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On the Problem of Exupérian Heroism in Merleau-Ponty's Phenomenology of Perception

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On the Problem of Exupérian Heroism in Merleau-Ponty's Phenomenology of Perception On the Problem of Exupérian Heroism in Merleau-Ponty's Phenomenology of Perception Bryan Alan Smyth Department ofPhilosophy McGill University, Montréal December 2005. A thesis subrnitted to McGill University in partial fulfilrnent of the requirernents ofthe degree ofDoctor ofPhilosophy. © Bryan Alan Smyth 2005 Library and Bibliothèque et 1+1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-25257-4 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-25257-4 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans loan, distribute and sell th es es le monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, électronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. ln compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privée, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont été enlevés de cette thèse. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. ••• Canada Table of Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... iii Abbreviations used in text ....................................................................................................... iv Note on gender-exclusive language ...................................................................................... v Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... vi Résumé .......................................................................................................................................... vii Preface: Rereading Phenomenology ofPerception ..................................................... 1 Introduction: Flight from Phenomenology? ................................................................. 2 Chapter 1: Antoine de Saint-Exupéry (1900-1944) .................................................... 7 1.1 Toward a Cosmic Humanism ......................................................................................... 8 1.2 The Historical Context of Pilote de guerre .................................................................... 17 1.3 The Ahistorical Text of Pilote de guerre ....................................................................... 22 1.4 The Death of Saint-Exupéry ........................................................................................... 29 Chapter 2: Toward a Heroic Phenomenology ............................................................. 35 2.1 Merleau-Ponty on Sacrifice and Death ......................................................................... .41 2.1.1 Sacrifice ................................................................................................................. 41 2.1.2 Death ..................................................................................................................... 45 2.2 Thinking the Political .................................................................................... ,................ 54 2.3 The Proletarian Question ................................................................................................ 61 2.4 The Tacit Cogito ............................................................................................................ 65 2.5 Human Produetivity ....................................................................................................... 71 Excursus: Caillois on Militant Orthodoxy ............................................................................ 82 Chapter 3: "Man, the Hero" ............................................................................................... 85 3.1 The Existential Attitude ................................................................................................. 86 3.2 Heroes and History ......................................................................................................... 88 3.2.1 Traditional Heroism............................................................................................... 89 3.2.2 Marxist Ideologieal Heroism ................................................................................. 102 3.3 The Contemporary Hero ................................................................................................. 106 Exeursus: Saint-Exupéry and Sehn...................................................................................... 114 3.4 The Myth of Man ........................................................................................................... 116 Chapter 4: Heroism and Incarnation ............................................................................... 129 4.1 Saint-Exupéry and Merleau-Ponty ................................................................................. 131 4.2 Truth and Freedom ......................................................................................................... 147 4.2.1 Saint-Exupéry and Truth ....................................................................................... 147 4.2.2 Merleau-Ponty on Truth ........................................................................................ 150 4.2.3 Saint-Exupéry on Freedom .................................................................................... 183 4.2.4 Merleau-Ponty on Freedom ................................................................................... 184 4.3 Strategie Detachment ..................................................................................................... 188 Conclusion: Heroic Sublimation ........................................................................................ 196 Supplementary Notes ............................................................................................................. 202 Bibliography .............................................................................................................................. 208 11 Acknowledgements 1 would like to thank Philip Buckley, George di Giovanni, and Alia AI-Saji for their sup­ port and assistance in the preparation of this dissertation. In particular, 1 would like to acknowledge that it was George who first tumed my attention to the problem 1 engage with below. 1 would also like to acknowledge that this work would not be possible without the direct and indirect contributions made by the staff of the Department of Philosophy. In particu­ lar, Mylissa Falkner and Claudine Lefort have been, over the years, inestimably helpful. Special thanks also to Saleema Nawaz. 1 would also like to thank Pierre Charette for translating the abstract. 1 would like to thank Suzanne Merleau-Ponty for kindly making available to me Merleau­ Ponty's unpublished personal notes from the late-1940s (Notes inédites de Merleau­ Ponty, 1946-1949). 1 am also indebted to Kerry Whiteside for his having transcribed these notes many years ago. Special thanks to Anna Carastathis for reading the entire dissertation and making numer­ ous helpful suggestions. iii Abbreviations U sed in Text Merleau-Ponty : AD Les aventures de la dialectique [Adventures of the Dialectic] CR "Christianisme et ressentiment" ["Christianity and Ressentiment"] EP Leçon Inaugurale ["In Praise of Philosophy"] HT Humanisme et terreur [Humanism and Terror] IN Notes inédites de Merleau-Ponty, 1946-1949 PhP Phénoménologie de la perception [Phenomenology ofPerception] Pros. "Un inédit de Maurice Merleau-Ponty" ["An Unpublished Text by Maurice Merleau-Ponty: A Prospectus of His Work"] PrP "Le primat de la perception" ["The Primacy of Perception"] SC La Structure du comportement [The Structure ofBehaviour] SNS Sens et non-sens [Sense and Non-Sense] TT "Titres et travaux" Saint-Exupéry : Carnets Carnets, édition intégrale EG Écrits de guerre PG Pilote de guerre SV Un sens à la vie TH Terre des hommes See bibliography for complete bibliographie information. Where applicable, page references for works by Merleau-Ponty are given in the form 'original/translation'. Translations are, however, frequently modified. Existing translations of works by Saint-Exupéry are not referred to, as these are often based on substantial textual differences. iv Note on Gender-Exclusive Language As
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