DOCSLIB.ORG

Ectomycorrhizal Fungi in Dry and Wet Dipterocarp Forests in Northern Thailand - Diversity and Use As Food

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi in Dry and Wet Dipterocarp Forests in Northern Thailand - Diversity and Use As Food Ectomycorrhizal fungi in dry and wet dipterocarp forests in northern Thailand - diversity and use as food 1Dell B, 1,2Sanmee R, 2Lumyong P and 2Lumyong S 1School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia 2Department of Biology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand Abstract Wild mushrooms are annually harvested for food from dry and wet dipterocarp forests of northern Thailand. Most of the species gathered fruit in association with host trees and form symbiotic associations know as ectomycorrhizas. This paper documents the diversity of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi and collection as food. Forest fungi were collected from dipterocarp-dominated (mostly Dipterocarpus and Shorea spp.) primary and secondary forests in four provinces of northern Thailand, Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Mae Hong Son and Phayao Provinces, over three years. For comparative purposes, the diversity of larger fungi was also investigated in forests dominated by the Fagaceae or the Pinaceae. The dry dipterocarp forests had greater diversity of fruiting ECM fungi than the wet dipterocarp forests (11 families, 21 genera and 52 spp.; 8 families, 15 genera and 24 spp., respectively). The dominant genera in the dry dipterocarp forests were Russula (11 spp.), Boletus (7 spp.) and Amanita (5 spp.) whereas in the wet dipterocarp forests, Amanita (5 spp.) was the main genus followed by Lactarius = Russula (3 spp. each). Overall, ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity in dipterocarp forests (57 spp.) was intermediate between oak (161 spp.) and pine (15 spp.) forests. However, 65% of the ECM fungi that were associated with dipterocarps were not observed fruiting in other forest types. In the wet season, 19 ECM fungal species in ten genera were taken from dipterocarp forests (19 spp. from dry forests, 8 spp. from wet forests) by local people for sale in village, roadside and town markets. The market value of the most valuable fungus, the earth star (hed phor) Astraeus hygrometricus, ranged from 300-400 Baht (7-10 US$)/kg. Aspects of fungal conservation and their use in reforestation are discussed. Introduction The uplands of Northern Thailand support a diverse mosaic of forest types determined principally by elevation, moisture and disturbance (Gardner et al. 2000). More than fourteen genera of forest trees have symbiotic associations with higher fungi in the region. Deciduous dipterocarps (dry dipterocarp forests) occur at low elevation (350 - 400 m), on shallow soils (Khamyong et al. 1996), whereas the semi-evergreen dipterocarps (wet dipterocarp forests) occur on moist soils at mid-elevation (800 - 1200 m). The Fagaceae (Castanopsis, Lithocarpus and Quercus) are a dominant component of hill evergreen forests. Pinus kesiya and P. merkusii are locally prominent on dry sites at mid-elevation. A common feature of these forests is their dependence on ECM fungi for their growth and survival. 1 The Dipterocarpaceae are well-known as an ECM family of trees in SE Asia (e.g. Smits 1994, Lee et al. 1997). In spite of the likely importance of ECM fungi for the health of dipterocarp forests in northern Thailand, the subject has received little attention. There is no comprehensive higher fungal flora of Thailand though there are useful popular accounts of the more common species (Rachabunditayasathan 1996, Chansrikul 1998). Information on selected groups of fungi in northern Thai forests are available in Boonthavikoon (1998) and in unpublished theses including Konsab (1998), Phongmanee (1999), Phuthima (1999) and Tongglam (1999). Unlike for southwest China where the human use of forest fungi has been well documented, there is little information available on the extent and scope of mushroom collecting in northern Thailand (Dell et al. 2000). Furthermore, ethnobotanical studies in the region (e.g. Anderson 1993) have neglected the importance of forest fungi. The purpose of this paper is to begin the process of documentation of forest fungi in northern Thailand and their cultural value. Materials and methods Sporocarps of wild macro-fungi were systematically sampled from forests in Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Mae Hong Son and Phayao Provinces in northern Thailand, during the wet seasons (June-September) of 2001-2003. The fungi were collected under ectomycorrhizal dipterocarps (Dipterocarpus alatus, D. costatus, D. obtusifolius, D. tuberculatus, D. turbinatus, Hopea odorata, Shorea obtusa, S. siamensis), oaks (Castanopsis acuminatissima, C. argyrophylla, C. armata, C. diversifolia, C. echinocarpa, C. ferox, C. indica, C. tribuloides, Lithocarpus polystachyus, L. tenuinervis, Quercus kerrii, Q. kingiana, Q. mespilifoliodes, Q. vestita), and pines (Pinus kesiya, P. merkusii). Specimens were photographed, their morphological and anatomical features described in detail (Sanmee 2004) and they were then lodged in the Fungal Herbarium of Chiang Mai University. Edible ECM fungi were observed in the Chiang Mai city market (Suthep), in road-side stalls of Weing Par Pao District in Chiang Rai Province, and in the local market (Mae Tam Market) in Phayao Province during the wet season in 1996 and 2000. Field collections were made at the following sites: A. Dry dipterocarp forests A1. Mae Wang Conservation Forest, Sanpanthong District, Chiang Mai Province. Elevation 350 - 400 m asl. A2. Huay Hong Krai, Doi Saked District, Chiang Mai Province. Elevation ca. 400 m asl. A3. Doi San Phai, Ban Mae Sard, Chiang Rai Province. Elevation ca. 700 m asl. A4. Doi Pu Ya, Mae Hon Song Province. Elevation 350 - 400 m asl. A5. Doi Kum Phra, Mae Hon Song Province. Elevation 350 - 400 m asl. B. Wet dipterocarp forests B1. Near Phra-Tard-Doi-Suthep Temple, Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai Province. Elevation ca. 900 m asl. B2. Lum Namn Chiang Dao Research Centre, Chiang Mai Province. Elevation 500-600 m asl. B3. Khun Chae National Park, ZZ Province. Elevation 900 - 1,000 m asl. 2 B4. Ban Huay Teecha, Soap Mei District, ZZ Province. Elevation ca. 800 m asl. B5. Doi Luang National Park, ZZ Province. Elevation 700 - 800 m asl. C. Oak forests C1. Huay Kog Ma, Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai Province. Elevation 1,000 - 1,300 m asl. C2. Sun Gu, Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai Province. Elevation 1,400 - 1,500 m asl. C3. Khun Chang Kian, Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai Province. Elevation 1,200 - 1,300 m asl. C4. Phar Dum, Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai Province. Elevation ca. 1,400 m asl. A2, B1 and B3. D. Pine forests D1. Yord Doi Pui, Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai Province. Elevation 1,600 - 1,685 m asl. D2. Baw Gaow experimental station, Mae Hon Song Province. Elevation 700 - 800 m asl. B1, B3 and B5. Results The diversity of ECM fungi fruiting in secondary and primary forests in northern Thailand was low under pines, intermediate under dipterocarps and high under oaks (Table 1). There were three times as many ECM fungal species fruiting under oaks than under dipterocarps. A total of 57 species of putative ECM fungi were collected under dipterocarps of which 65 % were not collected in other vegetation types suggesting preferential association of these species with dipterocarp hosts. The most abundant basidiomes were species of Amanita, Astraeus, Heimiella, Pterygellus, Mycoamaranthus and Russula. Three genera (Russula, Boletus and Amanita) dominated under dipterocarps contributing 42% of the diversity of ECM fungi compared to two genera under pines (Lactarius and Amanita with 60% of diversity) and four genera under oaks (Russula, Lactarius, Amanita and Boletus with 56.5% of diversity). The dry dipterocarp forests had greater diversity of fruiting ectomycorrhizal fungi (Table 2) than the wet dipterocarp forests (11 families, 21 genera and 52 spp.; 8 families, 15 genera and 24 spp., respectively). The percentage of fungal species restricted to dry or wet dipterocarp forests was ca. 63 or 21%, respectively. Overall, 19 species were collected in both wet and dry forest types. The dominant genera in the dry dipterocarp forests were Russula (11 spp.), Boletus (7 spp.) and Amanita (5 spp.) whereas in the wet dipterocarp forests, Amanita (5 spp.) was the main genus followed by Lactarius = Russula (3 spp. each). Edible forest fungi are routinely collected for food in Northern Thailand and sold in local markets. In the wet season, 19 ECM fungal species in ten genera were removed from dipterocarp forests (19 spp. from dry forests, 8 spp. from wet forests) by local people for sale in village, roadside and town markets. The fungi are mostly sold to local consumers in small quantities. However, the earth star (hed phor) Astraeus 3 hygrometricus is collected in large quantities and much is preserved in cans for domestic consumption as well as export. Currently, this is the most valuable fungus, and prices of fresh sporocarps ranged from 300-400 Baht (7-10 US$)/kg. Discussion In terms of the presence of above-ground sporocarps of ECM fungi, the dry dipterocarp forests of northern Thailand have a much higher diversity than the wet dipterocarp forests. Furthermore, more than half of the ECM fungal species associated with dipterocarps did not fruit in the collection years in nearby forests dominated by ECM trees in the Fagaceae or Pinaceae. The ECM fungal flora of Thailand is still relatively poorly researched and new species of common ECM fungi continue to be described as groups are examined in more detail (e.g. Lumyong et al. 2003, Sanmee et al. 2003b, Kanchanaprayudh et al. 2004, Phosri et al. 2004). However, the number of putative ECM fungal species collected in this study compares favourably with results from other projects in the region. For example, Chalermpongse (1987) surveyed a dry-deciduous dipterocarp forest and a semi-evergreen dipterocarp forest in Amphur Pak Thong Chai and reported 35 species of ECM fungi fruiting over three years in the wet season. The deciduous forest had twice as many ECM species (29) as the evergreen forest. Smits (1994) collected over 80 species of putative ECM fungi in wet dipterocarp forests in East-Kalimantan.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • How Many Fungi Make Sclerotia?
    fungal ecology xxx (2014) 1e10 available at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/funeco Short Communication How many fungi make sclerotia? Matthew E. SMITHa,*, Terry W. HENKELb, Jeffrey A. ROLLINSa aUniversity of Florida, Department of Plant Pathology, Gainesville, FL 32611-0680, USA bHumboldt State University of Florida, Department of Biological Sciences, Arcata, CA 95521, USA article info abstract Article history: Most fungi produce some type of durable microscopic structure such as a spore that is Received 25 April 2014 important for dispersal and/or survival under adverse conditions, but many species also Revision received 23 July 2014 produce dense aggregations of tissue called sclerotia. These structures help fungi to survive Accepted 28 July 2014 challenging conditions such as freezing, desiccation, microbial attack, or the absence of a Available online - host. During studies of hypogeous fungi we encountered morphologically distinct sclerotia Corresponding editor: in nature that were not linked with a known fungus. These observations suggested that Dr. Jean Lodge many unrelated fungi with diverse trophic modes may form sclerotia, but that these structures have been overlooked. To identify the phylogenetic affiliations and trophic Keywords: modes of sclerotium-forming fungi, we conducted a literature review and sequenced DNA Chemical defense from fresh sclerotium collections. We found that sclerotium-forming fungi are ecologically Ectomycorrhizal diverse and phylogenetically dispersed among 85 genera in 20 orders of Dikarya, suggesting Plant pathogens that the ability to form sclerotia probably evolved 14 different times in fungi. Saprotrophic ª 2014 Elsevier Ltd and The British Mycological Society. All rights reserved. Sclerotium Fungi are among the most diverse lineages of eukaryotes with features such as a hyphal thallus, non-flagellated cells, and an estimated 5.1 million species (Blackwell, 2011).
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Life Magill’S Encyclopedia of Science
    MAGILLS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE PLANT LIFE MAGILLS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE PLANT LIFE Volume 4 Sustainable Forestry–Zygomycetes Indexes Editor Bryan D. Ness, Ph.D. Pacific Union College, Department of Biology Project Editor Christina J. Moose Salem Press, Inc. Pasadena, California Hackensack, New Jersey Editor in Chief: Dawn P. Dawson Managing Editor: Christina J. Moose Photograph Editor: Philip Bader Manuscript Editor: Elizabeth Ferry Slocum Production Editor: Joyce I. Buchea Assistant Editor: Andrea E. Miller Page Design and Graphics: James Hutson Research Supervisor: Jeffry Jensen Layout: William Zimmerman Acquisitions Editor: Mark Rehn Illustrator: Kimberly L. Dawson Kurnizki Copyright © 2003, by Salem Press, Inc. All rights in this book are reserved. No part of this work may be used or reproduced in any manner what- soever or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy,recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information address the publisher, Salem Press, Inc., P.O. Box 50062, Pasadena, California 91115. Some of the updated and revised essays in this work originally appeared in Magill’s Survey of Science: Life Science (1991), Magill’s Survey of Science: Life Science, Supplement (1998), Natural Resources (1998), Encyclopedia of Genetics (1999), Encyclopedia of Environmental Issues (2000), World Geography (2001), and Earth Science (2001). ∞ The paper used in these volumes conforms to the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, Z39.48-1992 (R1997). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Magill’s encyclopedia of science : plant life / edited by Bryan D.
    [Show full text]
  • Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Community Structure in a Young Orchard of Grafted and Ungrafted Hybrid Chestnut Saplings
    Mycorrhiza (2021) 31:189–201 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-020-01015-0 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Ectomycorrhizal fungal community structure in a young orchard of grafted and ungrafted hybrid chestnut saplings Serena Santolamazza‑Carbone1,2 · Laura Iglesias‑Bernabé1 · Esteban Sinde‑Stompel3 · Pedro Pablo Gallego1,2 Received: 29 August 2020 / Accepted: 17 December 2020 / Published online: 27 January 2021 © The Author(s) 2021 Abstract Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal community of the European chestnut has been poorly investigated, and mostly by sporocarp sampling. We proposed the study of the ECM fungal community of 2-year-old chestnut hybrids Castanea × coudercii (Castanea sativa × Castanea crenata) using molecular approaches. By using the chestnut hybrid clones 111 and 125, we assessed the impact of grafting on ECM colonization rate, species diversity, and fungal community composition. The clone type did not have an impact on the studied variables; however, grafting signifcantly infuenced ECM colonization rate in clone 111. Species diversity and richness did not vary between the experimental groups. Grafted and ungrafted plants of clone 111 had a diferent ECM fungal species composition. Sequence data from ITS regions of rDNA revealed the presence of 9 orders, 15 families, 19 genera, and 27 species of ECM fungi, most of them generalist, early-stage species. Thirteen new taxa were described in association with chestnuts. The basidiomycetes Agaricales (13 taxa) and Boletales (11 taxa) represented 36% and 31%, of the total sampled ECM fungal taxa, respectively. Scleroderma citrinum, S. areolatum, and S. polyrhizum (Boletales) were found in 86% of the trees and represented 39% of total ECM root tips. The ascomycete Cenococcum geophilum (Mytilinidiales) was found in 80% of the trees but accounted only for 6% of the colonized root tips.
    [Show full text]
  • 9B Taxonomy to Genus
    Fungus and Lichen Genera in the NEMF Database Taxonomic hierarchy: phyllum > class (-etes) > order (-ales) > family (-ceae) > genus. Total number of genera in the database: 526 Anamorphic fungi (see p. 4), which are disseminated by propagules not formed from cells where meiosis has occurred, are presently not grouped by class, order, etc. Most propagules can be referred to as "conidia," but some are derived from unspecialized vegetative mycelium. A significant number are correlated with fungal states that produce spores derived from cells where meiosis has, or is assumed to have, occurred. These are, where known, members of the ascomycetes or basidiomycetes. However, in many cases, they are still undescribed, unrecognized or poorly known. (Explanation paraphrased from "Dictionary of the Fungi, 9th Edition.") Principal authority for this taxonomy is the Dictionary of the Fungi and its online database, www.indexfungorum.org. For lichens, see Lecanoromycetes on p. 3. Basidiomycota Aegerita Poria Macrolepiota Grandinia Poronidulus Melanophyllum Agaricomycetes Hyphoderma Postia Amanitaceae Cantharellales Meripilaceae Pycnoporellus Amanita Cantharellaceae Abortiporus Skeletocutis Bolbitiaceae Cantharellus Antrodia Trichaptum Agrocybe Craterellus Grifola Tyromyces Bolbitius Clavulinaceae Meripilus Sistotremataceae Conocybe Clavulina Physisporinus Trechispora Hebeloma Hydnaceae Meruliaceae Sparassidaceae Panaeolina Hydnum Climacodon Sparassis Clavariaceae Polyporales Gloeoporus Steccherinaceae Clavaria Albatrellaceae Hyphodermopsis Antrodiella
    [Show full text]
  • AR TICLE New Sequestrate Fungi from Guyana: Jimtrappea Guyanensis
    IMA FUNGUS · 6(2): 297–317 (2015) doi:10.5598/imafungus.2015.06.02.03 New sequestrate fungi from Guyana: Jimtrappea guyanensis gen. sp. nov., ARTICLE Castellanea pakaraimophila gen. sp. nov., and Costatisporus cyanescens gen. sp. nov. (Boletaceae, Boletales) Matthew E. Smith1, Kevin R. Amses2, Todd F. Elliott3, Keisuke Obase1, M. Catherine Aime4, and Terry W. Henkel2 1Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA 2Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA 95521, USA; corresponding author email: Terry.Henkel@humboldt. edu 3Department of Integrative Studies, Warren Wilson College, Asheville, NC 28815, USA 4Department of Botany & Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Abstract: Jimtrappea guyanensis gen. sp. nov., Castellanea pakaraimophila gen. sp. nov., and Costatisporus Key words: cyanescens gen. sp. nov. are described as new to science. These sequestrate, hypogeous fungi were collected Boletineae in Guyana under closed canopy tropical forests in association with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) host tree genera Caesalpinioideae Dicymbe (Fabaceae subfam. Caesalpinioideae), Aldina (Fabaceae subfam. Papilionoideae), and Pakaraimaea Dipterocarpaceae (Dipterocarpaceae). Molecular data place these fungi in Boletaceae (Boletales, Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) ectomycorrhizal fungi and inform their relationships to other known epigeous and sequestrate taxa within that family. Macro- and gasteroid fungi micromorphological characters, habitat, and multi-locus DNA sequence data are provided for each new taxon. Guiana Shield Unique morphological features and a molecular phylogenetic analysis of 185 taxa across the order Boletales justify the recognition of the three new genera. Article info: Submitted: 31 May 2015; Accepted: 19 September 2015; Published: 2 October 2015. INTRODUCTION 2010, Gube & Dorfelt 2012, Lebel & Syme 2012, Ge & Smith 2013).
    [Show full text]
  • Universidad De San Carlos De Guatemala Facultad De Ciencias Químicas Y Farmacia
    UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS QUÍMICAS Y FARMACIA Descripción microscópica y determinación de 8 especies del orden Boletales recolectadas como primer registro en Guatemala LYS MARIELA HERNÁNDEZ MONTUFAR QUÍMICA BIÓLOGA GUATEMALA, AGOSTO 2013 UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS QUÍMICAS Y FARMACIA Descripción microscópica y determinación de 8 especies del orden Boletales recolectadas como primer registro en Guatemala Informe de Tesis Presentado por LYS MARIELA HERNÁNDEZ MONTUFAR Para optar al título de QUÍMICA BIÓLOGA GUATEMALA, AGOSTO 2013 JUNTA DIRECTIVA Oscar Cóbar Pinto, Ph.D. Decano Lic. Pablo Ernesto Oliva Soto, M.A. Secretario Licda. Liliana Vides de Urizar Vocal I Dr. Sergio Alejandro Melgar Valladares Vocal II Lic. José Rodrigo Vargas Vocal III Br. Fayver Manuel de león Mayorga Vocal IV Br. Maidy Graciela Córdova Audón Vocal V ACTO QUE DEDICO A DIOS: Por darme fe, salud, fortaleza, sabiduría y sobre todo una maravillosa familia que me ayudó a alcanzar esta meta. A MIS PADRES: Marco Antonio Hernández y Sandra Montufar, quienes con su esfuerzo, sacrificio, amor y apoyo incondicional me han acompañado en todo momento, sin ustedes no hubiera alcanzado esta meta. Gracias por todo. A MI ESPOSO: Julio Matías, por el amor y apoyo incondicional, porque siempre me has animado a seguir adelante y a no darme por vencida, gracias por todo,te amo. A MI HIJO: Sergio Antonio, porque eres mi motivación para seguir adelante y ser un buen ejemplo, gracias por el amor y alegrías que me das a cada instante. Te amo. A MIS HERMANAS: Patty y Kari, gracias por todos los buenos momentos que hemos compartido, por el cariño, paciencia y apoyo que me han brindado siempre, las quiero mucho y sin ustedes no estaría aquí hoy.
    [Show full text]
  • Boletaceae), First Report of a Red-Pored Bolete
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal MycoKeys 49: 73–97Neoboletus (2019) antillanus sp. nov. (Boletaceae), first report of a red-pored bolete... 73 doi: 10.3897/mycokeys.49.33185 RESEARCH ARTICLE MycoKeys http://mycokeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Neoboletus antillanus sp. nov. (Boletaceae), first report of a red-pored bolete from the Dominican Republic and insights on the genus Neoboletus Matteo Gelardi1, Claudio Angelini2,3, Federica Costanzo1, Francesco Dovana4, Beatriz Ortiz-Santana5, Alfredo Vizzini4 1 Via Angelo Custode 4A, I-00061 Anguillara Sabazia, RM, Italy 2 Via Cappuccini 78/8, I-33170 Pordenone, Italy 3 National Botanical Garden of Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic 4 Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, I-10125 Torino, Italy 5 US Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Center for Forest Mycology Research, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, USA Corresponding author: Alfredo Vizzini ([email protected]) Academic editor: M.P. Martín | Received 18 January 2019 | Accepted 12 March 2019 | Published 29 March 2019 Citation: Gelardi M, Angelini C, Costanzo F, Dovana F, Ortiz-Santana B, Vizzini A (2019) Neoboletus antillanus sp. nov. (Boletaceae), first report of a red-pored bolete from the Dominican Republic and insights on the genus Neoboletus. MycoKeys 49: 73–97. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.49.33185 Abstract Neoboletus antillanus sp. nov. appears to be the only red-pored bolete known from the Dominican Repub- lic to date. It is reported as a novel species to science based on collections gathered in a neotropical lowland mixed broadleaved woodland.
    [Show full text]
  • Astraeus and Geastrum
    Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science Volume 58 Annual Issue Article 9 1951 Astraeus and Geastrum Marion D. Ervin State University of Iowa Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy Copyright ©1951 Iowa Academy of Science, Inc. Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias Recommended Citation Ervin, Marion D. (1951) "Astraeus and Geastrum," Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, 58(1), 97-99. Available at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias/vol58/iss1/9 This Research is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa Academy of Science at UNI ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science by an authorized editor of UNI ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Ervin: Astraeus and Geastrum Astraeus and Geastrum1 By MARION D. ERVIN The genus Astraeus, based on Geastrum hygrometricum Pers., was included in the genus Geaster until Morgan9 pointed out several differences which seemed to justify placing the fungus in a distinct genus. Morgan pointed out first, that the basidium-bearing hyphae fill the cavities of the gleba as in Scleroderma; se.cond, that the threads of the capillitium are. long, much-branched, and interwoven, as in Tulostoma; third, that the elemental hyphae of the peridium are scarcely different from the threads of the capillitium and are continuous with them, in this respect, again, agre.eing with Tulos­ toma; fourth, that there is an entire absence of any columella, and, in fact, the existence of a columella is precluded by the nature of the capillitium; fifth, that both thre.ads and spore sizes differ greatly from those of geasters.
    [Show full text]
  • MUSHROOMS of the OTTAWA NATIONAL FOREST Compiled By
    MUSHROOMS OF THE OTTAWA NATIONAL FOREST Compiled by Dana L. Richter, School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI for Ottawa National Forest, Ironwood, MI March, 2011 Introduction There are many thousands of fungi in the Ottawa National Forest filling every possible niche imaginable. A remarkable feature of the fungi is that they are ubiquitous! The mushroom is the large spore-producing structure made by certain fungi. Only a relatively small number of all the fungi in the Ottawa forest ecosystem make mushrooms. Some are distinctive and easily identifiable, while others are cryptic and require microscopic and chemical analyses to accurately name. This is a list of some of the most common and obvious mushrooms that can be found in the Ottawa National Forest, including a few that are uncommon or relatively rare. The mushrooms considered here are within the phyla Ascomycetes – the morel and cup fungi, and Basidiomycetes – the toadstool and shelf-like fungi. There are perhaps 2000 to 3000 mushrooms in the Ottawa, and this is simply a guess, since many species have yet to be discovered or named. This number is based on lists of fungi compiled in areas such as the Huron Mountains of northern Michigan (Richter 2008) and in the state of Wisconsin (Parker 2006). The list contains 227 species from several authoritative sources and from the author’s experience teaching, studying and collecting mushrooms in the northern Great Lakes States for the past thirty years. Although comments on edibility of certain species are given, the author neither endorses nor encourages the eating of wild mushrooms except with extreme caution and with the awareness that some mushrooms may cause life-threatening illness or even death.
    [Show full text]
  • Ectomycorrhizal Fungi from Southern Brazil – a Literature-Based Review, Their Origin and Potential Hosts
    Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/4/1/5 Ectomycorrhizal fungi from southern Brazil – a literature-based review, their origin and potential hosts Sulzbacher MA1*, Grebenc, T2, Jacques RJS3 and Antoniolli ZI3 1Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Micologia/CCB, Av. Prof. Nelson Chaves, s/n, CEP: 50670- 901, Recife, PE, Brazil 2Slovenian Forestry Institute Vecna pot 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 3Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Solos, CCR Campus Universitário, 971050-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil Sulzbacher MA, Grebenc T, Jacques RJS, Antoniolli ZI 2013 – Ectomycorrhizal fungi from southern Brazil – a literature-based review, their origin and potential hosts. Mycosphere 4(1), 61– 95, Doi 10.5943 /mycosphere/4/1/5 A first list of ectomycorrhizal and putative ectomycorrhizal fungi from southern Brazil (the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná), their potential hosts and origin is presented. The list is based on literature and authors observations. Ectomycorrhizal status and putative origin of listed species was assessed based on worldwide published data and, for some genera, deduced from taxonomic position of otherwise locally distributed species. A total of 144 species (including 18 doubtfull species) in 49 genera were recorded for this region, all accompanied with a brief distribution, habitat and substrate data. At least 30 collections were published only to the genus level and require further taxonomic review. Key words – distribution – habitat – mycorrhiza – neotropics – regional list Article Information Received 28 November 2012 Accepted 20 December 2012 Published online 10 February 2013 *Corresponding author: MA Sulzbacher – e-mail – [email protected] Introduction work of Singer & Araújo (1979), Singer et al.
    [Show full text]
  • A Database of the Global Distribution of Alien Macrofungi
    Biodiversity Data Journal 8: e51459 doi: 10.3897/BDJ.8.e51459 Data Paper A database of the global distribution of alien macrofungi Miguel Monteiro‡,§,|, Luís Reino ‡,§, Anna Schertler¶¶, Franz Essl , Rui Figueira‡,§,#, Maria Teresa Ferreira|, César Capinha ¤ ‡ CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal § CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal | Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal ¶ Division of Conservation Biology, Vegetation Ecology and Landscape Ecology, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria # LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal ¤ Centro de Estudos Geográficos, Instituto de Geografia e Ordenamento do Território - IGOT, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal Corresponding author: César Capinha ([email protected]) Academic editor: Dmitry Schigel Received: 25 Feb 2020 | Accepted: 16 Mar 2020 | Published: 01 Apr 2020 Citation: Monteiro M, Reino L, Schertler A, Essl F, Figueira R, Ferreira MT, Capinha C (2020) A database of the global distribution of alien macrofungi. Biodiversity Data Journal 8: e51459. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e51459 Abstract Background Human activities are allowing the ever-increasing dispersal of taxa to beyond their native ranges. Understanding the patterns and implications of these distributional changes requires comprehensive information on the geography of introduced species. Current knowledge about the alien distribution of macrofungi is limited taxonomically and temporally, which severely hinders the study of human-mediated distribution changes for this taxonomic group.
    [Show full text]
  • Isolation of Pisolithus Sp., (Sclerodermataceae) - First Recording in Western Iraq
    Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. 43 (2), 520-523, Mar. - Apr. 2021 Short Communication Isolation of Pisolithus sp., (Sclerodermataceae) - First recording in western Iraq Mustafa Nadhim Owaid1, 2* 1 Department of Heet Education, General Directorate of Education in Anbar, Ministry of Education, Hit, Anbar, 31007 Iraq 2 Department of Environmental Sciences, College of Applied Sciences, University of Anbar, Hit, Anbar, 31007 Iraq Received: 9 March 2020; Revised: 31 March 2020; Accepted: 3 April 2020 Abstract Pisolithus is a rare macro-fungal genus belonging to the family Sclerodermataceae and has been identified for the first time in Anbar. This puffball grew associated with Eucalyptus sp. tree and was collected during October 2013 at the campus of University of Anbar (UOA), Ramadi, which lies at 33.403457° N and 43.262189° E in dry conditions. This mushroom is considered to be ectomycorrhizal (ECM) and has an essential role in the physiology of Eucalyptus sp. This study added a new species to the biodiversity of macro-fungi in the arid and semi-arid area in Iraq. Keywords: biodiversity, EMC fungi, Ramadi, classification, Eucalyptus, ultramafic soil 1. Introduction ultramafic nickel-tolerant ecotype, indicating particular and adaptive sub-atomic reaction to nickel. In this way, this Fungi are eukaryotic organisms comprising of fine fungus plays a critical part in Eucalyptus adapted to the high hyphae, which together form a mycelium. Fungi play concentrations of nickel in soils (Jourand et al., 2014). significant environmental roles as decomposers, and as The Iraqi desert in Anbar province is rich in the mutualists with, and pathogens of plants and animals.
    [Show full text]