car Based on the for subsequent performance optimization research.
    [Show full text]
  • Page 16 CMY K 08 0515 ALF AC a ROMEO 52116A014E Ar Tw Ork Mark AW Pr AC Inted V Ersion V Ersion CMY K Giulia Quadrifoglio 4C Coupe |
    ALFA ROMEO Artwork Mark Version AW Printed Version CMYK CMYK AC AC 08 05 15 GIULIA QUADRIFOGLIO 4C COUPE | 4C SPIDER 52116A014E Page 16 Page 1 A DRIVING PASSION FUELLED AT FINISH LINES Derived from the Alfa Romeo Alfa Romeo’s reputation for The influence of Enzo Ferrari on 6C 3000 prototype, the 6C performance sedans continued The best of Italian design the history and reputation of the Alfa Corse, the in-house racing 3000 CM Spider’s engine with the introduction of the Giulia roared back to North Alfa Romeo race program is team for Alfa Romeo, prepared capacity was increased to in 1962. Giulia was known for its American shores with the legendary. He began as a test four 8C 2900B cars for the 1938 3,495 cc and produced a top powerful engine and lightweight long-awaited introduction driver for Alfa, and soon became Mille Miglia. With Carrozzeria speed of 250 km/h. It was body, helping it to outperform many of the Alfa Romeo 4C. Its an official driver and dealer. Touring Superleggera roadster the winner of the 1st Gran sports cars of that era. Production of lightweight innovations He then took charge of the entire bodies and Vittorio Jano Premio Supercortemaggiore subsequent Giulia models for both help create an awe-inspiring racing program, establishing magnificent 2900 engines, held in Merano in 1953 and road and track (TZ2 shown below) It is a badge born 105 years ago power-to-weight ratio with Scuderia Ferrari in Modena, where they continued a history of came in second at the Mille continued on and off for decades to thrilling capabilities.
    [Show full text]
  • Study on Renewable Energy Resources, Oman: Final Report
    Authority for Electricity Regulation, Oman Study on Renewable Energy Resources, Oman Final Report May 2008 Renewable Energy Resources in Oman Authority for Electricity Regulation, Oman Study on Renewable Energy Resources, Oman Final Report May 2008 COWI and Partners LLC P.O.Box 2115 RUWI Postal Code 112 Sultanate of Oman Tel +968 2460 4200 Fax +968 2460 4788 Report no. 66847-1-1 This report contains the views of the Consultant which do not Issue no. Rev. 0 necessarily correspond to the views of the Authority for Electric- Date of issue 12.05.2008 ity Regulation, Oman. Prepared SEM/NBP/KF/SAJ Checked JHA/DEM Approved SAJ . Page 3 of 134 Renewable Energy Resources in Oman . Page 4 of 134 Renewable Energy Resources in Oman Table of Contents 1 Introduction 8 1.1 Background to the Study 8 1.2 Study Methodology 9 1.3 Collection of data and information 9 1.4 Report Structure 10 1.5 Acknowledgements 10 1.6 Abbreviations and conversion factors 11 2 Executive Summary 13 2.1 Purpose of the Study 13 2.2 Conclusions 14 2.3 Recommendations 24 3 Key information for Oman 31 3.1 Demography 31 3.2 Industry 31 3.3 Electricity sector in Oman 36 3.4 Renewable energy activities in Oman 48 3.5 Conventional energy resources in Oman 48 4 Renewable energy resources in Oman 53 4.1 Wind energy 54 4.2 Solar energy 57 4.3 Biogas 60 4.4 Wave energy 63 4.5 Geothermal energy 64 5 Renewable energy technologies 67 5.1 Wind turbines 67 5.2 Solar PV panels and heaters 72 5.3 Biogas production 83 5.4 Wave energy absorption units 85 5.5 Geothermal power plants 88 5.6 Non energy benefits 90 5.7 Energy efficiency 91 .
    [Show full text]
  • The Hybrid Vehicle and Alternative Fuel Report September 30, 2016
    ISSN 1946-1011 The Hybrid Vehicle and Alternative Fuel Report September 30, 2016 The fine print: This report is a summary of articles appearing in popular, business, and technical media referring to the impact of fuel costs and fuel efficiency on vehicle technology, development, and markets. At the end of the report is a list of all articles summarized, with hyperlinks to internet sources where available. Some articles may require free registration or paid subscriptions to access. The Hybrid Vehicle and Alternative Fuel Report (ISSN: 1946-1011) is compiled, written, and edited by Thomas L. R. Smith, Ph. D. (hereinafter referred to as “The Editor”), Economic Analysis Branch of the Budget and Financial Analysis Division, Washington State Department of Transportation. Contact The Hybrid Vehicle and Alternative Fuel Report’s editor at [email protected] or (360) 705-7941. Contributions of news items, original articles, cookies, and positive comments about The Report are welcome. TABLE OF CONTENTS HYBRIDS .......................................................................................................................................................................... 1 ELECTRIC VEHICLES ...................................................................................................................................................... 1 ALTERNATIVE FUELS ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 COMING TO A LOCATION NEAR YOU
    [Show full text]
  • E2 Energy to Educatesm As Part of Our Commitment To
    E2 Energy to EducateSM As part of our commitment to education, E2: Energy to Educate Grants support projects that are team oriented, learning focused, hands-on demonstration projects with specific results. E2 Energy to Educate projects enhance student understanding of the science and technology needed to address energy issues, and reach and inspire students to think differently about energy. 2017 E2 Energy to Educate – Highlights • 17 projects awarded more than $400,000, reaching over 27,000 students nationwide • Student projects include solar car competitions, fuel cell technology, wind power and learning energy concepts via an interactive gaming platform. 2017 E2 Energy to Educate – Awardees Albany State University Albany, GA At least 100-150 middle and high school students will be directly involved in the design of a "green" system where a water reservoir will be used to store energy instead of a rechargeable battery. During the day time, a water pump, operated by a solar panel, will lift water to a certain height and store in a reservoir and in the night time the potential energy of the water will be used to generate electricity with a hydroelectric generator. The discharged water will be collected and lifted again in the day time. School students will learn about design calculations, various constraints in design and budget, and selection of proper materials or devices. Initially, the design work will start with the estimation of daily energy demand. After that, student will calculate the amount of water to be lifted, design the reservoir size, determine the capacity of a DC water pump and finally the wattage size of solar panel that will run the pump.
    [Show full text]
  • Driving Down Emissions: How to Clean up Road Transport?
    Driving Down Emissions How to clean up road transport? Richard Howard, Matthew Rooney, Zoe Bengherbi, and David Charlesworth Driving Down Emissions How to clean up road transport? Richard Howard, Matthew Rooney, Zoe Bengherbi, and David Charlesworth Policy Exchange is the UK’s leading think tank. We are an educational charity whose mission is to develop and promote new policy ideas that will deliver better public services, a stronger society and a more dynamic economy. Registered charity no: 1096300. Policy Exchange is committed to an evidence-based approach to policy development. We work in partnership with academics and other experts and commission major studies involving thorough empirical research of alternative policy outcomes. We believe that the policy experience of other countries offers important lessons for government in the UK. We also believe that government has much to learn from business and the voluntary sector. Trustees Diana Berry, Candida Gertler, Greta Jones, Edward Lee, Charlotte Metcalf, Krishna Rao, Andrew Roberts, George Robinson, Robert Rosenkranz, Peter Wall. About the Authors Richard Howard joined Policy Exchange in 2014 as Head of the Environment & Energy Unit. He has since produced a number of influential reports on topics including: energy policy and regulation, new energy technologies, fuel poverty, waste management, air quality, and industrial strategy. Richard has more than 10 years’ experience in energy and environmental policy, economics, and government affairs. His last role was as Chief Economist at The Crown Estate, and prior to that he worked as an economic consultant. He has a BSc in Economics from the University of Bristol and an MSc in Sustainability, Planning and Environmental Policy from Cardiff University, where he has been a visiting lecturer since 2009.
    [Show full text]
  • Creative Discovery Museum Lesson Plan Biofuels Outreach Lesson “Farming for Fuel”
    Creative Discovery Museum Lesson Plan Biofuels Outreach Lesson “Farming for Fuel” Time Needed for set-up (45 min. to 1 hr.) Class time - 1 hour This series of activities is designed to be presented as an inquiry-based lesson introducing the concepts connected with creating biofuels and the need to change to alternative energy sources for transportation. Each activity could be taught individually if the intent is to cover the concepts in depth instead of as an introduction to the topic. This lesson is designed to consist of a 15 minute introduction including the carbon demonstration and experiment followed by 5 student activity centers through which the students rotate for approximately 5 minutes each. That is then followed by a 5 to 10 minute wrap up of the concepts introduced. Possible recording sheets can be found at the end of this plan. Target Age/ Audience: Grades 4 – 8 Main Concept: Alternative energy sources, with an emphasis on biofuels made from non-food plants, are appropriate for transportation. Using alternative energy sources does not add as much CO 2 into the atmosphere as using fossil fuels does, and the carbon cycle can remain more balanced. A non-food product for fuel is important since food shortages often occur around the world. Objectives of the Lesson: (These objectives can be written on cards and placed at each center to encourage greater comprehension by students .) • Fuel production from the fossil fuel sources, which are quickly being depleted, currently in use are more harmful to the environment because carbon dioxide they release a greater amount of CO 2 into the atmosphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Tesla Model S
    Model S Premium Electric Sedan An evolution in automobile engineering Tesla’s advanced electric powertrain delivers exhilarating performance. Unlike a gasoline internal combustion engine with hundreds of moving parts, Tesla electric motors have only one moving piece: the rotor. As a result, Model S acceleration is instantaneous, silent and smooth. Step on the accelerator and in as little as 3.1 seconds Model S is travelling 60 miles per hour, without hesitation, and without a drop of gasoline. Model S is an evolution in automobile engineering. All-Wheel Drive Dual Motor Dual Motor Model S is a categorical improvement on conventional all-wheel drive systems. With two motors, one in the front and one in the rear, Rear Wheel Drive Model S digitally and independently controls torque to the front and rear wheels. The result is unparalleled traction control in all conditions. Conventional all-wheel drive cars employ complex mechanical linkages to distribute power from a single engine to all four wheels. This sacrifices efficiency in favor of all weather traction. In contrast, each Model S motor is lighter, smaller and more efficient than its All-Wheel Drive Dual Motor rear wheel drive counterpart, providing both improved range and faster acceleration. All-wheel drive is standard on Model S 70D and available as an option on Model S 85. Model S Performance comes standard with All-Wheel Drive Dual Motor, pairing the high performance rear motor with a high efficiency front motor to achieve supercar acceleration, from zero to 60 miles per hour in 3.1 seconds. Performance All-Wheel Drive Highest Safety Rating in America THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION Model S is designed from the ground up to be the safest car on the road, as proven by a 5-star rating in all categories of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) crash test.
    [Show full text]
  • Literature Review on Solar Powered Tricycle for Handicapped Person (IJIRST/ Volume 1 / Issue 10 / 037)
    IJIRST –International Journal for Innovative Research in Science & Technology| Volume 1 | Issue 10 | March 2015 ISSN (online): 2349-6010 Literature Review on Solar Powered Tricycle for Handicapped Person Abhishek K. Saw Pratik Dhote PG Student PG Student Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering K.D.K.C.E., Nagpur K.D.K.C.E., Nagpur Mrunal Gaidhani Pratik Pande Student Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering K.D.K.C.E., Nagpur K.D.K.C.E., Nagpur Sandesh G. Ughade Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering K.D.K.C.E., Nagpur Abstract This paper gives the details about the research papers related to the solar power tricycle project and includes the methods and considerations regarding the proper working of the tricycle. The main content of this paper is Solar PV panel, Brushless PMDC motor, Charge controller and battery. This paper will discuss about the main idea of the component and here we compared the different component. Keywords: Research Paper, Solar Tricycle, DC Motor, Battery _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ I. INTRODUCTION In this we are discussing about the various component which we will use. As we know that there are different types of components are available in market. The components we are using are brushless DC motor, Solar panel, Battery, charge controller throttle. Hand-powered tricycles are presently being used to provide mobility for disabled persons. With this project we designed and manufactured a system to convert the hand powered tricycle to an electric motor powered version. Solar- powered vehicles (SPVs) use photovoltaic (PV) cells to convert sunlight into electricity.
    [Show full text]
  • The Road to Zero Next Steps Towards Cleaner Road Transport and Delivering Our Industrial Strategy
    The Road to Zero Next steps towards cleaner road transport and delivering our Industrial Strategy July 2018 The Road to Zero Next steps towards cleaner road transport and delivering our Industrial Strategy The Government has actively considered the needs of blind and partially sighted people in accessing this document. The text will be made available in full on the Government’s website. The text may be freely downloaded and translated by individuals or organisations for conversion into other accessible formats. If you have other needs in this regard please contact the Department. Department for Transport Great Minster House 33 Horseferry Road London SW1P 4DR Telephone 0300 330 3000 General enquiries https://forms.dft.gov.uk Website www.gov.uk/dft © Crown copyright, 2018, except where otherwise stated. Printed in July 2018. Copyright in the typographical arrangement rests with the Crown. You may re-use this information (not including logos or third-party material) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of the Open Government Licence v2.0. To view this licence, visit http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence Where we have identified any third-party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. Contents Foreword 1 Policies at a glance 2 Executive Summary 7 Part 1: Drivers of change 21 Part 2: Vehicle Supply and Demand 33 Part 2a: Reducing emissions from vehicles already on our roads 34 Part 2b: Driving uptake of the cleanest new cars and vans 42 Part 2c:
    [Show full text]